Proceedings of 2016 4th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT-2016) Tunisia, Hammamet- December, 16-18,

2016

Proper Placement of UPFC for the Improvement of

Voltage Stability of IEEE-14 Bus System
H.Jmii#1, A.Meddeb#2, S.Chebbi#3
1, 2, 3
LATICE laboratory of National High School of Engineers of Tunis
1
[email protected]
2
[email protected]
3
[email protected]

Abstract—Optimal location of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission the critical line, the appropriate line for introducing UPFC.
System) has a significant impact on the improvement of power A.Ray et al. [9] studied the application of UPFC for
system stability. In this paper, proper placement of UPFC controlling power flow in transmission line and improving
(Unified Power Flow Controller) is identified for voltage stability voltage profile. They computed the VSI (Voltage Stability
enhancement of IEEE 14-bus case study. Firstly, the critical zone
of the system is determined by using numerical simulations based
Index) for each line to integrate UPFC into the line which has
method. Secondly, comparative analyses depending on different got the highest VSI value. In reference [10], authors opted for
emplacements of UPFC are discussed. It turned out that by the CPF (Continuation Power Flow) and LSI (Line Stability
installing UPFC at the proper position, voltage profiles have been Index) for the identification of the suitable location of UPFC.
enhanced significantly and the maximum loading capacity has Through simulation results, it was demonstrated that optimal
been increased resulting in improved voltage stability. All placement of the hybrid FACTS improves the static and
simulations are performed using the software EUROSTAG. transient stability of power system when subjected to large
Keywords— Critical zone; proper location; numerical disturbances. Intelligent techniques were applied in reference
simulation method; UPFC; voltage stability. [11] for the optimal position of UPFC along with series
I. INTRODUCTION FACTS to minimize the operation cost of power system. In
[12], authors proposed two evolutionary optimization
Power systems are of vital importance in the economic and techniques to optimally place and size the hybrid controller in
industrial growth of countries. Therefore, it is primordial to view to reduce the active power losses.
ensure the continuity and the good quality of the electrical
power. Nevertheless, with the continuous escalating power In this paper, we proceed with an efficient and simple
demand, this challenge becomes more and more difficult [1]. method for the identification of the proper placement of
Power system is so operating close to its stability limits and UPFC, incorporated to improve voltage stability. We plan a
several problems associated with system instability are series of methodological dynamic simulations to find the
emerging [2, 3]. Faced with these constraints, system planners critical zone of IEEE 14-bus case study. The zone having the
are always striving to introduce efficient control devices with lowest voltage magnitudes is taken as the best location of
high response speed. UPFC. For the justification of the selected placement,
Over the last decades, FACTS devices have opened new comparative studies are performed under heavy load
perspectives to deal successfully and rapidly with the conditions. The dynamic model of UPFC and the numerical
problems of instability [4]. One of the prominent and powerful simulation method are implemented within the software
FACTS is UPFC. This device is able to control, selectively or EUROSTAG.
simultaneously, phase angle, line impedance and bus voltages,
thereby controlling power flow through transmission line and II. VOLTAGE INSTABILITY
modulating line reactance. Power system must always maintain acceptable voltage
However, according to references [5, 6], the major magnitudes at all it buses either under normal operating
disadvantage of UPFC is the expensive cost of installation and circumstances or during a disturbance. Being subjected to a
reactive power generation which is due to the great efforts of load increase, for example, if the system is experiencing an
its voltage source converters. Therefore, an optimal placement uncontrollable and a progressive voltage drop, we speak about
of the device helps in overcoming this constraint by achieving voltage instability. This is related to the inability of the
good performances and stable system operation with the least network to provide the sufficient reactive power. Note that the
cost [7]. voltage at a given bus increases as much as the injection of the
Several authors were interested in identifying the optimal reactive power is increased [3].
location of UPFC and evaluating its impact on system stability The phenomenon of voltage instability is classified as local,
using various methods and techniques. Reference [8] has however it can results in a widespread problem. In fact, after a
investigated the use of UPFC to increase the loadability series of disturbances, voltage in a part or in the whole
margin and improve the system stability. The emplacement of
the FACTS is decided by the stability indices which determine

ISBN: 978-1-5090-1055-4 © 2016 IEEE

 Proceedings of 2016 4th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT-2016) Tunisia, Hammamet- December, 16-18, 2016

network may have very low magnitudes leading to a voltage X: Line reactance
collapse. δ : Generator internal angle
We can illustrate voltage instability by considering the
P2 and Q2 : Active and reactive powers supplied to the load
system of Fig.1. This two buses network consists of a voltage
source which supplies a load through a transmission line.
Equation (7) describes the evolution of the voltage at bus 2 in
function of the load increase at the same bus. We can deduce that
V1 V2 in addition to the active and reactive powers, bus 2 voltage
depends on the line reactance.
jX I
G
III. UPFC
1 P12 2 P2, UPFC controller has two voltage source converters, one
Q2 connected in shunt while the other is coupled in series to the
transmission line. A DC link capacitor ensures the connection
Fig. 1. Equivalent model of a 2-bus system of the two converters [13, 14].
The shunt voltage source inverter boosts voltage at buses
The apparent impedance at bus 2 is expressed by: where UPFC is connected by providing the reactive power.
S 2 = P2 + jQ2 = V2 I * (1) Likewise, it maintains voltage of the DC capacitor at its
reference value which is important for a good operation of the
Where :
device. As for the series converter, it is used for controlling
V1 − V2 power flow in the transmission line by inserting voltage with
I= adjustable phase angle and magnitude.
jX
The equivalent circuit of UPFC is represented in Fig.2 [15].
Therefore equation (1) may be expressed as :
From this scheme, we can extract the active and reactive
power flows of the shunt and series converters which are
V1 cos(δ ) + jV1 sin(δ ) − V2 expressed by the equations (8) - (11).
S 2 = V2 × (2)
jX
Bus i I ij Z se Vse I ji Bus j
+ -
2
V1V2 sin(δ ) V V cos(δ ) − V2
S2 = + j 1 2 (3)
X X I sh
The active and reactive powers supplied to the load are : Z sh
V1V2 sin(δ ) Vi Vsh + Vj
P2 = = Pmax sin(δ ) (4) -
X
V V cos(δ ) − V22
Q2 = 1 2 (5)
X
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of UPFC
From equations (4) and (5) and using: cos (θ ) + sin (θ ) =1,
2 2

we obtain:
2 V
2
V V
2 2
Psh = Vi 2 g sh − ViVsh ( g sh cos(θ i − θ sh )
P2 + (Q2 + 2 ) 2 = 1 22 (6) (8)
X X + bsh sin(θ i − θ sh ))
Therefore the voltage at bus 2 can be extracted as:
Qsh = −Vi 2bsh − ViVsh ( g sh sin(θ i − θ sh )
1 2 1 
2
2 2 4P X 2 (9)
V2 = V1 − 2Q2 X ± V1 (V1 − 2 2 − 4Q2 X ) 2  − bsh cos(θ i − θ sh ))
2 V1 

(7) Pij = Vi 2 g ij − ViV j ( g ij cos θ ij + bij sin θ ij )

(10)
Where : − ViVse ( g ij cos(θ i − θ se ) + bij sin(θ i − θ se ))
V1 : Busbar 1 voltage
V2 : Busbar 2 voltage
I : Line current

ISBN: 978-1-5090-1055-4 © 2016 IEEE

 Proceedings of 2016 4th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT-2016) Tunisia, Hammamet- December, 16-18, 2016

Qij = −Vi 2bij − ViV j ( g ij sin θ ij − bij cos θ ij ) data relating to our test network are extracted from the
(11) reference [15].
− ViVse ( g ij sin(θ i − θ se ) − bij cos(θ i − θ se )) EUROSTAG adopts the model considering the voltage
behind transient reactance for representing all the generators
and constant impedance to model loads and transformers.
Where:
1 B. Simulations Results
g sh + jbsh = (12) 1) Identification of the Critical Zone: The IEEE 14-bus
Z sh network can be decomposed into: a transmission system (69
1 KV) referred by « zone A » and a distribution one (13.8 KV)
g ij + jbij = (13) referred by « zone B » interconnected through three step-down
Z se
transformers. To identify the critical zone, we proceeded by an
θ ij = θ i − θ j (14) incremental load increase of each zone separately. The part of
the network experiencing voltage collapse rapidly is
Vi and V j : voltages at buses i and j considered as the critical zone.
Psh and Qsh : active and reactive power flows of the According to the steady state, we noted that bus 14 is the
most insecure bus; it has got the lowest magnitude compared
shunt inverter to the other buses. For this reason, we choose to adopt this bus
Pij and Qij : active and reactive power flows of the as an index for voltage stability assessment.
Table 1 shows the main results of increasing load. In zone
series inverter A, the voltage of bus 14 underwent a progressive decrease
Vsh and Vse : shunt and series voltage sources about 0.002 pu from one case to another until collapsing in the
case of 49%. As for zone B, it could not withstand over than
Z sh and Z se : shunt and series coupling transformer 39% of load increase where bus 14 has got the limit voltage
impedances. amplitude. While the increase of the total system load leads to
a severe voltage drop which ends with a collapse when
The modeling of the UPFC shunt part on EUROSTAG is reaching 25%.
simple; it is represented by a current injector. As for the Noteworthy that distribution system is the critical zone. All
modeling of the series part, we must open the line where we thanks to voltage and speed regulators of synchronous
want to insert UPFC and place at its extremities two current machines which reinforce transmission system stability.
injectors (Fig.3). The opening of the line is assured by a high
TABLE 1. IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL ZONE OF IEEE 14-BUS SYSTEM
reactance value.
Voltage Load Increase in %
of weak
Line Net 1 Net 2 bus (pu) 10% 25% 30% 39% 46% 49%
U14 Voltage
Zone A
0.969 0.968 0.967 0.965 0.965
collapse
  U14
0.963 0.956 0.947 0.940 Voltage collapse
Vnet1 Vnet 2 Zone B

U14
Zones 0.962 0.948 Voltage collapse
A&B

Current Injector 1 Current Injector 2

2) UPFC Application: Having identified the critical zone,
Fig. 3. UPFC model on EUROSTAG we placed UPFC between buses 9 and 14, sized at 60MVAR
for each one of its converters. Line 9-14 is close to the
weakest bus so that we expect satisfying results when
IV. SIMULATION introducing UPFC into it. To evaluate the contribution of the
controller, we rerun the system under 20 % of load increase at
A. Case Study time t=250s.
We adopted the standard IEEE 14-bus network for the As we can see in Fig.4, UPFC was able to considerably
numerical simulations. This system contains two generators increase bus14 voltage amplitude just after perturbation and
each one is equipped with voltage and speed regulators and with well-damped oscillations compared to uncompensated
three synchronous compensators to produce reactive power. It system. This result indicates the voltage support supplied by
also has two transformers with two windings, a three-winding the UPFC. Note that we obtained similar results for the other
transformer, fifteen transmission lines and eleven loads. All buses of the network.

ISBN: 978-1-5090-1055-4 © 2016 IEEE

 Proceedings of 2016 4th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT-2016) Tunisia, Hammamet- December, 16-18, 2016

p.u.

p.u.
1.015

1.045
1.010

1.044
1.005

1.043
1.000
1.042

0.995
1.041

0.990
1.040

0.985
1.039

0.980
1.038

0.975
1.037

0.970
1.036

0.965
1.035

0.960 1.034

0.955 1.033

0.950 1.032

0.945 1.031

1.030
0.940

1.029
0.935 s
248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264
s
246 248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 Voltage of Bus2 with UPFC in Line 2-3 Unité : p.u.
Voltage of BUS14 wi thout UPFC Unité : p.u. Voltage of Bus2 with UPFC in Line 1-2 Unité : p.u.
Voltage of BUS14 wi th UPFC Unité : p.u. Voltage of Bus2 wi th UPFC in Line 9-14 Unité : p.u.

Fig. 4. Temporal evolution of voltage at bus14 for 20 % of load increase Fig. 6. Temporal evolution of voltage at bus 2 for 20% of load increase with
with and without UPFC different locations of UPFC.

The test network along with UPFC at different locations is 1.12

Without UPFC
tested now for comparison purpose. In addition to line 9-14, 1.1
With UPFC in line 2-3

we choose two placements in the transmission system: lines 1- With UPFC in line 1-2
With UPFC in line 9-14

2 and 2-3 which are intended for transmitting the highest

1.08

amount of reactive and active powers. Thereby, enhancing 1.06

power flowing in these lines can be effective in improving 1.04

V o lt a g e A m p lit u d e

voltage stability of the whole network. Fig.5 and Fig.6 1.02

illustrate the temporal evolution of voltage at bus1 and bu2 1

respectively. It should be noted that the implementation of 0.98

UPFC in line 1-2 has considerably damped voltage 0.96

oscillations compared to the others cases. While, this location
had no effect on voltage magnitude as shown in Fig.7. UPFC 0.94

in line 9-14 gave best voltage levels at all network buses than 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bus
8 9 10 11 12 13 14

when it is incorporated in line 2-3, where we obtained the

lowest voltage magnitudes. Fig. 7. Voltage profiles of IEEE 14-Bus system for 20% load increase with
different locations of UPFC
p.u.

1.067
Table 2 illustrates the active power losses of the system. It
1.066
is clearly observable that the active power losses had the
1.065 lowest value in the case of UPFC inserted through line 9-14, it
1.064 is about 13.5MW. However, a large amount of active losses is
1.063 detected with line 2-3 placement and about 14 MW in line 1-2
1.062
case.
1.061

1.060
TABLE 2. ACTIVE POWER LOSSES FOR 20% LOAD INCREASE WITH
1.059 DIFFERENT UPFC LOCATIONS
1.058

1.057
UPFC Location Active Power Losses (MW)
1.056
UPFC in line 2-3 27.60
1.055

1.054
UPFC in line 1-2 14.01
1.053

1.052
UPFC in line 9-14 13.45
s
250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259

Voltage of Bus1 with UPFC in Line 2-3 Unité : p.u.

Voltage of Bus1 with UPFC in Line 1-2 Unité : p.u.
Voltage of Bus1 with UPFC in Line 9-14 Unité : p.u.

Fig. 5. Temporal evolution of voltage at bus 1 for 20% of load increase

with different locations of UPFC.

ISBN: 978-1-5090-1055-4 © 2016 IEEE

 Proceedings of 2016 4th International Conference on Control Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT-2016) Tunisia, Hammamet- December, 16-18, 2016

The last criterion that we considered to assess the impact of REFERENCES

UPFC location is the loadability margin of the power system. [1] H.Jmii, A.Meddeb, and S.Chebbi, “Efficiency Limits of SVC in
From Table 3, we can note that the contribution of the Improving Voltage Stability,”3rd Inter, conf, GEEE, April, 2016,
controller in improving the maximum loading capability was Hammamet, Tunisie.
very meaningful when installing in the distribution system. In [2] A.Gupta and P.R.Sharma,“ Optimal location and setting of SVC and
TCSC devices using non-dominated sorting particle swarm
fact, it was able to increase the loadability margin in zone A optimization,” Electric Power Systems Research, 2009.
from 48% to 59% and from 39% to 70% in zone B. As for the [3] P.Kundur., Power system stability and control, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993.
whole network, it became able to maintain stable state up to [4] M.A.Abido, “Power System Stability Enhancement using FACTS
33.5% of load increase while its maximum loadability was Controllers: A Review,” The Arabian Journal for Science and
about only 25% before compensation. Nevertheless, when Engineering, vol.34, no1B, Apr 2009.
introduced in the transmission system, UPFC was less [5] V.G.Mathad, B.F.Ronad, and S.H Jangamshetti, “Review on
effective in increasing loadability margin. That was Comparison of FACTS Controllers for Power System Stability
Enhancement,” International Journal of Scientific and Research
observable notably in line 2-3, where only the loading Publications, vol. 3, Issue 3, March 2013
capacity of zone A; reached a higher percentage compared to [6] X.P.Zhang, Ch.Rehtanz, and B.Pal, “ Flexible AC Transmission
the case without UPFC. Systems: Modeling and Control,” 2nd Edition, Springer, Feb 2012.
[7] Q.H.Wu, Z.Lu, M.S.Li, and T.Y.Ji, “ Optimal Placement of FACTS
TABLE 3. LOADABILITY MARGINS WITH DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF Devices by A Group Search Optimizer with Multiple Producer,” IEEE
UPFC trans, 2008.
[8] A.Jupta, P.R.Sharma,“Optimal Placement of FACTS Devices for
Loadability Margin in % Voltage Stability Using Line Indicators,” IEEE trans, 2012.
Network With With With
[9] A.Ray, J.O.Chandle , “Voltage Stability Enhancement during Excess
Zone Without Load Increments through Optimal Location of UPFC Devices,” IEEE
UPFC in UPFC in UPFC in International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power &
UPFC
line 2-3 line 1-2 line 9-14 Energy, 2015.
Zone A 48 52 55 59 [10] A.Jupta, P.R.Sharma, “ Static and transient stability enhancement of
power system by optimally placing UPFC (Unified Power Flow
Controller),” IEEE trans, 2013.
Zone B 39 39 39 70
[11] B.Bhattacharyya, V.K.Gupta, and S.Kumar, “UPFC with series and
Zones shunt FACTS controllers for the economic operation of a power
A&B 25 25 32 33.5 system,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2014.
[12] H.I.Shaheen, G.I.Rashed, and S.J.Cheng, “Optimal Location and
V. CONCLUSION Parameters Setting of Unified Power Flow Controller Based on
Evolutionary Optimization Techniques,” IEEE trans, 2007.
In this study, we have identified the best location of UPFC for [13] S.Morsli, “Robust Control of UPFC in MultiMachines Power Network,”
the improvement of voltage stability of the IEEE 14-bus M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Oran Univ., Algeria, 2012.
system. Proceeding by numerical simulation based method; [14] A.Meddeb, H.Jmii, and S.Chebbi, “ Comparison of UPFC, TCSC and
we have demonstrated the effectiveness of properly placing SVC for Improving Voltage Stability ,” 3rd Inter, conf, ACECS , March,
2016, Hammamet, Tunisie.
UPFC. In fact, UPFC incorporated through line 9-14 in the
[15] Federico Milano, “Power System Modelling and Scripting,” Springer,
critical zone, is very efficient in improving voltage magnitude, ETSII, University of Castilla - La Mancha 13071, Ciudad Real Spain
reducing active power losses as well as increasing maximum 2010
loading capacity of the network. However, the integration of
the controller in the transmission system gave rapid and well-
damped oscillations. Thereby, the optimal placement of the
UPFC is highly dependent on the objective of the integration.

ISBN: 978-1-5090-1055-4 © 2016 IEEE