Development of an Algae-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal and Monitoring System

Jesa Mhearl P. Duhaylungsod

Ramon Teves Pastor Memorial – Dumaguete Science High School
Ferrera Oira
April 11, 2023
 2

Abstract

Global warming has plagued us in recent years. It has caused major weather disturbances

that have harmed countless animals and ecosystems. This has caused a domino effect of

destruction that unfortunately has us humans at the receiving end. So, this study touches

upon the subject of global warming, and mainly, dealing with the excessive amounts

carbon dioxide present in our atmosphere. Using green water algae as the main unit to

capturing carbon dioxide, an algae-based carbon dioxide removal and monitoring system

was made, algae was employed to capture the carbon dioxide present in the air. Although,

a sample size of approximately 5111.04 cm3 volume of algae-containing water was used.

To determine whether or not this was effective, an Arduino-controlled system was

constructed in order to record and log carbon dioxide readings for 6 days. Conducting a t-

test, the results showed there was a significant decrease of about 65ppm to 68ppm of

carbon dioxide in the air.

 3

Development of an Algae-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal and Monitoring System

Introduction

Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's surface observed since the

pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil

fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.1

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere warms the planet, causing climate change. Human

activities have raised the atmosphere’s carbon dioxide content by 50% in less than 200

years.2 Which is causing abnormal climate changes, resulting in a variety of disasters

affecting humans, animals, and plants. As global warming continues, planting trees will

not be enough to remove the tons of carbon dioxide from the air, which is why many

people are coming up with new ways to combat it. Certain methods, such as using giant

fans in conjunction with chemical processes to absorb carbon dioxide from the

atmosphere; dissolving carbon dioxide in water and injecting it into basalt rock

formations; sequestering carbon dioxide underground through crop residue pyrolysis;

injecting carbon dioxide into concrete; adding antacid to seawater to neutralize the acidity

caused by carbon dioxide, and so on, have been proposed.3 Following that, one of the

more environmentally friendly and cost-effective methods of removing carbon dioxide

from the air is to grow algae. Algae can be found almost anywhere, including freshwater,

seawater, and even on land. They can grow in bodies of water like lakes, rivers, and

1
NASA, “Overview: Weather, Global Warming and Climate Change.”
2
NASA , “Carbon Dioxide Concentration.”
3
CNBC, “Why Big Tech Is Pouring Money into Carbon Removal.”
 4

ponds, as well as in your aquarium. Algae are classified into two types: microalgae and

macroalgae. Because microalgae are small, they can cover a large area while reproducing

quickly. Macroalgae, on the other hand, are much larger and are more commonly known

as seaweed. Because algae use photosynthesis, they use carbon dioxide to nourish

themselves and reproduce, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

This study could be useful not only for determining how to efficiently reduce our

carbon footprint, but also for those who own fish ponds that include the growth of various

types of plant organisms, as it could be useful for them to know the additional importance

of algae. Another potential application is for indoor air circulation, as buildings or rooms

with higher-than-normal levels of carbon dioxide pose health risks, and algae could be a

more green option in reducing those levels to alleviate health risks.

This research aims to determine the amount of carbon dioxide in the air within 5

meters of where green water algae is grown in order to assess the effectiveness of the

algae-based carbon dioxide removal system. The data derived from this, however, will be

based on a sample size of approximately 5111.04 cm3 volume of algae-containing water.

However, this study will not look into the system's ability to withstand external forces,

such as weather.
 5

Review of Related Literature

Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-term rise of

the planet's temperatures. It is caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in

the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, and farming.4

Carbon dioxide is Earth's most important greenhouse gas: a gas that absorbs and radiates

heat.5 As carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases heat up the planet, more water

evaporates into the atmosphere, which in turn raises the temperature. Despite accounting

for only about 0.04% of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide has a significant impact because

of how it interacts with its surroundings.6 As we continue to emit more carbon into the

atmosphere, the constant rise in temperature has pushed and continues to push many plant

and animal species to extinction. Attempts to reduce carbon emissions have been made in

the past to combat global warming, but progress has been slow. At this point, we can

experiment with carbon dioxide capture, which many people have come up with novel

ways to do so.

Brandon Hofman created a CO2 capture device that used the reaction between

KOH and CO2 to extract CO2 from the air. The readings from his project show a 25%

reduction in CO2 levels.7 However, KOH can cause severe irritation on contact with the

skin and eyes. And higher exposure can lead to a build up of fluid in the lungs. Another

4
European Commission, “Causes of Climate Change.”
5
Lindsey, “Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.”
6
Fecht, “How Exactly Does Carbon Dioxide Cause Global Warming?”
7
Hofman, “Teen Makes a DIY CO2 Capture Device! Help Solve Climate Change!”
 6

individual going by the online alias “Scotty D” has created his own carbon

capture device, wherein he utilized algae as a CO2 scrubber. His project included the use

of an Arduino and Raspberry Pi to record data . But currently, the project is undergoing

continuous modifications and has not been tested yet.8

Algae are defined as a group of predominantly aquatic, photosynthetic, and

nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the true roots, stems, leaves, and specialized

multicellular reproductive structures of plants.9 There are two main types of algae:

microalgae and macroalgae. Microalgae or microphytes are microscopic algae invisible

to the naked eye. They are phytoplankton typically found in freshwater and marine

systems, living in both the water column and sediment. They are unicellular species

which exist individually, or in chains or groups.10 On the other hand, seaweed, or

macroalgae, refers to thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae.11

Algae, like any other plants use a process called photosynthesis to produce food and

energy to supply themselves. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other

organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration,

can later be released to fuel the organism's activities.12 It is the process by which plants

use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of

8
Scotty D, “Algae Project : Explaining How the System Works.”
9
Encyclopædia Britannica, “Algae.”
10
Wikipedia , “Microalgae.”
11
Wikipedia, “Seaweed.”
12
Wikipedia, “Photosynthesis.”
 7

sugar.13 Algae, when used in conjunction with AI-powered bioreactors, is up to 400 times

more efficient than a tree at removing CO2 from the atmosphere.  Algae can consume

more carbon dioxide than trees because it can cover more surface area, grow faster, and

be more easily controlled by bioreactors, given its relative size. Bioreactors can contain

large amounts of algae and optimize for its growth cycle in a way that is easier than trees

and takes the overgrowth of algae, dehydrates it, and ultimately puts it to use as fuel or

biomass.14

The MQ135 sensor is used to detect CO2 levels, this sensor can be implemented to

detect smoke, benzene, vapors, and other hazardous gases. It can detect various harmful

gases. It can be used for air quality monitoring, noxious gas detection, home air pollution

detection, industrial pollution detection, portable air pollution detection, etc.15 As for data

recording, the SD card module is specially useful for projects that require data logging.

The Arduino can create a file in an SD card to write and save data using the SD library.

There are different models from different suppliers, but they all work in a similar way,

using the SPI communication protocol.16 In addition, the waterproof DS18B20

temperature sensor is a one-wire digital sensor. To use this sensor with the Arduino, you

need the OneWire and the DallasTemperature libraries. You can use one sensor or

multiple sensors on the same data line because you can identify each sensor by its unique

address.17 In pickling the right solar panel to charge the 3.7V lithium-ion batteries, we
13
National Geographic Society, “Photosynthesis.”
14
Quartz, “Algae Might Be a Secret Weapon to Combatting Climate Change.”
15
Mohan et al., “Buy MQ 135 Air Quality Sensor Online in India.”
16
Nils et al., “Guide to SD Card Module with Arduino.”
17
Chevalier et al., “Guide for DS18B20 Temperature Sensor with Arduino.”
 8

take the voltage of the battery which is 3.7V and multiply it with 1.5 to give us the solar

panel voltage, which is 5.5V or rounded off to 6V. Then dividing the battery’s capacity

which is 2200mAh by 10, we get 220mAh as the maximum current for the solar panel.

Convert 220mAh to 0.22A then multiply it with the required voltage for the solar panel,

and we get the wattage 1.32W or 1W. So a 6V, 1W solar panel is needed.18 To charge the

battery, the TP4056 is used. It is a complete constant-current/constant-voltage linear

charger for single cell lithium-ion batteries.19 An Arduino needs a minimum 5V power

supply to operate, but a single 3.7V cannot supply enough voltage, to solve this issue, a

5V DC booster is needed.

18
Opengreenenergy, “Solar Powered Arduino Weather Station.”
19
“PDF,” May 5, 2008.
 9

Methodology

Introduction

This part of the paper contains the discussion of the process and documentation of

the construction of the Algae-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal and Monitoring System.

Including the methods of obtaining and organizing the data. The hypothesis, circuit

diagram and schematic diagram below serves as a guide.

Circuit Diagram

Figure 1.
 10

Schematic Diagram

Figure 2.
 11

Procedure

Figure Description
Tested the DS18B20
sensor and calibrated
the MQ135 sensor.
The MQ135 sensor
needs to burn in for
24-48 hours in order
to work in an optimal
condition. Uploaded
the code to the
Arduino. Refer to
appendix for the
Figure 3. code.

Picked a container for

the circuit and dug a
whole through it in
order to le the solar
panel pass through.
Figure 4. Figure 5.

Picked two wires for

GND and 5V. White
to 5V and black for
GND.

Figure 5.

Made 2 holes on the

circuit container’s lid
and another on the
algae container’s lid.
It’s to fit the sensor
wires through to
connect the Arduino
in the box.

Figure 6.
 12

The wires for the

DS18B20 sensor
were soldered
according to the
Figure 1.

Figure 7.

Soldered the 5V wires

of the sensors to the
Arduino’s 5V wire.

Figure 8.

Cut two wires and

soldered the + and –
of the solar panel to
the + and – of the
TP4056. Then
soldered the + and –
Figure 9. Figure 10.
wires of the Lithium
Ion battery charger to
the B+ and B- of the
TP4056.

Figure 11.
 13

Fitted the sensors and

solar panel through
and on the lid and
applied electrical tap
to the solar panel
wires to prevent it
Figure 12. Figure 13. from tearing off.
Then put double sided
foam tape on the
bottom of the solar
panel and MQ135 to
stick them to the lid.

Figure 14.

Made additional holes

beside the holes used
by the DS18B20, and
fitted the air pump’s
PVC pipe through.

Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17.

Soldered two wires to
the OUT + and OUT
– of the TP4056 and
then the + and – of
the type A male USB.
Then taped the wire
together with
electrical tape.
Figure 18. Figure 19.
 14

Soldered two wires to

the + and – of the 5V
booster to the + and –
of the type A female
USB.

Figure 20.

Connected the wires

according to Figure 1.
And inserted the SD
Figure 21. Figure 22. card into the SD card
module.

Figure 23.
Placed double sided
foam tape at the back
of the Arduino,
TP4056, 5v Booster,
SD card module, air
Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. pump, then the
singular and double
battery holders.

Figure 27.

Soldered the 5V wire

of the SD card reader
to the 5V wire of the
Arduino.

Figure 28.
 15

Finalized the
placements of each
Figure 29. Figure 30. Figure 31. part.

Figure 32. Figure 33.

Added a type A to
type B USB cable,
allowing manual
connection of the 5V
booster to the
Arduino.

Figure 34. Figure 35.

Inside of the circuit

box.

Figure 36.

Since there were no

polyethylene foam
insulation available, a
regular one was cut
into the size of the
Figure 37. Figure 38. circuit box’s layout
and fitted on top to
prevent the inside of
the box from
overheating.

Figure 39.
 16

Filled the algae

container with water,
then took algae
samples from a fish
Figure 40. Figure 41. Figure 42.
pond and poured into
the container with
water. Placed it under
sunlight to grow.

Figure 43.

Days after acquiring

the algae sample.

Figure 44.

Data Collection

To collect the data, the MQ135 sensor was left to operate between the hours 12:00

am – 6:00 am for 3 hours. This was done over a span of 6 days. The first three days were

recorded without the presence of green water algae, as opposed to the last three days

wherein data was recorded with the presence of green water algae.
 17

CO2 Levels on Day 1

500
450
400
350
CO2 in ppm

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2097

Time in Seconds

Figure 45.1 Recorded CO2 Levels Day 1 - Without Green Water Algae

CO2 levels on Day 2

450

440

430

420
CO2 in ppm

410

400

390

380

370
2097

Time in Seconds

Figure 45.2 Recorded CO2 Levels Day 2 - Without Green Water Algae
 18

CO2 levels on Day 3

700

600

500
CO2 in ppm

400

300

200

100

0
2097

Time in Seconds

Figure 45.3 Recorded CO2 Levels Day 3 - Without Green Water Algae

CO2 levels on Day 4

600

500

400
CO2 in ppm

300

200

100

0
2097

Time in Seconds

Figure 46.1 Recorded CO2 Levels Day 1 – With Green Water Algae
 19

CO2 levels on Day 5

425
420
415
410
CO2 in ppm

405
400
395
390
385
380
375
2097

Time in Seconds

Figure 46.2 Recorded CO2 Levels Day 2 – With Green Water Algae

CO2 levels on Day 6

340

330

320

310
CO2 in ppm

300

290

280

270

260
2097

Time in Seconds

Figure 46.3 Recorded CO2 Levels Day 3 – With Green Water Algae
 20

Data Analysis

In order to determine the effectiveness of the Algae-Based Carbon Dioxide

Removal System, a t-test was conducted to determine the population mean difference (μd)

between the two data sets, i.e. CO2 levels without the green water algae, and CO2 levels

with the green water algae.

Hypothesis

H0: If μd ≥ 0, then there is no reduction of CO2 levels in the air. 

Ha: If μd< 0, then there is a reduction of CO2 levels in the air.

Hypothesis Testing

Xd is the CO2 difference between the with and without algae values.

X̅d is the sample mean for the computed differences.

Sd is the standard deviation for the differences.

tc is the calculated t-value

CI is the confidence interval

( +34 ) + ( +25 ) + ( 16 ) +… (−188 )+ (−188 )

xd = x d =−67.0746
16203

√
2 2 2
( +34−−67.0746 ) + (+ 25−−67.0746 ) + … (−188−−67.0746 ) s =107.0826
sd = d
16203−1
 21

Figure 47. Left-Tailed T-distribution Plot with Alpha=0.05 and df=16202

t– value = -1.6449477

x d −μd −67.0746−0
t c= t c=
sd 107.0826 t c =−79.73277877
√n √16203

CI =x d ±t ( √Sdn )CI =−67.0746 ±−1.6449477( 107.0826

√ 16203 )
CI =−68.45839987 ¿−65.69080013

Margin of Error=t (√ )
sd
n
Margin of Error=−1.6449477
( 107.0826
√16203 )
Margin of Error=−1.3837998

Results, Discussion and Recommendations

Since the calculated t-value is less than the critical t-value, and the population

mean difference is less than 0, the null hypothesis was rejected in favor of the alternative
 22

hypothesis. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence that the Algae-Based CO2 Removal

System is effective in reducing CO2 levels in the air.

In terms of recommendations, it is suggested that the entire project be made

green, that is, that the entire system be powered by solar-powered batteries. Another is to

use brown algae to speed up the reduction of CO2; to take into account the insulation.

And lastly, have a green approach to disposing the algae biomass.

Appendix

/*
DISCLAIMER
This code is a combination of 4 different codes that were made by different
people.. Credits are given below:
CREDITS
 23

> DS18B20 code by: Rui Santos and Sarah Santos

> MQ135 code by: Yahiya Mulla
> Original data logger code by: Tom Igoe
> Modified data logger code by: system

CIRCUIT CONNCETION FOR SD CARD MODULE:

> MOSI - pin 11
> MISO - pin 12
> CLK - pin 13
> CS - pin 10
*/

#include <OneWire.h> // including library dependency fr Dallas Temperature

#include <DallasTemperature.h> // including library for DS18B20 sensor
#include <SD.h> // including library for SD card module
#include <SPI.h> // including library for SD card module

#define ONE_WIRE_BUS 2 // pin for DS18B20

#define sensor A0 // analog pin for MQ135

int gas, co2lvl; // creating variable for our MQ135 data

int pinCS = 10; // creating variable for our SD card

OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS); //
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);

File myFile; // creating class file and our file variable for our SD card
module

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(pinCS, OUTPUT); // set SD card pin as output
pinMode(sensor, INPUT); // set MQ135 sensor pin as input
sensors.begin(); // start up library for DS18B20
}
void loop()
{
gas = analogRead(sensor); // read MQ135 sensor and sending it into a our
MQ135 variable
co2lvl = gas - 60; // calibrate our sensor according to the data from the
calibration code
co2lvl = map(co2lvl, 0, 1024, 400, 5000); // mapping
sensors.requestTemperatures(); // detect the temperature from the DS18B20
delay(1000);

pinMode(pinCS, OUTPUT); // set the SD card pin in local

// if SD card is not present, print an error:

if(!SD.begin(pinCS))
{
Serial.println("Failed to open SD card...");
delay(1000);
return; // start over
 24

// if SD card is present, we print the data to the serial monitor and SD

card text file:
else
{
myFile = SD.open("data.txt", FILE_WRITE); // open the file variable to
create or open the text file
Serial.print(co2lvl); // print MQ135 readings to serial monitor
Serial.print(","); // print a separator
Serial.println(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0)); // print DS18B20 readings to
serial monitor
delay(1000);

// open SD card text file and print to it

if (myFile)
{
myFile.print(co2lvl); // print MQ135 readings to SD card text file
myFile.print(","); // print separator to SD card text file
myFile.println(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0)); // print DS18B20 readings to
SD card text file
myFile.close(); // close the text file
}
// if the file didn't open, print an error:
else
{
Serial.println("Error opening text file...");
}
delay(1000);
}
}
 25

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