Digital Modulation

Digital System

◼ The Information needs to be converted to either a

digital signal or an analog signal for transmission

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Digital Modulation Techniques

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 Digital modulation Techniques
◼ Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics
of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.

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Digital Modulation Techniques

➢ Amplitude Shift Keying

➢ Frequency Shift Keying

➢ Phase Shift Keying

➢Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

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Amplitude Shift Keying

➢ The simplest digital modulation technique where a

binary information signal directly modulates the
amplitude of an analog carrier.
➢ Also called as Digital Amplitude Modulation
(DAM)
➢ Is sometimes referred to as on-off keying (OOK)

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 Amplitude Shift Keying

➢ Bandwidth

➢ Baud Rate

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Amplitude Shift Keying

➢ General expression for ASK is:

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 Amplitude Shift Keying

➢ Note that for the entire time the binary input is HIGH, the output is a
constant- amplitude, constant frequency signal, and
➢ For the entire time the binary input is LOW, the carrier is off.
➢ Hence, the carrier is either “on” or “off”

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 Example
◼ Determine the baud and minimum
bandwidth necessary to pass a 10kbps
binary signal using amplitude shift keying.

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 Frequency Shift Keying

➢ FSK is another relatively simple, low-performance

type of digital modulation.
➢ FSK is a form of constant-amplitude angle
modulation.
➢ FSK is sometimes called binary FSK (BFSK)

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 Frequency Shift Keying

➢General expression for FSK is:

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 Frequency Shift Keying

➢ With binary FSK, the carrier frequency is shifted up and

down in the frequency domain by the binary input signal.
➢ As the binary input signal changes from logic 0 to logic1
and vice versa, the output frequency shifts between two
frequencies:
a. a mark, or logic 1 frequency, or
b. a space, or logic 0 frequency
➢ The mark and space frequencies are separated from the
carrier frequency by the peak frequency deviation.

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 Frequency Shift Keying

❖ FSK in the frequency domain

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 Frequency Shift Keying

❖ FSK in the time domain

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 Frequency Shift Keying

➢ The highest fundamental frequency is equal to half

the incoming bit rate

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 Frequency Shift Keying

➢ Bandwidth

➢ Baud Rate

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 Frequency Shift Keying

➢Highest fundamental frequency of the binary input signal

➢h-factor

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 Frequency Shift Keying

Example:
Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation,
(b) the minimum bandwidth, and (c) baud for a
binary FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49
kHz, a space frequency of 51 kHz, and an
input bit rate of 2kbps.

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 FSK Transmitter

➢ A simplified FSK modulator

➢ The center frequency is chosen such that it falls halfway

between the mark and space frequencies.
➢ Is very often a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)

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 FSK Receiver

➢ A noncoherent FSK demodulator

➢ The FSK input signal is simultaneously applied to the inputs of both bandpass
filters through a power splitter.
➢ The envelope detectors indicate the power in each passband.
➢ The comparator responds to the larger of the two powers
➢ No frequency is involve in the demodulation process 21
 FSK Receiver

➢ A coherent FSK demodulator

➢ The incoming FSK signal is multiplied by a recovered carrier signal that

has the exact same frequency and phase as the transmitter reference.
➢ Coherent FSK detection is seldom used.

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 FSK Demodulator

➢ Phase-Locked Loop – is the most common circuit used

for demodulating binary FSK signals.

➢ As the input to the PLL shifts between the mark and space
frequencies, the dc error voltage at the output of the phase
comparator follows the frequency shift
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 Continuous-Phase FSK

➢ is a binary FSK except the mark and space frequencies

are synchronized with the input bit rate.
➢ With CP-FSK, the mark and space frequencies are
selected such that they are separated from the center
frequency by an exact multiple of one-half the bit rate
➢ This ensures a smooth transition in the analog output
signal when it changes from a mark to space frequency
or vice versa.

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 Continuous-Phase FSK vs. Conventional FSK

❖ Continuous-Phase FSK

❖ Conventional FSK

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 Continuous-Phase FSK vs. Conventional FSK

➢ CP-FSK has no phase discontinuities

➢ CP-FSK has a better bit-error performance than
conventional binary FSK
➢ CP-FSK requires synchronization circuits.
➢ CP-FSK is more expensive to implement.

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 Phase Shift Keying

➢ PSK is an angle-modulated, constant-amplitude

digital modulation.
➢ Is an M-ary digital modulation scheme.
➢ The input binary information is encoded into groups
of bits before modulating the carrier.

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 Binary Phase Shift Keying

➢ Is the simplest form of PSK, where N=1 and M=2.

➢ As the input digital signal changes state (from 1 to 0
or vice versa), the phase of the output carrier shifts
between two angles that are separated by 180°.
➢ Also referred to as Phase-Reversal Keying (PRK)
and Biphase Modulation.

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 BPSK Transmitter

➢ A simplified block diagram

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 BPSK Transmitter

➢ The balanced modulator acts as a phase reversing switch depending on

the logic condition of the digital input.
➢ For the balanced modulator to operate properly, the digital input voltage
must be much greater than the peak carrier voltage

A balanced Ring Modulator 30

 BPSK Transmitter

➢ For a logic 1 input

°31
 BPSK Transmitter

➢ For a logic 0 input

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Truth Table, Phasor and Constellation Diagram

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 Binary Phase Shift Keying

➢ A balanced modulator is a product modulator.

➢ Mathematically, the output of the BPSK modulator is:

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 Binary Phase Shift Keying

❖ Output phase-versus-time relationship for a BPSK modulator

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 Binary Phase Shift Keying

Example:

For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of 70 MHz

and an input bit rate of 10 Mbps, determine the maximum
and minimum upper and lower side frequencies, draw the
output spectrum, determine the minimum Nyquist
bandwidth, and calculate the baud.

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 BPSK Receiver

❖ block diagram of a BPSK Receiver

°37
 BPSK Receiver

➢ The coherent carrier recovery circuit detects and

regenerates a carrier signal that is both frequency
and phase coherent with the original transmit carrier
➢ The balanced modulator is a product detector; the
output is the product of the two inputs (the BPSK
signal and the recovered carrier
➢ The LPF separates the recovered binary data from
the complex demodulated signal

°38
 BPSK Receiver

❖ Mathematically, the demodulation process is as

follows:
➢ For a BPSK input signal of logic 1, the output of the
balanced modulator is

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 BPSK Receiver

❖ Mathematically, the demodulation process is as

follows:
➢ For a BPSK input signal of logic 0, the output of the
balanced modulator is

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 Quarternary Phase-Shift Keying

➢ QPSK is another form of angle-modulated, constant-amplitude

digital modulation.

➢ QPSK is an M-ary encoding scheme where N=2 and M=4

➢ With QPSK, four output phases are possible for a single carrier
frequency.

➢ With QPSK, the binary input data are combined into groups of
two bits, called dibits

➢ In the modulator, each dibit code generates one of the four

possible output phases (45°, 135°,45°, and 135°)

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 QPSK Transmitter

❖ block diagram of a QPSK Modulator

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 QPSK Transmitter

➢ Two bits are clocked into the bit splitter.

➢ One bit is directed to the I channel and the other to the Q channel

➢ The I bit modulates a carrier that is in phase with the reference

oscillator (hence the name “I” for “in phase” channel)

➢ The Q bit modulates a carrier that is 90° out of phase or in

quadrature with the reference carrier (hence the name “Q” for
“quadrature” channel).

➢ The linear summer combines the two quadrature (90° out of

phase) signals
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 Quarternary Phase-Shift Keying

❖ The Truth Table

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 Quarternary Phase-Shift Keying

❖ The Phasor Diagram

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 Quarternary Phase-Shift Keying

❖ The Constellation Diagram

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 Quarternary Phase-Shift Keying

❖ The output phase-versus-time relationship for a

QPSK modulator

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 Bandwidth considerations of QPSK

➢ The input data rate are divided into two channels,

the bit rate in either the I or the Q channel is equal
to one-half of the input data rate
➢ The highest fundamental frequency present at the
data input to the to the I and Q balanced modulator
is equal to one-fourth of the input data rate
➢ The output of the I and Q balanced modulators
requires a minimum of double-sided Nyquist
bandwidth equal to one-half of the incoming bit rate
➢ The baud is also equal to one-half of the input bit
rate.
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 Quarternary Phase-Shift Keying

Example:

For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate

equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70
MHz, determine the minimum double-sided Nyquist
bandwidth and the baud.

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QPSK Receiver

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 Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

➢ OQPSK is a modified form of QPSK where the

bit waveforms on the I and Q channels are offset or shifted
in phase from each other by one-half of a bit time.

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 Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

➢ Changes in the I channel occur at the midpoints of

the Q channel bits and vice versa
➢ There is never more than a 90° shift in the output
phase
➢ Advantage of OQPSK is the limited phase shift that
must be imparted during modulation
➢ Disadvantage is that changes in the output phase
occur at twice the data rate in either the I or Q
channels
➢ The baud and the minimum bandwidth are twice
that of conventional QPSK
➢ OQPSK is sometimes called as offset-keyed QPSK 52
 Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

➢ Bit Alignment and Constellation Diagram

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 8-PSK

➢ Three bits are encoded, forming tribits and producing

eight different output phases.

8-PSK Modulator 54
 8-PSK

➢ the incoming bit stream enters the bit splitter, where it is

converted to a parallel, three channel output: the I, Q and
C channel.
➢ The bit rate in each of three channels is fb/3
➢ The highest fundamental frequency in the I, Q,, or C
channel is equal to one-sixth the bit rate of the binary
input
➢ The I or the Q bit determines the polarity of the output
analog signal, whereas the C bit determines the
magnitude
➢ The output of a 2-to-4-level converter is an M-ary, pulse-
amplitude-modulation (PAM) signal.
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 8-PSK

➢ Truth Table and corresponding output conditions for the

2-to-4-level converters

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 8-PSK

➢ Example:

For a tribit of Q = 0, I = 0, and C = 0,

determine the output phase for the 8-PSK
modulator.

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 8-PSK

➢ Truth Table

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 8-PSK

➢ Phasor Diagram

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 8-PSK

➢ Mathematically, the output of the balanced

modulator is

➢ the output frequency spectrum extends from fc +

fb/6 to fc - fb/6
➢ The minimum bandwidth is fb/3

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8-PSK Receiver

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 16-PSK

➢ Is an M-ary encoding technique where N=4 and M = 16.

➢ The minimum bandwidth and the baud are equal to one-
fourth the bit rate.
➢ With 16-PSK, the angular separation between adjacent
output phases is only 22.5 degrees.

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 16-PSK

➢ Constellation diagram of 16-PSK

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 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

➢ QAM is similar to PSK except the digital

information is contained in both the amplitude and
the phase of the transmitted carrier.
➢ With QAM, amplitude and PSK are combined in
such a way that the positions of the signaling
elements on the constellation diagrams are
optimized to achieve the greatest distance between
elements, thus reducing the likelihood of
misinterpretation.

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 8-QAM

➢ Is an M-ary encoding technique where M = 8

➢ Unlike 8-PSK, the output signal from an 8-QAM
modulator is not a constant-amplitude signal.

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 8-QAM

Example:

For a tribit of Q = 0, I = 0 and C = 0, determine

the output amplitude and phase for the 8-QAM
transmitter.

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 Bandwidth considerations of 8-QAM

➢ The bit rate in the I and Q channels is one-third of

the input binary rate
➢ The highest fundamental modulating frequency and
the fastest output rate of change in 8-QAM are the
same with 8-PSK
➢ The minimum bandwidth required is fb/3

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 8-QAM

➢ Truth Table

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 8-QAM

➢ Phasor Diagram

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 8-QAM

➢ Constellation Diagram

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 8-QAM

➢ Output phase and amplitude-versus-time relationship

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 16-QAM

➢ It is an M-ary encoding technique where M = 16.

➢ Both the phase and the amplitude of the transmit carrier
are varied.

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 16-QAM Transmitter

➢ Four bits are serially clocked into the bit splitter,

then they are outputted simultaneously and in
parallel with the I, I’, Q and Q’ channels.
➢ The I and Q bits determine the polarity at the output
of the 2-to-4-level converters (a logic 1 = positive
and a logic 0 = negative).
➢ The I’ and Q’ bits determine the magnitude (a logic
1 = 0.821V and a logic 0 = 0.22V).
➢ Consequently, the 2-to-4-level converters generate a
4-level PAM signal.

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 16-QAM

➢ The Truth Table

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 16-QAM

➢ The Phasor Diagram

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 16-QAM

➢ The Constellation Diagram

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 16-QAM

➢ The bit rate in the I, I’, Q, or Q’ channel is equal to

one-fourth of the binary data rate.
➢ The highest fundamental frequency in the I, I’, Q or
Q’ channel is equal to one-eighth of the bit rate of
the binary input data.
➢ There is one change in the output signal (either its
phase, amplitude or both) for every four input data
bits.
➢ The baud and bandwidth are equal to one-fourth of
the bit rate

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 16-QAM

Example:

➢ For a 16-QAM modulator with an input data rate (fb) equal

to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine
the minimum double-sided Nyquist frequency (fN) and the
baud.

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Summary

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