¢) Solubility: Water | Cold Hot dil. HNO. Cold | Hot IL. Classification of Anion (Acid Radicals). Group Group Reagent Radicals prese I dil. H.SO/dil HCI GO} " Conc. H,SO, Cr, Br, NO 7 No specific reagents so. IIL. Detection of I group anion (heat if necessary). odourless gas which turns lime water milky Experiment Observation Inference Salt +dil.H,SO,/ Brisk effervescence [group acid rad HC liberating colourless, may be present Carbonate anion (CO,*) may be present Confirmatory test for Carbonate ion (CO,” ) (lime water test). " the test tube containing lime water Experiment Observation Inference Salt + Water, boil the gas | Lime water does not turn | Carbonate anion liberated is passed into | milky (CO,") is confirmedDetection of Il group anions a, Salt in a dry test tube + cone. H,SO, a) A colourless pungent smell gas which gives dense white fumes with glass rod dipped in NH,OH is exposed to the mouth of the test tube b) white fumes followed by Reddish brown pungent fumes. II group Chloride anion (C1) may be present Bromide anion (Br) may be present b. If no reaction in cold apiece of Cu/ Paper ball is added to the test tube and heated Reddish brown fumes are evolved Nitrate anion (NO, may be present Confirmatory test for Chloride ion (CI) (Chromyl chloride test) Experiment Observation Inference Salt + K,Cr,0, crystals in a dry test tube + conc. H,SO,, the above vapours are passed into a test tube containing NaOH To the above yellow solution acetic acid + lead acetate solutions are added Orange red vapours are evolved Yellow obtained solution is Bright yellow ppt. Chloride anion (CI) is confirmed Silver Nitrate test for chlori ide ion (CT). Salt solution + AgNO, solution Curdy white ppt. which is soluble in excess of NH,OH Chloride anion (CT )is confirmed =). SSS 22Confirmato ry test for Bromide ion (Br) (Globule test). 4 water shaken to cl Ce qissolve + {-3drops of CC is shaken well water mixture An orange red globule is formed Bromide ion (Br ) is confirmed silver Nitrate (AgNO, Jtest. Salt solution + AgNO, solution Pale yellow ppt. wI sparingly solubl NH,OH Bromide ion (Br ) is confirmed Confirmatory test for Nitrate ion (NO, )(Brown ring test). Salt solution + equal volume of freshly prepared FeSO, solution + fewdrops of cone. H,SO, is added slowly along the sides of test A brown ring is formed at the junction of two liquids. Nitrate ion (NO, ) is confirmed Test for sulphate ion (SO,’). Detection of III group anion. Above ppt. + excess of dil.HC1 insoluble ppt. i Experiment Observation Inference Salt solution + BaCl, | A thick white ppt. Ill group Sulphate solution obtained anion (SO,") is present and confirmedDetection of Cations (Basic radicals) : The detection of basic radicals of salt is b: ws 2 solution. Hence it is necessary to prepare the solution of salt or original solution Preparation of original solution (OS) :The salt may be soluble in H,0 or dil. HCl ordil. HNO, or aquaregia, The choice of the solvent to prepare original solution is known from solubility test under preliminary test. ased on the precipitation reaction in (O.S) Preparation : About ' test tube of solvent is taken and the salt is added little by little with constant shaking until a saturated clear, homogeneous solution is obtained. Note: Always use 2 or 3 drops of original solution for the detection of basic radicals. CLASSIFICATION OF CATIONS (BASIC RADICALS) GrouP | Cations present Group reagent Nature of precipitate Noreagent —_ dil, HCI ioe — 1 f= di, HCl+HSgas | a m far NH.Cl,, + excess NHOH | Hydroxide ppt. Iv Zn", Mn’, NH,Cl,,;+ excess NH,OH + HS gas Sulphide ppt Vv | Ba’, Sr” & Ca” NH,Cl.,+excess if NH,OH+(NH,),CO, Carbonate ppt. | vi | Mg" No reagent oe Detection « { 'O' group cation. Experiment Observation Inference Salt +dil. NaOH solution | Pungent smelling gas NH, | Ammonium boi! is evolved which gives | (NH, ) may be present dense white fumes with glass rod dipped in Conc. HClsolutionNessler's reagent test [Confirmatory test for Ammonium ion (NH, )]. OS + Nessler's reagent+ NaOH(light excess) Brown ppt. is formed Ammonium ion (NH, }) is confirmed Analysis of I group cations. OS + dil HCI No ppt. I group cations are absent Analysis of II group cations Experiment Observation Inference OS + dil. HCI+H,S gas | No ppt II group cations are absent Analysis of III group cations (AI" ) Experiment Observation Inference OS +A spatula of A gelatinous white ppt. | III group Al” ion may NHCl,, + NHOH (ar) be present (excess) Confirmatory test for Aluminium ion (AI’). a) OS + dil NaOH, first small quantity, followed by excess Above clear solution + solid) NH,Cl, boil & cool under tap water b) OS + blue litmus solution + drops of NH,OH A white gelatinous ppt. soluble in excess of NaOH giving a clear solution White gelatinous ppt. reappears A blue floating mass is formed Aluminium ion (Al) is confirmed Aluminium ion (AI’) is confirmedConfirmatory test for Barium ion (Ba”). 1. OS + K,CrO, solution 2. Flame test A paste of the given salt is prepared with few drops of cone. HCI and it is exposed to the colourless flame through Pt wire A yellow ppt.. Apple green colour is imparted to the flame. Barium ion (Ba’’) is confirmed Barium ion (Ba’) is confirmed Confirmatory test for Strontium ion (Sr). 1. OS + (NH)),SO, heat and scratch the sides of test tube with a glass rod . Flame test A paste of the given salt is prepared with few drops of cone. HCI and it is exposed to the colourless flame through Pt wire A white ppt. is formed Crimson red colour is imparted to the flame. Strontium ion (Sr") is confirmed Strontium ion (Sr’) is confirmed Confirmatory test for Calcium ion (Ca”). 1. OS + (NH,),C,O, 2. Flame test : A paste of the given salt is prepared with few drops of conc. HCl and it is exposed to the colourless flame through Pt wire ee ‘A white ppt. Brick red colour is imparted to the flame Calcium ion (Ca") is confirmed Calcium ion (Ca") is confirmed Analysis of VI group basic radicals Magnesium ion (Mg”). OS + solid NH,Cl+ excess _| A white crystalline ppt. | Magnesium ion NH,OH + Na,HPO, (or) (Mg’’) is confirmed (NH), HPO, serateh the inner walls of test tube with a glass rod HE ——