AIM OF PROJECT

TO STUDY VARIATION IN
CURRENT FLOWING IN A
LDR CIRCUIT BECAUSE OF
VARIATION IN LIGHT
To study the variation in current flowing in LDR circuit because of
variation of light. Introduction.
LDR all a light dependent photoresistor is a light controllable
variable resistance. These show photo conductivity, that is their
resistance decreases with increase in incident light. These are made
above your semiconductors like silicon and germanium. When light falls
on the electron get excited and move from valence band to conduction
band and therefore the number of charge carriers increases and
therefore the conductivity increases. These can be applied in light
sensitivity detectors circuits and light and dark activated switching
circuits.

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 Theory .

A. Light. Dependent resistor. Works on the principle of. Works.

Photoconductivity. Electrooptical phenomenon. in which the materials
conductivity increases with absorption of light. Modern LDR's. Our
most. Commonly made. Up off materials like cadmium. Supplied. And
cadmium. Selenide. They are also made of lead Selenide. And lead
sulphide.

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 Then light falls on NDR that. Is. Photons are incident on the
materials. The electron. In the valence band of the semiconductors get
excited to the conductance band. These photons in the incident light
should have energy greater than the energy. Difference between the
valence and conductance band. Off that materials so that the electrons
get enough energy to jump up. To the conductance band and behaves as
free electrons in the material and so increase the conductance of the
circuit. This is the most common working principle of light dependent
resistor.
We can see clearly from the above graph the resistance. Of the LDR
rapidly decreases with increase in the intensity of light.

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apparatus
required.
the Project consists of the following apparatus
. Light source, white, ultraviolet, all laser, light dependent resistor,
batteries circuit controls like relay, switch output sources like buzzers,
LED switching circuits. That is a circuit that perform well defined. Logic
or arithmetic operations on variable. Housing of the Above.

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 Procedure
followed.
An empty cardboard box was used to mimic a house. An opening was
good on the box to present a door. Behind the door a light source is
space and in the light of vision of the light source an LDR is also placed.
The circuit is connected to the LDR which switches on relay, then the
light beam is intercepted or systematic diagram of. The setup is shown
below. As seen in the above diagram, a light source is positioned behind
the door on the right-hand side and an LDR is placed in the same line of
vision at the opposite. End of the door. Then the light beam falls on the
LDR, it lowers the resistance of the same and this activates the
switching transistor circuit, the transistor circuit. Is connected to a
relay, which is in turn connected to an external buzzer.

The relay is a special type of switch which is driven by its magnetic

coil. The really has two positions. In the energised condition position,
one will be active and in energised condition position 2 will be active.

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 when, the circuit is powered Goes to position one to give the buzzer
is connected. Thus, the buzzer will start ringing, but then the light
thoughts are switched on. The resistance of LDR falls on this drive the
transistor switching circuit and the relay gets energised. This pulls the
relay switch in position to which cuts off the buzzer. In this condition,
whenever the light beam is intercepted by an opaque object, the LDR
stops receiving the incident light. And its resistance becomes high. So,
the energises the relay and puts it to position one at the buzzer starts
ringing. Cause to summarise, we can say that the as long as the light
source is on and the LDR is illuminated, the buzzer will not ring. But
the moment the light source is interrupted, the buzzer will start
ringing. We can imagine the interruption of the light beam to be caused
by an intruder and hence this arrangement can be automatically
detecting an intruder by turning on the buzzer.

Is just one of the devices we can connect to the relay. As such, we can
connect many devices to the relay such as sirens, flashing lights or even
an automatic dialler. To the nearest police station. This intruder alarm
can be easily set up in houses, banks, schools.

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Circuit diagram.
Now let us understand how the switching takes place when LDR is
illuminated by light. automatic switching. We have used the following
circuit consisting of transistors. One of the most common uses of
transistors in an electronic circuit is a simple switch. In short, a
transistor conducts current across the collector emitter path only when
sufficient voltage is applied to its base.

When no sufficient based voltage is applied, the switch is off. When

sufficient base voltage is applied, the switch is on.

The circuit uses. Two transistors connected in Series The base of the
first transistor is adjusted carefully. Through the variable resistor.
Potential metres so that the slightest increase. In the base voltage. Can
be. Transistor T1. Thus. When there is no light on LDR The transistor
makes unfired. But when light falls on the LDR, the LDR starts
conducting. An connect based voltage of transistor T1 crosses the
threshold voltage causing T1 to fire. Therefore, the collector. Current of
T1 drives transistor T2 and Steven begins to fire. The collector current
of T2 is now large enough to.

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 Ringing buzzer more of the intruder an alert the neighbours about
the intrusion. In addition to the buzzer one can also connect high
intensity flashed like to warn the people in the neighbourhood about the
intrusion.

One has also to install a stealth switch. That is known only to the
owner, so that the owner can disable it for his own entry.

Observations.
In the setup described. The following observations were made by.
A. Varying the nature of light source.
B. varying the translucency of the interceptor object.

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scope in future.
The device was also tested under Invisible. Using a TV remote control
as an infrared light source, the same observations were made as above.
This extends the scope of the project to the invisible light sources such
as ultraviolet and infrared. The advantage is that. We can do the
intruder by using invisible light as the light rays which will not be visible
even in the night.
Another interesting application that can be thought in of an
automatic people counter that can be used to measure the number of
people traversing a certain passage or. Entrance in an auditorium or
theatre. It can also be used as a traffic counter in check posts and
control capes. Gates. For this we must simply replace the buzzer with a
digital counter or typical digital counter is shown in the picture below.

variation in LDR.
Photosynthetic device can be either. Intrinsic or extrinsic? An
interesting. Semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not
Efficient semiconductor, for example silicon. In intrinsic devices the
only available electrons are in the valence band and hence the photon
must have energy enough to excite the electron across the entire. Ben
yeah, extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopes, added Ground
eight energy is closer to the conduction band since the electrons do not
have as far. Jump. Lower energy photons, that is, longer wavelength and
lower frequency, are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of
silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus, atoms for two
resistors are less. Light sensitive devices that photodiodes or photo
transistors that too later components are true semiconductor devices,

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while a photoresistor is a. Paxil component and does not have PN
junction. The photo resistivity of any photoresistor may vary widely
depending on ambient temperature, making them unsuitable for
applications requiring precise measurement of or resistance Two light
photons purity. There will be extra electrons available for conductor.

Precautions.
The project uses certain devices that can be harmful to humans. And
animals if proper caution and care are not observed.

Bosque laser diode Although we have used a low intensity laser, this
can be harmful if aimed accidentally at the eyes or in the reflected in
the sear through naked eye. It can suggest wearing protective
sunglasses. While assembling, positioning the light source.

2. I'll try let LED UV light. U V LED. But they've lands

between 315 and 400 NM, which emits the least
energetic and harmful type of UV light. However,
prolonged exposure should be avoided, which can cause
damage. The skin and eyes

3. Buzzer This device emits high frequency audio

sounds that can damage the ears when put close to the
ears or hoard for flow long time.

4. Ldr Should all need arise to destroy the project,

care be taken to dispose of the LDR properly as it
contains. Chemicals that can damage the environment.

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Conclusion.
Based on the observations above, LDR switch circuit can be
successfully applied to the following users.
Intruder or burglar alarms.
People counter at events.
Vehicle counter at check posts.
Sunrise Alarm.
Automatic on off streetlight.

Bibliography.
1.www.google.com
2.http://en.wikipedia.com
3.www.electrical4u.com
4.https://www.electroduino.com
5.school material

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Thank yo

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d light activated switching circuits.

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Theory.
A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photoconductivity,
which is Electro optical phenomena in which the materials conductivity
increases with absorption of life. Modern LDR's are most commonly
made-up of materials like cadmium and supplied and cadmium. Silly
name. They are also made of lead and selling it and laid supply.
Jerry. Thierry.

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 Was an LDR this that the photons an incident on the materials. The
electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor gets excited to the
conductance ban. These photos in the incident light should have energy
greater than the energy difference between the balance and
conductance band of the material. Show the electrons get enough
energy to jump up. So when? In light incident then more and more
electrons with excited and jump on the conductance band behaves as
free electrons on the material so increase the conduct of the circuit.
This is most common working principle of light dependent resistor. We
can clearly see from the above graph that the resistance. Of the ideas
rapidly decrease with increasing intensity of light and converse is also to
when light intensity is reduced or cut off.
Predators required. The projects on six of the following apparatus
light source bracket. White, Ultraviolet or reserve? Light dependent
resistor batteries, circuit controllers like relay switch output source like
buzzards, LED switching circuits that is a square circuit that performs
well defined logic or at arithmetic operations on binary variables
housing of above.
Procedure followed. An empty cardboard was used to mimic a house
. An opening was a cut on the box or to present other behind the door
or lights. Wars is placed Anne in the line of the vision of the light source
and LDR is also place

A circuit is connected to the LDR which is on our eleven light beam

is. Intercepted automatic diagram If the setup is shown below

as seen in the above diagram, the light sources position behind the
door on the right-hand side, an LDR expressed in the sideline. Same line
of vision and opposite end of the door when the lightning falls on the
LDR. Luisa resistance of the same and it activates the switching
transistors circuit. The transistor circuits are connected to our eleven. It
is in turn connected with the external buzzer

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 The really has two positions in these energies. Condition position
one will be active and energised. Condition position 2 will be active.

When the circuit is powered, relay goes to position one to which the
buzzer is connected. Thus, the buzzer will start ringing when the light
source. Switch under this distant of earlier pause and it's this drives the
resistance will think and realise that energy this push the religious
which is a position to which cuts off the version in this condition.
Whenever the light beam is intercepted by an opaque object pick of the
ldr stop receiving the incident light and it. Subsistence becomes high,
the D energises the relay and puts it to position one, and the buzzer
starts ringing cause to summarise we can say that the as long as the
light source is on and then dear is illuminated, the buzzer will not win.
But the moment light sources interrupted the buzzer. Look, start
ringing.

You can imagine the interruption of lightning to be caused by an

intruder a hence this can automatically detect and into that by turning
on the bus. At the buzzer is just one of the devices we have connected to
the relay as we can connect many devices to the real result as sirens
flashing, lights on, even an automatic. They left the nearest police
station. The intruder alarm can be easily set up in house, banks group,
etc.

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 Circuit diagram. Now let's. Understand how the switching takes
place when the LDR is illuminated by light. For the automatic switching
we have used the following circuit consisting of transistors. One of the
most common use of transistors in an electronic circuit is as simple
switches in short or transistor conducts across the collector. Emitter
path only when sufficient voltage is applied to its base.
but not sufficient. Baseball touches present the switches off. When
sufficient base voltage is present, the switch is on.
The circuit uses two transistors connected in series. The base voltage
of the first transistor is assisted carefully through the variable resistor
potential metre so that the slightest increase in the base voltage can
find the transistor. T1 thus when the there is no light in the LDR the
transistor remains on fire. But when light falls on the LDR the LDI
starts conducting the net base voltage of transistor T1 crosses the
threshold voltage causing T1 to fire, therefore the collector current. Of
P1 drives transistor T2 and T2 begins to fire. The contractor parent of
T2 is now large enough to.

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 Ring. Buzzer warned of the intruder an alert the neighbours about
the intrusion. In addition to the buzzer, one can also connect. A high
intensity flashlight to warn the people in the neighbourhood about the
intrusion.

One has also to install a sled switch that is known only by the owner,
so that the owner can disable it for his own entry.

Observations. Title Observations.

In the setup described, the following observations were made by
bearing the nature of light source,
Bearing the translucency of the interceptor object,

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scope in future.

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