Experiment name: Parallel RC, RL & RLC circuit.

Objectives: Investigate peak voltage, current and phase relationships between the circuit
components of parallel RC, RL, and RLC circuits.
• Understand and prove Kirchhoff’s Current Law for AC circuits.
• Understand the technique to measure current using a current sense resistor.

Theory: Parallel RC, RL, and RLC circuits are electrical circuits that consist of resistors (R),
capacitors (C), and inductors (L) connected in parallel to a common voltage source or between
two common nodes. These circuits are used in various applications in electronics and
engineering and have unique characteristics based on their components.
1. Parallel RC Circuit:

 In a parallel RC circuit, a resistor (R) and a capacitor (C) are connected in parallel
across a voltage source.

 The resistor limits the flow of current, while the capacitor allows the flow of alternating
current (AC) through it.

 The capacitor in this circuit charges and discharges depending on the AC signal's
frequency.

 The impedance of the capacitor decreases with increasing frequency, while the
impedance of the resistor remains constant.

 These circuits are used in applications like filtering and signal processing.

2. Parallel RL Circuit:

 In a parallel RL circuit, a resistor (R) and an inductor (L) are connected in parallel across
a voltage source.

 The resistor limits the flow of current, and the inductor resists changes in the current
flow.

 The impedance of the inductor increases with increasing frequency, while the
impedance of the resistor remains constant.

 These circuits are used in applications such as tuning and inductive filtering.

3. Parallel RLC Circuit:

 A parallel RLC circuit combines all three components: a resistor (R), a capacitor (C), and
an inductor (L), connected in parallel across a voltage source.
  These circuits exhibit complex impedance behavior, depending on the values of R, L,
and C and the frequency of the AC signal.

 At certain frequencies, the impedance of the capacitor may cancel out the impedance of
the inductor, resulting in resonance.

 Parallel RLC circuits are used in applications such as bandpass filters, resonant circuits,
and impedance matching.

Apparatus:
 Resistors: 1×10kΩ, 3×1kΩ, 2×3Ω, 3×10Ω
 Capacitors: 1×10nF, 1×33nF
 Inductor: 1×330μH
 1× Bread Board
 1× Function Generator
 1× Digital Storage Oscilloscope(DSO)
 Connecting wires and probes.

Procedure:
1. Measure the practical value of the resistor (R) using DMM and note down the value in
Table1.1, 1.3 and 1.5. Use the measured values in all your calculations.
2. Measure the practical value of the capacitor (C) using an LCR meter and note down the

values in Tables 1.1 (10nF), and 1.5 (33nF). Do the same for the inductor (L) and note down

the values in Tables 1.3 and 1.5

3. Construct the circuit shown in Fig.B.1.3 on the bread board. Connect Channel 1 of the
oscilloscope across the source VS (positive red port to node ‘a’ and negative black port to
node ‘0’ i.e. ground). Connect the channel 2 at node ‘b’ (positive red port to node ‘b’ and
negative black port to node ‘0’ i.e. ground).
4. To set 3V peak (6V peak to peak) and 1 KHz in the function generator, observe the
generated signal on the oscilloscope screen (channel 1) and fine tune the amplitude &
frequency of the input signal generated from the function generator to match the nominal
values. Always set the amplitude after setting the frequency because changing the frequency
of a non-ideal source might alter the amplitude.
5. Channel 2 of the Oscilloscope will show you the voltage drop across RS_source and Channel

1 will show you the source voltage VS. From measurement, find out the peak voltage drop
across RS_source and record it in table 1.2.
6. Use CURSOR (type should be: Time) to measure the time difference between a peak of the
 source wave shape (VS – Channel 1) and the next peak of the voltage across RS_source
(Channel 2). Note down the time (Delay) in table 1.2.
7. Use REF function of the oscilloscope to save the output graph of VS (Channel 1)
8. While keeping channel 2 at node ‘b’, move channel 1 to node ‘c’.
9. Use MATH function to get a signal CH1-CH2. This MATH function generated signal will show
you the voltage drop across RS_R.
10. Use CURSOR (type should be: Voltage & source should be MATH) on the signal that was
generated using MATH function, to find out the peak voltage drop across RS_R and record
it in table 1.2.
11. Use CURSOR (type should be: Time) to measure the time difference between a peak of the
source wave shape (VS – REF signal) and the next peak of the voltage across RS_R (Math

generated signal). Note down the time (Delay) in table 1.2.

source wave shape (VS – REF signal) and the next peak of the voltage across RS_C (Math
generated signal). Note down the time (Delay) in table 1.2.
16. Construct the circuit shown in Fig.B.1.4 on the bread board. Connect Channel 1 of the
oscilloscope across the source VS (positive red port to node ‘a’ and negative black port to
node ‘0’ i.e. ground). Connect the channel 2 at node ‘b’ (positive red port to node ‘b’ and
negative black port to node ‘0’ i.e. ground).
17. To set 3V peak (6V peak to peak) and 10 KHz in the function generator, observe the
generated signal on the oscilloscope screen (channel 1) and fine tune the amplitude &
frequency of the input signal generated from the function generator to match the nominal
values. Always set the amplitude after setting the frequency because changing the
frequency of a non-ideal source might alter the amplitude.
18. Repeat step 5 to step 15 and fill up table 1.4.
19. Construct the circuit shown in Fig.B.1.3 on the bread board. Connect Channel 1 of the
oscilloscope across the source VS (positive red port to node ‘a’ and negative black port to
node‘0’ i.e. ground). Connect the channel 2 at node ‘c’ (positive red port to node ‘c’ and
negative black port to node ‘0’ i.e. ground).
20. To set 3V peak (6V peak to peak) and 60 KHz in the function generator, observe the
generated signal on the oscilloscope screen (channel 1) and fine tune the amplitude &
frequency of the input signal generated from the function generator to match the nominal
values. Always set the amplitude after setting the frequency because changing the
frequency of a non-ideal source might alter the amplitude.
21. Follow previous steps to complete table 1.6.