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    Byte Magazine Vol 10-04

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    Bobapatatas
    This document discusses the benefits of using a Macintosh computer system in an office setting. It notes that the Macintosh can be used by managers and professionals to create presentations, reports, and overheads in a more persuasive manner compared to other systems. It also mentions that the Macintosh Office allows for file sharing between Macintosh and IBM computers using an AppleTalk card, enabling information exchange and access to file servers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Byte Magazine Vol 10-04

    Uploaded by

    Bobapatatas
    321 views510 pages
    This document discusses the benefits of using a Macintosh computer system in an office setting. It notes that the Macintosh can be used by managers and professionals to create presentations, reports, and overheads in a more persuasive manner compared to other systems. It also mentions that the Macintosh Office allows for file sharing between Macintosh and IBM computers using an AppleTalk card, enabling information exchange and access to file servers.

    Original Description:

    Artificial Intelligence

    Original Title

    198504 Byte Magazine Vol 10-04

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document discusses the benefits of using a Macintosh computer system in an office setting. It notes that the Macintosh can be used by managers and professionals to create presentations, reports, and overheads in a more persuasive manner compared to other systems. It also mentions that the Macintosh Office allows for file sharing between Macintosh and IBM computers using an AppleTalk card, enabling information exchange and access to file servers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    321 views510 pages

    Byte Magazine Vol 10-04

    Uploaded by

    Bobapatatas
    This document discusses the benefits of using a Macintosh computer system in an office setting. It notes that the Macintosh can be used by managers and professionals to create presentations, reports, and overheads in a more persuasive manner compared to other systems. It also mentions that the Macintosh Office allows for file sharing between Macintosh and IBM computers using an AppleTalk card, enabling information exchange and access to file servers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    - - - - - - - - -- - - - . .\ Mr1ci11ta'i/;XL up tonjidl
    show you how to use it. We've even found a way for The
    But the kind of people who already Macintosh Office to share offices with IBM~
    ======n megr1/Jyte QfRAM (II/(/ n
    /J111lt·i11 IOMB h(//rl disk. make up most of your office.
    Managers and professionals. People
    An Apple'falk card that slips into an IBM
    PC, allowing it to lrade information with
    who spend most of their time selling prod- Macintosh and access file servers.
    ucts, services or, most importantly, ideas. Third party developers are also work-
    Because, unlike traditional office ing on The Macintosh Office. Next month,
    computer solutions, we didn't design The
    MacintosltOffice around a mainframe.
    We designed it around an idea. Arch News
    The idea that people, not main-
    frames, are the most important informa-
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    things in business are really accomplished
    by teams of 5 to 25 people who need to
    share information with each other. What ::::::.:_
    we call the 1wrkgroup.
    Thats why we put Macintosh at the
    heart of The Macintosh Office. Its powerful,
    32-bit technology reduces the time it takes
    to become productive with a computer
    from well over a work week, to just under
    a lunch hour.
    For the first time, the people who
    could really use a computer- managers
    and professionals- had a computer Our llls£1·Wnler produces
    they could really use. In their choice of p11blicatio11·quality fer/ mu/ gmpbics.

    ·
    sizes: Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K they'll be offering shared storage devices
    and Macintosh XL. that let your workgroup share infomrntion.
    - ~ ~· Then we designed a network solution And they're writing a whole new genera-
    for workgroups of 5 to 25. Instead of build- tion of business software to go along with
    -· --- - - - -
    The c•mm1011e o/71;e Maci11truh
    Ojfice L> our 5J2h. ,l/aci11/osh. ings of 500 to 2,500. the 350 programs Macintosh already nms.
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    erpilfJ{iL¥f /Jere ll'if/J an er/mull r!il"k
    r/ril'i.' m1d 11////ll'l"iC kl}' J!rld We call it the Applelhlk"' Personal Including Microsoft® Word, Thinl<fank™
    Network. It's as easy to hook together as an 512 and the new jazz™ from Lotus~
    extension cord. And almost as cheap. Now, there's only one more thing we'd
    Less than $50* a desk, versus up to $1,200 like to add to this ad: call 800-446-3000.
    for a typical network sy.;tem. We'll tell you how to get everything
    Since the number one product of you need to tum your office into a
    business is still paper, we found a way to Macintosh Office.
    make every sheet count. Abreakthrough People not included.
    in printed communications called the '-
    LaserWriter printer. It produces publication-
    quality tex1 and graphics. Making your
    C·O·N·T·E·N·T·S
    FEATURES
    INTRODUCTION . . . .... ... . . .. .... . . . . .. .. . . . • . . . 100
    CIARCIA'S CIRCUIT CELLAR: BUILD THE HOME RUN CONTROL SYSTEM,
    PART ' 1: INTRODUCTION by Steve Ciarcia . . . . . . . 102
    Steve returns to the field of home control in this first part of a three-part -series.
    COPROCESSING IN MODULA-2 by Colleen Roe Wilson . . . . . . . . ... .... 113
    This method lets you cooperatively process information by interleaved
    execution on a single computer.
    A MILLION-POINT GRAPHICS TABLET by James Hawley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 120
    Build a graphics pad for less than 5200 using the KoalaPad for input.

    THEMES
    INTRODUCTION . . . . . . • . . . .. 124
    COMMUNICATION WITH ALIEN INTELLIGENCE by Marvin Minsky . . . 126
    It may not be as difficult as you would think.
    THE 0UEST TO UNDERSTAND THINKING
    by Roger Schank and Larry Hunter. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ... . . .. 143
    It begins not with complex issues but with the most trivial of processes.
    THE LISP TUTOR by John R. Anderson and Brian J. Reiser. . .... .• , ... .. 159
    The system described offers many of the advantages of a human tutor
    100 in teaching LISP programming.
    PROUST by W. Lewis Johnson and Elliot Soloway .. .... . 179
    This LISP program automatically debugs the efforts of novice Pascal programmers.
    ARCHITECTURES FOR Al by Michael F. Deering .. . ' .. ... . ' .... . ' . 193
    The right combination of hardware and software is necessary for
    efficient processing.
    THE LISP REVOWTION by Patrick H. Winston . . .. ... ' . ... . .. . ' . ' .. ' . . . . . 209
    The language is no longer limited to a luc ky few.
    THE CHALLENGE OF OPEN SYSTEMS by Carl Hewitt ' ... ' ......... ' .... • . ... 223
    Current logic programming methods may be insufficient for developing the
    intelligent systems of the future.
    V1s10N by Dana H. Ballard and Christopher M. Brown .............. . . 245
    Technology is still being challenged to create reliable real-time vis ion systems.
    LEARNING IN PARALLEL NETWORKS by Geoffrey E. Hinton . ..... ' . ' .. .. ... .... . ' . ' 265
    The author presents two theories of how learning could occur
    in brain-like networks.
    CONNECTIONS by Jerome A Feldman . . . ' ... .. . - . ... . . ... 277
    Massively parallel computational models may simulate intelligent behavior more
    closely than models based on sequential machines.
    REVERSE ENGINEERING THE BRAIN by John K. Stevens . ' .. ' . ' . ' . ' ' .. . ... 286
    The brain's circuitry can serve as a model for silicon-based designs.
    THE TECHNOLOGY OF EXPERT SYSTEMS
    by Robert
    H. Michaelsen. Donald Michie. and Albert Boulanger ........ . .. . .... 303
    There's more than one way to transplant expert knowledge to machines.
    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM by Beverly A Thompson and William A Thompson .. . 315
    The authors trace the development of a rule-based system from index cards
    to a Pascal program
    124

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    2 BYTE • APRIL 198 5 COVER ILLUSTRATION BY ROBERT TINNEY


    VOWME 10, NUMBER 4, 1985

    REVIEWS

    INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . .........•... • ..........•........ 334


    REVIEWER'S NOTEBOOK by Glenn Hartwig .... •. . • . . ... •. . .. .. •.. .. 337
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    An IBM PC-compatible system with telecommunications softw<
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    CIRCUIT CELLAR FEEDBACK conducted by Steve Ciarcia .. .. . .. ......... . . .. . . ... .. 408
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    :Dl'IDRIAL: GOLFERS AND HACKERS . ..... 6 EVENT 0UEUE ..... , . . .... , .. , . . .. 83


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    Inquiry 97 APRIL 198 5 ~ BYTE 5
    E·D· I·T·O·R· I·A·L

    GOLFERS AND HACKERS and rough. Even those in bunkers will


    be in the wrong kind of bunkers. At
    It must no longer go unremarked that 3 p.m. on a weekend. as much as 50
    many of the criminals who threaten percent of our manpower might be
    the foundations of our society are trying to avoid bogies rather than to
    golfers. Golfers persist in attacking our shoot them down.
    personal. financial. and military
    security. Many golfers. like the famous CALL TO ACTION
    one caught in the act in photo I (Spiro Because of the threats that golfers
    Agnew). have been involved in extor- pose to national security and our
    tion. bribery. or other forms of moral fiber. we are proposing that all
    corruption. golfers be arrested as soon as
    Some golfers have been known to possible.
    hit out of bounds as a pretext for jury. the fences do nothing to stop the
    trespassing in residential communi- spread of the moral rot associated UNFAIR?
    ties. Such forays easily turn into in- with the trancelike concentration of If the foregoing attack on golfers
    cidents of voyeurism and burglary. the golfer on the little white ball. That seems unfair (and. of course. the anal-
    little ball means more to the golf ad- ogy is not perfect). it is little more so
    VIOLENCE dict than honor. mother. or country. than the attack in the general press
    Other golfers use the harmless-look- The money squandered at golfing on hackers of another kind-comput-
    ing little white balls to inflict injuries arcades. golf courses. and pro shops er hackers. Some national publica-
    on bystanders. propelling the danger- could buy a personal computer for tions have used the term "hacker" in-
    ous projectiles at speeds in excess of · every child in America or pay off the correctly as a synonym for "criminal:'
    I 20 miles per hour. The danger of national debt. depending on national Hackers are people who play with
    head injuries is obvious. Golf's care- priorities. computers at a technical level be-
    less disregard for the safety of other cause they enjoy doing so. There are
    people hardens our children to vio- NATIONAL SECURITY many thousands of hackers in North
    lence. The idea that shouting a single. IMPLICATIONS America. A few hackers use their com-
    obscure word makes it al I right to bop The parliament of King James II of puter skills for pranks. and fewer still
    some innocent person on the head I 4 57 banned golf because its addicts use their skills to commit crimes. But
    with a hard projectile has brought our neglected to practice the use of the the chances are excellent that far
    society to the brink of savagery. Last crossbow. then the chief means of na- more hackers are helping build
    week in a major American city a thug tional defense. Today in this country. defenses around databases than try-
    shouted "Fore!" and then mugged a golfers f!eglect the most advanced ing to penetrate them . If even one
    grandmother as if it were the most weapons systems in history. This percent of hackers started trying to in-
    natural thing in the world. neglect could nullify all the technical vade our databases. problems would
    progress recently seen in weapons be far more serious than those sen-
    GOLFING ARCADES research. What good is an orbital- sationalized in the general press.
    Perhaps the most distasteful thing beam weapon if the operator is busy It wasn't being a golfer that got
    about golfers is their use in recent selecting a club? Spiro Agnew into trouble. Just being
    years of golfing arcades. These so- It doesn't take a genius to see that a hacker won't get anyone into trou-
    called "driving ranges" allow addicts avoidance of golf is a cornerstone of ble. either. Hackers are as entitled to
    to rent baskets containing dozens or Soviet military strategy. This gives the the presumption of innocence as
    even hundreds of golf balls so that the Soviets a tremendous advantage in golfers and other common special-
    addicts can bombard surrounding daytime warfare. If the Soviets launch interest groups. Hackers are also en-
    land at rates previously unthinkable. an attack at 3 p.m. EST on a weekday titled to the continued correct use of
    Although the fences sometimes used in June. approximately 20 percent of the authentic. distinctive. and color-
    around these golfing dens may pro- American manpower will be useless- ful name that they gave themselves.
    tect people outside from physical in- ly deployed in fairways. sandtraps. -Phil L.emmons. Editor in Chief

    6 BY T E • APRIL 1985 PHOIDGRAPH COURTESY OF UPJ/BETTMANN NEWSPHOIDS


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    Inquiry 252 APRIL 1985 • B Y T E 7


    Princeton Graphic Systems
    and Sigma Designs team up to
    give you a brighter, sharper display.
    SR-12 and Color 400. A brilliant Turn on SR-12 for the impressive
    combination for super-high reso- results. The SR-12 displays your Color
    1ution graphics and a crisp 400 image with unmatched clarity and
    character display. For a brighter, brilliant color. Because the SR-12
    sharper display with combines a .31 mm dot
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    all your IBM PC-
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    400, the advanced color See how impressive
    graphics adapter card from SA -12 this state-of-the art image
    Sigma Designs. can be on your own PC
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    8 BYTE · APR IL l985 Inquir y 413


    M ·I·C·R·O ·B·Y ·T ·E·S

    Macintosh Users Get IBM PC Emulator


    Dayna Communications. Salt Lake City. UT. has announced MacCharlie. a hardware-and-
    software system that allows Macintosh users to run IBM PC software. l\vo hardware com -
    ponents are included : one adds I 0 function keys and an 18-key numeric keypad/cursor pad
    to the Macintosh keyboard : the other has one or two 5 V.. -inch disk drives. memory. an IBM-
    compatible ROM chip. and an 8088 processor. as well as serial and parallel ports and a
    b us-extender port for an optional expansion chassis. Also included is a Macintosh program
    that handles all keyboard and display processing-and it can still be used to access the
    Mac's desk accessories from within IBM PC applications. MacCharlie emulates all features of
    the IBM monochrome graphics card except for light-pen support.
    The Macintosh can b e set atop the matching MacCharlie unit. wh ioh adds four inches to
    the Macintosh's width and one inch to its height. Th e Macintosh keyboard fits into the
    keyboard extender: the numeric ke ypad can be used as a standard Macintosh numeric
    keypad when in Macintosh mode. Th e bus-extender port allows use of an optiona l expan-
    sion chassis so that IBM cards can be installed : with an additiona l ca bl e. IBM 's expansion
    chassis can be used. With one 5 1/.-inch d isk drive and 256K bytes of memory. MacCharlie is
    SI 195 : with two drives and 640K. it's $1895 .

    New Mac Products Shown


    Severa l companies unveiled new products for the Macintosh at the MacWorld Expo in San
    Francisco. While many new software titles were demonstrated . memory-expansion and hard-
    disk-drive exhibits drew much attention.
    Micro Conversion. Arlington . TX . and Levco Enterprises. Del Mar. CA. both offer comp lete
    5 I 2K-byte upgrades for 5400. including installation . and also se ll uninsta ll ed kits. Levco also
    sells a 560 kit with all necessary parts except the 256K-byte chips.
    In addition to already-announced hard-disk products. new drives from Paradise Systems
    In c. and Micro-Design were shown in prototype form . Not surprisingl y. most exhibitors used
    hard disks and 5 I 2K-byte Macs to demonstrate their software.
    Ha yden Software showed Ensemble. an integrated package for the I 28K-b yte Mac. Data -
    base. spreadsheet. graphics. and text-processing features are included in the $300 program .
    which was developed in France. A number of new database programs were also exhibited
    at the show.
    Paragon Courseware. Del Mar. CA. offers two font sets: a 550 Scientific Typing font and a
    SI 00 Electronic Circuits font.
    Micro Focu s Inc. now offers MacCOBOL. a COBO L development system .

    Microsoft Releases Its Own C Compiler


    Microsoft has released Microsoft C version 3. 0. which replaces the Lattice-developed C
    previously sold by Microsoft for the IBM PC. Microsoft's C compiler provides file-sharing
    and record- locking features for use in network environments: a separate Windows Toolkit
    will help C programmers develop applications to run under Microsoft Windo ws. Microsoft
    says that source and object code can be linked to run directly under MS-DOS or XEN IX
    without modification. Microsoft C is 5395.

    New
    ... . ....... . .. .LCD
    ..... .Portables
    . . .. . . ... .. . Use
    .. . .. .Backlit
    . . . . . .. . .Display
    .... . .. ..
    Zenith Data Systems is expected to introduce a lap-top portable computer with a backlit
    liquid-crystal displa y (LCD). The 16-pound Z-17 5 wi ll include one or two 5 ~1 -inch disk drives.
    256K b ytes of RAM . and an 80C88 processor for less than 5'3 000.
    To counter the viewing angle and lighting problems caused by LCDs. Morrow Design also
    changed the 16-line by 80-character displa y on its Pivot computer. switching to backlit LCDs
    rather than rel ying on room light. despite the extra power consumed b y the backlighting.
    Protean Adds 80-megabit-per-second Network
    Protea n. which markets th e Pro NET toke n-passin g sta r/rin g hybrid loca l-area network. now
    offers a faster network. Whil e Pro NET used a 10-megab it-per-seco nd data rate. Pro NET-80
    tra nsfers informatio n at 80 mega b its per seco nd. Protea n expects it to be use d in appl ica-
    tio ns using multipl e mi nicompu te rs and main frames or in co nn ecti ng graph ics worksta tions
    wi th large file sizes. Th e network wi ll be availab le fo r Unibus and Mul tibus syste ms for
    abo ut $8000 per nod e.

    Intel Will Sell CalTech's Hypercube Multiprocessor Computer


    In te l has li ce nsed th e hyperc ube com pu ter des ign fro m th e Californi a In sti tute of
    Techn ology and wi ll sell a co mputer based o n that multip rocessor archi tecture. The co m-
    puter consists of a multip rocesso r cu be and a cube manage r. Th e cube incl udes 32. 64. o r
    128 co mpu tatio nal nodes. eac h of whi ch includ es an 80286 p rocesso r. an 8028 7 math
    cop rocessor. and 5 12 K b ytes of memory. Eac h no d e in th e cu b e ca n co mmun ica te wi th five
    ad jace nt nod es and with th e cube manager th rough 10-mega bi t-per-seco nd commu nicatio ns
    chann els. Th e cube mana ge r is a n In tel 286/3 10 mi cro co mputer with 2 mega bytes of RAM
    and a 40-m ega byte hard-d isk drive. In tel cl aim s a performance ra nge from 2.5 to 10 millio n
    fl oatin g-point o pera tion s per seco nd with an efficiency of 80 to 99 percent. Prices range
    fro m S 150 .000 to $5 20.000.

    Torus Prepares to Launch LAN Software


    To rus Systems In c.. Redwood Ci ty. CA. plans to intro du ce ico n-based use r-inte rface so ftware
    for IBM PC network environm ents thi s month. The pro du ct wi ll be based o n Ico n. the net-
    work softwa re it sa ys it has bee n se ll ing since July in Engla nd for systems usi ng 3Co m's
    Eth ern et network cards.
    Th e p rogra m wi ll incl ud e int ra netwo rk electronic mail. teleco mmun ica tions. fi le lockin g and
    sharin g. and other network software fea tu res: users will also be abl e to ru n stand ard M S-
    DOS p rog rams und er th e enviro nm ent. either fro m loca l disks or from a fi le server.

    NANOBYTES
    Wh ile annou ncin g th e Macintosh Office in late Janu ary (see Feb ruary BYTE, page 120).
    Apple also anno un ced th e Macintosh XL. which is si mply the Li sa renamed .... Soft war e
    Publishin g Corporation has add ed XMODEM fil e-tra nsfer and re mo te co mpu te r access
    fea tures to its $ 140 p fs: Access p rogram . ... Ken sington Microware . which adve rtise d its
    Quick Curso r and Printer Buffer for Apple's M acintosh last yea r. has ca nce led develo pm ent
    o f th ose p rodu cts. Th e co mpany wi ll co ntin ue to sell oth er " M accessories.". .. Mostek.
    Toshiba, Hitachi, and AT& T's Bell Labs p rese nted papers on CMOS I-m ega bi t RAM chips
    at th e Intern ational So lid Sta te Circuits Conference (ISSCCJ in Febru ary; IBM, NEC,
    M it subishi, Toshiba , and Fujitsu d iscussed NMOS I-megabit RA M s. Image-se nsor chips
    we re d iscussed by Mit subi shi and Sharp . and engineers from AT&T's Bell Labs d iscu ssed
    th e d evelo pm ent o f a 3 2-b it fl oa ting-poi nt d igital-s ignal-processin g chip. Mother Jones'
    Son's Soft ware , Re no. NV. is sell ing MJ. a set of bac kground util ity p rograms. In add itio n to
    re definin g th e PC's keys. MJ ex pand s th e IBM 's keyboard bu ffer from 16 to I 000 keys.
    perm its th e cursor speed to be changed. and includes a passwo rd protection option. MJ
    costs $30. or $70. includin g source code.. . . Digit al Equipm ent Corporation acknowledged
    in Feb ruary th at it had sto pped manufacturin g the Rainbow perso nal co mputer bu t sa id it
    will co ntinu e to ship fro m invento ry and plans to anno un ce a new vers ion later t his year.
    Syntech, Canoga Park. CA . has ann ou nced a M IDI (musica l instrument d igita l interface)
    adapter ca rd for IBM . Appl e. and Comm odo re compLJters. For th e Appl e or Co mm o do re.
    th e card is SIOO ; fo r th e IBM PC. it's $195 .... The Library Corporation , Washin gto n. DC. is
    se ll ing a co mplete CD ROM syste m fo r th e IBM PC. includi ng a di sc with reco rd s fo r a
    mill ion En glish-language boo ks. fo r $29 30 .... Corvus System s Inc .. Sa n Jose. CA. has
    replaced its lin e o f Omn idrive hard-disk drives with a si ngle model th at ca n be used with
    IBM PC: Appl e II . Il l. and Macintosh; DEC Rainbow: and Zenith Z- 100 co mputers. Co rvu s
    also d ro pped p rices by abo ut 30 perce nt. An I I-m ega byte drive is now S 1995 ... . Hammer
    Computer Syst em s Inc .. La rkspu r. CA. annou nced E-Z-DOS-IT. a 5200 p rogra m th at all ows
    up to eight M S-DOS p rogra ms to execute co ncurre ntly. . .. Gold Hill Computer s has
    enha nced its Gold en Co mmon LISP interpreter and wi ll also o ffe r a GC LI SP com pil er in
    th e su mmer. A large-memo ry-model version wi ll also be avai lable for the IBM PC AT

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    12 BY T E • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 417 for Dealers . Inquiry 418 for End Users.
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    APRIL 1985 • 8 YT E 13
    SEE US AT COMDEX-LOS ANGELES
    L·E·T·T·E·R·S

    COVERING ADVANCED SYSTEMS to keep the reader interested throughout tion was to move to 8-inch disks. there are
    any articles he writes. more immediately applicable fixes. The
    I have now been using a Fujitsu Micro l 6s But I must challenge the description of problem stems from the fact that Word-
    (8086 processor) for the past eight Mr. Maxwell's accomplishments. Mr. Max- Star saves the old version of an edited file.
    months. and I don't know how I got this well is the current president of Racal-Vadic. changing the file extension to .BAK. Hav-
    far without some kind of micro. I am He also holds a philosophy degree from ing rescued program files from otherwise
    already planning for my next system. Stanford. The remainder of the descrip- hopeless oblivion by the use of this fea-
    which will have either a 68020. a 16032. tion is not correct. ture. I am quite willing to put up with its
    or a 32032 processor running UNIX. Racal-Vadic was founded in April 1969 rather extravagant use of disk space.
    Along with Jay Steinbrunn (Letters. by seven individuals: Ted Saunders. Bob It is an almost undocumented feature of
    August 1984. page 23). I too would like Stires. Jay 111tt. Tom Mcshane. Jim Barrick. WordStar that allows you to specify a disk
    to see BYTE raise its sights and start to Larry 1aylor. and Kim Maxwell. The com- drive to receive all work files and the final
    cover this future marketplace. Tell us pany was then known as Vadic. The ideas edited file other than the drive on which
    what's happening out there so I can start and circuits used to start Vadic were Tud the original file resides. This can be done
    putting money into my "purchase" ac- Saunders·s. in either of two ways. From the Opening
    count. I've seen a few inklings of this ad- The very first full-duplex 1200-bps Menu. simply choose "D" or "N:· asap-
    vanced micro technology at some of the modem was invented and designed by propriate. and when asked for the name
    shows. namely Saber Technology's use of John A. C. Bingham in 1972 during his of the file to edit. reply with the filename.
    the NS32032. employment at Vadic. Bingham must be but follow it with a space and a drive
    There are probably more of us out there given credit where credit is due. Mr. designator. For example. to edit the file
    that are interested in these advanced Bingham's talents and contributions need TEST DOC, which resides on drive B:. and
    systems than you realize. to be recognized. save the final. edited version on drive A:.
    WILLIAM H. MESTLER This is not meant to take anything away answer the "Name of file to edit?" ques-
    Tarzana. CA from Kim Maxwell. It is just to set the tion with B:TESTDOC A: . When you end
    record straight. Mr. Maxwell's contribu- the editing session. you will be left with
    Phil Lemmons replies: tions to the world of data communications the file TESTBAK on drive B:. and the file
    We will keep an eye out for real 32-bit are numerous. too numerous to list. He TEST DOC on drive· A:. For subsequent
    microcomputers at reasonable prices. has peers in this group. but very few. editing. it will be necessary to use drive
    An an engineer and investor at Vadic A: as the source drive and B: as the
    AN APPLE FOR BYTE from November 1969 to November 1984. destination. The second way to invoke this
    I saw most of the events during that period feature is from the CP/M (or MS-DOS)
    I want to compliment you on your special and was party to many. I also worked for command line. To accomplish the same
    articles on the Apple computers (Tne BYTE both men and admire their talents and task using this method. simply type WS
    Guide to the Apple Personal Computers. contributions to data communications. B:TEST DOC A: at the A> operating-
    December 1984). The length of the articles DUANE MARCROFT system prompt. You can change the mode
    showed that your company spent many San Carlos. CA (document or nondocument) to which
    hours choosing articles that would be en- WordStar will default using this method by
    joyed by the majority of readers. The ar- WORDSTAR'S .BAK using WINSTALL.COM.
    ticles were not only enjoyable. but they EXTENSION If this still leaves you with insufficient
    were also very informative. They showed room on the A: drive. WordStar can be run
    an extreme amount of quality. which was I read Vin.::ent Alfieri's "WordStar as a Pro- without the file WSMSGS.OVR on the
    the biggest impression I had after reading gramming Tool" (November 1984. page (continued )
    them. I commend your writers and com- 505) with some enjoyment. I have long
    pany on a job well done. used WordStar for both program develop- LETTERS POLICY: To be considered for pub-
    KEVIN HOEKMAN ment and correspondence. and I agree lication. a letter must be typed double-spaced on
    Lakewood. CA with Dr. Alfieri's verdict that it is a program one side of the paper and must include your name
    hard to beat in power and versatility. Even and address. Comments and ideas should be ex-
    WHERE CREDIT IS DUE after several years of using WordStar. in- pressed as clearly and concisely as possible.
    cluding writing patches and modifications Listings and tables may be printed along with
    I have just read your December I 984 to the program itself. it still manages to a letter if they are short and legible.
    issue. I was impressed by "High-Speed surprise me with its power. Because BYTE receives hundreds of letters each
    Dial-up Modems" by Kim Maxwell (page I know that the problem that Dr. Alfieri month. not all of them can be published. Letters
    will not be returned lo authors. Generally. ii takes
    179). I found the article very informative has experienced with limited disk space four months from the time BYTE receives a let-
    and timely. Kim Maxwell's writing style is is frustrating: I used to have the same ter until it is published.
    always very informative. He also manages problem myself. While my ultimate solu-

    14 BY TE • AP RIL 1985

    I
    J
    Hard Drives
    You Can Forget About.

    The nicest thing about Maynard's hard drives is their


    humility. They never draw attention to themselves. They
    simply do what you tell them to do, so you can keep your
    mind on your work, not your hardware. Unsurpassed
    performance. Versatile design. Superb reliability. We give
    you an awful lot to forget about.

    Internal, external, or portable


    hard drives from 10 to 30MB.

    Maynard Electronics
    430 E. SEMORAN BLVD., CASSELBERRY, FL 32707
    3051331-6402
    FINALLY! MAIL ORDER SERVICE YOU CAN DEPEND ON!
    LETTERS

    BUSINESS SOFTWARE system disk. All messages. including


    menus. will appear as "@fjjffj![J/" in the up-
    PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT PLUS RELIABLE PERSONALIZED SERVICE per left-hand corner of the screen. but if
    you have sufficient knowledge of Word-
    AND WE'LL STILL BEAT MOST PRICES IN THIS MAGAZINE! Star's command structure. that shouldn't
    be more than an inconvenience.
    WORDSTAR SYMPHONY SIDEKICK SUPERCALC TAX LOTUS As I mentioned. this feature is not well
    documented and. I must admit. it is of
    PROPAK (C.P.) 3 WIZARD 1-2-3
    limited usefulness. except in certain situa-
    tions when it makes the impossible
    possible
    1

    $243 $409 $35 $193 $59 $295 N ICK BURKITT


    Long Beach CA
    AID IUS MONOGRAM
    Typequick 85 85 Easy System 11 395 184 DoltarsandSense(tBM) 179 110 As someone who uses WordStar profes-
    ALPHA SOFTWARE General Ledger 595 295 Dollars and Sense (Mac) 149 99
    Data Base Manager 2 295 169 Accounts Payable 595 295 MULTIMATE INTERNATIO~AL sionally on nearly a daily basis. both at
    ANDERSON-BELL KOALA Multimate 495 253 work (as a technical writer) and at home
    Abs tat 395 267 Touch Tablet (PC) 150 95 OASIS (as a freelance writer). I was flabbergasted
    ASHTON-TATE Mac Vision 400 250 Word Plus 150 105
    DBase II 495 265 LEXISOFT Punctuation and Style 150 95 at several pieces of misinformation and
    DBase 111 695 363 Spellbinder 495 239 PEACHTREE bad advice offered by Dr. Vincent Alfieri
    Framework 695 363 LIFETREE Peachtext 5000 425 185 in "WordStar as a Programming Tool."
    Friday 295 169 Volkswriter Deluxe 295 158 Calendar Management 195 165
    All LIVING VIDEO TEXT INC. Decision Manager 1325 495 Late in the article. Dr. Alfieri describes
    Training Word Star 75 45 Think Tank (IBM) 195 109 Business Graphics System 295 219 WordStar's "strange habit of keeping a
    Training dBase Ill 75 45 Think Tank (Mac) 150 99 Peachpak 4 395 199 backup file every time you edit an existing
    BORLAND INTERNATIONAL MOBS PETER NORTON
    Toolbox 54 35 Knowledgeman 500 275 Norton Utilities (Vers . 3 0)100 65 file. This means. in effect. that you must
    Turbo Pascal 54 35 K Paint 100 65 PRENTICE-HALL maintain a great deal of disk space for the
    CDEX KGraph 225 145 Execuvision 395 299 necessary backup files."
    Advanced Lotus 1·2·3 70 45 MECA PRO TEM SOFTWARE
    CHANG LABS Managing Your Money 199 119 Notebook II 189 123 So backup files (denoted by the .BAK
    Rags to Riches Ledger 99 79 MICROGRAFX Footnote 99 84 extension) are bad. since they eat up disk
    CONDOR PC Draw 395 290 ROSESOFT space. Or are they?
    Condor 3 650 239 MICROPRO Prokey 130 79
    CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE Word Star 350 179 SA·MNA Dr. Alfieri's attitude toward the WordStar
    Home Accountant Plus 150 89 SpellStar 99 55 All Products CALL backup procedure is perplexing. espe-
    DIGITAL MARKETING Correct Star 145 99 SORCIM cially since one can justify WordStar's
    Writers Pak 250 165 MailMerge 99 55 SuperCalc 2 295 154
    Milestone (PC) 250 165 lnloStar 495 248 Super Pro1e0t 395 219 backup procedure by simply providing a
    Datebook 11 150 98 WordStar 2000 CALL SOFTWARE PRODUCTS INT'L better solution to a problem "solved" by
    Prootreader 50 38 WordStar 2000 Plus CALL Open Access 695 349
    ENERTRONICS MICRORIM SOFTWARE PUBLISHIN~
    Dr. Alfieri early on in the article. There. he
    Energraphics 350 259 RBase 4000 495 259 PFS Fite or Write 140 85 recommends that. if you have recently
    Plotter Option 100 55 Extended Repolt Writer 150 109 SSI saved and accidentally delete an impor-
    FOX & GELLER
    DGraph 295 155
    Clout
    MICROSOFT
    250 135 Word Pe11ect
    TEL OS
    495 249
    tant li ne of code. you can use the -Ko
    dUtil 99 58 Multiplan 195 139 Fitevision (Mac) 195 12~ (quit without saving file) command. He is
    Ouickcode 11 or Ill 295 145 Word/Mouse 475 299 TY LOG silent on what to do if you haven·t. which
    FUNK Chart (MAC) 125 99 dBase Window 249 155
    Sideways 60 40 Project 250 179 WARNER SOFTWARE INC.
    is frequently the case if you are on a roll.
    HARVARD SOFTWARE MICROS TUFF The Desk Organizer 195 129 However. thanks to WordStar's backup
    Harvard Project Mgr 395 230 Crosstalk 195 98 WOOLF SYSTEMS procedure. the situation isn't bad at all.
    HERITAGE Move It 150 85
    Sma11Key 90 65 even if you've got an hour's work behind
    you in the current file with no saves at all.
    All you really have to do is use - KO (quit
    Free UPS shipping on orders over $1,000.00 and save file). Following this. you will find
    CALL FOR PRODUCTS YOU DON'T SEE HERE! that WordStar has created a file with a
    . BAK extension on the disk.
    CALL FOR OUR FREE CATALOG You can then edit this file (after chang-
    TO ORDER CALL TOLL-FREE: ing or removing the .BAK extension). This
    allows you to find the missing text and
    TERMS: (800) 235-3020 (USA) • SAME DAY SHIPMENT block write it to disk. You can then reedit
    • Call !or shipping charges
    and support policies (800) 235-3021 (CA) • ~~~P~sJPgRs~~~i~e the original file. find the location of the
    missing text. and read it off the disk. This
    • Full guarantee against
    manufacturers defects
    (415) 382-9085 • ~~~~~;~z~d purchase orders procedure is quick. easy, and involves no
    r::i -:-'! ..::... • Dealer. institutjonal and loss of text.
    j t • j =f:i-A
    • Allow 3 weeks for checks
    to clear
    • Prices may change
    {-fl
    ~f • - t •
    quantit¥ cJiscounts available
    - - • No surcharge for credit
    But even WordStar with its powerful
    backup feature cannot defeat those who
    • Call for availability s u s 1N E s s so FTw AAE card purchases work to defeat it. as Dr. Alfieri does when
    • No cash refunds! • VISA & Mastercard
    Due to our low prices. all 448 IG NACID BLVD ., STE. 332 accepted he suggests using files distinguished solely
    sales final. NOVATO, CA 94947 • COD (continued)

    16 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 150


    ProModem 1200••• M•l1ffE
    Our ProMOdem 1200 Makes
    Smart Modems Look Dmnb
    ProModem 1200
    (RS-232)

    Send Or Receive 50 Pages Of Text Simple To Install And Use


    Without Tying Up Your Computer Our Communications Buffer is a 4 by 6 card that
    plugs into the ProModem 1200 motherboard.
    COMPUTER It comes with 2K of CMOS battery backed-up
    COMPUTER TURNED OFF memory, expandable to 64K. Part of the mem-
    BUSY
    ory is used as a dialing directory with the
    balance reserved for storage. For $99 more,
    a front panel Alphanumeric Display can be
    added to show time, date, and 24 status and
    help messages. These two powerful options
    can be included at time of purchase, or can
    be added later.
    Hayes Compatible
    No wonder Smart Modems, Cats, and Maxwells ProModem 1200 is Hayes compatible but that's
    cringe when compared to our $495 ProModem where the resemblance ends. Our standard
    1200, an expandable 1200/300 baud modem $495 modem includes a real-time clock/
    for use with all personal computers. It costs calendar. Hayes charges hundreds more for a
    less, but is smarter than the rest. Smart Modem with a time-base. Nor do they
    And when you add our $99 Communica- have electronic mail capability at any price.
    tions Buffer and Alphanumeric Display options,
    ProModem 1200 becomes a veritable genius!
    Imagine, you unplug your computer, take it
    home for the weekend, and while you're gone,
    ProModem 1200 answers the phone, collects
    messages up to 50 pages long, sends out ProModem 1200 contains a battery backed-up real-time
    electronic mail, and displays all events with the clock/calendar, a large dialing directory and can send or
    exact time of each. Thanks to Pro Modem 1200, receive messages up to 50 pages long without
    expensive, hard-to-use communications soft- tying up the computer.
    ware isn't needed. The communications is in the
    modem, and electronic mail becomes a back- Send for complete details and the name
    ground function, where it belongs. of the Prometheus dealer nearest you .

    ~~~~~~~~~~~
    "1&_-ffot.Luu_ PROMETHEUS
    PRODUCTS INCORPORATED
    4545 Cushing Pkwy. • Fremont CA 94538
    Inquiry 319 APRI L 1985 • B Y TE 17
    Inquiry 13 5

    New Release LETTERS


    4.1

    ~
    We've cont inually improved Microstat since it was introduced in
    1978. and the la test release includes many new features you've
    in terms of extensions (he suggests "PI."
    "P.2,'' "P.3." etc.). Yes. in this case WordStar
    will keep only one backup for each of
    those files. That's great. if you're sure you'll
    wanted.
    never need a backup of any but the most
    Interactive and Batch Processing recently edited file. I. for one. am not so
    Data sets that can exceed memory
    Expanded Data Management · confident.
    Multiple Regression (including
    Subsystem with New Data Stepwise) Obviously. I think there are good
    Transforms Scatterplots (including best fit reasons for backup files. Dr. Alfieri
    Reading data files created by other regression) reminds us to keep separate backup files.
    programs Corre lation Analysis but I know from nearly I 0 years of work-
    3 types of Analysis of Variance 12 Nonparametric tests ing with computers and six years of work-
    Time Series 8 Probability Distributions ing with WordStar that most people forget
    Crosstabs and Chi-Square Descriptive Statistics to back up their work. especially if they
    Factorials. Permutations. and Easy Installation haven't lost any work lately. We WordStar
    Combinations
    users tend to be less sorry than most.
    Hypothesis Tests
    Finally, I am puzzled by Dr. Alfieri's con-
    Microstat's algorithms have been designed to prevent numeric overflow errors tention that "You can actually get more
    and yield unsurpassed accuracy. Microstat's price is $375.00 including the user's pages on a disk with many small files than
    manual and is available for the Z80. 8086, 8088 CPU's and CP/M80. CP/M86. with one large file" This isn't entirely true.
    MS-DOS, and PC-DOS. To order, call or write.
    of course. except during an actual editing
    • session.

    E..!/i 6413 N. College Ave. • Indianapolis, IN 46220


    (317) 255-6476

    Trademarks: Microstat (Ecosoft). CP/M (Digital Research), MS-DOS (Microsoft).


    PC-DOS (IBM), Z80 (Zilog). 8086, 8088 (Intel).
    Every file has overhead. and many sys-
    tems allocate disk space in 2 K-byte in-
    crements. including a minimum 2K-byte
    file size. Thus. it's easy to eat up disk space
    by having numerous files with somewhere
    between a few bytes and 2 K bytes of un-
    used bytes per file. Let's say that it's I K
    byte on the average.

    '"IOlM. CONTROL:
    FORTH: FOR Z-8~, 8086, 68000, and IBM® PC
    Then. if you take our example !BOK-byte
    disk again and put 30 files of nominally
    4K bytes each on it. it adds up to I 20K
    bytes "used" and 60K bytes " free." The
    Complies with the New 83-Standard truth. however. is that about 30K bytes of
    GRAPHICS. GAMES. COMMUNICATIONS. ROBOTICS disk space is eaten up in overhead. That's
    DATA ACQUISITION• PROCESS CONTROL about I 5 pages of text! If your system
    • FORTH pro gram s a re instantly FORTH Application Development Systems allocates in I Kbyte increments. that's still
    port able across the four most popu la r include 1n\erpreter/compiler with virtual memory I 5K bytesi
    microprocessors. management and multi-tasking. assembler. full When you're editing a backed-up file.
    screen editor. decompiler. ut1l1ties and 200 page
    • FORTH is in terac tive and conver- manual Sta ndard ra ndom access files used for WordStar can require about three times
    sa tiona l, but 20 times faster than screen storage. extensions provided for access to the capacity of the file on the disk \one
    BASIC. all operating system functions. old backup. one working backup. and the
    • FORTH p rograms are high ly struc- Z-80 FORTHf orCP/M''' 2.2orMP1M1t.$100.oo: file being edited). This means that on a
    8080 FORTH for CP/M 2 2 or MP /M II. $100 00:
    lu red, modular, easy to maintain. 8086 FORTH for CPIM·86 or MS-DOS. $100.00: disk with I BOK bytes (formatted). you
    • FORTH affords d irect control over PC/FORTH lor PC·DOS. CP/M-86. or CCPM. might want to avoid editing a file of 5 5K
    all inte rrupts, mem o ry locations, and $100.00: 68000 FORTH for CP1M-68K. $250.00 bytes or greater. especia ll y if you expect
    i/o ports. FORTH+ Syste ms are 32 bit implementations to be expanding it by much.
    • FORTH al lows ful l access to DOS that allow creation of programs as large as 1 The best solution is probably to work
    files and functions. megabyte. The entire memory add1ess space of on one disk and keep a separate disk for
    the 68000 or 8086188 1s supported directly
    • FORTH application p rog ram s can PC FORTH+ $250 .00 file saves. If you save to this disk after each
    be compiled into turnkey COM files 8086 FORTH + fo r CP/M 85 or MS-DOS $25000 edit. then you can delete the .BAK files
    and distributed with no license fee . 68000 FORTH+ for CP/M-58K $400.00 as you go. meaning that on a I BOK-byte
    • FORTH Cross Compilers a re Extension Packages available include: soft- disk. you can safely edit a much larger file
    available for ROM'ed or disk based ap- ware float ing point. cross compilers. INTEL of BOK bytes o r more.
    plications on most microprocessors. 8087 support. AMO 9511 support. advanced col- THOMAS H HUNSCHER

    nr·
    Trademarks IBM. lnlernalronal Business Machrnes or graphics. custom character sets. symbolic Tiga rd. OR
    Corp_ CPIM. Orgrlal Research Inc . PC1Forlh + and debugger. telecommunications. cross reference
    PC1GEN. Laboratory Mrcrosystems. Inc. utility, B-tree lite manager. Write for brochure.
    NEWS FOR SORCERER OWNERS
    Laboratory Microsystems Incorporated •
    ~ Post Office Box 10430, Marina de/ Rey, CA 90295 - - .. May I suggest that BYTE try to mention
    ~ Phone cred it card orders to (213) 306-7412 the many orphans that have arisen in the
    (continued!

    18 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 220


    AST makes modems Short 'n. Sweet
    Introducing Reach!"' plete documentation makes Reach!
    exceptionally easy to insta ll and
    use, but if it's not enough we're
    Our new intelligent 1200 baud always he1-e to help.
    modem fitswheretheoldstandard Reach' from AST-the short and
    can't-into a single short slot on sweet solution to your telecom-
    the IBM®PC-XT or Portable. Or any puting needs. Call our Customer
    available expansion slot on the Information Center (714) 863-1333
    PC, AT and PC-compatibles. And Ext. 5249 for more information
    its packed with advanced features. So it makes a much nicer travel- and dealer locations. Or w1ite, AST
    The Reach! half-card design ing companion than old fashioned Research, Inc.,
    is a bout a half a pound lighter too. external modems or heaviet; long 2121 Alton Ave.,
    slot internal modems. Irvine, CA
    Tapping into services such 92714 TWX:
    as news from Dow Jones;" informa- 753699AST UR
    tion from THE SOURCE" ' and I
    electronic mail delivery from MCI
    MaiJ~Mand performing PC-to-PC
    data transfer has never been more
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    AST's reputation is built on
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    ASr
    and quality service. Our com- RESEARCH INC.

    Sweet Performance

    Crosstalk XVI" Software: Tulecommunications Call Progress Monitoring:


    The i11dustry's best async commu- Flexibility: Enjoy a choice of 1JO, Provides complete knowledge of
    nications software and its excel- 300 or 1200 baud speeds, Bell 103, communications progress, mon-
    lent documentation is included 113 a11d 212A compatibilil)i itors dial tone (important iu
    at no extra charge. automatic-dial, answer offices where you must dial "9"
    High Noise Immunity And and speed selection. and first). ringing, busy signal and
    Low Bit Error Rate: Insures data bath half- a11d full- automatically disconnects
    integrity even at 1200 bps aver dup/ex commtmi- no a11swer calls.
    11aisy, law-grade phone ca1111ec- catians.
    tians, elimi11ati11g the inca11ve-
    nience and cost ofretransmission
    because of noise-induced data
    errors.
    On-Board Speaker: Lets you
    hear all the signals. just as ifyou
    were diali11g the pha11e yaur-
    se/(, a convenient indication of
    proper operation.
    Remote Digital Loop back: Used
    with a remote site, these diag-
    nostics provide "real world" data
    transmission testing aver the
    phone line.
    Hayes®Compatibility: Opens
    up a world of popular, immedi-
    ately available software ta you.

    Re;u.hf tnz~rt of AST {lestarU.. Inc. rBAf.. PC. PC·XT. Pvrtttble PC a PC·ATtrad~mmktoflnlmttt
    Busfnas MneMna Corp. D()t(I j~(.1 Net<IJ!RLtrltml tradmttrk of Date.JQ!lt.1 b Crnn11t1n.}! lnr.
    TllE SOURC!E ~et rurlt ofSOllrt~~l#DntpNli11g C~tion. a suhsidr'my of Tiu Rtitdrr'S Dig.11 An«iilli(i11.
    MCI M4il htrdtJMtt o/MCJ °"""""'i(.llJimU Corp. llqtt tn:d"""'1t of Hayes Micrrmmrpuk.rProllutlJ. ln.c.
    ""'"""""* """'-* af-·T•t<. Syiorplw.y """''"'"" ef
    """'"""*ofM1"aJb<f/M.
    /Al/Mr Dn•,,,,,....I Catp. Cro>Slalk XVI

    Inquiry 5 for Oealeis. lnquJry 6 for End Users. APRIL 1985 • BYTE. 19
    _____·ck doesrlt have to
    Before Microsoft®Word you had to choose between
    quick and clean. Producing professional looking docu-
    ments meant going through draft after draft after draft
    after draft.
    The new Microsoft Word is different. You don't have
    to practice to make perfect. You can use the full power
    of the IBM®PC to eliminate the drafts. And give your ideas
    sudden impact.
    Quick quality.
    With Word, what you see on the screen is what you'll see on the page.
    You can preview and design documents. And instantly see the effect
    of your changes. (No more playing blindman's bluff between the screen
    and the printer.) Now you can breathe vitality into blocks of lifeless text.

    TOO T All. TOYS


    NEW PRODUCTS

    !llfPl•r B'T"T1. a u u . D11"io ~i .oo


    Dclailcd i116.a.nh: lllQdCI Ila• 010 wotkOas
    clcva1ou a&d. • butc•J•PG•c••d 1t 111i1111• O'Hun..
    Avail.blc ...;u, 011ti.on.I c1'111b•oa 1'.iaa 1t.on&
    a1H ,.1'1 .llW.ft \,

    m'o•i S PAN U1"ntTU• aatoor; lU.00


    Tlr.\"s 4v.r.tite P\...tlc « •n1 nMl1foo 1Ll1 comu with
    two wiad. ao ac:aba divcrt fw tayla1 under .... atu
    cable:. c .., be <a t lly 4 U... 1n lcd or lcrt u •
    IPC'r"11.ae1u tab tiuar4,

    Qctobc.r

    ..._..
    ....TM!~ .. ._._... ......... ....._
    IA•~---~~--.,~~-

    Their first draft vs. our first draft.

    20 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    be di~
    Highlight pithy
    phrases, flag impor-
    tant words, drive
    home conclusions. With
    boldface, underline and italics,
    superscript and subscript. (No more hieroglyphic codes.)
    Microsoft Word gets unmatched professional quality from dot matrix,
    daisy wheel and ink jet printers. And on the new laser printers, it
    produces stunning results.
    It lets you execute commands and edit text faster, with simple key-
    strokes or t~e optional Microsoft Mous~ . And, MICROSOfl:
    Word has windows so you can have multiple docu- The High Performance Software"'
    ments on the screen, and you can easily cut and paste between them.
    Word also includes a computer-based training disk that gets you
    up to speed quickly. Plus, a new comprehensive manual.
    100% money-back guarantee.
    You don't have to take our word about Word. Buy the new Microsoft
    Word from a participating dealer and if you're not satisfied for any reason,
    return it to the dealer within 30 days and he'll give you your money back~
    How do we get higher performance out of the PC? Simple, our
    MS-DOS® operating system tells the IBM PC how to think. And our
    BASIC is the language spoken by nine out of ten microcomputers
    worldwide.
    So, if you want to clean up your act, act quick. Call (800) 426-9400.
    In Washington State, Alaska, Hawaii and Canada, call (206) 828-8088.
    And ask for the name of your nearest
    Microsoft dealer.

    .M1c.ro:<:ofc nnd MS-DOS nre registered trademarks nnd The HiJ.,!h Performance Sohwme is ;1 1radcmnrk
    of Microsoft Corporat ion. IBM is n rcgistt=rcd crademark of \mcm;'lrional !3usiness M;-ichim~s .
    1r Offcr good in chc United Stares on IBM PC versions of ~·licrosoft Word
    purchnscd on or before August 31. 1981.
    LETTERS

    computer field. There are many micros ISIS I 12 a year) Roger Hagan
    that have no support now. and users who do Maurice Dow 1146 Fairview Ave. North
    still have them are looking for help. 84 Camberley Crescent Seattle. WA 98109
    Ah. nostalgia! Remember Superbrain. Brampton. Ontario L6V 3L4
    TRS Model I. IMSAI. Videobrain. and Canada System Software
    Exidy Sorcerer? Some people still have I Kent St.
    them but think they are frozen in tjme. Sorcerer User Group Bicton. Western Australia 6157
    For some machines. that is not so. of South Australia (12 a year) Australia
    The Exidy Sorcerer was still being made do Don Ide
    in 1984. under license in Holland. And 14 Scott Rd.
    there are still many fan magazines with Nigel Yeo
    Newton. South Australia 507 4
    software and hardware notes being 24 Bodmin Ave.
    Australia (index in issue 51)
    published Macclesfield. Cheshire
    For the Exidy Sorcerer here are some England
    of the magazines being published. (Write Exidy Sorcerer Gebruikers Group
    for subscription rates and possibility of (6 a year)
    Caicom BV
    back issues.) Published in Dutch with full English
    N ijverheidsstraat 2 2
    cover-to-cover translation a month
    NL-2802 AL Gouda
    European Sorcerer Club later
    The Netherlands
    Back issues only Index in issue 15
    Died with issue 4 3 in June 1984
    Redactie ESGG Softdeal
    Index in issue 26
    Pia Post bus 510 Postbus 85
    NL-1000 Amsterdam NL-113 5 ZJ Edam
    Colin Morie
    The Netherlands The Netherlands
    32 Watchyard Lane
    Formby
    Near Liverpool L 37 3JU Sorcerer User Group Schweiz Computer Collectief
    England Monthly/in German Amstel 31 2 (to. Carre)
    NL·IOl7 AP Amsterdam
    CH 3038 Kirchlindach The Netherlands
    Sorcerer Group International
    do Don Gottwald Switzerland (index in issue 50)
    And some hardware help. firmware. and
    POB 33
    repair services:
    Madison Heights. Ml 48071 Sorcerer Computer Users
    U.S.A. of New Zealand B. ). (Bob) Freeman
    Monthly. some Sorcerer material 414 Olive Way
    Back issues from Gottwald at:
    Seattle. WA 99202
    19967 Rosin Dr. do Selwyn Arrow or
    Mt. Clemens. Ml 48044 POB 6210 POB 1258
    U.S.A. (about $18 per volume for vols. Auckland. New Zealand Seattle. WA 98111-12 58
    2 to 5)
    U.S.A.
    now Sorcerer Group International I won't give prices since they will change
    (8 times a year) and many of the above don't know rates
    Ion Weather
    Tommy Stokes (or Ed King) to the U.S. since no one has asked before.
    Morristown Municipal Airport
    Route I. Box 12 I Here are some software sources for the
    Morristown. NJ 07960
    Everton. AR 72633 Sorcerer that you might want to keep on
    U.S.A.
    U.S.A. file:

    Arrington (Ensign) Software Tercentennial Technical


    Sorcerer Computers Users
    7337 Northview 70 Tercentennial Dr.
    of Australia
    Boise. ID 87304 Billerica. MA 01821
    (12 a year/Airmail)
    U.S.A. U.S.A.
    Box 2402
    Melbourne. Victoria 3001
    Australia Howard Arrington South Valley Electronics Inc.
    Suite E. 2 312 North Cole Rd. Suite E. 2110 Walsh Ave.
    Boise. ID 8 7304 Santa Clara. CA 9 5050
    Southern California
    U.S.A. (This is an old address) U.S.A.
    Sorcerer User s Group
    (4 to 6 a year casually)
    do Cary E. Stewart COMTRO Software Development Mentzer Electronics
    529 South Beachwood Dr. Rec. Bonsel Str. I 0 590 South Hill Boulevard
    Burbank. CA 91 506 N L-64 33 EP Hoensbroek Daly City. CA 94014
    U.S.A. The Netherlands U.S.A.

    22 BYTE•APRIL1985
    LETTERS

    The Brothers Van Montfort


    (Gebroeders van Montfort)
    Smedestraat 13
    NL-6411 CR Heerlen
    The Netherlands r-; u•;um ~H.11 ~ I1 1 l • I llll~Hl ~Ill I I • II 111
    0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

    DANIEL SAY
    Vancouver. BC Canada
    The advantages are clear. A BayTech port contender adds
    APPLE II BWES more users to your computer and does it at a price that's far
    less than expensive hardware or software modifications. A
    I happened on Mr. Dennis Doms·s letter Model 5218B, for example, doubles your users by allowing
    ("A Call for Better Apple Support." 12 terminals to contend for 6 ports. Simple to set up and
    September 1984. page 14) and but for use, with easy-to-understand messages, the port contenders
    near-identical circumstances. I would have
    feature protocol conversion; user queue; disconnect by
    dismissed it as one of those individual
    quirks in product support. I fully endorse
    operator, computer or time-out; hardware or X-ON/X-OFF
    Mr. Domss comments. His perceptiveness handshaking; and more.
    of the ProDOS documentation problem is Seven models, $629 to $1,750. (SOOJ 523-2702
    particularly commendable when one con-
    siders the fact that he is experienced in
    DOS 3.31 Ba Tech®
    In early March of this year our
    DAT A COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS
    information-processing group decided
    that a small "user-friendly" micro might
    provide quick turnaround for some of our
    Bay Technical Associates, Hwy. 603, P.O. Box 387, Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi 39520
    project record-keeping applications. (601) 467-8231 Telex: 9103331618 (BAY TECH)
    Although the senior program manager
    was a Kaypro owner. he carefully avoided
    imposing his own preference on the
    ·xganization. An Apple 11+ owner made
    a seemingly sound recommendation that
    we get an Apple lie with duodisk and a
    small dot-matrix printer.
    Two days later. tt-,e Apple lie arrived with
    its display. an Epson printer. and the
    duodisk. VisiCalc and two PFS packages
    also were provided to get things started.
    A seeming ton of books accompanied the ·
    units. A quick pilot run with VisiCalc and
    PFS was made. and a short training ses-
    sion was held for floor engineers and pro1-
    ect managers.
    People experienced losses of whole
    files. mutilation of data. and 1/0 errors Instead of adding more printers, get maximum use of the
    using PFS. The possibility of human error
    printers you have by adding a BayTech multiport controller. A
    was explored. and new data backup pro-
    versatile D-series multiport allows several RS-232C devices to
    cedures were instituted. Repair of the
    duodisk decreased the variety of 1/0
    share printers or plotters. No cable-switching, knobs to tum, or
    errors but did not eliminate them. Sub- software to add. These printer sharers work automatically; just
    stitution of the duodisk with two stand- hook them up and they're ready to use. Features include
    alone drives did not help The Apple custom power-up default configuration, protocol conversion,
    technician blamed the problem on PFS. buffer, and your choice of hardware or X-ON/X-OFF
    The salesman who had orig inally sold us handshaking.
    the Apple and the software then sold us Sevenmodels,$319to$629. (SOOJ 523-2702
    Appleworks. The users read Appleworks
    documentation. more training sessions
    were held. new files were established. data
    was reentered. Within a day there were
    Ba Tech®
    more 110 errors and losses of data DATA COMMUNICATIONS PRODUCTS
    reported. The Apple dealer then replaced
    the main logic board and again worked on
    (continued) Bay Technical Associates, Hwy. 603, P.O. Box 387 , Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi 39520
    (601) 467-8231 Telex: 9103331618 (BAY TECH)
    Inquiry 41 AP RIL 1985 • B Y TE 23
    LETTERS

    the duodisk. This finally solved the prob- of Integer BASIC was disturbing My first Apple lie owners manual. These had no
    lem (both Appleworks and PFS work well effort on the printer routines worked well substantive information that documented
    nowJ. enough [after I found that 1/0 had to be the machine or Apple 's software. The
    A task request arrived on my desk to directed to physical card slots and that the paper quality was nice: the indexes and
    write some printer set-up utilities and a ' Apple did not support logical devicesl) tables of contents had errors. The ProDOS
    project accounting package for the Apple Since the design for the project account- manual talked about differences from DOS
    Coming from a CP/M-86. TRSDOS. and ing task involved multiple files and several 3.3 and seemed aimed at people familiar
    IBMVS background. I didn·t instantly see large arrays. I broke out the books. with Apple DOS. The ton of books also
    the relationship between the Apple DOS As in Dennis Doms·s case. we had included books for the 80-column card.
    and BASIC. The undocumented ""loading received a ProDOS users manual and an the Apricot printer card. a duodisk
    manual. a pamphlet for the display. and
    several excellent manuals for VisiCalc. PFS.
    If lightning still scares you, and the Epson printer.
    I called our dealer and was told that we
    you're using the wrong file manager. deserved a ProDOS Programmer's Manual
    since it had been out of stock when we
    bought the machine. He did not have one
    but would special-order one for us. I de-
    scribed my needs for documentation and
    was told I would need the Applesoft and
    DOS 3. 3 manuals and that these were
    extra-cost items. I was told to ignore all
    references to Integer BASIC since it was
    an "archaic tongue" and no documenta-
    tion was in print for it. (Undocumented
    modules of an operating system bother
    me!) The pricing was confused. but a total
    of $70 plus tax finally went on our pur-
    chase order. We soon received a bill. 1\vo
    trips to the dealer and multiple phone
    calls over a six-week period failed to pro-
    duce the manuals. There was talk of them
    being in a warehouse. then being back-
    ordered from Apple. then being out of
    print. Finally. with a Friday promise that
    they would be mailed on Monday. Ac-
    Be sure. Bbieven.: counting paid the bill. 1\vo weeks later the
    dealer produced an explanation that the
    Lightning may strike. But it doesn't gives you a complete, fully relational required manuals were unavailable from
    have to destroy your database. database management system. Apple and there was no projected delivery
    Btrieve™ file management offers Rtrieve™ adds report writing capabil- date.
    automatic file recovery after a system ities . Xtrieve ™ speeds users through Two months after the first phone call
    crash. So accidents and power failures database queries with interactive about documentation. our "free" ProDOS
    don't turn into database disasters. menus. Programmers Manual arrived. It was much
    Your Btrieve-based applications will For professional programmers. as Mr. Do ms describes-dependent on the
    come up when the lights come back on. Btrieve is the fast, reliable answer for DOS 3.3 and Applesoft documentation.
    Fast. Btrieve is lightning fast, too. It's all your application development. In The senior program manager visited the
    written in Assembly language espe- any development language-BASIC, Apple dealer and with some hostility of-
    cially for the IBM PC™. And based on Pascal, Cobol, C, Fortran, and APL. fered an invitation to small-claims court.
    the b-tree file indexing system, with With Btrieve, you can develop better The salesman then gave us his personal
    automatic balancing and electrifying applications faster. And know they'll copies of the DOS 3.3 and Applesoft
    access speed. be safe if lightning strikes. manuals. We then considered that the pur-
    The standard for networking. chase order had been filled!
    Ptrieve/N (network version) sets the Our company's purchasing agent will en-
    standard for the industry's most
    ~
    sure that no more business is directed to
    popular LANs, including IBM's PC the Apple dealer who sold us the lie.
    Network . SoftCraft Inc. Apples viability in the microcomputer
    Fully-relational data management. P.O. Box 9802 #917 Austin, Texas 78766 business is doubted by every engineer.
    SoftCraft's entire family of products (512) 346-8380 Telex 358 200 project manager. and technician who has
    been associated with our lie. We now have
    S:ig!\esled retail prices: Btriez•e, 5245; Blrievc!N, 5595; Xtriei•e, 5195; Xtrieue/N, 5395; Rlrieue, 585;
    Rlrie1•e/ N, 5175. Requires PC-DOS or MST.ll_DOS 1.X, 2.X, or 3.X. Blrie1•e, Xlrieue, a11d RlriePe; IBM; three more Kaypro owners. At the office
    a11d MS are trademarks of SoftCmfl Inc.; lnlemalicmal Business Machines; and Microsoft Inc. l"m pleased by the Displaywriter with its
    (continued)

    24 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 3 51


    If you don't have a
    Hercules Graphics Card, you could
    end up looking like this:
    "I know, because one day it hap- worked out, relax. Hercules has
    pened to me ... sold more monochrome graphics
    "I was running some routine cards for the IBM'" PC,XT'" and AT'"
    tests on a non-Hercules mono- than anyone else in the world.
    chrome graphics card when I "So ... you're convinced that
    was struck by a severe case you should buy a Hercules
    of lowresolutionitis. I'm the Graphics Card. Now, steer
    president of Hercules and clear of cheap imitations.
    that's me exhibiting the You may save a few bucks,
    symptoms of the disease but you won't get all of
    in its advanced stages. Not these five essential features
    a pretty sight, is it? hich only Hercules has:
    "What causes low res- "1) A safety switch that
    olutionitis? Experts point helps prevent damage to
    to ordinary monochrome your monitor, 2) the
    graphics cards with ability to keep an IBM
    coarse, hard-to-read or Hercules Color Card
    graphics. A bad case of eyestrain may in your system, 3) the ability to use the PC's
    develop if action is not taken immediately. BASIC to do graphics, 4) a Hercules de-
    "Fortunately for me, a Hercules Graphics signed chip that eliminates 30% of the parts
    Card was nearby. A quick change brought that can go wrong, and 5) a two year warran-
    soothing 720 x 348 graphics. That's twice ty, because we think reliability is something
    the resolution of ordinary 640 x 200 graph- you should deliver and not just talk about."
    ics cards. Call 1-800-532-0600 Ext 408 for the
    "Which means better graphics for name of the Hercules dealer nearest you
    Lotus'" 1-2-3'; Symphony'; Framework'; and we'll rush you our free info kit.
    pfs:Graph: Microsoft'" Chart and Word,
    SuperCa1c3; AutoCacr; and dozens of
    other programs.
    "Including Microsoft Flight Simulator,
    now Hercules compatible!
    "Oh, and don't forget that a parallel
    printer port is standard on the Hercules
    Graphics Card, not an extra cost option.
    "Now, if you're worried about buying Hercules.
    a new product that hasn't had all the bugs We're strong on graphics.
    Ad dr ess: 2550Nint h St. , Bei·keley, CA 94710 Ph: 540-GOOO Telex: 754063 Trade ma rk /O wn e r s: Hercules/Hei·cules Computer Tech; IBM, XT,AT/ IBM; Lotus 1-2-3,
    Symphony/Lotus De\'elopment; Framework/Ashton-Tate; Mic1·osoft/Microsoft; pfs:Graph/Softwa1·e Publishing; Supe1·Calc 3/Sorcim-IUS ; AutoCacl/AutoDe::;k.

    Inq uiry 183 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 25


    LETTERS

    p-System. I am quite happy with my program for third-party software. If DEC When a manufacturer sells a computer
    TRS-80 at home. Recent clamorings by my says that a particular package such as and withholds information on that com-
    offspring for Macintoshes coincided with CTOS or Lotus 1-2-3 will run on the Rain- puter. the computer's worth is in direct
    the lie problems. Both kids and their bow. you can bet the company has tried proportion to the amount of information
    friends understand why I hesitated then it and within the range of their tests has one receives. No information means the
    made another choice for them. found no implementation bugs. Our IBM computer is worthless. A computer is
    This is my first experience with an Apple. Displaywriters use CP/M-86 and UCSD p- unique in this regard. If you buy a car.
    I have no personal need to make it more Systems that have outstanding support someone can always drive it or fix it
    detailed or extended in time. I find the from D/R and Softtech as well as IBM. My without a shop manual. Try programming
    documentation to be shallow. the 1/0 im- TRS-80 came with a language reference a computer to do something you want it
    plementation crude (even when measured manual and DOS manual as well as to do without information on the 1/0 ports
    against l 980 standards). and the service owners/operators manuals. The additional or the memory map. Tl"y getting a com-
    haphazard. I more carefully assess what technical reference manuals were readily puter fixed that no one has schematics for.
    Apple owners and users have to say about available from the dealer at nominal Of course. somebody can always charge
    their machines. charges. Every landy manual was well you three or four hundred dollars and
    My feelings might not be quite so strong written. pretty much stand-alone. and had replace the entire main circuit board when
    if only the hardware or the documentation a good reference appendix The indexes only a twenty-cent chip may be defective.
    had been screwed up. The infant mortali- and table of contents did not contain You don't need a schematic to do that.
    ty in the hardware combined with docu- errors in page numbers. After all. the manufacturer makes a lot of
    mentation hassles have heavily under- Just out of curiosity. I p·riced documen- money selling you a new circuit board for
    scored the flaky sales support and the tation at our local Commodore dealer and $400 when you don't need one.
    mediocrity of the operating system and at a nearby landy Computer Center. Much I have an Apple lie. I was originally in-
    language. Color Apple with a worm in it! of it is free with the system. and the prices terested in the compact Apple lie because
    By contrast. Digital Equipment Corpora- on the remainder are moderate-what's of its built-in disk drive and its ability to
    tion provides us with singularly outstand- more. it's readily available. be powered from a I 2-volt car battery
    ing support for our Rainbow. That system PAUL M. HINE Apple computer promised some day Real
    is supported by an excellent certification San Diego. CA (continued)

    2 YEAR WARRANTY ON CARD AND DRIVE

    --··-·-···------
    Yes, send me more
    Information on:
    D 10 Mbyte Disk Drive
    D 20 Mbyte Disk Drive
    Linde Technology, Inc.
    8820 S. Sepulveda 8/vd .. Suite 204
    Los Angeles. CA 90045

    Suggested retail price 51095 TO ORDER SEND CHECK OR

    •945 SPECIAL
    PRICE SALE
    MONEY ORDER TO:
    Linde Technology, Inc.
    ADORE SI- - - - - --

    CITY_ _ _ _ _ $TATE_
    -

    _ ZIP _ _
    --

    8820 S. Sepulveda Blvd.,


    100% refundable within 30 days. Suite 204
    Los Angeles, CA 90045
    For IBM PC* & compatibles. 2
    Ye<Ys warranty on disk drive and OR CALL TOLL FREE:
    controller card. I 18001 227-2400 ext. 974
    • Half-height drive with In Califcrnia call
    controller card I 18001 772-2666 ext. 974
    • Low error rate Visa and MasterCard accepted.
    • Low power Calil'ornia ~ms add bih 'lb sales tax.
    • High performance and
    reliability For d••ler Inquiry end more
    • Easy installation ............... celll fJIJI JIS-9414
    "IBM Is a regiStered uademark of International
    2D Mbyte for 1 1,495. Business Machines Cap.

    26 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 2 35


    A few smart reasons
    to buy our smart modem:
    Features Ven-Tel Hayes
    1200 PLUS
    1200 and 300 baud, auto-dial, auto-answer Yes Yes
    Compatible with "AT' command set Yes Yes
    Can be used with CROSSTALK-XVI or Smartcom II software Yes Yes
    Regulated DC power pack for cool, reliable operation Yes No
    Eight indicator lights to display modem status Yes Yes
    Speaker to monitor call progress Yes Yes
    Attractive, compact aluminum case Yes Yes
    Two built-in phone connectors Yes No
    Compatible with The Source and Dow Jones News Retrieval Yes Yes
    Unattended remote test capability Yes No
    Phone cable included Yes Yes
    Availability Now
    Price $499 $699
    The Ven-Tel 1200 PLUS offers high speed,
    reliable telecommunications for your per-
    sonal computer or terminal. Whether you
    use information services or transfer data
    from computer to computer, the Ven-Tel 1200
    PLUS is the best product around. Available
    at leading computer dealers and distribu-
    tors nationwide.
    Also from Ven-Tel: internal modems for the
    IBM and HP-150 Personal Computers with
    all of the features of the 1200 PLUS.
    You choose. The Ven-Tel 1200 PLUS-
    the smartest choice in modems.

    Ven-Tel Inc.
    2342 Walsh Avenue
    Santa Clara, CA 95051
    (408) 727-5721

    Crosstalk is a tra demark of Microstuf: Hayes and Smartcom II are tra demarks of Hayes Microcomputer Products.

    lnqui.-y 394 APR IL 1985 • BYTE 27


    IJllllllllllt Ill
    Borland'sSideKick
    Software Product oftheYear
    SideKick is lnfoWorld Software Product of the Year. It won over
    Symphony. Over Framework. Over ALL the programs advertised in
    this magazine. Including, of course, all the "fly-by-night" SideKick
    imitations. SideKick .... Simply the best.

    All the SideKick windows stacked up over Lotus 1-2-3. From


    bottom to top: SideKick's "Menu Window", ASCII table,
    Notepad, Calculator, Appointment Scheduler/Calendar,
    and Phone Dialer. Whether you're running WordStar, Lotus,
    dBase, or any other program, SideKick puts all these desktop
    accessories instantly at your fingertips.
    Info\forld Rf'porf Card J984by I'np11/ar
    Cnm /mtinJ:. !11r.. "suhsidiaryo/C W
    C11 1111111111iratio11s Inc. Rrpri11t1·dfrmu
    lnfoWn rltl. 1060 Marsh Road,
    Mn1/o Park. CA 94025.

    Jerry Pournelle, BYTE: "If you use a


    PC, get SideKick. You'll soon become
    dependent on it."
    . Garry Ray, PC Week: "SideKick deserves
    a place in every PC."
    Charles Petzold, PC Magazine: "In a
    simple, beautiful implementation of Word-
    Star's block copy commands, SideKick
    can transport all or any part of the display
    screen (even an area am/aid by the notepad
    display) to the notepad."
    Dan Robinson, lnftNlorld: "SideKick is a
    time-saving, frustration-saving bargain . . .."

    Inquiry 50 APRIL " 85 • B Y T E 29


    Inquiry 404

    LETTERS

    Planning to deduct your PC? Soon Now to have a liquid-cr~stal disp\ay

    The IRS just made it tougher. that would draw very little power and
    operate from a battery.
    The first snag I ran into was when I tried
    According to the Tax Reform Act of 1984, if you want to find out from the Apple lie manuals
    to take a business deduction for your personal computer, you what the pin connections were for the
    now must prove you use it more than half the time for nonstandard serial-port connector. No
    luck. Nowhere in the manuals that came
    business. And that proof must be in the form of a daily log. with the computer could I find the con-
    You can waste valuable time each day recording your nections for the serial interface.
    use. Or you can use WorkLog to do the job in seconds. The next thing I did was call Apple long
    Considering how much your time is worth, isn't distance. I was put on hold for five minutes
    $59. 95 a worthy investment? listening to some music. Needless to say.
    it was not high-fidelity. Finally. Patty came
    To order call (206) 526-0711. Or ask for our brochure on the line and told me I had to call
    that describes the power and elegance of this state-of-the-art another long-distance number in another
    software. WorkLog makes it easy. part of the country. Get this. I am in LA
    Well. I called that number. and an answer-

    ~~!!9
    ing machine came on the line telling me
    to leave my name and phone number and
    my question and they would get back to
    me within 24 hours. Since I am in and out
    of the office all day and no one else at
    my office is knowledgeable enough to ask
    intelligent technical questions about
    For IBM-PC. -XT. -AT. a11d com1wrih/e.I'. Requires /28k a11d w1r rer.l'io11 of PC-DOS.
    WyssWare/5207 Ravenna Ave. N. E./Seattle. WA 98105 · RS-232C interfaces. that might be a prob-
    lem. If Apple personnel happened to call
    back while I was out of the office. at least
    another 24 hours would go by before I
    could ask the first question. At this rate.
    a year or more would go by before I could
    write this assembly-language program to
    talk to the Apple li e. The answering
    !Cl 1985 ~s1Wt'Stt •mlnlt.'T11Jtit1r1..1l
    machine also advised me to contact my

    1he right place nearest dealer.


    We have a lot of Apple dealers here in
    L.A. I contacted three of them. None of
    at the iight price- them knew anything more about it than
    I did. One advised me to go to all of the
    bookstores and get a book on the Apple
    lie. I did just that: in fact. I bought three
    books. So far. I have spent at least 40
    hours of my valuable time. $40 on books.
    and $50 on long-distance phone calls. I
    now know the pinouts on the connectors.
    but that is all the useful information those
    three books could tell me. Absolutely
    nothing else of any value No memory
    locations for setting up the RS-2 32C inter-
    face chip or how to write code to send or
    receive data from the RS-2 32C interface
    in assembly language or BASIC. Nothing
    Has Apple management grown so
    greedy that it doesn't want people to buy
    any device to hook up to an Apple Ile
    unless they buy it from Apple? Does
    Apple want anyone to write and sell soft-
    ware other than Apple Computer? Is
    :St't' yuur UdVt'l dgt:uL, UI Ldll Apple management so paranoid that
    1-800-528-1234.
    "World's !aigest chain of Independently owned and someone will copy the lie that it is afraid
    operated hotels. motor inns. and resorts" to document the ROM? Why does Apple
    have an army of lawyers ready to sue
    (continued)

    30 BYTE • APRIL 1985

    I
    NEW PRODUCT NEWS
    FROM TELETEK
    Systemaster 11. Responding to SBC 86/87. As the name indi- Teletek Z-150 MB. Teletek is
    market demand for speed and in- cates, Teletek's new 16-bit slave the first to offer a RAM expansion
    creased versatility, Teletek is proud board has an Intel 8086 CPU with board designed specifically for the
    to announce the availability of the an 8087 math co-processor op- Z-150/Z-160 from Zenith. The
    next generation in 8-bit technology tion. This new board will provide Teletek Z-150 MB is expandable
    - the new Systemaster 11 ! The either l 28K or 512 K of parity from 64K to 384K. Bring your
    Systemaster II will offer two CPU checked RAM. Two serial ports Z-150 up to its full potential by
    options, either a Z80B running are provided with individually adding 320K of parity checked
    at 6 MHz or a Z80H running at programmable baud rates . One RAM (or your IBM PC, Columbia,
    8 MHz, 128K of parity checked Centronics-compatible parallel Compaq, Corona, Eagle, or Seequa
    RAM, two RS232 serial ports with port is provided. When teamed up to their full potential). The Teletek
    on-board drivers (no paddle with Systemaster II under TurboDOS Z-150 MB optionally provides
    boards required), two parallel 1.3, this 5MHz or 8MHz multi- a game port for use when your
    ports, or optional SCSI or IEEE-488 user, multi-processing, combina- portable goes home or a clock/
    port. The WO floppy disk control- tion cannot be beat in speed or calendar with battery backup!
    ler will simultaneously handle feature flexibility! Evaluate the Systemaster II, SBC
    8" and 5114'' drives. A Zilog Z-80 86/87 or Teletek Z-150 MB for
    OMA controller will provide in- 30 days under Teletek's Eval-
    stant communications over the bus uation Program. A
    between master money-back guarantee
    and slave. Add is provided if not com-
    to the OMA
    capability a true :---- .
    &JI TEL
    ETEK
    '
    TIMES gf pletely satisfied! All

    mz I
    Teletek products carry

    ~~;;~~~i~1i~e;-
    for both on-
    NE~.' s·oc
    DI
    81~
    U/ 0, ,
    a 3-year warranty.
    (Specifications subject to
    change without

    ~~:~~~~tf ans, SYSTEMASTER Jl' I notice.)

    AN!' z. ..,r.o u
    and the re- 12BK, 6/BMHz 1
    suit is un-
    ~:0~~~~~----..;;;;:._;::'ll=:_~---~:L~.~~1~1~r~'ll~-
    systemaster II will run under
    CP/M 3.0 or TurboDOS 1.3, and
    fully utilize the bank switching
    features of these operating systems. IN BRAZIL: Danvic S.A
    R. Conselheiro Nebias, 1409
    01203 Sao Paulo, Brazil

    TELETEK
    Tel: 221-6033 (P A B X)
    Telex: 1123888 CICP BR

    4600 Pel I Drive


    Sacramento, CA 95838
    (916) 920-4600
    Telex #4991834
    Answer back- Teletek
    Inq ui ry 31:\ 2

    Yes, .._.
    I'm interested •
    in information
    regarding:
    D Systemaster II
    D SBC 86/87 0 Z-150
    D Evaluation Program
    D Teletek's 5-100 Board Lir
    Na me-~~~~~-
    Company _ _ _ _ _ __
    LETTERS

    anyone if the company even hints of 111 came wi th no real documentation as erly. Apparently Apple divided down the
    manufactu ring a machine that will run well. We all know what happened to the microprocessor clock crystal to save the $3
    Apple software? Hasn't Apple manage- Apple Ill . From what I have seen of the cost of a data-transmission rate crystal. If
    ment learned that the more information Macintosh documentation. the Mac is in the lie had a schematic in the owners
    you supply in the box wi th the compu ter. the same boat. I would not use a Mac if man ual. any competen t computer techni-
    the less money it takes to support the you gave me one. cian would know about the transmission-
    product? Is the well-documented IBM PC The next problem I found was tha t the rate problem before purchasing the com-
    outselling Apple everything? RS-232C data-transmission rate in the puter. I guess that is one of the reasons
    One would think that Apple had learned Apple li e was off frequency by just enough Apple did not put a schematic in the
    its lesson with the Apple Ill. The Apple to prevent the RS-232C from working prop- owners man ual in the first place. The man
    on the Apple hotline told me to take the
    lie into any Apple computer dealer. who
    would fix it at no cost. None of the three
    dealers I contacted had heard of this repair
    program. nor would they do it at no cost.
    If you buy an Apple other than the Ile.
    Graphics Takes A you need your head exam ined.
    A Commodore 64. although it costs
    Quantum Leap Forward! much less than the Apple lie. is worth at
    least 100 times as much because you can
    use it. Yo u can get a vast quantity of pro-
    gramming and technica l information on
    the Commodore 64 in great detail. Infor-
    mation that is necessary to program and
    interface all the things that people need
    a microcomputer for.
    I now own a S12 00 paperweight.
    PAU L LAMA R
    Redondo Beach. C4
    WHERE ARE APPLE'S
    MANUALS WHEN You
    NEED THEM?

    last night I t ried to order an Apple lie


    Reference Ma11ual at my local dealer. I was
    told tha t the man ual costs $50. could be
    ordered on ly in boxes of five. and if I
    would order five that they would be glad
    to handle my order. Of course I thought
    that I would go elsewhere.
    When I arrived home. some back issues
    of Apple Assemb/JJ Line had come in the mail.
    I discovered that Texas Apple dealers had
    = ::i
    !!!I. THE /NOV/ON PERSONAL • A c omplete stand alone system . i~
    I the same policy and that it extended to
    = ; GRAPHICS SYSTEM FEATURES :
    • The most advanced color mapping
    •
    •
    A 19" enh ance d color mo nitor.
    780K Graph ics Memory.
    == ProDOS and lie manuals as well. Eventual-
    = ::i·

    = !!l'
    capabilities available. • 512 x 480 pi xel di splay with 24 bits = =
    ly I learned that these man uals could be
    • 250 ,000 sim ul ta neous ly d i splayab le pe r pix el. ==
    ~ = ordered by mail from a dealer in New York
    =
    = =•
    colors .
    • A palette of 2.1 mill ion colors .
    • RS232C port allows access to al l ·~-=
    (2 12-512-4100) .
    = =•
    -: • Frame Grabber/ Digitizer to capture •
    system fu nc tions an d mem ory .
    NTSC composite vide o and NTSC Ii
    .~ = Provid ing access to the fundamental
    TV, VCR or Video Camera pictures.
    == • Qu ali ty t hree-d imens iona l tex ture •
    RGB signal.
    1-yea r wa rran ty on g ra ph ics genera-
    i=
    : = hardware ma nuals for the mach ine is the
    =- capabi I it ies. tor and 90-day warranty on
    i' i =
    i most min ima l level of dealer support
    =- • Built - in Ico n / Men u software. en hanced monitor. f
    'l
    possible. Perhaps K-Mart does not provide
    == • Co m pletel y Mo use/T rackball driven . • Special i ntr oducto ry 30-day satis- = access to ma nuals for the computers it
    = ='. • Fonts , Brushes , Mic roscope , Pat- facti on guarantee. .=
    i Ic : : ; ; ;

    sells. but every self-respecting computer


    = iii: terns , and Rotatio ns. • Complete system for $4,495 c:::; =
    dealer must do this.
    = =: c
    ; : =
    The poor availability of these manuals
    !
    -
    I .. IC:'
    ,. -,
    -~
    \
    -
    r
    ~

    ,...
    i::;'= =
    I 1 .,. . I
    must in part stem from the fact that they

    '
    -
    are seen as manuals only a hacker or pro-
    ' ·· ~-
    .. Iii.. ''-
    ,.r.r; 13 r.I r.fl D;i8: p
    J ll ... fessional software developer would want
    """ or need. Apparently Apple be lieves that
    Lin on l! ta 8 ao ~1
    1!:!]1 5 s- •18 ~o its customers are not likely to grow in
    (co ntinued on page 4 36)

    32 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 198


    F·I·X·E·S A·N·D U·P·D·A·T·E·S

    C Changes Quickly
    Our December 1984 article "C-Language $400. A Macintosh version is under ports small or large memory models.
    Development Tools" by G. Michael Vose development. Lastly. Computer Innovations (980
    (page 119) brought several new C inter- Age of Reason Company (318 East 6th Shrewsbury Ave .. Tinton Falls. NJ 07724).
    preter vendors out of the woodwork. We St .. New York. NY I 0003) has announced purveyors of the C86 C Compiler. offers
    also learned d a name change for one of the availability of RUNIC-a C interpreter Introducing-(. a C interpreter designed to
    the article's previewed products. for MS-DOS computers. Distributed by help the programming novice learn C as
    The Safe C Compiler from Catalytix Cor- Lifeboat Associates (16 51 Third Ave. New her/his first language.
    poration ( 55 Wheeler St .. Cambridge. MA York. NY 10128). RUNIC costs $150. lntroducing-C does not fully implement
    02 J 38) is now called the Safe C Runtime RUNIC features a built-in line editor the K&R C specification. but it documents
    Analyzer. The product's functions have not similar to the Microsoft BASIC editor. plus the differences in a IO-page appendix. For
    changed. only the name. to distinguish it the capability to use an outside editor. You example. lntroducing-C does not support
    from production compilers. can even compile your C programs from multidimensional arrays, #defines. struct
    Catalytix also announced the release of within the RUNIC interpreter. RUNIC fully and union data structures. the typedef
    its Safe C Standalone Interpreter. The in- implements the K&R specification for C. declaration. and several other com-
    terpreter is a complete C implementation but this interpreter has a limit of 2000-line ponents of C. Future revisions to the in-
    that allows the use of any text editor and programs. terpreter will provide many of the features
    source-code formatting or cross-referenc- Gimpel Software (3207 Hogarth Lane. currently missing. Introducing-C's inter-
    ing utilities. Code interactively written and Collegeville. PA 19426) markets a C inter- preter is upward-compatible with the C86
    debugged within the interpreter can sub- preter called C-terp. also for the IBM PC compiler.
    sequently be compiled into executable and work-alikes using MS-DOS 2.x. C-terp Computer Innovations claims that Intro-
    files. using any complier that conforms to costs $300; a demonstration disk is avail- ducing-C is suitable for learning structured
    the Kernighan & Ritchie (K&R) C-language able for $4 5. C-terp also fully implements programming and most of C and for de-
    specification. Currently available for the the Kernighan & Ritchie C-language veloping "medium-sized. non-scientific
    IBM PC and other MS-DOS machines. the specification. includes an editor. and of- programs:· Available forthe IBM PC. lntro-
    Safe C Standalone Interpreter sells for fers batch-mode operation. C-terp sup- ducing-C costs $95 .

    Printer Buffer Messaged


    In the June 1984 BYTE there were several Input pins 4 and I 0 of IC 14 should be tied will allow D306 at line 26 on page 453 to
    errors in the article "Build a Printer Buf- high or at least not left floating as those reset the printer's acknowledge flip-flop.
    fer" by John Bono (page 142). Richard sections are unused. Floating leads are not On page 4 52. data lines. strobe. busy,
    Carlsen from Upton. New York. built the good practice and could cause some oc- and acknowledge to the left of IC 9 should
    printer buffer. encountered and overcame casional errors. be labeled "lD COMPUTER." At the right
    some difficulties. and wrote us about his On the middle left on page 4 50 the data of IC I 5 they should be labeled "lD
    travails. Here are some excerpts from his lines are in inverse order. DO should be PRINTER.''
    letter: D7. D6 should be DI. and so on until D7 Be aware that all 4164 RAM chips are
    I noticed corrections in the November is DO . They are labeled correctly at the not created equal. They come ir. different
    1984 BYTE on the ROM listings (page 34). Z80 and 2716. speeds usually designated by a -2 or -3
    but I haven't seen any hardware updates. A useful item to add is a reset switch suffix. I have had no trouble with either.
    so here are some suggestions for improv- across the 68·tiF (microfarad) cap on pin However. some companies require 128
    ing John Bono·s project. 26 of the Z80. I added a 4 7-ohm resistor refresh cycles over a 2-microsecond
    In listing l on page 4 53 [lune BYTE). line in series with the switch so discharge of period. Others may require 2 56 refresh
    13 should show EOU OFFFFH (zero. not the 68-tiF cap is a little more gentle. cycles over a 4-microsecond period. I used
    "oh") and line 17 should be A. OFFH. At the lower right on page 4 52 you 'll NEC 4164-2 chips and Mostek 4564-2
    In the schematic on page 4 50. IC 14 is fi'nd IC 13 and IC 24 (printer acknowledge chips successfully, both of which require
    incorrectly labeled 74 LSOO at the top of FF). A signal is missing (G6) at IC 13. pin 128 cycles. Others requiring 2 56 refresh
    the page. IC 14 is a 74LS367A. (I should 9. Remove pin 4 of IC 24 from + 5 V Leave cycles gave me occasional errors.
    also note that l tried both the 74LS367s IC 24 . pin 2 connected to + 5 V Now con- Another pointer: Watch the power wir-
    and 74LS367As. and they both work fine) nect pin 4 of IC 24 to pin 9 of IC 13. This (continued)

    A PRIL 1985 • BYTE 33


    Inquiry 270

    FIXES & UPDATES

    Let lLS earn yottr trust as we


    have that of others, such as:
    Goodyear • General Motors • US Navy • elc. ing to these RAM chips. Pin 16 is ground would al low extra copies of a document
    Ask for: Sue, Marianne. Kalhy, Tim. Rick or RO!le!
    and pin 8 is + 5 V. This is not as you would to be printed from the buffer's memory
    U st OIJrPrtce
    usually expect with 16-pin chips. and I sure without disturbing the computer.
    PR INTERS
    got caught wiring these wrong. Recoding of the RAM and some minor
    On my unit I used a crystal oscillator at hardware additions would be necessary.
    I MHz hooked to pin 6 of the Z80. If you 2. Self-check of memory. This would also
    do this. a I K pull-up resistor or so at pin require some additional ROM coding.
    6 will ensure that the .. I" levels are 4.0 to 3. A printer code preloader. which would
    4. 5 V as the Z80 requires there. let you change printer functions (such as
    Not all printers and computers handle compressed print mode. character pitch.
    Centronics interfacing in the same man- or near letter quality) by sending the
    ner. My Kaypro 2. for example. does not printer prewritten codes stored in the
    use the ACK signal. The buffer works fine printer-buffer ROM. These could be
    with my Okidata 92 with the Kaypro using selected by thumb-wheel switch and
    just the busy signal. Your computer may entered to the printer by a push-button
    also use other signals such as the "Paper switch using the remaining port 7 select
    Out" line. Consult your printer and com- at G7 pin 7 of IC 13 as a means of address-
    puter manuals or dealer about your ing this feature.
    printer and computer parallel ports before
    starting this project. In most cases you If anybody has completed these or other
    should be able to work things out with the features. please write in to BYTE and let
    IBM PC SYST EMS available signals supplied by the buffer. the rest of us in on it. This is a great proj-
    s an C s Some new ideas have been suggested ect when it's working I would like to thank
    Complete Systems by other readers of this article for improv- John Bono for writing this article and for
    ing the project and I'll pass them on. his patience with my questions. I wish also
    Call and Save! to thank other readers for their time on
    EXPANSION CARDS the phone and exchange of ideas. and
    I. Multiple dumps by the use of a repeat
    AST Six Pac PlllS 641(, S/P/C+SIW 395 269
    QUADRAM Condele Une SC ALLS printout switch would be useful. This BYTE for acting as the intermediary.
    MEMORY CHIP ktt-li4K150ns·9 ctrl 99 49
    DISK DRIVES
    T. .c Hall Hef!ilts 299 149
    Teac 2 Drive Kit • Comolllte 499 299
    Tmndon 100·2 llSt,f Standard) 399 159
    Maynard • 10 MIOl lrlll!lllal Drive 1395 SCALLS
    Ma'lilard 20MB Tape Backup 1895 SCALLS Communication on Modem Gets Garbled
    T• ll11ra11 Dtl.u wrra111 Backup SCALLS
    Turbo 10 10 MB Internal Hard Drive SC ALLS
    In the What's New section of the Guide to
    MODEMS
    ea Sm1rtmodem 300 the Apple Personal Computers. a special sup·
    es Apple 2c Modem Pkg w/Sollware plement to the December 1984 BYTE. we
    Hayes Afil>le 2E Modem Pkg w/Soflware
    Hayes Slllartmodem 1200 inadvertently published the wrong picture
    llaYIS Smar1modem 1200B wnBM Soflware
    MONITORS
    and supplied some incorrect information.
    Amdek 300. 310; Color 500. 600. 700 $CALLS The picture on page A 13 6 does not
    Princeton Gr aphics 4 x 12 MaJci 2 $CALLS depict MultFiech Systems· internal modem
    SOFTWARE card for the Apple IL but rather it shows
    Lotus 1·2·3, Symphony & Hundreds More $CALLS
    MultFiech Systems· MultiModem 1200/
    SANYO SYSTEMS 300-bps external modem.
    Complete Sanyo The single-board MultiModem lie.
    Systems shown here. fits entirely inside Apple II Yellow Page Service.
    Lots of series computers and does not require a The MultiModem 1200/300 stores up to
    Free Software serial card. It operates at 110/300 bps. six 31-digit telephone numbers. detects
    features auto-answer and auto-dial. and dial and busy tones. and can continuous-
    OUR PRICE COMMITMENT
    Midwest will try in good faith to beat comes with communications software. The ly redial busy numbers. It lists for $549.
    · any nationally advertised price. list price is $229. which includes free-time Both modems come with two-year war-
    and subscription discounts to a number ranties. Multi-Tech Systems Inc. is head-
    Prices subject to change and type errors
    of database networks. such as Dow Jones quartered at 82 Second Ave. SE. New
    :IC FREE CARD USE ,. News/Retrieval Service and the Instant Brighton. MN 55112. (612) 631-3550.
    Call Today!
    Information - Ordering Corrections from Commodore
    1 ·800·423·8215 The model number of Commodore's new and its Z80 coprocessor runs at 4 MHz.

    _.
    l ri Ohio 1 ·800-321 -7731 1281<,byte computer was incorrectly stated The article also described a new high-
    CUSTOMER SERVIC E (513) 663-4992 in the February What's New section (page speed disk drive that works with both the

    I.'
    40). Cl28 and the C64. In its C64 mode. the
    co'tssrJl~fS· een.J~~~o~;r) or0ers/J~i.t'.:~%J

    ,. The computer is known as the Commo- drive transfers data at 300 cps. While in
    HldW"'I Hluo·P11lph11o t1
    dore C 128. Also. it uses the 8 502 micro- its C 128 or CP/M modes. the data rate is
    -··-··~~e- 1Dw1sion 011nra1c1. lnc J
    IJ ·~~ 5;.~~: ~~:~~~J~i' processor to run Commodore software 5200 cps.•

    34 BYTE • APRIL 198 5

    /
    11111 4 Wee ll: Sel es Rep•~• by Region 11 111

    I REGION I I I REGION 2 I REGION 3 l


    S12 , 119_ 22 SIS,1 7 5 .90 $9 ,765 .8 8

    $10, 2 5 3 .8 9 S13.0 2 0 . 19 $ 13,786 .33

    $ 2 0 , 145.50 $ 22 , 9 98.00 $14 ,995.4 3 $6,554 .0 10/28/ 432


    10/28/ 879
    16,778 . 05 $4 3 , 332.0 0 ($9 .00) 10 / 25/ 456
    1 2 5,7 9 0.00
    $7,654 .3 10123/ 543 No
    $ 9 4 ,52 6 . 09 164,33 7 .6 4 $6 ,778.0 10 / 19/ 66 No
    10/1 9/ No
    $5,656 s 10 / 17 / 543 No
    $ 100.00 10 / 17 / 666 Y.s
    10/12/ 110 No
    10/10/ 65
    lhOnk you far responding ta our quesllonnolr e.
    As o fiber -dye soeciolist working with nolurol color techniques,
    your perspecliue an the needs and interests or the members af
    BeMused Is pt1 r lic ult1 r ly we lcome.
    The results of our suruey ore uery Int e restin g.
    53 3 ol current members houe neu e r clt e nded t1 r e glo ncl worlu ho
    ar seminar.
    39 ~ ur.ld that they would be 1rit e fH 1l!'d In a co-op buying service
    pay 11s much e s BO / year la he lp defray admlnlsl r allu e e Hp e nses .
    There were 9 groups or at least 15 people Interested In
    p•r11clpa11ng In the new l y proposed 1peclal- lnterest chn
    ,,.. f'u•r•n• fih•r-rr•fl n• .. • r • l • d i n r n • • " ' ' t h • • • •IHI••
    ANNOUNCING
    ANOTJ-4fR KIN6-SIZE.
    ADVANTA6E C.ITOH
    HAS OVER OTt-f ~R
    PRINTl:R5/
    The biggest name in printers might be a
    name you don't even know. C. ltoh.
    But people who do know C. ltoh printers
    know that they've always had a big edge in
    speed. And an edge in reliability.
    And an edge in support. with service centers
    nationwide and the backing of a worldwide
    $60 billion parent company.
    And now, C. ltoh ProWriter™ dot matrix and
    StarWriter™ daisy wheel printers have a big
    edge in price, too.
    We've been able to reduce our retail prices
    an average of 30%, because we've reduced
    our distribution costs by selling directly to our
    dealers.
    It's given us a price advantage of $80 to
    $1,000 over what the competition has to offer.
    Take a look.
    SPEED PRICE
    BRAND MODEL NO. LlNES PEA MFG. SUGG
    MINUTE RETAIL
    DOT
    MATRIX C. ITOH 7500 54 $ 289
    EPSON RX-SOFT 44 369
    STAR GEMINI 10X 48 399
    IBM 5152 36 494
    CHARACTERS
    PER SECOND

    DAISY C. ITOH A10-20S 29 $ 669


    WHEEL OUM E LP20 20 799
    NEC 2010 20 950
    DIABLO 620 20 995

    C.ITOH F10-55 58 1,449


    DC\TA
    DP55 55 1.895
    PRODUClS
    OUME 1155 55 1,995
    NEC 7700 55 I 2.495

    C. ltoh. The best selling printers in the world,


    with 1.7 million printers sold in 1984 alone, now
    have the best prices, too.
    For more information call toll-free
    1-800-423-0300. Or write C. ltoh Digital
    Products, Inc. 19750 South Vermont Avenue,
    Suite 220, Torrance, CA 90502.

    THEIR OUR
    PRUS ~ES

    ,. ProWriter& StarWriter are TrademarksofC . ttoh Digital Products. Inc.


    © 1985 C. ltoh Digital Products. Inc.

    38 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 5 5 for Dealers. Inquiry 56 for End Users.
    W·H·A·T'S N·E·W

    Thermal Printer Has Full Graphics Ability


    GE TVs Also
    eneral Electric recently Serve As Monitors;
    G announced the Model
    3-8100. a $300 thermal-
    Modem Unveiled
    transfer letter-quality printer wo new television sets
    with full graphics capability.
    Although the printer comes
    T from General Electric
    can also serve as your com-
    standard with a Centronics- puter monitor. The Model
    type parallel connector. GE 13BC5509 is a 13-inch color
    will also sell two compatibili- monitor. and the Model
    ty modules for $89.95. One I 2XR 5204 is a 12-inch
    allows direct connection to black-and-white monitor.
    the Atari 400/800 com- Both units handle 80-char-
    puters and Commodore·s 64 acter-per-line displays and
    and VlC-20; the other feature a display width-
    module permits direct con- reduction capability that
    nection to the IBM PCjr. prevents character loss at
    The Model 3-8100 prints the screen's edge. They ac-
    at two speeds: 50 cps in Tlie General. Electric 3-8100 dot-matrix printer. cept composite-video input
    draft mode and 2 5 cps in as well as standard antenna
    letter-quality mode. At both connectors and are compati-
    speeds. the printer is quiet. on thermal paper if you Model 3-8100 is $299.95. ble with most home com-
    A 16-dot print head pro- remove the cartridge. Each Contact General Electric Co.. puters from Apple. Atari.
    vides high-resolution dot- ribbon cartridge costs about Consumer Electronics Busi- Commodore. IBM. and other
    matrix output. $6 and provides about ness Operation. POB 4840. manufacturers.
    The Model 3-8100 can use I 00.000 characters. Electronics Park. Syracuse. Suggested retail price is
    single-sheet. roll. or 9!.1-inch- The manufacturer's sug- NY 13221. (315) 456-3304. $489. 95 for the color moni-
    wide fanfold paper. It prints gested retail price for the Inquiry 600. tor and $129.95 for the
    black-and-white unit.
    In a concurrent announce-
    Keyboard Enhancement Has Macros, Data Encryption ment. GE introduced the
    Model 3-8200 direct/acoustic
    orland lnternational's With SuperKey. you can mode. you can encrypt modem. This 300-bps mo-
    B SuperKey is a RAM-
    resident -keyboard-enhance-
    recall from a command
    stack the last 20 commands
    binary files by transforming
    them into ASCII. This lets
    dem has a standard
    RS-232C cable. and optional
    ment program featuring entered .. These are displayed you transmit these files over cables are available for
    macros and automatic data in a me[lu window that lets telephone lines. The recip- direct connection to Atari or
    encryption. This program you select. edit. and reuse ient of the files decrypts Commodore computers.
    lets you define. edit. save. the commands at the DOS them using a special "key:· The 3-8200 has automati-
    load. and recall macros on command level or in a pro- Also featured is a display cally switchable answer/
    your IBM PC in real time. gram. SuperKey has a cut- burn-in protection capability originate modes and once
    SuperKey has a memory- a nd-paste capability that that automatically switches tied into a database. it auto-
    resident full-screen macro permits any data to be off a monitor's video signal matically adjusts for full- and
    editor that can be pulled copied from the screen. when no activity is detected half-duplex operation.
    down on top of a currently stored within SuperKey for a reasonable length of The Model 3-8200 modem
    running program. The pro- under any key. and then time. The display is automat- has a suggested retail price
    gram supports single-key moved into another ically reactivated when any of $119. 9 5. Contact General
    macros. user-definable application. key is pressed. The program Electric Co .. Consumer Elec-
    macro titles. help menus. The SuperKey data- is priced at $69.95. Contact tronics Business Operation.
    date/time information. alter- encryption function lets you Borland International. 4113 POB 4840. Electronics Park.
    nate arrow-key definition. encode files in two modes. Scotts Valley Dr.. Scotts Syracuse. NY 13221. (315)
    key-click switching. keyboard In the first mode. no second Valley, CA 95066. (408) 456-3304.
    lock/unlock. sound effects. file is created. thus saving 438-8400. Inquiry 602.
    and color control. disk space. In the second Inquiry 601. (continued)

    APR IL 1985 • BYTE 39


    WHATS NEW

    Kaypro's 286i Is an IBM PC AT Compatible


    aypro's 286i. scheduled RAM. expandable to 640K functionally compatible with Merge. lnfoStar. CalcStar.
    K for formal introduction
    last month. is compatible
    bytes: expansion cards can
    supply an additional I 5
    the PC ATs.
    Standard with the system
    tutorials. and Microsoft's
    CW-BASIC interpreter.
    with IBM's Personal Com- megabytes of RAM to the are color graphics (RGB and The Kaypro 286i has a
    puter AT It features a system. composite. both of which suggested list price of
    6-MHz 80286 processor. two Three of the system's eight are compatible with the IBM $4 5 50. For more informa-
    parallel ports. one serial IBM-compatible expansion graphics-display card) and a tion . contact Kaypro Corp ..
    port. and two 1.2-megabyte slots are occupied. leaving clock/ca lendar with battery 533 Stevens Ave .. Solano
    5!!.\-inch floppy-disk drives. five for additional peripher- backup. Software bundled Beach. CA 92075 . (619)
    The system's main board als or memory. The 286i's with the system includes 481-4300.
    comes with 512 K bytes of 84-key keyboard is also Micropro's WordStar. Mail- Inquir y 603.

    I 30-cps Printer Is Compatible with Epson RX-80 Internal Hard Disk


    for PC AT
    he Aero from Alphacom byte buffer. head outputs either 480 or
    T is a I 30-cps dot-matrix
    printer that's compatible
    Aero produces the stan-
    dard 96-member ASCII
    960 dots per line in either
    alphanumeric or bit-image C ontrol Data Corporation
    is now shipping a 30-
    with existing software and character set. and it lets you modes. megabyte hard-disk ·drive
    graphics supporting Epson·s define up to 96 characters Manuscripts printed out that fits inside IBM's PC AT
    RX-80 series printing pro- for custom applications. It on the Aero can display any Called the StorageMaster
    tocols. Alphacom has op- forms 6- by 8-dot characters mixture of superscripts. 630. this drive has a typical
    timized the Aero's print with true descenders in a 6- subscripts. double-strike. access time of 30 milli-
    speed with the inclusion of by 9-dot matrix grid using a enlarged and emphasized seconds. which is reported
    path-seeking logic and a 2K- 9-wire print head. The print type. underlining. text. and to be approximately 2 5 per-
    graphics on the same line. cent faster than the native
    Aero will print out an IBM drive.
    original and three copies The StorageMaster 630
    using perforated or regular- uses the PC ATs resident
    bond paper. disk controller and is ship-
    Indicators for power-on. ped with adaptive software
    on-line. paper-out. and ready that lets you tweak it for
    are located on the top right operation with PC-DOS 3.0.
    side of the Aero along with The software gives you the
    its operator controls. Aero ability to logically partition
    comes with a self-test fea- and format the disk. and in-
    ture. and it uses standard cludes diagnostic routines.
    Epson ink cartridges. A pair of StorageMaster
    RS-2 32C and Centronics- 630s can be tucked side-by-
    type parallel versions of side within the PC ATs
    Aero are available. The sug- cabinet. Installing the
    gested retail is $249.95. StorageMaster 630 into the
    Contact Alphacom Inc.. 2323 PC AT housing is said to re-
    South Bascom Ave .. Camp- quire less than one hour.
    bell. CA 95008. (408) Disk image or selected
    Alpliacom's Aero is compatible witli Epson's RX-80. 559-8000. file-backup capabilities for
    Inquir y 604. the StorageMaster 630 ar.e
    available through use of
    Control Data's 4 5-megabyte
    ALL Card Allows 4 Megabytes RAM in IBM PC Storage Master 74 5 !4-inch
    ...........••....••...••••.....••.••••...••..........•..•..•.•.. .........•.•............•.• cartridge streaming-tape
    LL Computers· ALL calendar. a serial port. the is $1295. Without the MMU. backup system.
    A Card AT! features a
    custom CMOS memory-
    MMU. and room for I
    megabyte of on-board
    it's $795. A version with
    neither memory nor the
    The suggested list price
    for the StorageMaster 630 is
    management unit (MMU) memory using 2 56K-byte MMU is $395. Contact ALL $214 5. Contact Control Data
    processor. in addition to chips. You can add up to a Computers Inc .. Suite 501. Corp .. 8100 34th Ave. S.
    other memory and interface total of 4 megabytes to the 110 Bloor St. W. Toronto. POB 0. Minneapolis. MN
    enhancements. on a single system. Ontario M5S 2W7. Canada. 55440, (800) 328-3390 .
    I BM PC expansion card. The With 2 56K bytes of (416) 960-0111. Inquir y 613 .
    AT! comes with a clock/ memory, the ATI ALL Card Inquiry 60 5. (continu ed)

    40 BY T E • APR IL 1985
    They said it couldn't be done.
    Borland Did It.Turbo Pascal ao
    The industry slllndard TURBO TURBO MS The best just got better:
    With more than 250,000 users worldwide Turbo 3.0 2.0 PASCAL Introducing Turbo Pascal 3.0
    Pascal is the industry's de facto standard. Turbo
    We just added a whole range of exciting new
    Pascal is praised by more engineers, hobbyists,
    features to Turbo Pascal:
    students and.professional programmers than any
    other development environment in the history of • First, the world's fastest Pascal compiler just got
    microcomputing. And yet, Turbo Pascal is faster. Turbo Pascal 3.0 compiles twice as fast as
    simple and fun to use! Turbo Pascal 2.0! No kidding.
    • Then, we totally rewrote the file 1/0 system, and
    we also now support 1/0 redirection .
    • For the IBM PC versions, we've even added
    [ COMPILATION SPEED "turtle graphics" and full tree directory support.

    I EXECUTION SPEED
    • For all 16 Bit versions, we now offertwo addi-
    tional options: 8087 math coprocessor support
    for intensive calculations and Binary Coded
    Decimals (BCD) for business applications.
    CODE SIZE • And much much more.
    BUILT-IN INTERACTIVE EDITOR The Critics' Choice.
    ONE STEP COMPILE Jeff Duntemann, PC Magazine: "Language
    (NO LINKING NECESSARY) deal of the century ... Turbo Pascal: It
    introduces a new programming environment and
    COMPILER SIZE runs like magic."
    Dave Garland, Popular Computing: "Most
    TURTLE GRAPHICS Pascal compilers barely fit on a disk, but Turbo
    Pascal paclii an editor. compiler. linker. and run-
    BCD OPTION time library into just 29K bytes of random-
    access memory:·
    PRICE Jerry Pournelle, BYTE: 'What I thinkthe
    computer industry is headed for: well
    documented, standard, plenty of good features,
    and a reasonable price."
    Porl8bility
    Turbo Pascal is available today for most computers
    running PC DDS, MS DDS, CP/M 80 or CP/M 86. A
    XENIX version of Turbo Pascal will soon be announced,
    and before the end of the year, Turbo Pascal will be
    running on most 68000 based microcomputers.

    An Offer You Can't Refuse


    Until June 1st, 1985, you can get Turbo Pascal 3.0 for
    ooly $69.95. Turbo Pascal 3.0, equipped with either the
    BCD or 8087 options, is available for an additional
    $39.95 or Turbo Pascal 3.0 with both options for only
    $124.95. As a matter of fact, if you own a 16 Bit
    computer and are serious about programming, you
    might as well get both options right away and save
    almost$25.

    Update policy
    As always, our first commitment is to OU' customers.
    You built Bortand and we will always honor your
    support. ·
    So, to make your upgrade to the ll)ltiting new version of
    Turbo Pascal 3.0 easy, we will accept your original Turbo
    Pascal disk (in a bend-proof container) for a trade-in
    credit of $39.95 and your Turbo87 original disk for
    $59.95. This trade-in credit may only be applied toward
    the purchase of Turbo Pascal 3.0 and its additional BCD
    and 8087 options (trade-in offer is only valid directly
    through Borland and until June 1st, 1985).

    Software's Newest Direction


    •BOAlAnD 4113ScOlts VaileyDnve
    Scotrs VIJ/e~ Cahlom1a 95066
    .)) INTERNATIONAL TELEX: 172373
    lnqulrY' 47
    Turllo l'iJscal is• mgislered oademark Of BorlJnd lntemat""'11. Inc.
    WHATS NEW

    S·I 00 Graphics Cards Produce TV-Quality Images


    ...........................................................................................................................
    he S-Series of color- to move through the 1024
    T graphics products lets
    you produce images to the
    by 1024 image area either
    displaying edges or wrap-
    maximum resolution of ping around to the opposite
    NTSC and PAL television side of the image. Image in-
    standards on Cromemco's put and output are possible
    68000-based S-100 com- using a wide range of
    puter systems. The S-Series devices: Any composite-
    comprises the previously an- video image can be digi-
    nounced SDD Color Digitizer tized by the SDD card. while
    Interface. plus four new the other cards combine to
    S-100 (IEEE-696 standard) provide output in RGB and
    bus cards. NTSC and PAL composite-
    The SVID Color Video video formats.
    Generator Board works with The SVID video-generator
    the SDMA Video Memory board costs $795. while the
    Controller card to generate SDCM modulator card is
    color images by panning $995 . Both are available in
    S-Series color-grapfiics cards from Cromemw
    over a virtual 1024- by either NTSC or PAL versions.
    1024-pixel image. The NTSC The SOMA controller board
    version displays 7 56 by 484 with 2 56K bytes of two- signals meeting either the is $795. and each 256KTP
    pixels. while the PAL card ported memory; four NTSC or PAL standards. memory card is $199 5. The
    set generates a 7 56- by 2 56KTP cards are required The S-Series cards allow SOD digitizer card. for either
    577-pixel image. Depending to take advantage of the full computer-generated or NTSC or PAL versions. is
    on graphics memory. up to I 024- by I 024-pixel. 2 56- digitized graphics to be priced at $99 5. Contact
    8 bits of data can be allo- color capability of the S- overlaid on other broadcast Cromemco Inc .. 280 Bernar-
    cated per pixel to select up Series. The SDCM Color images. A zoom feature do Ave .. POB 7 400. Moun-
    to 2 56 colors from a palette Modulator Board converts allows up to 4-to-I enlarge- tain View. CA 94039. (415)
    of 256.000. red-green-blue signals to ment of screen areas. while 964-7400.
    The 2 56KTP card comes broadcast-type composite a pan feature can be used Inquiry 606.

    Tl's Arborist, Decision-Tree Analysis Software. Supports IBM XL/Serve for Macs
    exas Instruments' Arbor- sion-tree structures to aid in
    T ist. a decision-tree anal-
    ysis software package. runs
    the decision-making process.
    The program accommodates
    Arborist sells for $595. For
    further details. contact Texas
    Instruments Inc .. POB 80963.
    X L/Serve permits the
    Macintosh/XL (formerly
    the Lisa 2/10) to function as
    on both the TI Professional color or monochrome dis- Dallas. TX 75380-9063 . (800) a disk and print server in an
    Computer and IBM's Per- plays and the 8087 numeric 527-3500. AppleTalk Personal Network.
    sonal Computer. Arborist coprocessor. Inquiry 607. It lets distributed Macin-
    brings quantitative decision- toshes share disk storage
    making techniques to plan- and Imagewriter printers.
    ners using these desktop XL/Serve includes disk and
    computers. printer software that runs
    In decision-tree analysis. a concurrently on a host Mac-
    series of multiple chance intosh/XL under MacWorks.
    events and possible deci- driver software for individual
    sions is represented by a Macintoshes. and a backup
    tree structure. If the planner and restore utility.
    can estimate the outcome You can partition the host
    and probability of each in- disk into individual volumes.
    dividual decision or event. and users can be granted
    Arborist can then determine read-only or read-write
    the best choice at each status.
    decision point. XL/Serve is $200. Contact
    Arborist is intended Infosphere Inc .. 4730 South-
    primarily for people who west Macadam Ave .. Port-
    have at least a basic land. OR 97201. (503)
    understanding of decision- 226-3515.
    tree analysis. It uses a A decision tree created Vl:J Tl's Arborist. Inquiry 608.
    graphical display of deci- [continued)

    42 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    Borland Does It Again:
    SuperKey $69.95
    Sure, ProKey™ is a nice little program. But when the people who brought you
    Turbo Pascal and SideKick get serious about keyboard enhancers, you can
    expect the impossible ... _and we deliver.
    I SuperKey Total ProKey compatlblllty. Every Prokey Macro file may be
    used by SuperK.ey without change so that you may capitalize on
    all the precious time you've invested.
    Pro Key Now your PC can keep a secrell SuperKey includes a resident
    NO file encryption system that uses your password to encrypt and
    decrypt files, ewn while running other programs. Tv.o different
    I ALL FEATURES RESIDENT IN RAM AT ALL TIMES encryption modes are offered:
    1. Direct overwrite encryption (which leaves the file size un-
    RESIDENT PULL-DOWN MACRO EDITOR changed) for complete protection. At no point is a second file
    that could be reconstructed by an intruder generated. Without
    RESIDENT FILE ENCRYPTION your secret password, no one will ever be able to type out your
    confidential letters again!
    2. COM or EXE Ille encryption which allows ){Ju to encrypt a
    PROKEY COMPATIBILITY binary file into an ASCII file, transmit it through a phone line as a
    text file and tum it back again into an executable file on the
    DISPLAY PROTECTION target machine (only of course if your correspondant knows the
    secret password!). Now, you will even be able to secretly ex-
    change programs through Public Bulletin Board Systems or
    ABILITYTO IMPORT DATA FROM SCREEN services such as CompuServe.
    Totally memory resident at all times, gives SuperKey the ability
    PULL-DOWN MENU USER INTERFACE to create, edit, save and even recall new or existing macro files
    anytime, even while running another program.
    CONTEXT-SENSITIVE ON-LINE HELP SYSTEM Pull down macro editor. Finall~ a sensible way to create, edit,
    change and alter existing macro definitions. Even while using
    DISPLAY-ONLY MACRO CREATION another application, a simple keystroke instantly opens a
    wordprocessor-like window where you're allowed to see,
    edit, delete, save and even attach names to an indi-
    ENTRY AND FORMAT CONTROL IN DATA FIELDS vidual macro or file of macros, and
    much more.
    COMMAND KEYS REDEFINABLE "ON THE FLY"

    I PRICE

    Sorry ProKey !
    Superb software at reasonable prices!
    There is much more to SuperKey. Maybe the best
    reason to buy SuperKey is that it is a Borland
    International Product Each one of our products is
    \
    the best in its category. We only believe in
    absolutely superb software at reasonable prices! \
    An offer you can't refuse.
    Whether you are a ProKey user or you've never used a
    keyboard enhancer before, your boat has come in: until
    June 1st 1985 you can get your copy of SuperKey at this
    special introductory price. .
    \
    Get your PC a SuperKey today!
    SuperKey is available now for your IBM PC, XT. AT. jr. and truly
    compatible microcomputers.
    Sottware's Newest Direction

    I
    Inquiry 48
    BORlAnD
    I NT ERNATI 0 NAL ~~~~/a;~j3~;r-1ornra
    4113 Scous Valley Oflve
    95066

    IBM is a registered trademar\ of lntematiooal Busfl.ess Machine CorporaOOo . ProKey is a trademark


    of RoseSoft. SuperKey and !ideKick are trademarks of Bcrtand lntematiooal. Inc.
    WHATS NEW

    Hayes Offers Smartcom II for the Macintosh


    ...........................................................................................................................
    ayes Microcomputer and forth between voice and
    H Products has an-
    nounced Smartcom II for
    data during a communica-
    tions session.
    the Macintosh. The program. Seltingi Rutop1lot Special Hayes reports that the
    lelenet Smartcom II program will
    originally written for the
    IBM PC. has been rede- permit two Macintosh com-
    signed to take advantage of Enter Phone number: puters to exchange graphical
    the Macintosh graphical user 1 9 52309~ images in real time using
    interface. 8 Tone (D Puhe conventions similar to those
    Smartcom II is compatible in MacPaint. An image
    with Hayes·s existing stand-
    Q Pnuse DJ selonds
    created on one screen is
    alone modems and with its @ Wait for dial tone
    automatically reproduced on
    recently introduced 2400- C'!) Quiel (D flesh the remote screen. The sec-
    bps Smartmodem. Smart- ond user can "take over"
    ~
    com II can handle com- the drawing and make
    munications between com- changes and additions.
    puters in a hard-wired con- The retail price for the
    figuration at speeds of up to Smartcom II software for the
    19.200 bps Macintosh is $149. For more
    Smartcom 11 has an "auto- information. contact Hayes
    Smartcom II exploits the Mac's graphical user interface
    pilot" feature that can be Microcomputer Products
    programmed to automatical- Inc .. 5923 Peachtree In-
    ly perform such functions as files. and performing data- Protocol and the XMODEM dustrial Blvd .. Norcross. GA
    logging onto remote sys- base operations. It supports protocol for file transfers. It 30092. (404) 449-8791.
    tems. sending or receiving both the Hayes Verification also lets you switch back Inquiry 609.

    Multiuser Board for IBM Based on 68000


    he Multi-PC/68 from When equipped with applications concurrently word processor. a series of
    T LinkData is a multiuser
    68000 microprocessor board
    Multi-PC/68. the IBM PC XT
    can support four terminals
    with UNI-DOS applications.
    The dealer price of the
    accounting packages ($295
    each). and a line of vertical-
    for the IBM Personal Com- and run five concurrent pro- Multi-PC/68 system. including market applications pack-
    puter. This two-board com- grams written in the DIBOL UNI-DOS. ranges from ages with price tags span-
    bination runs UNI-DOS. a or CADOL minicomputer $2000 to $4000. depending ning from $750 to $1000.
    DEC-like operating system languages. The IBM PC AT on how much memory and For more information. con-
    that lets the PC run multi- can support up to eight ter- how many RS-232C ports tact LinkData. 2005 Route
    user software written for the minals and run nine pro- are included. LinkData will 22. Union. NJ 07083. (201)
    DEC PDP-I I family of mini- grams. In addition. both the also make available to 964-6090.
    computers. XT and AT can run MS-DOS dealers a $200 DEC-like Inquiry 610.

    Harmony Comes to Mac Harris Announces PC Network/File Server


    •••...•.•.•.•.•••..•••...•.•••...............•.....•......
    '
    •• · · ·· · ······ ~ ····· · ······ ~ ····· ~ ····· ·~ ··· · ····· · ··········· ·

    armony is a set of soft Word. he Harris 9300 net- office-automation programs


    H productivity tools that
    runs as a desk accessory on
    Other features include a
    telecommunications applica-
    T work/file server can link
    up to 16 IBM PC-compati-
    developed by Lanier. a sub-
    sidiary of Harris.
    the 512 K-byte Macintosh or tion with auto-dial capabili- bles. 3270 terminals. Harris The system with I mega-
    as an application program ties. Harmony can work in PCs. or printers with a high- byte of memory. 37 mega-
    on the 1281<-byte Macintosh. concert with Jazz from Lotus capacity hard-disk drive and bytes of hard-disk storage.
    Harmony offers a full data- Development Corporation a local-area network. and hardware for connection
    base in which each record and other Macintosh pro- Devices are linked by a to the network is about
    can hold up to 18 informa- grams. lntermatrix says that coaxial cable with a data- S11.000. Adapter cards for
    tion fields Harmony has a the program will be avail- f\ow rate of I megabit per personal computers are
    time-manager module with a able in mid-April and that it second. The 9300 uses an $1050 each. Deliveries are
    calendar. an appointment will be priced at $195. Con- 80286 chip for network pro- expected to begin in June.
    book with project-manage- tact lntermatrix. 5 54 7 cessing and supports up to Contact Harris Corp ..
    ment features. a memo Satsuma Ave .. North 80 megabytes of hard-disk Melbourne. FL 32919. (305)
    writer. and a print-spooler Hollywood. CA 91601. (818) storage and 2 megabytes of 727-9100.
    application that spools files 509-0474 . memory. An optional Z80B Inquiry 612.
    from MacWrite and Micro- Inquiry 611. runs word-processor and (continued on page 440)

    44 BYTE • APRIL 1985

    I
    The industry standard. With more than 250,000 users worldwide Turbo Pascal is the industry's de facto standard.
    Turbo Pascal is praised by more engineers, hobbyists, students and professional programmers than any other development
    environment in the his\ory of microcomputing. And yet, Turbo Pascal is simple and fun to use!
    Jeff Ountemann, PC Magazine: "Language deal of the century. . Turbo Pascal: It introduces a new
    programming environment and runs like magic "
    Oave Garland, Popular Computing: "Most Pascal compilers barely fit on a disk. but Turbo Pascal packs an editor, compiler. linker,
    and run-time library into just 29K bytes of random-access memory"
    Jerry Pournelle, BYTE: "What t think the computer industry is headed tor: well documented. standard, plenty of good features.
    and a reasonable price."
    Portability. Turbo Pascal is available today for most computers running PC DOS, MS DOS, CPIM 80 or CPIM 86. A XENIX verison of Turbo
    Pascal will soon be announced, and before the end of the year, Turbo Pascal will be running on most 68000 based microcomputers.

    High resolution monochrome graphics for the IBM PC and the Zenith 100 computers
    Dazzling graphics and painless windows. The Turbo Graphix Toolbox wi give even a beginning programmer
    the expert's edge. It's a complete library of Pascal procedures that include:
    -Full graphics window management.
    -Tools that will allow you to draw and hatch pie charts, bar charts, circles, rectangles and a full range of geometric shapes.
    -Procedures that will save and restore graphic images to and from disk.
    -Functions that will allow you to precisely plot curves.
    -Tools that will allow you to create animation or solve those difficult curve fitting i:roblems.
    and much, much more .
    No sweat and no royalties. You may incorporate part, or all of these tools in your programs,
    and yet, we won't charge you any royalties. Best of all, these functions and procedures come complete
    with commented source code on disk ready to compi~!

    ~earching and sorting made simple


    The perfect complement to Turbo Pascal. It contains: Turbo-Access. a powerful implementation of the state-of-the-art B+ tree !SAM
    technioue; Turbo-Sm, a super efficient implementation of the fastest data sorting algC1ithm, "Quicksort on disk". And much more.

    Jerry Poumel/e, BYTE: ''The tools include a B+tree search and a sorting system; I've seen stuff like this. but not
    as well thought out, sell for hundreds of dollars."

    From Statt to Finish in 300 pages. Turbo Tutor


    is for everyone, from novice to expert. Even if you've never
    programmed before, Turbo Tutor will get you started right away.
    If you already have some experience with Pascal C1 another
    programming language, Turbo Tutor will take you step by step
    through topics like data structures and pointers. If you're an expert,
    you'll love the sections detailing subjects such as "how to use assem-
    bly language routines with your Turbo Pascal programs."
    A must. You'll find the source code for all
    the examples in the book on the accompanying
    ni<k r•~dy to compile. Turbo Tutor ' might be
    the only reference on Pascal and pro-
    gramming you'll ever need.

    $34.95
    Introducing PC software
    the light way to do
    IBM's new Personal Decision Series. needs, instead of vice versa. your own style documents, pulling facts
    A powerful team of business You begin with Daia Edition, a pro- from up to 6 nata files at a time, in
    programs designed for exceptional gram that not only manages huge formats you can design, for applications
    flexibility. amounts of information, but lets you take you can invent.
    it from a surprising variety of sources: Graphs gives you a choice of 13
    There's rarely one best way of doing data banks, mainframes, even files cre- graph styles, with over 20 variations.
    anything. ated by other PC programs. And you can update old graphs without
    Rathe1; lots of very good ways; a And you can retrieve your data in
    reality that IBM's Personal Decision nearly any form you like, without a lot of Data
    Series handily accommodates. headscratching. You can begin produc-
    More than any software we know of, ing real work in a couple of hours.
    it gives you choices. You tailor it to your Add Reports+ and you can create
    IBM IBM
    With IBM's new Personal Decision Series.
    you start with Dala Edi lion, adding others. like
    Reporls+ or Plans, as you like.
    For even more help. you can add Appoinl-

    46 B Y TE • A PRIL 1985

    I
    based on the curious notion that
    things is anyway you want to.
    having to make new ones. non-Series programs. So if you already who insist on doing things their way.
    There's also Plans+ for financial have a favorite spreadsheet or writing Do you know somebody like that'?
    modeling and spreadsheets, and Words program. you may still be able to use it. To learn more. call an IBM market-
    for putting your sentences, numbers and You can even use files from an IBM ing representative. or visit an IBM Pro-
    graphs all together. System/:~6 or System/:HO computer~ by duct Center or authorized IBM PC deale1:
    The Personal Decision Series can adding an Alladunenl/36 or /370 Edilion. For the store nearest you. and a free
    even take information from a number of All of which is perfect for people brochure. ciil 1800-447-4 700. (In Alaska
    and Hawaii. 800-447-0890.J
    Attachment/ 370
    Plans+ Words
    - ----
    ---
    =====*
    -- --
    - ---
    ---
    ----
    ---·- --
    Persona) Computer Softwan-·
    !BM IBM
    111e11/ Ca/e11dU1; Clie11/ Time/Cos/ Accow1/i11g, and Series, a powerful family of accounting programs.
    f'ros11ec/ 'fracking Edilio11.1. And ask about IB!\1 1.:xtended Support ser-
    AIsa. the Personal Decision Series works vices. a way to get software updates and telephone
    with data frem IB!\l"s new Business Ma11agemc11! assistance direct from IB!\1.

    Little Tramp chara cter licensed by Bubbles Inc .. s.a.

    Inquiry 194 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 47

    \
    A·S·K B·Y·T·E

    Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

    .......................................
    ELEMENTARY INFORMATION overall installed cost.
    If you want to build your own switch-
    zontal resolution. this is 12.600.000 pixels
    per second. However. the case where all
    Dear Steve. ing supply. my article in the November the pixels are lit results in a zero-band-
    Can you tell me where I can get specific 1981 BYTE provides the basics. "Switch- width requirement. and a DC voltage is
    and in-depth answers to elementary ques- ing Power Supplies: An Introduction" all that is required. In the worst case.
    tions about computers and electronics? I covers the fundamentals of design and when every other pixel is lit. a clear dis-
    know that you answer questions. but I also describes a workable unit. This article play of 6 million pixels per second is
    know that you couldn't be expected to isn 't a do-it-yourself S-100 power-supply needed. This appears to require only a
    give very lengthy answers to my beginner's project. but it should give you most of the 6-MHz bandwidth. but bandwidth is
    questions. basics. usually defined as the frequency where
    CHARLES F. PORTER Several ± 12-V. 5-V switching supplies the signal (or gain) is reduced by 3 dB.
    Cedar Rapids. IA are available commercially. including the or 50 percent of the normal level. Such
    MPX-/0 (from Micromint. 561 Willow Ave.. a bandwidth would result in low bright-
    The Ask BYTE column addresses hard- Cedarhwst. NY 11516). which powers the ness and contrast in picture areas where
    ware-related questions of general interest MPX-16 computer: Othe1s are available fine detail is shown. To display sharp im-
    but is not meant for the beginner: BYTE's from Kepco Inc.. 131-38 Sanford Ave.. ages at this resolution. it is necessary to
    sister publication. Popular Computing. Flushing. NY 11352: LiJmbda Electronics. approximate a square wave at 6 MHz.
    caters to a less technical audience. and 515 Broad Hollow Rd.. Melville. NY and the first component of a square wave
    its Ask Popular column addresses ques- 11747: and Sorensen. 676 Island Pond above the fundamental is the third har-
    tions related to computers in general. Rd .. Manchester. NH 03/03.-Steve monic. or 18 MHz. This is the minimum
    Both publications may answer your acceptable. and a noticeable improve-
    specific question. but the turnaround ment should be seen if the bandwidth is
    time is lengthy. GRAPHIC·ARTS COMPUTER extended to the next component. which
    If you need specific answers to specific is the fifth harmonic (30 MHz).
    questions in a reasonable amount of Dear Steve. The standard television sweep frequen-
    time. try a local computer club. There is I would like tci do graphic-arts work with cies generate 525 horizontal lines per
    usually an "expert" available on almost a computer capable of producing a frame in two vertical scans (interlaced).
    any topic. Failing that. the local bookstore minimum of about 800 by 800 pixels and A limit of about 400 lines within this
    will feature many books on computers at least I 00 simultaneously displayable region is required for good linearity. Most
    and computer-related material-Steve colors. I have seen ads for various color microcomputer graphics systems provide
    boards or dedicated graphics computers. 200 or so lines by using the so-called
    but they either don't match my specs or noninterlace mode. displaying the same
    S· l 00 SWITCHING SUPPLY they are too expensive. information on adjacent pairs of lines.
    I'd like to build my own color add-on This can be doubled by using twice as
    Dear Steve. board for the Commodore 64 or a com- much memory and reprogramming the
    Will you be doing an article on a switch- plete computer. I'd appreciate any video controller. Getting to 800 lines re-
    ing power supply for the S-100 bus? suggestions. quires twice as many horizontal sweeps
    I hear that switching supplies are less ex- LES KOHUTH per frame (and half the frame rate). which
    pensive to build than linear supplies: the Syosset. NY is not within the capabilities of the
    selling prices I have seen are not less. popular $500 RGB monitors. Monitors of
    Could Micromint offer a power-supply kit High-resolution graphics systems are this type are available. but the prices are
    for this purpose? expensive and seem overpriced in com- in the several-thousand-dollar range.
    ERNEST A. KNIPP parison to the graphics systems available 800 by 800 pixels requires 640K bits.
    Houston. TX on microcomputers. To understand this or about BOK bytes. of memory to give
    high cost. let's look at the components one color (we get black for free). If you
    A switching power supply for S-/00- of a high-resolution graphics system. want to be able to assign different colors
    type computers is a good idea. and I will To display the resolution that you men- to each pixel. rather than define charac-
    consider it for a future article. tioned. a monitor with a video band- ters within a block of 8 by 8 contiguous
    The cost of switching-type power sup- width of at least 18 to 20MHzis needed pixels. the memory is arranged in layers.
    plies is usually Jess than linear-regulated to distinguish individual pixels. or dots. One BOK-byte layer gives black and white.
    supplies of comparable power because This requirement can be unde1stood if two layers doubles this to four colors
    smaller capacitors and inductors are used we look at the makeup of one scan line (three colors plus black). another layer
    and can be packaged in a smaller of the picture. doubles again. etc .. for as many colors
    volume. They also generate Jess heat and The normal scan rate is 15 ,750 scans as we want. or can afford. Your spec of
    are easier to cool. resulting in a lower per second. and at 800 pixels of hori- Icontinued)

    48 BYTE • APRIL 1985 COPYRIGHT© 1985 STEVEN A. CIAR CIA . ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

    I
    WORD PROCESSORS AT THE LEADING EDGE
    Ah, the great ones . made indelible marks on all who read most sophisticated personal computer.
    They organized their ideas, their intui- them. (Like the IBM" PC and the even faster
    tions. their idioms. They set them down. The amazing thing is that these mon- and more powerful Leading Edge·· PC.)
    sorted them out. arranged them and umental processors of words. did it The heart and soul of it is a S1/4''
    re-arranged them till they came out right. without the benefit of monumental help. floppy disk. elegantly logical instruction
    They used small scraps of paper to Like Leading Edge Word Processing: manual and documentation .. . every-
    record huge hunks of Truth: primitive the easiest to use, yet most potent thing And what you end up with is
    tools to produce profound prose. But piece of software ever created to take word processing at the leading edge.
    when the words finally went forth. they full advantage of all the power inherent,
    but until now un-tapped. in today's

    LEADING EDGE™ WORD PROCESSING FROM $100


    IBM IS A REG ISTERED TRADEMARK O F INTE l ~NAT I ONAL BUS IN ESS MACH IN ES CORPORATION .
    LEADING EDGE IS A TRADEMARK OF LEADING EDGE PRODUCTS. IN CORPORATED.

    Inquiry 232 AP RIL 198 5 •B Y TE 49


    Inquiry 27 9

    ASK BYTE

    "at least 100 colors" rounds up to 128, internal modem that for compatibility with
    or seven layers of memory. This is $700 some important software I have to use as
    worth of memory chips, if you can use COM I I have had to remove the IBM asyn-
    the low-cost 64K-byte chips in common chronous card because I don't know how
    use for microcomputer memory these to reconfigure it to be COM2. There are
    days. Add board space and sockets and no switches on it or any documentation
    do the work yourself and you're still talk- on how this might be done. I have been
    ing $/000 for memory. and this type of told that it is possible. but no one has
    memory really isn't suitable for a high- been able to tell me how to do it.
    performance graphics board. You really There are times when I really don't need
    need a two-port system so that putUng to use my hard disk. such as when I am
    data into the memory doesn't interfere working for hours on a mainframe and just
    with the display and vice versa . using my XT as a terminal. Since my war-
    This amount of memory exceeds the ranty has expired anyway. I don't mind ex-
    addressing capacity of all the common perimenting if I have some expert
    video-controller chips. Also. 6 million guidance. Would there be any way to boot
    pixels must be read from memory each my system without the hard disk. when it
    IEEE-488 Interfaces and second. At 7 bits per pixel. the processor is not needed. by installing a switch some-
    Bus Extenders For: must access 750K bytes from each layer place? If this is possible. would it be worth
    each second. or a total of 5.25 mega- saving a few hours of idle running time on
    IBM PC, PCjr bytes per second throughput if on/y one
    processor is used. This is too fast for in-
    the hard disk? I know it would be quieter
    and more enjoyable working without it
    & COMPATIBLES expensive video processors. or micropro- when I don't need it.
    cessors . .so either parallel or very fast BOB STEPHAN

    DEC UNIBUS, Q-BUS processors with bank switching are


    needed. Such circuitry is complicated.
    Pebble Beach. 0\

    & RAINBOW 100 and considerable processing is required Modifying the IBM asynchronous card
    to separate the data into the required to make it operate as COM2 is feasible.
    RGB analog signals. The port addresses used by COM/ are
    MULTIBUS, VMEbus Some boards, or add-on systems. are 3FBH to 3FFH. while COM2 uses 2FBH
    STD & S-100 available for the IBM PC and some of its
    clones that can provide various combina-
    to 2FFH. The schematic in the IBM PC
    Technical Reference Manual shows a
    Full IEEE-488 functionality, with the most com- tions of features at reasonable cost. One jumper that determines whether the card
    prehensive language and operating system cover- such system is the VX. made by Vectrix ' is selected with AB equal to 0 or I. al-
    age in the industry. It takes experience to make Corporation. 1416 Boston Rd.. Greens- though neither the documentation that
    IEEE-488 systems work with nearly 4000 devices
    available from more than 500 different manufac- boro. NC 27407. Thisappearstorequire comes with the card nor the Technical
    turers, and experience is what enables National a special monitor. however. Reference Manual makes reference to
    Instruments to take the GPIB to the Other systems that are compaUble with this. The jumper is probably soldered in
    second power and beyond. common RGB monitors and provide up and may not be there on all boards.
    to 16 colors at 640- by 400-pixel resolu- Modifying the main system board to
    tion and I 32 colors at 320 by 200 resolu- start up without the fixed disk is an
    tion are available from $300 to around operation I don't recommend. The in-
    $/000. Check advertisements for prod- crease in life of the fixed disk is probably
    ucts made by Ouadram. Princeton minimal. and turning it on and off when
    Graphics. and Tecmar Inc. in magazines you need it might offset any gain realized
    like BYTE to find some that might repre- by not running it full time. I also suspect.
    sent a satisfactory compromise. Another based on my experience with IBM PCs.
    good source for information on this sub- that the fan makes as much noise as the
    ject is Electronic Imaging magazine. disk. so there is little to be gained. -Steve
    -Steve
    Your personal guarantee of unsurpassed
    customer support and satisfaction. READING LATCH OUTPUTS
    CALL 1-800-531-GPIB for Instant access
    to 100 + man-years of GPIB experience. RECONFIGURING THE PC XT
    Dear Steve.
    Dear Steve. I have a Sinclair I 000 that I'm trying to
    y.NATIONAL I have two questions that I would like to use in a security system. In my system.
    8
    ,,.
    ~!~!~~TS
    Austin, TX 78727
    have answers for. They both relate to the
    IBM PC XT After devouring your most in-
    octal latches monitor infrared beams.
    When a beam is broken. my program ad-
    1-800-531-5066 512/250-9119 teresting articles and answers in BYTE. I dresses a latch at an address above RAM
    Telex: 756737 NAT INST AUS believe you can answer them. and uses a POKE to put a I in the latch
    The XT comes equipped with an asyn- to ring the bell. This works fine. The prob-
    IBM and PCjr are trademarks ol lrnernational Business Machines. MULTI- chronous communications card con- lem is when I try to check the octal latches
    BUS is a lrademark of Intel. DEC. UNIBUS. 0-BUS. and Rainbow 100 are
    rradematks of Oigilal Equipment Corporallon. figured as COM I. I have installed a Hayes [continue d)

    50 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    .........................
    Inquiry 273

    ASK BYTE
    I Multiple color, high-resolution
    raster & bit image Prism'"graphics
    I 200 cps data processing mode.
    I 11 0 cps text quality mode.
    I 35 cps letter quality mode.
    I 1 0 ips graphics print speed.
    I Serial and parallel interfaces. with the PEEK command. instead of see-
    I 5000-byte buffer.
    ing the latch. it reads garbage. I have tried
    addresses just above RAM all the way up
    to address 6553 5. and I still read garbage.
    Color your graphics with the Dataproducts 8050. It appears that when you check an ad-
    For sale, lease or rent from MTI. dress that is above RAM it mirrors back
    to a RAM or ROM address. Can you tell
    The Dataproducts Model 8050 printer is one of the most economi- me how I can address and see my octal
    cal yet highly versatile color printers available for use in today's latches instead of mirroring back to RAM?
    professional microcomputer applications environment. Thanks for your help.
    Whether you buy, rent or lease, MTI is the one source for all com- DAN GROGAN
    puter printers. And our prices are hard to beat. Call MTI and save. San Pedro. CA

    It appears that your Sinclair /000 is not


    reflecting your PEEK commands back
    into low memory. As I interpret your Jet-
    ter. you have a set of latches that are sup-
    A SUBSI DIARY OFOUCOMMUN INCORPORATED
    posed to put data on the bus to tell the
    Computer & Data Communications Equipment 1

    computer that a detector has been


    Sales I Leasing I Service I Systems Integration
    tripped, and you are having trouble
    Digital Equipment Corp., lnte~ Texas Instruments, Hewlett.Packard,*Qume,
    Dataproducts, Diablo, Epson, Lear Siegler, Esprit, Wyse, Link, C.Itoh, PC~ reading the latch outputs.
    Racal-Vadic, MICOM,Ven-Tel,Develcon, U.S. Design, Digital Engineering. Are you sure that the address decoder
    New York: New Jersey: Ohio: Kentucky: on the latch board is set to the address
    212/226-2337 518/449-5959 201/227-5552 216/464-6688 502/426-1497
    718/767-0677 Pennsylvania: 800/521-0167 California: to which you are writing? Is it properly
    516/621-6200 412/931-9351 513/891-7050 818/883-7633
    •In MTlareas only.
    timed to put the data on the bus at the
    All other areas: 800/645-6530 right time or hold it there Jong enough
    to be recognized by the processor? The
    fact that you can write a bit into the bell
    latch seems to indicate that you are able
    to address the high memory. but the tim-
    ing in writing data into the latch could be

    To get a lot could:~~~~ Sure, you


    package to change type
    a Jot Jess critical than reading data.
    Have you looked at the signals at the
    latch outputs and on the data bus to be

    Out 0f '11i0Uf
    sure that they are putting out the correct
    sizes, anothe~tocreate voltage levels? How about signal quali-
    J' fonts, and still another ty? The level is fairly easy to get with TTL

    .nter.
    Prl '11i0U 0 r:~~~i~~~~:7~~:
    ' ,:/ · s1mp1e program rn
    1
    or CMOS chips if the power-supply volt-
    age is at the required 5 volts. but if the
    wiring connecting the latches to the com-
    puter bus isn't properly dressed, you can
    do horrible things to the normally clean

    need a lot of Prin::::


    programs, 11·s1oaded.
    ™
    square waves put out by the latches.
    -Steve

    AID FOR Z-100


    Dear Steve.

    right? I have a Zenith Z-100 computer with two


    disk drives and with l 92K bytes of
    memory. Now I am thinking of providing
    an AID interface for the serial input so that
    I can feed in analog signals from various

    r• !:.I
    r-l!j
    Ei!:.I SoftStyle instruments. such as a spectrophotometer.
    pH meter. etc. Looking through the jour-

    B.d SoftStylEf
    Sof!Style. Inc. 7192 Kalanianaole Hwy. Suite 205
    nals I located a few suppliers. though
    mostly of ratherfancy multichannel data-
    acquisition units I do not need. At the
    Honolulu. Hawaii 96825 Phone (800) 367-5600 most. I need four channels of input with-
    $69.95. Enhances over 30 dot matrix printers.including out any specialties attached. I would ap-
    Epson and Ok1data. IBM PC or compatible. preciate it if you could let me know of any
    (continued)

    52 BYTE • APRIL t985 Inquiry 353


    for the IBM AT • MAClttTOSH • MS DOS • CP/M-80 • ROM APPLICATIOttS
    IBM PC/XT • APPLE II • CP/M-86 • TRSDOS • CROSS DEVELOPMEttT

    Why Prolesslonals Choose Aztec C • Utility to convert AZTEC object code or libraries to Mac C-tree database ...... . . .......... .. .... .. $149
    Microsoft format. (Assembly + conversion takes MacC-treedatabasewith source .. .. .. .. . ... . . .. $399
    AZTEC C compilers generate fast, compact
    less than half the time as Microsoft's MASM to pro· Lisa Kit (Pascal to AZTEC C68k object converter) .. S 99
    code. AZTEC C is a sophisticated development duce MS object)
    system with assemblers, debuggers, linkers, • Large memory models and sophisticated memory
    editors, utilities and extensive run time libraries. management
    AZTEC C is documented in detail. AZTEC C is • Support products for graphics, DB, Screen, & ... AZTEC C65
    the most accurate and portable implementation • ROM able code + ROM support + separate code and - for the APPLE II
    ol C for microcomputers. AZTEC C supports data + INTEL Hex Converter " ... The AZTEC C-system is one of the finest software
    • Symbolic Debugger & Other Utilities packages I have seen ... " NIBBLE review, July 1984.
    specialized professiona l needs such as cross • Full Screen Editor (like VI) The only commercial C development system available
    development and ROM code development. • CROSS Compliers are available to APPLE//, Macin- that runs native on the APPLE II+, Ile, and lie, th e
    MANX provides qualified technical support. tosh, CP/M-80, TRSDOS, COMMODORE C64, and AZTEC C65 development system includes a full floating
    ROM based 65x x, and 8080/8085/ZBO point C c o mpiler compatible with UNIX C and o ther
    • Detailed Documentation MANX AZTEC C compilers, a 6502 relocating assem-
    AZTEC C86/PRO bier, a linkage editor, a l ibrary utility, a SHELL develop-
    - for the IBM AT and PC/XT AZTECC86/PRO-AT ...... . .. . . . . .. ... .. ....... $500 ment environment, a full screen editor, UNIX 1/0 and
    AZTEC C86/PRO provides the power, portabili- (configured for IBM AT - options for 8088/8086) utility subroutines, simple graphics, and screen func-
    ty , and professional features you need to tions.
    AZTEC C86/PRO·PC/XT . .. . .. . . . . . ......... . . . . $500
    develop sophisticated software for PC DOS, MS (configured for IBM PC/XT - options for 80186/80286) AZTEC C65 (Apple DOS 3.3) ... . . . . .. . .. . ..... . . . $199
    DOS AND CP/M·86 based microsystems. The AZTEC C65/PAO (Apple DOS + ProDos) .... . • . . .. $350
    system also supports the generation of ROM AZTEC C86/BAS Includes C comp lier (small model only), (call for aval\abillty)
    based software for 8088/8086, 80186, and 80286 8086 MACRO assembler, overlay linker, UNIX, MA TH,
    processors. Options exist to cross develop ROM SCREEN, and GRAPHICS libraries, debugger, and
    code for 65xx, 8080, 8085, and Z80 processors. editor.
    AZTEC C II/PRO
    Cross development systems are also available AZTEC C86/BAS .. . . ... ... . .. . . .... . . . • . . .. .. . $199
    that target most micro computers. Call for infor- - for CP /M·SO
    AZTEC C86/BAS (CP/M-86) . .... . . . . ... .. . ...... $199
    The first member of the AZTEC C family was the
    mation on AZTEC C86/PRO support for XENIX AZTEC C86/BAS (DOS + CP/M-86) . . .. .. . . . . • . . . . $299
    CP/M-80 AZTEC C complier. It Is " the standard" com-
    and TOPVIEW. UPGRADE to AZTEC C86/PRO .... . ...... • ... . . . $310
    piler for development on CP/M·BO. The system Includes
    C·TAEE Database with source . . .. ... . .. • .... . . . $399
    the AZTEC C II C complier, an 8080 assembler, a linkage
    C-TREE Database (object) .. ...... .. . .. .. . ... . .. $149
    editor, an object librarian, a full library of UNIX 1/0 and
    POWERFUL - AZTEC C86/PRO 3.2 outper- CROSS COMPILERS utility routines, CP/M-80 run time routines, the SMALL
    Cross Compilers for ROM, MS DOS, PC DOS, or CP/M-86 library (creates modules less than 3K In size), the fast
    forms Lattice 2.1 on the DHRYSTONE linker for reduced development times, the ROM library,
    benchmark 2 to 1 for speed (17 .8 secs vs 37 .1) applications.
    AMAC and MBO support, library source, support for
    while using 65% less memory (5.8k vs 14k). The VAX - > 8086/80xxx cross .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . $5000 DAi ' s SID/ZS ID symbolic debugger, and more.
    AZTEC C86/PRO system also compiles in 10% PDP·11 ->8086/BOxxx cross .... . .. . .... .... . .. $2000
    to 60% less time and supports fast, high volume AZTECC II/PRO .... . ... ........ . .. .. ....... .. $349
    1/0. Cross Compliers with PC DOS or CP/M·86 hosts are $750 AZTEC Gii/BAS ....... .. .. . . . . .. . . . ... . ... . ... $199
    for the first target and $500 for each additional target. C-TREE Database with source . ... .. . . . . ..•.. .. . $399
    Targets: 65xx; CP/M-80; C64; 8080/8085/Z80; Macintosh; C-TREE Database in AZTEC object form . . . .. . ... . $149
    TRSDOS; 8086/8088/80186/80286; APPLE//.
    PORT ABLE - MANX Software Systems pro-
    vides rHI portability with a family of compatible
    AZTEC C68K
    AZTEC cao
    AZTEC C software development systems for PC - for TRSOOS (Radio Shack Model Ill & 4)
    DOS, MS DOS, CP/M·86, Macintosh, CP/M-80, - for the Macintosh
    For power, portability, and professional features " I've had a tot of experience with different C compilers,
    APPLE II+ , lie, and lie (NIBBLE - 4 apple rating), but the Aztec CBO Compiler and Professional Develop-
    AZTEC C68K-c Is the finest C so ftware development
    TRSDOS (80-MICRO - 5 star rating), and Commo- ment System is the best I've seen." BO-Micro, Decem-
    system available for the Macintosh.
    dore C64 (the C64 system is only available as a The AZTEC C68K-c system Includes a 68000 macro ber, 1984, John B. Harrell 111
    cross compiler - call for details). AZTEC assembler, a linkage editor, a source editor, a mouse
    C86/PRO is compatible with UNIX and XENIX. Th i s sytem has most of the features of AZTEC C II for
    based editor, a SHELL development environment, a
    CP/M. It is perhaps the best software development
    library of UNIX 1/0 and utility routines, full access and
    system for the Radio Shack Model Ill and IV.
    support of the Macintosh TOOLBOX routines, debug-
    ging aides, utilities, make, diff, grep, TTY simulator with AZTEC C80 model 3 (no floating point) .. .. . . . .. .. $149
    PROFESSIONAL - For professional features upload & download (source supplied), a RAM disk (for AZTEC C80 model 4 (full) ........ .. ..... . ....... $199
    AZTEC C86/PRO is unparalleled. 512K Mac), a resourc e maker, and a no royally license AZTECC80/PRO (full for model 3 and 4) ......•. . .. $299
    agreement. Programming examples are Included. (Over
    • Full C Compiler (8088/8086 - 80186 - 80286)
    600 pages of documentation).
    • Macro Assembler for 8088/8086/80186/80286
    • Linkage Editor with ROM support and overlays
    AZTEC C68K-c requires a 128K Macintosh, To order or for lnformal ion ca ll :
    • Run Time Libraries - object libraries + source and two disk drives (frugal developers can make

    •
    DOS 1.x; DOS 2.x; DOS 3.x; screen 1/0; Gr aphlcs;
    UNIX 1/0; STRING; simulated float ; 8087 support;
    MA TH; ROM; CP/M-86
    Selection of 8088/8086, 80186, or 80286 code genera-
    do with one drive). AZTEC C68K supports the
    512K Macintosh and hard disks.

    AZTEC C68K-c (commercial system) ... . . . . . ..... $500


    800-221-0440
    {201) 530·7997 {NJ and outside U.S.A.). Or wrile: MANX
    tion to guarantee best choice for performance and AZTEC C68K-p (personal system) ...... . .... . . . . . $199 SOFTW ARE SYSTE MS. P.O. Box 55, Shrewsbury, N.J.
    compatlblllty AZTEC C68K-p to AZTEC C68K-c upgrade . .. . .... . $310 07701

    SHIPPING INFORMATION - Standard U.S.


    shipment is UPS ground (no fee). In the U.S.
    one day shipment Is $20, two days is $10.
    Canadian shipment Is $10. Two days ship-
    ment outside the U.S. Is by cour ier and Is
    fre ight collect.

    TRS 80 RADIO SHACK TRS DOS is a trademark of TANDY. For Technical Support
    APPLE DOS MACINTOSH is a trademark of APPLE. (Bug Busters) call: 201 -530-6557
    Inq uiry 24 7 APR IL 1985 • BYT E 53
    ASK BYTE

    such units on the market.


    HERBERT JONAS
    St. Paul. MN

    Analog Devices (2 Technology Way,


    Norwood. MA 02062. (617) 329-4700)
    makes the µMAC-4000 series data-acqui-
    sition systems that provide up to 12 chan-
    nels of I 3-bit AID input/output and serial
    communication. priced at $995 and up.
    TWo other units that interface through
    RS-232C are the 16-channel. I 2-bit ADC-/
    from Remote Measurement Systems Inc..
    POB 15544. Seattle. WA 98//5. (206)
    525-3369. It's advertised at $369. Also
    available is the BUSSter D 16 8-bit.
    16-channel unit from Connecticut micro-
    computer: The address is 36 Del Mar Dr..
    Brookfield. CT 06804. (203) 775-4595.
    Al I three of the above units accept
    digital inputs as well as analog.
    Since your Z-100 uses the S-100 bus.
    you might also want to consider the p/ug-
    in AIM-12 S-100 board from Dual Sys-
    tems Corp .. 2530 San Pablo Ave..
    Berkeley, CA 94702. (415) 549-3854. This
    unit provides for 16 channels of input
    with I 2-bit conversion. priced at $775.
    -Steve•
    Between Circuit Cellar Feedback. personal ques-
    tions. and Ask BYTE. I receivehundreds of letters
    each month. As lJOU might have noticed. at the end

    CLEAN THE MACHINE!


    There's enough to worry about without dust-holding static electricity. The Dust-
    of Ask BYTE I have listed my own paid staff We
    answer man1:1 more letters than 1:1ou see published.
    and it often takes a lot of research.
    the headache of your computer's down- Off II system also includes the Dual Ex- If you would like to share the knowledge 1:1ou have
    time or the loss of valuable data caused tender and the Mini-Vac vacuum for on microcomputer hardware with other BYTE
    by dust. eliminating hard -to-reach dust. readers. joining the Circuit Cellar/Ask BYTE staff
    Before dust affects your computer's Get Dust-Off II at your local com- would give 1:1ou the opportunit1:1. We' re looking for
    operation do what a rapidly growing puter or office supply dealer. Or send additional researchers to answer letters and gather
    number of computer users do: use Dust- $1 .00 (postage and handling) for a 3 oz. Circuit Cellar project material.
    Oft® II. Don't just move dust-remove trial size and literature. If 1:1ou're interested. let us hear from 1:1ou. Send
    a short letter describing your areas of interest and
    STAT-OFF II ®
    qualifications to Steve Ciarcia. POB 582. Glaston-
    neutralizes bury. CT 06033.
    dust·holding
    static electricity
    from media and
    machines. IN ASK BYTE. Steve Ciarcia ansiwr:s questions
    on any area of microcomputing. The most rep-
    resentative questions received each month will be
    it. Unlike liquid cleaners, Dust-Off II is a answered and published. Do you have a nag-
    ging problem? Send your inquiry to
    safe, dry "canned air" cleaning system
    Ask BYTE
    for your computers, printers, disk and
    do Steve Ciarcia
    tape drives, diskettes, CR Ts, media POB 582
    storage containers and modems. In Glastonbury. CT 0603 3
    fact, it works on everything that works Due to the high volume of inquin·es. personal
    in the office. replies cannot be given. All letters and photo-
    Dust-Off !I's patented valve gives graphs become the property of Steve Ciarcia and
    you pinpoint fingertip-control to blast
    away pollutants before they cause
    aggravating downtime. Add the Stat-
    Off® II accessory, and you have the only
    D Ust-Of!f®II cannot be returned. Be sure to include ..Ask
    BYTE'· in the address.
    The Ask BYTE staff includes manager Harv
    Weiner and researchers Bill Curlew. Larry
    dry, non-contact method for eliminating THE SAFE, DRY, "CANNED AIR" CLEANING SYSTEM. Bregoli, Dick Sawyer. and Jeannette Dojan.
    Falcon Safety Products, Inc., Dept. B, 1065 Bristol Road, Mountainside, N.J. 07092. U.S.A.
    54 BYTE • APRIL 19 85 Inquiry 151
    Now Showing
    In Black And White
    •
    1 f you own an IBM-PC
    or PC work-alike,
    Roland's new MB-142
    monitor lets you show off
    t he big difference is
    that the MB-142
    monitor does the job for
    significantly less money.
    your text and graphics in The MB-142 is designed
    today'.5 hottest colors- to interface economically,
    black and white. That's too. Imagine seeing your
    right! The MB-142 gives favorite business graphics
    you black characters on a or CAD/CAM packages,
    paper-white background- such as Lotus 1-2-3, Ener-
    just like people have been graphics, Chart-Master,
    reading for centuries. You AutoCAD, CADDraft and
    can also have white char- VersaCAD, in ultra-high
    acters on a black back- resolution black and
    ground with just the touch white. Also, take full
    of a button. advantage of your pro-
    Both of these black and gram's windowing
    white display formats are capability using the large
    easier on the eyes and 14-inch screen.
    less fatiguing than the green Take a good look at the
    or amber phosphor used in differences that set the
    standard monochrome screen MB-142 apart from the rest.
    monitors. The MB-142's image
    M 0 D E L
    No other monochrome
    large 14-inch screen, com- MB-142 monitor gives you the
    bined with its ultra-high fatigue-free black and
    720 x 350 resolution, white viewing, text and
    can display characters graphics capabilities
    that are larger and
    more legible than what
    you can get with ordi-
    nary monochrome
    t heMB-142
    supports ,r....,.........,....,.
    all the
    winning
    and easy interface.
    Naturally enough,
    the MB-142 is from
    Roland DC-the
    monitors. Another cards new computer
    great plus is that the peripherals company
    MB-142 plugs directly that's pointing the way
    into the monochrome to the future. Look for
    board of your IBM or com- this and other Roland
    patible-just like your pres- products at fine com-
    ent monochrome monitor,
    with nothing more to buy.
    Because of the MB-142's
    P ush a
    button fo r
    instant reverse
    puter dealers
    everywhere.
    For more information,
    screen
    advanced electronic cir- contact: Roland DG,
    cuitry, you even have the 7200 Dominion Circle, Los
    ability to mix graphics and
    text on the same display
    when using graphics and text
    f or business,
    black and
    white makes
    Angeles, CA 90040.
    (213) 685-5141.
    more sense
    boards from leading manu- than green
    facturers such as Persyst, and black
    STB, Paradise, Hercules, AST The software programs listed are trademarks
    and many others. What makes of the following co mp an ies: AutoCAD,
    AU TODESK, Inc.; CA DDraft, Personal CAD
    it all possible? The same Systems, Inc.; Chart-Master, Decision
    sophisticated technology Resou rces, Inc.; Energraphics, Enertron ic
    Research, Inc.; Lotus 1-2-3, Lotus Develop-
    used in color monitors. men t Corp.; Vers aCAD, T&W Syste ms, Inc.

    Inquiry 33 6 APRI L 1985 • B Y TE 55


    --
    Innovative, Highest Quality Products From
    BACKUP SYSTEMS
    Replace th e clumsy flat ribbon cable _j_0 "';
    Internal
    Streaming Tape i=="""'"""'w=it=h=Ev=e=re=x='s=sh=ie=/d=e=d,=r=ou=n=d=ca=b=le=."""'"""'"""'~ll==:::ifl[].
    • Cassette
    · Floppy Tape !@
    Unique Features: "H
    External
    Advanced design eliminates "wait states" for
    A selection of Streaming Tape, Cassette and
    faster data transmission
    Floppy Tape systems in either individual units or
    Highest quality round cables (as IBM) instead
    combined with hard disk drives and expansion
    of flat ribbon cables
    slots.
    Unique Features: HARD DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS
    Space-saving half-height internal systems Choose from a wide selection of models to meet
    Backup capacities up to 100 MB your needs:
    • Fast image backup-ten megabytes backed -space-saving internal systems
    up in minutes -external systems with extra expansion slots
    File-by-file and mirror image backup and • Capacities from 10 to 32 megabytes
    restore • Factory tested for trouble-free operation
    EXCLUSIVE file-by-file restore from a fast GRAPHICS PRODUCTS
    mirror image backup Everex offers a complete line of graphics
    • Easy to use software, simply press a key-no products to choose from ...
    complex commands The Edge Color /Monochrome adapter
    Largest selection of backup/retrieve options Runs color software on your IBM mono-
    EXPANSION SYSTEMS chrome display with a FULL SCREEN in 16
    Everex offers a complete line to choose from ... shades, no software patches needed
    Full-Size system with eight expansion slots High resolution, 720x348, monochrome
    and room to add up to four storage/backup graphics
    systems. Operates Lotus 1-2-3, Symphony and other
    Half-Size system with three expansion slots popular programs in an extended 132 column
    and space for two storage/backup systems. by 44 or 25 row display in HIGH resolution
    Slimline system, only '2:12 - inches high with monochrome
    three full-size, one half- size expansion slots Printer connection
    and room for two storage/backup systems. Graphics Edge Color /Monochrome adapter
    All Expans ion systems are available with any Similar features as the Edge but also offers:
    combination of Everex hard disk drive and More high resolution colors: 16 in 640x200
    backup systems. graphics
    The Company That Stands For Excellence ...
    • Displays the same information on a color AND MagicCard Multifunction adapter
    monochrome monitor simultaneously Adds more memory to your c omputer-up to
    Dual Graphics Color /Monochrome adapter 384K
    Works with high resolution color AND mono- Serial connection for modems, printers, plot-
    chrome displays ters and more
    Operates Lotus 1- 2-3, Symphony and other Printer connection
    popular programs in an extended 132 column Game paddle/joystick connection
    by 44 or 25 row display Reliable clock/calendar with battery back-up
    More exciting colors: 16 colors in 640x200 FORM MANAGER electronic filing system and
    and 320x200 graphics form creator
    Printer connection PC WRITE easy to use word processing
    Graphics Pacer Monochrome adapter and program
    Floppy Disk Controller With printer spooler; electronic disk drive and
    Runs sharp, high resolution monochrome more
    graphics Excellence is the standard at Everex-it's in our
    • Operates up to four floppy disk and floppy name, our products, in everything we do. When
    tape drives you look for the best for your computer-you'll
    Printer connection find Everex products.
    Uses only one expansion slot Visit your local Everex dealer today and ask to
    Evergraphics Monochrome adapter see Everex products in action. For the name of
    Operates crisp, high resolution monochrome your nearest Everex dealer, please call (415)
    graphics 498-1111 .
    Includes printer and light pen connections
    Dealer Hotline: (800) 821-0806. In CA (800) 821-0807.
    COMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIFUNCTION
    Address: 47777 Wa rm Springs Blvd., Fremont. CA 94539 (415) 498-111 1.
    Evercom Internal Modem
    Gives you all of the features found in modems IBM, PC, XT and AT are registered trademarks of International Business
    costing hundreds more: Machines Corporation.
    Excel. The Edge, Dual Graphics. Graphics Edge, Graphics Pacer,
    Fully Hayes and Bell 103/212A compatible Evergraphics, Evercom and MagicCard are trademarks ol Everex
    Data transmission speeds in either 300 or Systems Inc.
    Form Manager is a trademark of BIT Software Inc.
    1200 bps PC Write is a trademark of Ouicksoft Inc.
    Automatic dial and answer
    Works with tone and pulse phone systems
    Voice AND data communications
    Built-in speaker with software volume control
    Includes powerful, easy to use software
    Inquiry 146
    C·L·U·B·S & N·E·\V·S·L·E·T·T·E·R·S

    e FUTURE INTEL LIGENCE established a BBS at (301) puting problems. The annual (SYDTRUG) share knowledge
    A monthly newsletter 948-5718. Open to the membership fee is £2 5 per about hardware. software.
    devoted to tracking future p ublic. its purpose is to ex- annum. Contact K. Leslie. and education. business.
    computing technologies change information that Clubmac. Triererstrasse 8. and related applications for
    emphasizes research and assists federal agencies in D-5 511 Wincheringen. West TRS-80 computers. Commu-
    business. Areas covered in- the efficient selection of Germany. nication occurs through the
    elude artificial intelligence. software and hardware. monthly newsletter contain-
    supercomputers. parallel Among topics discussed are e BCS GOES REGIONAL ing news and reviews. plus
    processing. expert systems. security and interfacing. For The Monadnock Region IBM lectures. demonstrations.
    natural language. and voice/ details on the project. con- PC Users Group, a subgroup and the 24-hour BBS
    speech/pattern recognition tact Ted Landberg at ICST. of the I BM PC Users Group (CLUB-80) in Australia on
    and synthesis. An annual NBS. 2 2 5 Room # A266. of the Boston Computer (02) 332-2494. The BBS
    subscription is $295. Con- Gaithersburg. MD 20899. Society (BCS). gathers in features messages. group
    tact Ed Rosenfeld. Intelligence. (301) 921-3485 . Keene. New Hampshire. to news. and the exchange of
    POB 20008. New York. NY see demonstrations and public-domain software.
    1002 5. e JOIN CP/M EFFORT meet with other users. By Meetings are held on the
    CP/M SIG assists members joining. you benefit from a second and third Saturdays
    e BASED IN THE BAY in the technical aspects of software exchange. group- of each month in Botany.
    A nonprofit users group for CP/M and related software purchase discounts. a New South Wales. Write
    Sanyo computerists. the Bay through monthly meetings. a monthly newsletter. and SYDTRUG. POB 43. Erskine-
    Area Sanyo Enthusiast monthly newsletter. and a automatic BCS membership ville 2043. New South Wales.
    (BASE) welcomes anyone 24-hour RCP/M system at with access to the BCS BBS. Australia. tel (02) 772-2009.
    interested in computers. (303) 465-1313 . Article sub- Contact Susy Thielen. 4 5
    Regular meetings are held. missions are welcome. Kelleher St.. Keene. NH e ENGINEERS A NALYZE
    Contact Lee Swearingen at public-domain software is 03431. (603) 352-0971 STRUCTURE-The Structural
    (813) 788-7865 or Dave Rob- available. and lectures Analysis Programs Associa-
    bins at (813) 886-7751 or educate members on areas e CALL THE AM ATEURS tion (SAPA) upgrades the
    write BASE. POB 260517. of in terest. Discounts on The bulletin board of the skills of engineers who use
    1ampa. FL 33685. hardware and software and New York Amateur Com- microcomputers to analyze
    a subscription to the puter Club (NYACC) is up and design buildings. Struc-
    e CHU GGING ALONG newsletter are provided with and running. The bimonthly tural software and computer
    The Capito l ·Heath Use rs payment of $12 a year. Con- newsletter contains NYC services that address this
    Group (CHUG) meets on the tact CP/M SIG Inc .. POB 633. users group meetings and issue are discussed in the
    third Monday of every Broomfield. CO 80020-0633. contacts. a NYACC directory. quarterly newsletter. SAPA
    month at the Fairfax High events. articles. letters. and NEWS. and in seminars held
    School in Virginia. Members e GERMAN MAC RULES news. Meeting times and one full day in eight-month
    operate two 24-hour bulletin At least once every two locations of several users intervals. The annual
    boards at (703) 7 59-2072 months. members of Club- groups are announced on a membership fee is $100.
    and (703) 360-3812. CHUG mac (Europe) submit an hotline at (212) 864-4 595. Contact J. Jeff Davies. SAPA.
    sponsors an annual con- article to the newsletter on The membership is S15 an- Suite D2. 30 South~~st
    ference. houses special- anything about the Mac or nually; students pay $10. Seventh St.. Boca Raton. FL
    interest groups. and pro- their membership is not Write the NYACC. POB I 06. 33432. (305) 392-6597.
    duces a monthly newsletter. renewed. The result is a Church Street Station. New
    CHUG. which is included in newsletter that keeps York. NY I 0008. e BBS IN FOX RIVER
    the annual $12 membership members up to date with FORMS CLUB-Simplified
    fee. Call John Roach in the latest developments. reviews e DOWN UNDER THE Computer Solutions in
    evening at (703) 971-4930 or new programs and hardware. TRS-80-Members of the Wisconsin has helped to
    write CHUG. POB 10515. and solves members' com- Sydney TRS-80 Users Group form the Green Bay/Fox
    Alexandria. VA 22310. ............................................................ River Valley's bulletin-board
    CLUBS & NEWSLETTERS is a forum for letting BYTE readers know what service. SCS ABBS. The SCS
    e STA NDAR DS' BBS is happening in the microcomputing communit!J. Emphasis is given to elec- Users Group evolved from
    The National Bureau of tronic bulletin-board services. club-sponsored classes. community-help projects. the BBS and provides
    Standards' (NBS) Institute of and other activities. We will continue to list new clubs and newsletters. Allow members with access to a
    Computer Sciences and at least four months for your club's mention to appear. Send information library. group purchasing.
    Technology (ICST) has to BYTE. Clubs & Newsletters. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449. (continued)

    58 BY T E • APRIL 1985
    PERSON
    PROBLEM? UNIX™ and DOS™ At the Same Time!
    Looking at an IBM PC/AT? Happy with DOS but want
    UNIX? Happy with UNIX but want DOS? Want them
    working together?
    Get The Connector!T14
    The Connector is a revolutionary product that allows
    DOS applications to run on the IBM PC/AT or XT
    under VENIX/86 (the first licensed AT & T UNIX
    operating system for the IBM PCs) or PC/IX. That
    means you can add one or more terminals to your AT
    which run programs using multi- user VENIX/86 to
    share the disk and printer. Switch between UNIX and
    DOS at the console with a single command. And run
    more than one task simultaneously. Like running a
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    report and run Lotus l-2-3T" or dBaseir~
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    Call for complete details .
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    Telex 92-1401/COMPUMART CAM.
    617-491-1264

    Also
    available
    on the
    PC/XTan•
    compatibles.

    • l!NIX i.'i 3 1r:ukmotrl> of AT&T lhhooloWes, Inc . DOS is :a rudt-m:arlr.: of ~tkroi1ort, Inc l1CIAT :rn J PC/XT :Ul' ir:ukm11rks or ln~I. i11t: Cmint'c1nr h :i uadcn12rk Getting UNIX Software
    ofUniformSof1w 2rc:~ Syscc-ms. Inc. VF.NIX/A' implt·mcnt:ition h~· \':ntur<'.nm. Im·. l· l -.\ :md lOTllS :mt rr:u.km:.irl.:s uf l.Olus l>i:\·dnpmt.•ntC.orp dfhsdl is ot
    11'411lkm:ark of Aslunn-T:atc. Down to Business
    Inquir y 392 APRIL 1985 • B Y T E 59
    O™

    sN"&~"Ai\11
    CLUBS & NEWSLETTERS

    conferencing on the BBS. formation. The annual fee is


    GET SERIOUS. STOP PAYING HIGH PRICES NOW! and a monthly newsletter. $12 and requires a blank
    The annual dues are $10. disk as an initial contribu-
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    Graphics/Monochrome Graphics board. 3550. ' ' . . ' . . ... . ' ' . . . 1539.00 Baltimore. MD 21203.
    STAR MICRONICS Gemini 10X . . . .. 259.00
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    LIST PRICE $2950.00 - ONLY $2095 .00 EPSON RX -BO FIT . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 329.00
    FX-80 .. .... . .. .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. 349.00
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    93A.. . . . . . . 649.00 business researchers. faculty. ir.formation and support for
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    ZENITH ZVM-122 Amber . ......... . 95.00 group of users of all kinds Brook. ZEUS. POB I 112.
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    TELEX #550757 I ANSWER BACK - CDMPUTERBNK UD
    e KAYPRO IN BALTO written by a panel will build
    3tl Orders Only The Kaypro Users of on previous columns. en-

    0 ~~MPU~:~~~~
    Baltimore (KUB) meet at hancing readers· understand-
    7: 30 p.m. on the first and ing of how to best apply
    third Wednesdays of every Macintosh software tech-
    month at Loch Raven Middle nology. The subscription
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    714/841-6160 Inquiry 89 Maryland The Bear Facts Matrech. POB 846. Placentia.
    _1'111 ______ .. _.,.IU_.t,ll
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    __..
    Newsletter contains further in- CA 92670. (714) 993-9939. •
    u~ 1~00-ll•
    ....
    ... ... ,. . VlillOIOI _ _ '"'*
    . . - ~lll• l:r'I'~ . . '*"'._.~-.
    ..... lM -"-Ul.Lt11$Mi~
    THE SIMPLE APPROACH
    IS THE~BOLAPPROACH.

    BASIC FORTRAN POCKET APL


    A program to calculate averages... just shrnnk from seven lines . .. to one.

    INTRODUCING POCKET APE: to switch back and forth between programs or from
    your hand-held calculator to the computer.
    Pocket APL, a new PLUS*WARErM product, And the symbols? Simple. You'll learn them fast.
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    They'll become as second nature to you as +, - ,
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    cost much less than Cobol and many other pro- programming four to 10 times faster than with
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    WORKING FASTER, SMARTER. communications and graphics.
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    the length of your programs. Because All 1ntrodud1 °1 MUCH < YOU'D EXPECT.
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    and Jines to say in other programming '°"''~"'
    APLP..-v,'-
    lall!luage
    Pocket APL makes programming
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    Problem-solving at the speed of thought.


    S•sc
    11
    • toniel tompaov
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    In q uir y 416 AP RIL 19 85 • B Y TE 61
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    Inquiry 260 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 63


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    Inquiry 39
    B·O·O·K

    BUILD YOUR OWN as diagnosis of disease). de-


    EXPERT SYSTEM sign (of chips. for example).
    Chris Naylor and decision support.
    John Wiley & Sons Naylor's book is aimed
    New York: 1985 essentially at teaching
    246 pages. $13.95 readers about classification
    problems.
    ARTIFICIAL Naylor begins with a
    INTELLIGENCE IN BASIC good discussion of the
    Mike James general advantages and
    Focal Press limitations of current expert
    Stoneham. MA: 1984 systems. He follows this
    122 pages. $14 .95 with a chapter on statistical
    and probability theories; he
    THE COGNITIVE provides the essentials of
    COMPUTER: ON elementary probability
    LANGUAGE, LEARNING. theory and discusses revis·
    AND ARTIFICIAL ing initial estimates of prob·
    INTELLIGENCE abilities in light of relevant
    Roger C. Schank additional information. (The
    with Peter G. Childers technique for such revision
    Addison-Wesley of initial estimates is known
    Reading. MA: 1984 as Bayes· theorem.) Naylor
    282 pages. $17.95 introduces these concepts
    extremely well by relating
    them to an expert system
    BUILD YOUR OWN the reader might want to
    EXPERT SYSTEM build: a program for fore-
    Reviewed by casting weather using in for·
    Ramachandran mation on current condi-
    Bharath

    A n increasing number of comprehensive introductions


    to expert systems-computer programs that emulate
    the decision making of human experts-have been pub-
    After providing this background. the author leads the
    reader through the process of developing a general BASIC
    program that can solve a broad range of classification
    lished recently. 1\vo examples are Building Expert Systems by problems. The process includes a BASIC program that asks
    Frederick Hayes-Roth (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. the user questions regarding the variables relevant to the
    1983). and A Practical Guide to Designing Expert Sijstems by problem and the outcomes possible in the problem. The
    Sholom M. Weiss and Casimir A. Kulikowski (Totowa . NJ: program then must be given examples of the different out-
    Rowman and Allanheld. 1984). comes and of the values of the associated variables. The
    But the object of Chris Naylor's book. Build Your Own Ex· program can handle any problem that has these charac-
    pert System (originally published in the United Kingdom in teristics: a set of variables relevant to the problem; dif·
    1983). is to help home computer users write expert sys- ferent outcomes distinguished by a different pattern of
    tems that learn. values for the variables; and the pattern of values of the
    John F. Sowa. author of Conceptual Structures: Information variables indicates which outcome would result.
    Processing in Mind and Machine (Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley. A concrete example of this abstract definition is medical
    1983). groups expert systems into three categories based diagnosis. Here. the pattern (symptoms) tells the doctor
    on the kinds of problems they address: classification (such (continued)

    ILLUSTRATED BY TOM CENTOLA APRIL 198 5 • B Y T E 65


    Inquiry 400

    COMPUTER COUBSES: BOOK REVIEWS


    "'Structured Programming in BABIC" for IBM PC
    "Microprocessing EssentiBls" includes
    Microtrainer 2, fou r interface boar ds, and power
    supply.
    Both are univer sity level courses. which outcome (disease) is indicated. The pattern is rep-
    resented by a set of variables: a 1 in a particular variable
    means the symptom that variable represents is present:
    TEACHING HABDWARE: a 0 stored means it is not. Another example is a fault-
    Microtrainer 2: 6800-based single board computer
    Microtrainer 68K: 68000-based single board computer diagnosis problem to test Naylor's expert program. In this
    Interface Boards: Demonstrate practical digit.al problem. the possible variables are the faults you might
    circuits observe in a cassette recorder: no lights; tape won't move:
    EPROM Programmer unit won't record intermittent sound: distorted sound: er-
    Power Supply: 5V regulated l.5A bench supply ratic speed: and hum. Depending on which subset of these
    6800 Assembler, runs on IBM PC
    seven variables is operative. you can determine which out-
    68000 Assembler, runs on IBM PC
    come (or fault) you should diagnose. such as the switch
    Classroom Logic 'l'rainer and Student Supplies
    Write or phone for free brochures. Quantity discounts is off. the tape jammed. the tape was inserted wrongly,
    available. the head is dirty. or there's a problem with the amplifier
    (An optional extension of this is incorporated in a listing.)
    Using the diagnosis as the input. the extension offers as
    output a suggested remedial action-clean the head.
    Waterloo Distance Educat ion switch on the recorder. etc.-that is. it is a two-node (or
    279 Weber St. N., Unit 17 two-stage) classification problem.
    Waterloo, Ont. Canada N 2J 3H8 The second stage classifies the faults to produce
    (519) 884-4340
    Waterloo Distance Education remedial action. Readers can come up with their own ex-
    1051 Clinton St. amples of situations that fit this general classification-prob-
    Buffalo, N.Y. lem format. By finding a suitable problem that relates dif-
    14206
    ferent subsets of a set of variables to different outcomes.
    the general program can be used for diagnosis.
    In the course of developing this general program. Naylor
    introduces the theoretical concepts underlying the general
    classification problem. referred to in texts on statistical
    BEFORE YOU BUY theory as multiple discriminant analysis (the problem of
    CABLE ASSEMBLIES, discriminating or distinguishing between different out-
    comes on the basis of information regarding the dis-
    Heavy guage criminating variables). By the time readers work through
    underhood the explanations of each line of the program and what
    shield
    nn».....__ 22 AWG it does. they will have learned useful statistical theory
    P.0.T. twisted related to a problem that holds their interest.
    underhood conductors The author explains the fundamental basis of all diag-
    nostic or classification-type expert systems. He illustrates
    how they are essentiall y a set of IF (set of symptoms)
    THEN (correspond ing outcome or diagnosis) statements.
    These are usually referred to as .. production rules:· He
    discusses major successful expert systems. like MYCIN .
    for medical diagnosis: Prospector. for geological prospect-
    CHECK UNDER THE HOOD! ing: and DENDRAL. for chemical analysis. The book is
    DATA SPECT" cable assemblies are the very bes t. Each worth reading just for this lucid explanation of the basis
    cable is fully sh ielded to exceed FCC EMl/RFI em ission of current systems and for the discussion of making a pro-
    requirements. The uni que P.D.T. technique , in troduced by gram so specific to a particular problem area that it can-
    DATA SPECT• and employed beneath the hood shield, not be easily adapted to a different problem area. In con-
    insures ma ximum integri ty under the most adverse trast. the programs Naylor teaches readers to build are
    conditions. DATA SPEcT• has interface cables for all your
    of the learning type: that is. on the basis of examples of
    requ irements: Printers, Modems, Monitors, Disk Dr ives,
    and much more. And all DATA SPEcT• cable assembl ies different types of problems. they can learn to diagnose
    carry a lifetime warranty Insist on DATA SPEcT• cables in problems in different areas. He points out that the disad-
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    dealers everywhere. For more information, call or write: be as efficient as one built for a specific purpose.

    SUMMARY
    A Division of Alliance Researth Corporation I highly recommend this book for several reasons. It pro-
    20120 Plummer Street • Chatsworth, CA 91311 • (818] 993-1202 vides a simple yet insightful discussion of extant successful
    Copyrighl © 1984 by Alliance Research Corporation Patent PNO.
    (continued)
    Inq ui ry 10 7 for Dealers.
    66 BY T E • APRIL 19 85 Inquiry 108 for End Users.
    II
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    Inquiry 258

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    Inq uir y 278

    ONLY
    BOOK REVIEWS
    PUBLIC DOMAIN
    SOFTWARE
    is uncopyrighted, so no license fees to pay to anyone!.
    Thousands of useful dbase, spreadsheet, word processors,
    games, utilities and business programs you can copy yourself
    from our User Group rental libraries. Join hundreds of expert systems. It teaches the basic principles of statistical
    companies and users enjoying a wealth of inexpensive
    theory. production rules. learning algorithms. and so forth
    software!
    RENTAL LIBRARIES FOR CPIM in a practical way and provides a technical summary at
    SIG/MUG (New Jersey Area Computer Club) the end of the book for reference. The book contains a
    216 Disk Sides ..... . .. ... . .... .... . .... . ...... ... ... . $125.00
    CP/M UG (New York Area Computer Club)
    program for an expert system that is based on an applica-
    92 Disk Sides ....... ..... . , .... . . . .. ... .... : . . . . . . . .. $45.00 tion of Bayes· theorem.
    PICONET (Bay Area User Group) Running the program in chapter 7 helped immensely in
    34 Disk Sides . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25.00
    KUG (Charlottesville Kaypro User Group) following Naylor's explanations. Also. verifying that the
    25 Disk Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25.00 sample program produced the results indicated by the
    NATIONAL EPSON UG
    32 Disk Sides . ...... .. .. .... . . . ....................... . $35.00 author confirmed that I was on the right track. The pro-
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    SPECIAL SALE-includes CP/M, SIG/MUG & PNET .. $5.00 pp
    BASIC The reader with access to a different system (I had
    RENTAL LIBRARIES FOR IBM PC DOS
    PC-BLUE (NY ACC) to modify the learning program for the IBM PersonaJ Com-
    82 Disk Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . $85.00 puter) becomes painfully aware of the difficulty of under-
    IBM-PC SIG (Santa Clara Group, others)
    230 Disk Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... $250.00 standing the logic of another person's BASIC program
    RENT AL LIBRARIES FOR COMMODORE 64 when it is written in a version that uses only single-letter
    28 Disk Sides . . . . .. . $25.00
    PD DIRECTORY BOOKLET . . ............. ... ... .... . $12.00 pp
    names for variables. Naylor mentions the unsuitability of
    Rental is for 7 days alter receipt. 3 more days grace for return. Use your BASIC for these types of programs: his choice was based
    credit card - NO DISK DEPOSIT l Most formats available -even on the fact that it is the language most commonly available
    Apple' Specifiy. Software also available for sale; $6.00 per disk full.
    24 hr., 3 minute info. recording for home computers. Now that microcomputer versions
    (619) 727-1015 of a more suitable language. Prolog. are becoming avail-
    NATIONAL PUBLIC DOMAIN RENTAL CENTER able. I hope Naylor's next edition of the book will pro-
    ~ rc.a 1533 Avohill Dr., Vista, CA 92083 ~ vide micro-PROLOG listings as well.
    IDi&I~ (619) 941-0925 Orders IL.1LJ
    Ramachandran Bharath is a professor in the Department of Manage-
    ment. Marketing. and Data Processing at Northern Michigan Univer-
    sity (Marquette. Ml 49855)
    NOW ...
    SEE SPEED YOU'VE NEVER
    SEEN BEFORE ON THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BASIC
    HP 150 Reviewed by Norman I Chaplin
    PERSONAL COMPUTER
    HP 150 T he artificial intelligence (Al) invasion that was once
    predicted has now arrived. In fact. this intelligence has
    established itself in the areas of intelligent games. deci-
    with sion analysis. and expert systems. in addition to programs
    that correct spelling and grammar.
    COPROCESSOR Mike James. the author of Artificial Intelligence in BASIC.
    believes the best way to comprehend the scope of Al is
    • Precise high-speed computation.
    to gain experience in it. He recommends using BASIC
    • Enhanced with 8087 numeric data co- which is both widely understood and easily read.
    processor that provides up to 100 times To illustrate different techniques. James uses a few sim-
    the performance of the standard 8088 ple problems that are repeated in various branches of AL
    CPU alone. He provides practical programs that can be entered with-
    • Add-on cards provide analog-to-digital out prohibitive effort from a keyboard. His BASIC dialect
    and digital-to-analog capability for wide is a standard Microsoft version without special features;
    variety of applications in science, ind us- it can be adapted readily to most home computers.
    try, and medicine. James uses a heuristic attack on the familiar nine-square
    • Graphics capability enables HP 150 to be problem (arrange 8 numbered tiles in numerical order
    used as digital oscilloscope for real time within a 3 by 3 array). He defines a heuristic rule as one
    that. when applied. tends to make the result move closer
    signal display.
    to the solution. With a heuristic. as opposed to an
    For more information contact:
    algorithm. there is no guarantee that a solution will be
    CLINICAL MICROSYSTEMS, INC.
    found. The path of the heuristic may be diverted into a
    P.O. Box 36-1055
    Melbourne, Florida 32936 closed loop of repeating positions. The program prints
    (305) 723-5475 the board position to the screen every two to four moves
    and prints out the total number of moves taken to reach

    68 BYTE •A PRIL 1985 Inquiry 67


    High performance to cost ratio ...
    BOOK REVIEWS Programming Chips?
    Projects develop profit.ably with development hardware /software from GTEK.

    a solution. Although many of my attempts ended in con-


    tinual cycling through a particular sequence of moves. I
    MODEL 7956 ................. . MODEL 7228 - $599
    generall y solved the problem in twenty to sixty moves. (with RS232 option) .... $1099. This model has all the features
    and sometimes in as few as seven or eight. MODEL 7956 (stand alone) $ 979. of Model 7128, plus Intelligent
    GTEK's outstanding Gang Pro· Programming Algorithims. It
    grammer with intelligent supports the newest devices
    MAN AND MACHINE algorithm can copy 8 EPROMS at available tbr«)uglt 512Kbits; pro-
    a time! This unit is used in a pro· grams 6x as fast as sta.ndard!
    The opening chapter discusses "Your Computer's 10." duction environment when pro- algorithims. Programs the 2764 in
    ~amming a large number of chips
    "Computer-Aided Intelligence." and "What Is Intelligence?" one minute! Supports Intel 2764A
    1s required. It will program all & 27128A chips. Support:i
    In the sections on pattern recognition and speech pro- popular chips on the market Tektronics, Intel, Motorola and
    through the 27512 EPROMS. It other formats.
    duction and recognition. lames admits that these subjects also supports the Intel 2764A &
    27128A chips. It will also program
    are too much for BASIC and are best handled with dedi- single chip processors.
    cated hardware. A discussion of grammar leads to an ex- EPROM& PAL
    ample of English generated by a computer. "Thinking. Rea- PROGRAMMERS
    soning. and Problem Solving" deals with mathematical -'Ilele features are standard from GTEK
    theorem proving. cybernetics. and human associative Canpatible with all RS232 '8ial intam ~ • Auto .eat baud mte • With <r witlnit hond-
    shaking • Bidim:tiar>al XodX.off • crnvTR ~al • Reod pin cnupetible ROMS • Nope-
    memory. sonality modulffi • Intel, Mru.-ala, MCS86 Hex bmats •Sp tit fBcility f<r 16 bit data paths •
    Man teaches machine in chapters 4. 5. and 6. Man in- Reed. prqimm. f<rmaltal list ID!T>'TJlllili • !ntaruplchivm - irogmm end \.nfy lllO! Wre while
    ..roingdata •~single by!<:. block, <r whole EPROM • Intaligmt ~ claHti bed
    structs the program Aardvark to recognize animals. To ac- and/<r ""'"1hle EPROM •Verify"""""' and cunpire ~ • Busy light• ~with
    Tei.tool zao irl.'Ution fcroo socket end int.!gml 120 VAC fOWB' (240 VAOfiOHz available) •
    complish this. Aardvark asks a series of questions to build
    up its inventory of identifiable animals until it becomes

    •
    an expert in animal identification. Aardvark is rudimen-
    tary. but with some expansion it could become a prac-
    tical program. useful in fields such as mineral identifica-
    tion. I used it for bird identification .
    MODEL 7324 - $1199 MODEL 7128 - $429
    "Structure of Memory" discusses the problem of mem- This unit has a built-in compiler. This model has the highest
    ory-recall and explains computer solutions such as rela- The Model 7324 programs all perfor·m ance-to-i;>rice-ra!;io of any
    MMI. National and TI 20 and 24 unit. This is GTEK's. most popular
    tional stores and conceptual databases. lames fully il- pin PALs. Has non-volatile unit! It supports the newest
    lustrates the conceptual database problem with the Tom memory. It operates stand alone devices available through
    or via RS232. 256Kbits.
    the Cat program. which solves the recall problem using MODEL 7316 Pal Programmer ........... . ......... . . . $ 599
    a number of corresponding matrices. If you enter TOM Programs Series 20 ,P.ALs. Built-in P ALA3M compiler.
    IS A CAT CAT HAS FUR: and then inquire. Does Tom have DEVICES SUPPORTED
    fur? the program answers YES. (Tom wouldn't run until by GTEK's EPROM Programmers
    I eliminated its bugs.) NMOS NMOS .Q!Q§__ EEPROM ~
    2758 2764A 2508 68764 27Cl6 5213 128I6A 8748 874!H
    2716 27128 2516 8755 27Cl6H 5213H 12817 A 8748H 8744
    LANGUAGE AND PHILOSOPHY 2732 27128A 2532 5I33 27C32H 52Bl3 8749H 8751
    2732A 27256 2564 5143 27C64 X2816 8741 68705
    Another chapter deals with language: syntax. parsing. and 2764 27512 68766 27C256 48016 8742H
    semantics. Several pages cover Eliza. the psychotherapy
    program . There is also a listing and description of a BASIC UTILITY PACKAGES
    program. Chat. that generates English sentences. GTEK's PGX Utility Packages will allow you lo ;spedfy a range of addresses lo
    send lo the pro11tammer, verify erasure and/or set the EPROM lY.J>l'= The PGX Utili·
    The last chapter is about philosophy Can a computer ty Package looludns GHEX, a utility used lo genetatl!l an Intel H E X tllv.
    PALX Utility Package - for use with GT E K 'ei Pal Programmers - allows
    program be intelligent? Or merely very clever? What about transfer of PALASM"' source file or ASCII HEX object code file.
    awareness? Should the Turing test be modified to measure Both utility packages are available for CPM,"' MSDOS."' PCDOS."' ISIS• and
    TRSDOS"' operating systems. Call for pricing.
    artificial intelligence? The theme of this book could be
    summarized in James·s words: "There is nothing very dif- A VOCET CROSS ASSEMBLERS
    ferent about intelligent programs and they can be under- These assemblers are available lo handle the 8748. 8751, ZS. 6502, 68X and other
    microprG\'11$•Gro. They are available for CPM and MSDOS computers. When order·
    stood without any difficult theory." Neurophysiology shows ing, pleUQ specify processor and computer types.

    us how small groups of neurons work. functions that we ACCESSORIES


    can duplicate electronically Psychology. however. is so Model 7128·LI, L2, L2A . . .. . .. . ... . XASM (for MSDOSJ ... .... .. . .. $250.
    .... !OEM Quantity) $259. VIV Eraser DE-4 ... . ... . . . .... $ 80.
    general that it can provide little practical guidance. James Model 7128·24 . ......... .. . .. $329. RS232 Cables .. .. .. . ..... • • . ... $ 30.
    emphasizes that the third-generation software beginning Cross Assemblers . ... .. .. .... $200. 8751 Adapter . . . . . . . ... . .... . . . $1R
    8755 Adapter . .. . . .. ..... ... . . . $135",
    to appear is characterized by the assumption that any mis- PGX Utilities . , . ,
    PALX .
    Call for pricing
    Call for pricing
    48 Family Adapter .... . .... . . . . . $ 98.
    68705 Programmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . $299.
    understandings are the program's fault. and the program
    will attempt to correct its mistake by learning the mean- Development Hardware/Software
    ing of the new input from the user. This could be inter-
    preted as intelligent behavior. I loaded a Commodore 64
    with the Chat program. made a few changes. and found
    (contimwd)
    CAiEK P.O. Box 289. Waveland, MS 39576
    601/467-8048
    , INC.
    GTEK, PALASM, CPM, MSDOS, PCDOS, ISIS. and TRSDOS
    are all registered trademarks.

    Inqui r y 176 APR IL 1985 • BY TE 69


    64K 5100 STATIC RAM
    P. ()()I( R !='VI t='\'-/C:
    $159~~
    NEW!
    LOW POWER!
    150 NS ADD $10
    BLANK PC BOARD
    WITH DOCUMENTATIC the answers from such a short program to be thought-pro-
    $49.95
    • U1e1 new 2K x B (TMM 2016 or HM 6116) RAM1.
    voking The program generates ideas. which is a form of
    SUPPORT ICs + CAPS
    $17.50
    • Fully 1upport1 IEEE 696 24 BIT Extended
    Addre11ing.
    creativity. But is it creativity from the machine that ar-
    FULL SOCKET SET * 64K drawl only approximately 500 MA.
    • 200 NS RAM• are 1tandard. (TOSHIBA make1
    ranges the word symbols. or from the man who interprets
    $14.50 TMM 20161 a1 laal a1 100 NS. FOR YOUR HIGH those symbols? Or both? Is this machine-aided creation?
    SPEEO APPLICATIONS.)
    FULLY SUPPORTS THE • SUPPORTS PHANTOM (BOTH LOWER 32K The sentences generated by Chat are enigmatic. but that
    NEW IEEE 696 S100 ANO ENTIRE BOARD).
    STANDARD • 2716 EPROM1 may be in1lalled in any ol lop4BK. could be changed by programming some restrictions on
    • Any of the lop BK (EOOO H AND ABOVE) may
    (AS PROPOSED) be disabled to pro'flide windows to eliminate word association. The meaningless sentences would be
    any possible conftictt with your system monitor,
    'FOR 56K KIT $145 disk controller. etc. reduced by this and further suppressed by a supervisory
    * Perteet for small system• since BOTH RAM and
    EPA OM may co-exist on the same board. censor. We could even program it to learn from human
    • BOARD may be partially populated at 56K.
    prose. But would we then be restricting creativity?
    If you are already competent in AL Artificial Intelligence
    56K S-100 SOLID STATE DISK SIMULATOR!. in BASIC is not for you unless you would like to instruct
    E CALL THIS BOARD THE "LIGHT-SPEED-100" BECAUSE I TOFFERS
    I/ ASTOUNDING INCREASE IN YOUR COMPUTER'S PERFORMANCE others. It could be a useful text for a short laboratory
    HEN COMPARED TO A MECHANICAL FLOPPY DISK DRIVE.
    FEATURES: course in which the existing programs could be extended
    PRICE CUT! * 256K on board, using + SV 64K
    DRAMS. as exercises. or it could serve as a practical supplement
    fll'lo"11~,.,.,, * Uses new Intel 8203-1 LSI Memory
    '""' Controller. to more theoretical material. It is superb as an introductory
    lf.!1--.,M~l*('J • Requires only 4 Dip Switch
    text for study at home. The programs are short enough
    ~....ff'.*i~lj * ~~~sc~a:~e08~~rp::~sS100 machines. that you could enter most in less than half an hour.
    !n-Hl+M+l~1'j * ~!~h:r~~~ ~ M~~~ri,s 3~nl~~ r~~lid
    1 0

    State Disk Storage. The knowledge attained from these short BASIC pro-
    • Provisions tor Battery back-up.
    * Software to mate the LS-100 to your grams is readily transportable to other. more efficient
    CP/ M' 2.2 DOS is supplied.
    • The LS-100 provides an increase In languages. where it can become a tool for construction
    speed of up to 7 to 10 times on Disk
    Intensive Software.
    of large. more practical Al programs.
    BLANK PCB • Compare 1Jur price! You could pay
    (WITH CP/M' 2.2 up 10 3 limes as mucii for similar
    PATCHES AND INST ALL boards. Norman) . Chaplin (3155 South Dr.. Allentown. PA 181031 isa
    PROGRAM ON DISKETTE)
    retired designt'r in VLSI now acting as a writer and consultant.
    s5995
    :B203-1 INTEL $29.95
    #LS- (KIT)
    ~
    ~i---------------------------------------------------1 THE COGNITIVE COMPUTER
    >
    <(
    THE NEW ZRT-80 Reviewed by Darrow Kirkpatrick
    c
    0
    C>
    CRT TERMINAL BOARD!
    A LOW COST Z-80 BASED SINGLE BOARD THAT ONLY NEEDS AN
    a:
    :::>
    0
    u.
    0
    ASCII KEYBOARD, POWER SUPPLY, AND VIDEO MONITOR TO MAKE A
    COMPLETE CRT TERMINAL. USE AS A COMPUTER CONSOLE, OR
    WITH A MODEM FOR USE WITH ANY OF THE PHONE-LINE COMPUTER
    :ERVICES.
    R oger Schank. director of Yale University's Artificial In-
    telligence Project. has succeeded in writing a clear.
    exciting report on the nature of human intelligence and
    A TURES:
    C/l
    ~
    Uses a ZBOA and 6B45 CRT the implications of machine intelligence. Explaining his
    Controller tor powerful video
    a: capabilities. research. Schank tells us how much we must know about
    UJ
    RS232 al 16 BAUD Rates from 75
    UJ lo 19,200. computers. what we can learn about intell igence from the
    J: 24 x BO standard formal (60 Hz).
    Optional formals from 24 x 80 development of understanding computers. and how intel-
    (50 Hz) to 64 lines x 96 characters
    0 (60 Hz). ligent computers will affect our world.
    Higher density formals require up to
    U 3 addllional 2K x B 6116 RAMS.
    '.U • Uses N.S. INS B250 BAUD Rate
    -, Gen. and USART combo IC.
    SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT
    al • 3 Terminal Emulation Modes which
    :J are Dip Switch selectable. These Schank risks distilling his 20 years of research into one
    include the LSl-ADM3A, the Heath
    If)
    fl) H-19, and the Beehive. nontechnical book about artificial intelligence. This is his
    ~ * Composite or Split Video. attempt to set the record straight. Along the way we cc:in
    ct • Any polarity of video or sync.
    (/) * Inverse Video Capabilily. learn a little about how computers work and a great deal
    -J • Small Size: 6.5 x 9 inches.
    ....I
    <(
    * Upper & lower case with descenders.
    * 7 x 9 Character Matrix.
    SOURCE DISKETTE - ADD S10 about how human beings think . learn. and understand .
    * Requires Par. ASCII keyboard. I SET OF 2 CRYSTALS - ADD 57.50 I Schank thinks learning about Al research is more impor-
    tc:int for an understanding of computers than learning to
    WITH BIN.
    SOURCE DISK!
    (CP/M COMPATIBLE)
    $ggss # ZRT -80
    (COMPLETE KIT,
    2K VIDEO RAM) program in BASIC (or any of the other computer-literacy
    skills in vogue). Al research has the potential to transform
    Digital Research Computers our lives through the creation of new machines that can
    do things never done before.
    P.O. BOX 461565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75046 • (214) 225-2309

    Call or write for a free catalog on Z-80 or 6809 Single Board COGNITIVE UNDERSTANDING
    Computers, SS-50 Boards, and other S-100 proaucts. If we want to build understanding computers. first we must
    TERMS: Add $3.00 postage. We pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75¢ handling. No understand ourselves: we must be familiar with human
    C.O.D. We accept Visa and MasterCard. Texas Res. add 5-1/811/o Tax. Foreign orders (continued)
    (except Canada) add 2011/o ~ & H. Orders over $50 add 85¢ for insurance.

    70 BY TE • APRIL 1985
    •
    _. azin
    w at oes
    · into
    Macintos
    t ese ays.
    ce.
    Macintosh and IBM PC IBM PC and Macintosh data files to now allows Macintosh to perform
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    thanks to MacCharlie, a rather But the good news gets better. PC can perform. Even to the extent
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    business and specific applications with Macintosh.
    in real estate, insurance, law, Furthermore,
    medicine, banking, etcetera, can MacCharlie
    now join forces with Macintosh's
    own popular programs.
    And, the myriad of IBM PC-
    compatible software adopts
    Macintosh's many beloved
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    utilities such as the clipboard and
    the calculator.
    In addition, MacCharlie allows

    The Macintosh keyboard slides Macintosh sets snugly Once you plug in MacCharlie's
    right into Mac Charlie's keyboard. beside MacCharlie, on power and keyboard cords,
    About as easy as slipping a letter a custom-fit pedestal. you're ready to enjoy a very
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    How does it happen? As easily turns one computer into two, can now be made with the
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    Apple is a trademark ol Apple Compuier. Inc Maclntosil is a trademark lkenl<d to Aef>le C<l!nputer, Inc. IBM
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    BOOK REVIEWS

    thought processes before we can program an understand- edge in Al programs is the "script" Scripts enable com-
    ing computer. Schank defines three levels of understand- puters to deal with everyday. stereotypical situations by
    ing: making sense. cognitive understanding. and complete using a group of connected possibilities. or "slots:· and
    empathy. Current Al research is concerned mostly with rules for filling these slots.
    cognitive understanding. Cognitive computers will be able But if computers are to understand more than stereo-
    to learn. relate the present to the past. formulate new in- typical situations. they must have some knowledge of why
    formation. and explain themselves. and how people do what they do. Computers must have
    People understand in terms of their own experiences. knowledge structures for goals and plans.
    We can understand only if our memories are able to Early Al research concentrated on the outer form of lan-
    change to match a situation. In a sense. we are pro- guage by building parsers to dissect language into its
    grammed by our experiences. But intelligent entities can. grammatical elements. Current research is occupied with
    at best. "make sense" of experiences they haven't had. understanding the content of communication. For Schank
    Computers will never understand us at the level of com- and others. language is a vehicle rather than an end; the
    plete empathy because they are not like us. aim is to write programs that concentrate on meaning
    Intelligence is the ability to react to something new in rather than on grammatical structure.
    a nonprogrammed way. The fundamental difference be- In the early l 970s Schank and his students built soft-
    tween imitation and understanding in a system is self- ware programs called the Inferencer and the Paraphraser.
    knowledge An intelligent system must be able to explain In order to process sentences and make conclusions. the
    itself. Inferencer could parse. draw inferences. and generate nat-
    Because Al research is a new and different science. every ural language. The Paraphraser could understand a sen-
    major Al project is in some sense a failure at modeling tence well enough to restate it in different ways. from dif-
    human intelligence. Each success shows only what is miss- ferent perspectives. However. to understand large pieces
    ing. Al is a steady but plodding study of the impossible. of text. computers must draw inferences from many con-
    As it asks questions about language. reading. and under- nected sentences.
    standing. it can lead us to appreciate human qualities and A computer can use scripts to make up for the lack of
    abilities even more. logical connections between events. but researchers have
    Al research has an uneasy relationship with computer to give the computer methods for dealing with the world
    science. Computer scientists are searching for ways to when it does not have a script. More sophisticated Al pro-
    make computer hardware and software work more effi- grams use beliefs. inferences. plans. goals. scripts. and
    ciently. but Al researchers are attempting to raise the level prior memories in order to understand. Researchers have
    of understanding of computers. Ultimately. Schank feels. seen the importance of a dynamic. flexible memory that
    Al will be assimilated into other disciplines. changes every time it understands something.
    Schank defines product-directed Al as .concerning the In the long term. it is unrealistic for us to expect to build
    technology of getting computers to do intelligent things. perfectly general knowledge structures into computers. In-
    and theory-directed Al as concerning the representation stead we must give them the ability to learn. This is the
    of knowledge. learning. and human thought processes. Ex- only way computers will be able to make connections
    pert systems are examples of product-directed AL across different fields of knowledge-thereby solving what
    Schank calls the "domain problem." Computers will have
    LANGUAGE AND KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES to know what they don't know as well as what they do
    Until recently. the representation of abstract ideas and know.
    concrete events has been possible only with natural lan-
    guages. Computers also must be able to handle abstract Al IN EDUCATION
    concepts. but a system will not seem very intelligent with- I suspect that first among Roger Schank's priorities is
    out also having a clear grasp of the obvious. In a teaching. He has strong opinions about education. The
    humorous progression of examples of conceptual errors issue is not how much we must learn about computers but
    in the development of an early Al program. Schank dem- what we can learn from them.
    onstrates just how obscure the obvious can be. Schank thinks children should first learn to read and
    Our memories are tuned to ideas. not words. A major write. Public schools and teachers are not equipped to
    task in Al programs is making the computer forget the train children for programming careers. Schank concludes
    words and retain their meanings. An understanding system that children are better off with no programming skills
    must rely on very basic conceptual representations of rather than poorly taught computer skills.
    events. The Yale Artificial Intelligence Project utilizes Schank thinks that children must learn at an active. in-
    only l I primitive actions to represent real-world dividualized pace. Children must actually learn . not just
    happenings. repeat. new principles. Experimentation with computers
    An interesting thing about human knowledge is not how can provide this kind of learning.
    much we know. it's how effortlessly we recall what we For Schank. education is the most important and poten-
    know. One of the basic methods used to represent know!- [continued)

    74 BY TE • APRIL 198 5
    Local Area Networks
    For Large Organizations

    SIA/I
    /////////////////
    Inquiry 282 A PRIL 198 5 ·B Y TE 75
    PutNo
    ·
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    "DISK CONTROLLERS.
    ...
    . 16 95
    • . .. 2495
    .. 2595
    ltr• lrlWllel.••.•..
    SU7402N 14 .29 F0179S . .... 2695
    ~Cl 2-Rlul AND GJ!e. • • .
    SU740JH 14 29 F01797 .. 2995
    tr1p'tJ·ln11u1 ~Ga1' W02791
    SN7404l'l JS ... J'l!iS
    8·1nPutl:A"IDGMI.•.•• \'102793 . 39.95
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    SN7 417N .59
    SN7420N .19 DT1050 Digitalker'" . . .. ..... $34.95 ea.
    s~m2 1 11 u 59
    SN7412N U 59 MM54104 Processor Chip... . . $14 .95 ea.
    SN7.123rl 16 69
    51042514 ,, J9
    SN7426N 14 J9
    SN7421t/ 14 25
    SJ,1msn u s9
    S'li43CW U JS
    SN74J2N 14 .39

    70~51'1 21 CMOSPr«:1$100 frTW:r


    ....
    M95
    7tl--r.fVIKi1 29 Stallw.lkhCllilJX I L«Eg~K·ll 1!195

    """"
    'Ho:?OJO
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    40
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    ~O
    J 1 1o.g.1A1DtLCDOm~I
    4 0icj11LCOOlsplJVJor72111P1 &7211t.llP\
    h[)ogi!LCD[),SOIJ11i;.-71()6 &7116
    ""
    1495
    1~!IS
    7I06CV: Kil
    7107CPL
    '°
    40
    lC~l~O....... t(~
    J•: OilJO.rOllEOO..~
    4695
    1095
    7107[1//Kd 40 IC. CoCVllOl'lJIO.Olspl.iy\Ev<*l;ill()ll KMJ 4695
    7116CPl 10 J 11D1Q11A1DLCOD1s ltlO 10.95
    710\US L1iwRJ!1t1~Von lnC-c.Jlor . rn
    7205ll'G 21 CMOSLEOSl(l11"'llltlllh111e1 . 1495
    710~1//l(~ 2' Sloow:~ch Ch11}. XTL !Evalua~onK.I) 0695

    '""""
    7?0GCEV1K11
    7207AIP0
    7107AEV1K~
    !6
    16
    u
    bit CienetJlol
    b1tGtne1;\!01ChlP. ~ll!halual10r1 K111
    Oscil!JI01Co11hollCf
    "'
    795
    5!15
    Frt11Cc unecrCtrp. 1ilL !Evalial!fJI K•IJ
    711111'1.
    72\1 Mlf't
    14
    ~ 4 01g: ILCOChsolayOcc001.'11011-..er!Tilco11111J!1Dlel
    401911lCOfhsph~DecOOe1101 1;t•I M!t rq;irocc~11
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    4[J
    711Sll'G H 4F urK CMOSSto(lw;ilct1CK I
    7115[V1K,1
    721GJ\IJ
    24
    28
    4F unc. S1apw,lk:hCh1p.X ll !Evalu:il<1lr1 H.11 )
    8Dl:•1 Uiuv C01111!c rCll
    ""
    19 49
    J l·l!I
    72lCi!lf'I 28 80r0i1rrC11Co1.1111crCC 214!1
    72 17L I 21 4 OllJtl LED Upi'Oth~n Counwi CA 1095
    7117.IUI\ 28 4 (){l1l lEOU;>IDoff.IC unle• CC
    m~IPL
    7226AEVIK~
    ((I
    to
    LC04•1o.i~1wc unle1 ORI
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    10.95
    !!!1!15

    '30009 1983 INTERSIL Oala Book 113560.1 . . . . $9.95 I


    74HC High Speed CMOS

    76 13 YT E • APlllL 1985
    Commodore®Accessories ProModem 1200 and Options · Apple®Accessories
    ~rl_

    •
    RS232 ADAPTER FOR 51.14'' APPLE '"
    Intelligent 300/1200 Baud Direct Plug-In
    VIC-20 AND COMMODORE 64
    PROMETHEUS Telephone Modem with Compatible Disk Drive
    and Controller Card

    ...... '""'"""· • - ,. ...,., .....J


    Real Time Clock/Calendar
    The ProModem" ls a Bell 212A (3aa112aa baud) intelli-
    gent stand-alone modem · Full featured expa ndable
    modem • Standard features include Auto Answe r and
    Auto Dial, He lp Co mma nds, Programma ble In telligent
    The AO D -5 1 4 Disk Dr iv e u ses
    p h ugart SA390 mechanics-1 4 3K
    f o r matted sto r age • 35 t r acks
    ·Compatible with Apple Contr ol-
    ler & ACC-1 Controller • T he d r ive
    com es co m plete with co n nector and cable - just plug
    Dialing, Touch To ne"' and Pulse Dia ling & More • Hayes
    command set compatlble plus an additional extended into your d isk cont r oller car d • Si z e : 6"L 3 Y2"W x x
    a-g/16"D
    - · weight: 41'2 lbs.
    command set · Shown w t alphanumeric display opt ion
    Part No. Description Pri ce
    ADD-514 (Disk Drive) .. ... . .. .. . . $169.95
    PM1200 ACC-1 (Controller Card) .... ... . . $ 49.95
    RS-232 Stand Alone Unit. .. . . .. ...... . .... . . ... . $349.95
    PM1200A Apple II. II + and /le Internal Unit . . .. . . .. ........ . .. $369.95 More Apple Compatible Add-Ons .. .
    PM1200B IBM PC and Compatible Intern al Unit. .. . . ... . ...... $269.95
    APF -1 (C o oling Fan with surge pro tecti o n)•.• _ $39 .95
    PM1200BS IBM PC & Comp. Int. Unit w/ProCom Software ... . .. . . $319.95
    t-------·- · _
    . _._.-·-·-·-------I MAC PAC Macintosh Package......... . . . ...... .. . .. . .. __ $399.95
    (Includes PM 1200, Cable. & ProCom Software)
    KHP4007 tSwi tchingPower Supply) •• • • • , •••• $59 .95
    J E614 (Numeric /Aux. K eypad lor lie) • . • • .. • $59 .9 5
    KB-A68 (Keyboard w / Keypad lor ll & II ·•·). , •• • • $79 .95

    OPTIONS FOR ProModem 1200 MON- 1 2G l12 "Green Mo nitor w/swivets tand) _ _ _ _ $99.9 5
    JE864 180 Col. +6 4K RAMlo' lie)... - . . .. . $99_95
    PM-COM (ProCom Communication Software) . .. . .... . .. ... . . . $79.95 ADD-12 (5 1•• • Hall - Heigh t Disk Drive) • . - - - - - $ 1 7 9 .95
    Please specily Operaling Syslem.
    (Options Processor) ....... . . .. . ... . . .. . ...... . . . $79.95
    (Oplions Processor Memory-16K) ... . .. ..... . . ... $10.95 ADDITIONAL APPLE '"
    (Oplions Processor Memory - 32K) ... ..•..... . . . .. $20.95 ADD-ONS AVAILABLE
    (Oplions Processor Memory - 64K) ...... .... . . . . . . $39.95
    (Alphanumeric Display) . ............ .. .. . . . .. . . .. $79.95
    PM-Special (Includes Oplions Processor. 64K Memory
    _ _ _ _ _ , and Alphanumeric Display) ••• ••••• • •• •• $189.95

    • Over 250 word vocabulary· affixes al!Dw lhe I01mation ol more


    lhan 500 words • Bultt·in amplif!er, speaker, ~oluma contfol, and · SPST keyswilches • 20 p i n ribbo n ca ble conn ec -
    audio fa ck • Recreates a clear. niltural male voice • f'tug-in user tion · Low pro fil e keys · Featur es: c ursor con trols,
    ready wjth documentation and sample sottwara • Casa size: control. caps (lock). !unction , en ter and shill keys
    7V•"l x 3V.-W x 1-318"H ·Color (keyc ap s): grey • VVI.: 1 lb. · Pino ut inc lud ed

    APPLICATION S: • Securit y Warning • l elecommunlcalion


    KB54 . .. . ........ . _ .... $14.9S
    • Teachin g • Handicap Aid 1---,--- - - - - - - - - - + - - -- -- - -- - - - -- -1Documentation
    Nellll! 82-Key ASCII Cherry Keyboard Included
    • ln strumentaUon •Games
    JI : ~~~!t;i~~~1:)~1dA:5~h~ 1~~~~~;;ek,~s~rc~~!

    I
    Par t No. Description Prlc•

    !II
    (MPI 5%" SS fu ll - ht.) •••••••• S 89.95
    ¥Ji.m:.l.l!l.$.!!:· I --~ ·+.. :1Ht
    MPl51S
    JE520CM For Commodore 64 & VIC-20 . _. . .. S114.95
    ~ ! ! ! ! ~ i _~__;..
    ·4 ~~~hi1e
    EE C ~~1 ;11um;naled keys · 26·p;n hea der conneclor RFD480 (Remex 5 '1< " OS full -ht.) . . . . . $1 09.95
    JE520AP For Apple 11. 11+, an d lie . . ..... . S149 .95
    1 FD55B
    x ·Size: I B"L 6'•W x 1'.i" H • s oec T M 1 00-2 (Tandon 5t.t,i" OS full-ht.) •. . _ $1 5 9. 9 5
    (Teac 5'-'" DS half-ht.) . ..... $149.95
    KB8201 . ... (1700 avail.) . ... $29.95 SA455 (Shugart 5%" DS half-ht.) . . . . $159.95
    An M~io:ers- Computer Memory - ----,=-- - - - ------.-A- p_p_l_e _K_e_y_b_o-ar_d_a_n_d_ C_a-se- - -- 1 FDD100-8 (Siemens 8" SS fu ll-ht.)_._ .. $119 .95
    Ma~~:':Ai 0~ 0 " Expansion Kits 4 PP/e for Apple and II+
    11
    PCK-5 (5"• " Power Cable Ki t) .... .. . _$2.95
    0 IVne PCK-8 (8" Power Cable Kil) . . . . . . . .. . $3.95
    -
    -.,..
    ......._ 'I'S! Keyboard: • 68 keys · 15-key keypad • Direcl con-

    ~
    IBM PC, PC XT and Compatibles ?
    Mos1 o1 l he ooputar Memory Boards (e.g. Ouadram'" Expansion Boa1dsl
    allow you to add an additional 64K. 128K. 192K or 256K. The IBM64K Kil will
    necti on wi th 16-pin ribbon connector· 26 special
    fu nc tions · Size: 14 11"L x 51,·w x 1 'Y'H . UV-EPROM Eraser
    populate these boards in 64K byle increments. The Kit is simple 1oins1an-
    1ust insert 1he9 - 64K RAM chips in the orovided soCkets and set the2 groups
    o1switches. Complete conversron documentalion includee
    IBM64K (Nine 200ns 64K RAMs) . . . .... $33.49
    Part No.
    KB-EA1
    Descriplion
    SPECIAL
    FUNCTIONS!
    Case Accommod..11 s K8-A68 •Pop-up hd bf easy
    access · Fil.a power suppty and molh(HbOOrd 100
    ·Size: 15 11"W a 18"0 x 41,""H
    Apple Keyboard and Case (piclured above) ......... $ 134.95
    Prko ·. . . . .
    KB·A68 66-Key Apple Keyboard only.......... . .......... S 79.95
    IBM PCAT EAEC-1 Expanded App le Enclosure Case only.. . . . • ..... •. S 59.95
    Each kit comes complete with nine 128K dynamic RAMs and document<11ion
    torconve1sion. ,j 1 Chip • 15 Minutes I
    IBM128K (Nine 250ns 128K RAMs) . . ... $199.95 POWER SUPPLIES Erasesa ll EPAOMs. Erasesupto8chipswithin21 minules ( 1 chip
    in 15minutes) . Maintains constant exposure d istance or o ne im;h.
    Special conducti ve loam liner e limi nates static build -up. Built-in
    APPLE lie
    E ~ienOW 80·ColumnJ6.\ KRAM C111cLEt pan ct memoryby 64K to give 128K Power/Mate Corp. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY salety lock to prevent UV exposure. C ompact - only 9 .00' l x -
    when used W!ln programs tike V1s1Carc • Ful ¥assembled and !es1ed. 3.70"W x 2 .60' H. C omplete wi th holding tray lor 6 c hips. I
    - Inpu t: 10 5 - 125/2 10-250 VAC at 47-63 H z · Line r egulation : ~0.05% · Three
    JE864. . ....... . .... .. . ....... . . . . . $99.95 mounting surfaces • Overvollage prolec!ion ·UL recognized - CSA certifi ed DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser••• . .. $74.95 I
    Part No. Output Sil e Weight Price UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb......... $16.95
    TRS-80 MODEL I, Ill EMAS/6 B 5V@3 A/6 [email protected] 47 ~" L x 4·w x 219'" H 2 lbs. $29.95
    •

    •
    Each Kit comes como1ete wilh eighl MM5290 (UP0416/41 16) 16K Dynamic
    EMA5/6C 5V@6A/6V@5A 5~s"L x 4!1'W x 21s"H 4 lbs. $39 .95
    RAMs anddocumentalron for conversion. Model 1. 16K eQuipoed wilh E,11;-
    pansion Interface can be expanded 10 4BK w11n 2 Kits. Model Ill: Can be See Our New IBM
    expanded from 16K to 48K using 2 Kits. Each Kil will expand computer by
    16Kincrements. KEPCO/TDK 4-0UTPUT SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY Commun i cat ions
    )
    --
    TRS-16K3 200ns (Model Ill) . . .. ...... $6.29 • Ideal for disk drive n eeds o f CAT t e rmin a ls, m ic ro c omputer s and
    Program! 24 & 28 PIN
    TRS-16K4 250ns (Model 1).. . . . ... $5.49 video g ames · Input: 11 51230VAC. 50 /60H z • Output : + 5 V @ 5 Amp. + 12 V@ •'"""" PACKAGES
    \ .8 A mo. + 12 V @ 2 A mp. -1 2V @ 0 .5 A mp· UL rec ognized · C S A certi l ied '?-!'--..;
    I · s;ze: 7'.-C , 6-3/16 'W> l 'o"H· W.;ghl: 2 lbs. $59.95 each or
    TRS-80 MODEL IV & 4P
    Easy to inslall Kit comes complete w itn8 ea. 4 I 64N-20 (200ns) 64K Dynamic ,....
    '
    MRM 174KF. .. . .. ..... . .. . 2 for $99.95
    '1
    RAMs and conversion documenlalion. Converts TRS -80 Model IV computers
    from !6K to 64K. Also expamJs Model 4P lrom 64K to t28K.
    TRS -64K-2... . .... .. . .. . .. ........ $29.95 Switching Power Supply for APPLE II, II+ & lie'" I . . .,
    ~..i-"
    (Converts the Model I V from 16K to 64K or will expand the Model 4P from • Can drive fo u r fl o ppy d isk drives a n d up t o e igh t expansio n cards
    64Kto 128K) • Short circuit and overload protection · Fits inside Apple comput e r
    TRS-64K2PAL (Model IV only)_ . ....... $49.95 · Fully regulated +5V@ 5A, + 12V @ t .5A, -5V @.5A. - 12V @.5A I.
    (8 · 4t64"s with PAL Chiptoe xpand flom 64Kto 128K)
    9%"L x 3 1h! " W x 2V4" H
    · Direct plug-in power cord includ ed · S ize:
    TRS-80 COLOR AND COLOR II · Weight: 2 lbs REQUIRES NO ADDITIONAL SYSTEMS FOR OPERATION
    ~E°!a~!s~~~t~~~~~~~~~ ~~~:~=d· ~
    0
    Easy to install Kit comes complete w•1h B eacn 4 164N-20 <200nsl 64K KHP4007 (SPS-109) • •. . ..... • . . .• . • • . . . $59.95
    Dynamic RAMs and documenlahon 101 conve1s;o11 Conver ts TRS -80 Color
    Comou1crs wilh 0 . E. El F and NC c11cui1 boards lo 32K. Also converts t -- -- - - . . . . . - -- - - - - -- - - - -- - -- - - - -- 1 dat:J'"RAMb'J'\.tl'ttlOMd• lNOSRf.M lfomanEPROM-6&1RAt.\5c.Mbc
    ~~?e~~ di~!~~e;~~~sm_i~f~~~o;:~~:~~:~~~t5~~g;,P~~~ ~:~~~I~~
    1
    TRS.80 Color Compuler II to 64K. Fie;( DOS or 05.9 required to ulilize 4-CHANNEL SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY
    fu!i 64K RAM on all computers. .
    · M icroproc essor mini- computer, termin al, medical equ ipment and process and tes1ed · Site. t 5~ e"l x8 1. • ·o~ 3'2"H · WI: 5 1<lbs· 2116Module includ ed
    TRS-64K-2 . ............ ..... . ... . . $29.95
    ~~~gg J~~i:~ii~~6C ~P1u~'. -~iJgg~~1A ~ti~!O::~u·l ~i~t~~:t ~~-~~·~Rfb~1 ~;
    1 1
    JE664-A EPROM Programmer . .....• $995.00
    30mV p - p ·Load regulahon: := 1% • Overcurrent pro tection · Adj: 5V m a in JE665· AS232C INTERFACE OPTION - This option implements comDuter
    out put .t- 10% · Size: 6~"l x 1 ~8"W x 4- 15/ 16" H · Weight: 1~':! lbs f~rcE~~6°~tJ}i~~~~~dR!~~~~~~~~~6~$~~~~!00~:g~l~i~~;~~~:~~~~ 11(:~~n-
    FCS-604A • .• . . , • .••.. •.. • .. - . .•. .. •. . $69.95 MIJAS!CbrCP/t.e compul""5•Doevmon1a1io" pfOVIDealO~Dth!&elt-."Mt"
    t-------t-------------~---------· I IO O!net'COl'IU)lltOtS...ilrl3.l) A$1'3200f1 • Soea. 96000.,ll(l. S.tlil-.ord odd
    '!f:_eu,;,1 IBM PCXT EQUIVALENT 130 WATT POWER SUPPLY pari tywi1h 2 s1op bits -~~~~b~dParn~~;~~~~7/6 Module included

    ~~~~~5o~~g~0t~~OV-260V selectable @ 47 to 63Hz • O u t put : JE66 4 -ARS w/JE665 Option. • • • • • • $1195.00


    +5VDC @15A, -5VDC @a.SA, +12VDC @4.2A, -12VDC @a.SA JE664-ARS COMMUNICATION PROGRAM

    MODEL
    MODEL
    MODEL
    MODEL
    75
    85
    100
    110AMS
    6 Sock .. Super Filters. Low Voll. Alarm . .. $69.95
    6 Sock.els. Super Fillers.
    -·
    4 Sockets. OnlO H Switch. , • , • • • , • • • . . S49.95
    6 Sock .. SuPN Filters. On/ Oii Switch.. _. S59.95
    • P lug compa t ible con nectors • Fits into IBM PC • Weight: 6 lbs.

    IBM-PS . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . .. .. $169.95


    Spec Sheets - 30¢ e a c h
    Send $1.00 Pos t a g e for y our
    For IBM-PC or XT and Compabbles
    - Fast compiled 8ASIC o r~gram ·Easy to use , menu·driven • Print hard•
    copie s of EPROM data • View data in HEX and A SCII
    The JE664·ARS Commumcahon Program was w1i1ten !or quick inlerlacmg
    between lhe JE664-ARS EPROM Prog rammer aM lhe IBM-PC compu ter and
    compatibles. Menu-driven program allows user to Load and Save EPROM
    NEW!

    Alll1' ~-SWitcb.- • .. • . • . , . , • •.•. • S99$S FREE 1985 JAMECO CATALOG cl ala lo and Imm the computer or nappy disk. Data entered by the computer
    can be viewed in Hex & ASCII !or mats Printed ha1d -copies are also displayed

    J
    Pric e s Subject to Change m both formats P1ogram is ideal tor keeping a•chlves of maste1 EPROMs on
    DATASHIELD~ clisk. The program is compatible for all EPROMs listed with the JE664.

    IL::::=:::::::~ ameco I
    Back-Up Power Source Computer requiremen ts· ISM-PC. XT (oreQ.) with at least 128KRAM and one
    serial pon. Ophonal. One pa1allel port tor printer
    Protec1your ~omou l er Imm b<ack-ou ls. brow_n-ou!s. power

    I JE664-ARS-CP_. _ . . _ . . .... . . .... $49.95


    su19esandllne noise F'lrsPC200 1s designed !or PCs
    with loopy dis I\ mcmoty. the XTJOO lor har_d dis~ mem_ o1y JE664·AA S Communications Program tsv.- Disk and User"s lnslructions)
    and tne AT800 lor mulh·user sys!ems A lyo1cal comoalible
    PCl or eachol 1hese standbys will.DC! suooorled IOf t 5 to
    25 minH t P .~a!rnr Dowe• is lost We19n1 tPC<.00 2·1 lbs I -
    1XTJOO 37 5 lbS I - !Al~ OO: 831~ 1 - !A1100. 83 lbs~
    vtSA· JE664-CP CABLE. ...... . . .. . . . . . $29.95
    Cable !or IBM·PC toJE664-AAS Program (5 ' Shielded Cable A Connectors)
    PC200 (200 Wall Rating). . ..•. . . .. .. . S299.gs JUMPER (Personality) MODULES - Jumper (Personality) Modules lor BK.
    XT300 (300 Watt Rat ing). . . 5399.95 1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 16K. .J2K. and 64K EPAOMs. 'Please speci fy EPROM and manutacturei-.
    ATSOO (500 Watt Raling) . .. . . . ... . .. . . $699.gs JU MPER (Personality) MODULE• • _. S14.95 each
    AT800 (800 Watt Rating) .... . .. ..•.. .. S799.95 4185 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME - (415) 592·8097 Telex: 176043

    Inqui r y 2 I 2 APRIL 1911 5 • BYTE 77


    Inquiry 158
    ~RIENCL'f COMPUTER FRIENDLY SERVICE ATA FRIENDLY PRICE
    S•t•Sl•thO n Gu••an\f!f!
    •f!1w n dorh,n an Qf!,,.,1fhn
    1tiu1\ 1ns,n.pp..,Q)•I Friendly Computer Center, Inc.
    BOOK REVIEWS
    •1'\l<l'ldlf1011Q•n.lllMINT
    CONOlTION ... 1na11p.i;i,,s
    1assn•PPl'dl 1381 Coney Island Avenue Brooklyn New York 11230
    C.ITOH PROWRITER PRINTERS SPECIAL! TOSHIBA
    ALL AVAILABLE w/l.B .M. ROM New Toshiba· 1340 .... ... 699.00
    7500 105 C.P.S. .......... 219.00
    OKIOATA Toshiba· 1351. .... . 1149.00
    8510 120 CP .S. . . • . . . . • . 289.00 Microline 84·100 C.P.S. .. 669.00
    1550 120 C.P.S · 15·· . 449.00 Microline 82· 120 C.P.S.... 225.00 Juki
    8600 180 C.P.S. . . 589.00 Microline 92 . 359.00 Juki·6100 . . . .... .. ..... 379.00
    Microline 92 w/Mac Juki-6300 • .. . . . . . . .. . .... call
    STARWRITER Compatible • . . . 45~00 Juki Tractor 6100 .. . . . 109.00

    IJ
    f.\ 0"40P .. . . . ... . . ..... 849.00 Microline 93 ,,. . . .. . SSQ.00
    •·10.20 ..... . . .......... m.oo New Ce mm SG SerlOs.. ... C1li
    SUPER SPECIALS! Perlphe111f1 by Apple tially beneficial application of computers. Schools should
    IBM
    Apple Drove lie . . S289 ~ be paying attention to computers not because they will
    Apple lie Mouse with
    Atpf~"1\~ ·Mo~·se· ;.;il~ 69 i"
    take over our lives or because everyone has to be a pro-
    A~;;n12orii:iriri ·0,;~~~~-:' grammer but because computers are part of the solution
    IBM· HARD DISK SYSTEM
    IBM' PC 256K
    Modem . ....... S389
    ._,.;oo,.. - - . APPLEWORKS tor fie or
    • to education problems
    10 MEG W/1 DS FLOPPY lie . .... .. ..... 1219
    IBM MONO CARD & MONITOR Apple lie Professional System
    $3249 complete • Apple lie 128K Compuler. THE FUTURE
    • Apple Oual Oisk Dri v e
    DISK DRIVES-FDR IBM MODEMS w/controller \card. Computers will be really useful to the average person only
    Teac 1h ht. OS/DD _...... ... 149 Hayes 1200B IBM. 379.00 • Apple Exlended 80 column
    Rana 2000 IBM . . . .... 149 Hayes 1200 RS232 459.00 Display Card. when they can be used with no training at all. Schank sees
    Hayes 300 RS232 . . . 195.00 • Apple Monitor II· 12" lilt'green
    ADD ON BOARDS Micromoden llE . ...... ... 235.00 • Pro-Oas Ope raling System advisory systems in areas such as finance, medicine, and
    FOR IBM
    AST Six Pack Plus 64K ... 249.00
    HAYES 300 • !or lie . .. •. .. 239DO
    New Hayes 2400 ........... CAii
    Special $1439 law becoming available within the next few years. Sophis-
    Ouadram Expanded Ouadboa rd Apple lie with Monilor and Stand
    w164K . . 159.00 PRENTICE POPCOM Mac ·Mania Special $975.00 ticated learning systems, with cognitive abilities. will be
    Hercules Graphics Board . 319.00 Macintosh 512K with lmagewriter
    Herc ules Color Card w/Parallel
    1200 External .. ......... 349DO
    120 Internal 329.00 Special $2649 available within a decade. Schank says. And within 50
    Port . . . .. .. .. . , . . . .. . 179.00
    Koala Speed Key System . 149.00 Compuserve Starler Kit .. 28.95 MONITORS years. he predicts. there will be integrated world-knowl-
    Mouse Systems Mouse w/Mouse The Source Staner Kit . . CALL Princeton HX· 12 Graphics. 45Q.OO
    wfP.C. Paint and Menue • . 159.00 Grappler Buflerd Plus 16K New Amdek Color 300 .... 26!1.00 edge systems capable of learning about new domains:
    Hayden Saragon Ill Chess. 34.90 Amdek 310A .......... 175.00
    Mi crosoft Flight Simulalor 1137.90
    wlcable . . . .. ...... 149.00 their most effective role will be as librarians and con-
    Hayden Saragon Ill for Mac 39.90 LITTER QUALITY PRINTERS TAXAN
    De Base Ill . . . . . . ... 349.DO ONE TIME SPECIAL\ LIMHED QUANTITY T11512'" Green ......... 11900 sultants, figuring out what we need to know about a sub-
    Framework . . . . . . . . . . . 379.00 T116 12'" Amber .. .. ..... 12900
    SYMPHONY . . ........... CALL
    C.ITOH - Leading Edge 25 cps
    s
    15" Daisy Wheel 449 ~~~~: 1 ~
    T127 12" Green l.B.M. . . 14900 ject and the right way to explain it to us.
    Star Acounting Partner 2 . 149DO T122 12" Amber 1.8.M.. . . 159DO
    Wordstar 2000. . .. • 24flDO C. ITOH Tractor . ......... \2900 210 R.G.B. Color . . .. . . 25900 Al may change the way we look at ourselves. One of
    FDA MAtL ORDERS: Send Money Order. Certified Check. Mastercard. VISA gladly accepted. Add estimaled price lor its by-products will be the opportunity for an informed
    shipping, handling and insurance WE Will SHIP ORDERS AT THE ADVERTISED PRICES GUARANTEED UNTIL APRIL31l. 'M
    public People lack the information they need because
    TOOROERCALL (800) 258-5805
    '°''~,~·;.,..,,, .. ''" .....,.. ..... ...
    (718) 252-9737
    I
    Appl• ls a registered trademark ol App1e Computer. Inc. IBM Is a reglslereCI tf8demark of lnlernatlon•I Business Machines .•

    FORINFORMATIONCALL
    they don·t want to appear stupid. bother an expert. or pay
    lots of money for advice. In the future. people will be able
    ~ Friendly Computer Center, Inc. 8 to obtain expert advice of all kinds. easily. quickly, and
    1381 Coney Island Avenue Brooklyn New York 11230
    inexpensively from computers. Of course. we should
    evaluate computer advice as carefull y as we would that
    from any other advisor with a stake in our decision.
    WE SHIP
    OVERSEAS CRITICISM
    COMPUTERS INC. TEL: (415) 340-1006
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    Schank is best. and worst. when hypothesizing. He has
    made a career out of playing mind games. and most of
    U .S.A. T elex: 470477 Mons those he presents are fascinating. However. he occasion-
    WORD PROCESSING ACCOUNTING ally slips into an overly optimistic view of computers and
    Word Star 2000 $264 IUS-GL/AP/AR eaS295 the future He says.that machines will take over the most
    Wordperfect 4.0 252 Peachpak 4 249
    Vol kswriter Deluxe 169 Open Sys. ea .399 unpleasant human jobs and will provide people with .the
    PFS: Graph 84 State of Art ea 399 information they need to run their daily lives I think this
    PFS: Write 84 BPI - AR/AP/GL ea 395 will be more a function of what people seek rather than
    Easywriter 11 195 Great Plains Software ea 4 79
    simply what computers can provide.
    DATA BASE HOME & RECREATION
    MANAGEMENT The Print Shop 34.99
    Knowledgeman 275 Bankstreet Writ. 49.99 AUDIENCE
    dBase II 286 Dollars & Sense 64.99 Tlie Cognitive Col'nputer is not for those people who are in-
    dBase 111 369 Flt Simulator 35 00
    Friday 179 Facemaker 23.99 terested in the engineering behind Al programs. Schank
    Pis : File report pk 162 MindProber 36.99 does not include details on how A I programs go together.
    R:Base 4000 295 Mastertype 29.99
    Zargon 11 16.99
    what languages they are written in. and what kinds of hard-
    Ouikcode 11 155
    lnfostar 282 ware they run on. His contribution is to put thinking com-
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    Sillekick (pro) 37.99 puters in perspective and show us where we can go with
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    Framework 369 Sidekick lunprol 54.99 them.
    Multiplan 124 Turbo Pak: 74.99 It is a credit to his science of understanding how humans
    Supercalc 3 199 Pascal -Tutor-To ol box
    Visicalc IV 172 Taxadvan tage 49.99 understand that Schank writes with such clarity. He dem-
    Thinktank 109 64K/9 chips 25.99 onstrates a genuine concern for how computers and their
    Calcstar Paperback Writer 29.99
    87
    Executive Writer 54.99 Al software will affect human lives. Schank has a healthy
    TK Salver 269
    perspective on scientific progress: he doesn·t believe that
    Paym ent: Mastercard. Visa. COD. Money Order or Check. Pur·
    chase Orders welcomed from qualified institutions. Prices subject every aspect of human thought can or should be modeled
    to change. No surcharge for Visa/Mastercard. Shipping UPS sur- on computers. •
    face per item S4.00 within USA. Calif. Residents add sales tax.

    Darrow Kirkpatrick is an applications engineer at Developl'nent


    Associates Controls (POB I 049, Carpinteria, CA 93013 ).
    78 BYTE• APR IL 198 5 Inquiry 360
    Youcanbuya
    less expensive diskette
    and not save a thing.
    One can understand the temptation to buy a less So next time you're tempted to buy a less expensive
    expensive diskette. diskette, ask yourself this question.
    Rather than a Dysan"' diskette. Can you really afford it?
    After all, the less expensive diskette is probably For the name of the Dysan dealer nearest you, call
    almost as good. And should you run into a bad one, toll free (800) 551-9000.
    well, it didn't cost that much, anyway Dysan Corporation, 5201 Patrick Henry Drive, PO.
    Right/ Not quite. Box 58053, Santa Clara, CA 95050.
    You see, a less expensive diskette is by definition
    less diskette. And the few pennies you save are worth
    a great deal less than what you have to lose.
    Namely, your data.
    That's why it makes more sense to spend a bit more
    Dysan· Inquir y 131

    Somebody has to be better


    for a Dysan diskette. than everybody else.
    Every Dysan diskette you buy will record and
    retain all your data all the time.
    You can be sure of that because every
    Dysan diskette is certified 100 percent
    error free and backed by our lifetime
    warranty.•

    · \V:1rr:1nty details :irL' insi<l<..· c:n.:ry Dys:m box.


    Dys:m is a rc:: gi~t cr c <l trademark of Dysan Corporation.
    ii) 1985. Oysan Corporation.

    A PRIL 1985 • B YT E 79
    Announcing the first major
    breakthrough in word processing
    technology since WoraSta~
    Now, state-of the-art
    comes easy.
    Introducing WordStar 2000, a totally new headings, tabs and margins at the touch of one
    word processing program from the makers key. It can even create and update footnotes.
    of WordStar.
    WordStar 2000 removes all limits from Finally, a truly integrated
    word processing. From what you can create. word processing system.
    From what you can achieve. WordStar 2000 goes well beyond words.
    Because WordStar 2000 lets you do It comes with a built-in five function math. A
    everything. built-in mail merge enables you to mass produce
    Easily. form letters. Get our special Plus package and
    From windows, to undo, you also get a built-in mail list data base that
    to spelling correction, WordStar 2000 allows you to create, update and sort your own
    does it all. And more. mailing lists. Also a built-in indexer. Not to
    mention built-in telecommunications capabilities.
    WordStar 2000 gives you the works. All integrated together, so you never have
    "Windows" allows you to work on different to leave the program.
    documents-simultaneously. "Undo" lets you The only word processing program
    replace text you mistakenly removed. A built-in that interacts with you on your level,
    spelling corrector checks and corrects mis- whatever your level.
    spellings from over 973 of the most commonly
    used words. Before we created WordStar 2000, we studied
    WordStar 2000 also has a "typewriter the way people worked, and thought. We also
    mode" to fill in forms or envelopes easily. Plus drew from our experience with over 1,250,000
    "format sheets:' which give you ready-made WordStar owners.

    80 B Y TE • APRIL 1985
    As a result, the keys you
    press are the keys you'd expect to press ("c" for
    copy, "p" for print, etc.). You may also use your
    computer's function keys. Menus have been
    uniquely designed for easy access to all functions.
    And MicroPro's exclusive "tutor-in-your-
    computer"'" makes learning fast and fun.
    WordStar 2000 is the easy word processing
    program_you'll never outgrow. Of course, the
    original WordStar and WordStar for PCjr will con-
    tinue to provide substantial and proven word
    processing capability for those with more modest
    budgets.
    See your local MicroPro dealer today or call
    (800) 227-6703 [in CA (800) 632-7979] for the
    dealer nearest you.
    So you can remove all limits from what you
    can achieve. # #
    Now available for IBM pc•;A T"I xr• and compatibles with 256K
    RAM. Upgrade from WordStar to WordStar 2000 through your dealer,
    or ca// MicroPrn Customer Update (800) 227-5609, 9am-3pm P.S.T
    Ill
    Now there are no limits':' M1craPra.

    Inquiry 412 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 81


    ----- --- - ~:

    l•Youplonropu1chose o Sanyo MOC 2155-2 ore single drive M(\( 550 2


    you ve mode on excelleni choice lt-e Sonya MOC 550 se M~~ ,., rhe
    A Custom ·-=~~I ' ? wesr priced 8088 MS DOS \ys1em bar none !:'us w 11h 1he ... nnlP d11ve
    '.'.> 50 ·2 sys1 emsy0Ureceive M5 DOS 2 11 Sanyo Coior Graphic~ DASI(
    System For
    Less Than a
    __ i
    .\
    L .. Wordsror J J ColcSror and Eas y W111e1 I
    With rhe 55 5 2 sys1ems you also 1ece 1ve your cr oic e otDo1ro1or
    eDO!'J~l or Spe llSror and Mo~ Merge or Easy Wnrer 11 fosy Mo 1te 1 i ow
    Lll onner end Easy F1le1
    We hove sold rnore Sonya m icrocompurer<, rhon, an y orher dec1er
    Clone • More free Sofrwore •
    -.n 1he Unned rares Our pnce<, hove also b e en 1hplowe<, 1Of omong
    ·he lowes1 1n 1he counriy and ore presenrly 100 low ro odverh
    The Silver Fax™ wrll run mosr of rhe Along wirh alt rhe free greor mflwore you ger w1rh o Sonya MOC Ou1 we wouldn 1 hove becomP rhe !orges1 ~onyo dealer' 1n rhe
    besr·selling programs for rhe IOM-PC Iii"~· 550. Sconsd'ole Sys1ems includes .J exrro disl~s with ( 1) OS l uror - · ounuy 1f oil we olfered was \ow pnces We include more free ~o trwore
    rhe PFS seri es. Wordsror. Mulriplon . d0A5E II Teoches you eve1yTh1ng you need ro lmow obour rhe operm1ng sysiem 11"\on or her dealers We co n 1nsrot1 boords or exrro memory tcw o modesr
    Flighr Simuloror. and torus 1.2.J right on your sysre m . ( 2) 15 games for rhe Sonya 550 · a b2Q (rero1 l) ·P\orge and we srocl\ reference manuals for o ur cusromers
    Our rt1e bask Silver Fox gives you more value. (J) Doremore · on oppoinr enr l~ e epe r with a perperuol Our soles srofl l)nows rhe Sanyo ~ ys rem because ihey use )on o
    rardwore rhon orher 8088 sy;;rems including colendor'l (4) 15 Manager · Allo ws you ro change rhe srrucrure of compurers rhemse)ve s and unhl..e.,,..omers who sell rhf> Scinyo c,ys1f?m
    256K of l\AJVi. 4 vfdeo ourpurs a 12ff high· ex1srlng lnfoSror files. ( 5 ) PC File (b ) 10 public domorn gomes. ( 7) NE' 1e 09 ourhor1zed Sanyo wrv1ce cenrer w1rh 1echs on ~10H If you p io n
    resolurion monitor o full 25x80 display. drognosrics end urilir1es. end (8 ) 5keicl"I · A groph1cs/ drow1ng program 10 buy o Sonya give us o coll we II o ffer you o great ptJCA> ond o greor
    and a supenor l~eyboord wirh a big rerut{'I wrirren in Sonya Color Graphics OASIC. deal more
    key
    Also Included as srondord equ1pmenr is
    rhe besr freesofrwore bundle in rhe business
    including.
    M5·DOS 2 11 HAGEN· DOS
    Color 0A51C GW OA51C ~
    Wmdsrm J,J Easy W. irer While they last
    Spell Moil T raci~
    FILEOAIE PC File Ill complete systems
    ColcSror Gomes. Graphic
    PD D1sl( OSTuror Sanyo 11 OO's
    Our rhe Dig feorure rhe IOM·PC and irs
    1
    clones con r march 1s the Silver Fox 1.b Our lowesr price ever on o comple1e dual
    megabytes o f sroroge Even though the ciwesysrem EochZ80bosedSonyo 110sysrem
    Silver Fox drives con srore more than rwice includes buill-ln J20K (formorred ) dis!( dnve.s. o
    os much informorion. They con also read r
    cooling fan: 0 builr-1n 1 25x80 green phosphor
    and wrire ro standard 1bOK. J20K. end moniror; o poroUel porr and o sei1ol porr. and o
    JbOK fO'mors.
    Oecouse rhe Silver Fox is born on a
    re:~;J~~~~~ b~i:~ ~~rds~~,1~1n~u~C1 l~e,r~ '°-.
    a bu1ir-m polm r'E>s1
    rorolty ouromored line 1n Jopon. 1r •S simply If you·re lool\1ng for mo)(imum compolibiliry. Plus e ach sysrem comes w1rh CP/ M Sonya
    more reliable rhon PC srhorore assembled minimum p rices. and nor1onw1de service . you OA51C. and o complete M1croPro senes of sof1wore
    by hand. So we beet~ each Silver Fox w ith o should consider buying o Columbia from including Wordsror J J . Mo1!Merge . Spe llSror,
    hm1t(l'dl one year warranty. Scorrsdole Sy!>tems. Each system comes w11h o DoroSror, l'\eporrS1or. and CoJcSror. We preres r
    If you didn't N nk your huge sofrwore bundle includi ng MS-DOS 2.1. each sysrem . and 1hey re bocl\ed by over 75
    Oosico1 Perfecr Wrirer. Perfecr Cole. Perfecr service centers norionw1de
    .$1 J97 Flier Perfecr Speller. Fosr Graphs Horne A5 someone who w rore us pur rr . My locol
    would buyyou rh1s much compurer simply Accounronr Plus. Space Commanders. All dealer soys you couldn'r possibly sell rh1s whole
    d10[ Turoriols. CYd T.l. M. IV. We hove rhe lowesr pocl~oge for S888 because he sell s (he WordSror

    ~~e~e ~ ~~~0 ud~~~~o~ :Pr~t2~~~' 2~28


    0 1 0 1 clone for$4Q!> •
    1-800-FOPAFOX Well 1he local dealer is porriolly correct
    and leave your name and address or rhe ponoble wirh o bu1lt-tn 9 - mon1ror YOl.Jt because while rhey los1 we re selhng 1 he whole
    beep. We'll rush you our Silver Fox corolog
    rhor will tell you how con. chc>ce $1698 pocl(oge for·

    O L Y M P I A NP
    \ I
    ~#,(-.
    / I \.

    EpsonFX-80• . .. ~S180 off


    Scottsdale Systems Ltd .
    617 N. Scottsdale Rood. Suite 0. Scottsdale. Arizona 8525 7 IS IT SICK TO

    -=- (602) 941-5856 EJ


    Epson
    l\X-80FT ., .•.... ........ ~ S100 off LOVE A PRINTER?
    If you love your Ol\1do10 92 or Epson FX·80
    Tolly Spirit 80 .................... S254 don r recd ony further because rhe new
    Ol<idoto 92~ Olympia NP is 1med as fosrer is nor1(eobly
    Ol<idoto 9J ~

    ,,
    qu1rer end hos o near lener quol11y mode
    Co ll 8-5 Mon.-Fri. ·nor 11 muCh supe ri or ro anything 1n irspnce
    Ol<idoto 84
    Ster SG-10 .. .A ·lou
    We pomc 1pore in orb1rrorionforbus1ness and cusromers Through rhe Oerrer Plus unhl\e rhe 01~1d qr o or rbe Epson 1he
    Star Sl\-15 O lympia come s w11h o dJusroble 1rocro1
    Ousiness Oureau of Maricopa Counry
    Dataproducts feed (as well os fr1crion feed ) m srondord
    8050 .. loaded.. S1J 44 equ1pmen1 The rrocror feed is rhe push-
    Tolly 160L .. . S589 SINC E 198 0 rype and rhe NP limo rear bar <,O rhor 11
    wor l ~!> greor w1rh conr 1nuous forms
    Ponosonic 1091 S298 The NP uses ~rondord Epson rype rrbbons
    Tosbibo 1J40 .. S695 TEL EMAl'\KHING ONL y, If you pion ro v lsir pleose coll f1rn for on oppoin rmenr. Prices lisred comes with rhe quol1ry rho1 hos mode
    Toshiba 1.351 ore for ca sh and include a J% discounr We sell on o Ner JO basts ro Fo rtune 1 20 0 Olympia o world leader in 1ypewrirers and
    S1198 ·S bocl~ed by nottonw1de se1v1ce
    companies and u niversi ries. No CO 0 .rs or A.P.0 s P 0 .'s odd 2%. V isa. M osrercord odd J%
    To quorePC magazine The CNP: pnnrer
    LETTER QUALITY Az . r e~ d en r s odd 6% . Prices subJecr To ch ange . producr subjecr ro ovoilob1liry
    15 o sure thing if 11falls1nro your pnce ronge
    Pe rsonal/com p any checl~s rol\e J we ~ ~s ro cl ear . All irems lisr~d ore new w 1rh and even rf 1r doesn r ir may be worth
    manufacrurers worran1y, 0· 20% res rac l~ing feefor rerurned merchandise . Shipp ing e>1.rra· considering
    producrs o re F.0 .(L poinr of shipmenr . Software is nor w01 o nr1ed for suirobihry. Regisrered If you re consrdenng 1he putchose of on
    £ rode m orl ~s · Te levideo·Televideo Sysre ms. Inc.; Silveri Fox TM. HAGEN-OO S·Scorr sdole Ol\1d o ro on Epson. or even o Toshiba give
    Systems. Lfd .: Co mmurer-Visual Compu rer lncorporored. • us o coll ond !e r us send you on oe1uo l pnnr
    somplefrom1t1eOlym oNPondoddirconol
    1nformorion
    Oecouse 1f you were 10 buy on Epson
    FX-80+ or on Ol~ rdoro 92 w1rh UOCTO(S of
    rhe IOWe sr odve nied price anywhere you
    wou ld be g oyrng about~ 100 more for on
    inferior pnnrer 5consc:!ole Systems sells rhe
    .i> S499
    $575
    other models
    mere $3 44
    Otymp10 NP w1rh o 10 ' shielded coble for o

    82 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    E·V·E·N·T O·U·E·U·E

    April 1985
    e BUSINESS SHOW OH 43201-2693. (6141 Center. Drexel University. Contact Dan Schumacher.
    Business-Expo. various sites 424· 7249. April 10-11 Philadelphia. PA 19104. (21 51 University of Dayton. 300
    throughout the U.S. This 895-2573. April 13 College Park Ave .. Dayton.
    show features exhibits and e SYSTEMS DEVELOP· OH 45469. (5131 229-3511.
    services related to office MENT AND FOURTH e COMPUTERS AND April 16-17
    technology. Contact I nterna- GENERATION-Structured PEOPLE-CHI '85: Human
    tional Business Expositions Techniques Using Fourth Factors in Computing Sys- e DBM AND FOURTH
    Inc. 200 East Northland Generation Languages. tems. Hyatt Regency at GENERATION-Database
    Towers. 15565 Northland Dr. Chicago. IL. This seminar ex- Embarcadero Center. San Management Systems and
    Southfield. Ml 48075-5378. plains how to use fourth· Francisco. CA. Contact ACM Fourth Generation Lan-
    (3131 569-8280. April-May generation languages in a Conference Management. 11 guages for Personal Com-
    structured systems develop- West 42nd St .. New York. puters. Atlanta. GA. Topics
    e ROBOTICS. MATHE- ment environment. Contact NY 10036. (2121 869-7440. include approaches for
    MATICS. COMPUTER Digital Consulting Associates April 14-18 managing data. operational
    LECTURES-Robotics Lec- Inc.. 6 Windsor St.. Andover. considerations. and manage-
    ture Series and Colloquium MA 01810. (6171 470-3870. e OPTICAL STORAGE ment issues. The fee is
    Series. Room W-117. Mathe- April 10-12 INVESTIGATED-The 1985 $795. Contact Software In-
    matics & Science Building. Materials Research Society: stitute of America Inc. 8
    Montclair State College. e COMMUNICATIONS Symposium D. Golden Gate- Windsor St.. Andover. MA
    Upper Montclair. NJ. Month- TECHNOLOGY FOR THE way Holiday Inn. San Fran- 01810. (617) 470-3880.
    ly lecture series featuring ex- NONVERBAL-The Fourth cisco. CA. The mass-storage April 17-19
    perts in computer science. Annual Conference on Com- technologies symposium will
    mathematics. and robotics. munication 'lechnology: investigate optical data e OFFICE. DP EQUIPMENT
    Contact Gideon Nettler. Technology and Nonspeak- storage. Areas to be ad- CeBIT '85. Hannover. West
    Department of Mathematics ing Children. Joseph Stokes dressed include write-once Germany. More than 1300
    and Computer Science. Auditorium. Children's and erasable media. read- exhibitors from more than
    Montclair State College. Hospital of Philadelphia. PA. only technology. substrates. 2 5 countries will display of-
    Upper Montclair. NJ 07043. Up-to-the-minute information and lasers. Contact D. H. fice equipment and data-
    (2011 893-4294 or (2011 on the use of technology Davies. Symposium Co-Chair. processing technology. Held
    893-513 2. April-May with nonverbal children will 3M. 420 North Bernardo in conjunction with the Han-
    be presented. Concurrent Ave .. Mountain View. CA nover Fair. Contact Han-
    e INTELLIGENT MACHINES sessions will address on- 94043. April 15-18 nover ·Fairs Information
    Machine-Intelligence Classes. going research. computers. Center. Route 22 East. POB
    'furing Institute. Glasgow. and treatment strategies. e SEMINAR CONSIDERS 3 38. Whitehouse. NJ 08888.
    Scotland. Among the classes The registration fee is $95. CAD-Computer-Aided (800) 526-5978: in New
    offered are "Foundations of Contact Joan Bruno. Design. Ramada Inn. Jersey. (201 l 534-9044.
    Artificial Intelligence" and Children's Seashore House. Rochelle Park. NJ A seminar April 17-24
    '"Cognitive Modeling as a 4100 Atlantic Ave .. POB featuring PCAD and Auto-
    Basis for Expert Systems" 4111. Atlantic City. NI 08404. CAD products. Contact e NETWORK CONTROL
    Contact The 'll.!ring Institute. (6091 345-5191. ext. 278. Compu-Sales Corp. 1096 AND MANAGEMENT
    George House. 36 North April 12-13 Coffie Rd.. Hawthorne. NI Network Management/
    Hanover St.. Glasgow GI 07506. (2011 427-5949. Technical Control. Marriott
    2AD. Scotland: tel: 041- e MAC IS FEATURED April 16 Copley Place. Boston. MA.
    552 -6400. April-June MacFair. Creese Student Diagnostic and test in-
    Center. Drexel University. e BUCKEYE SHOW struments will be among the
    e MEMORY CARDS Philadelphia. PA. Seminars. The Ninth Annual Computer products displayed. Contact
    STU DIED-Memory-Card demonstrations. and ex- Fair. University of Dayton Louise Myerow. Registration
    Technology, Columbus. OH. hibits. Student-sponsored. Arena. OH. Terminals. micro- Manager. CW/Conference
    Business. industrial. and Contact MacFair. The computers. and word pro- Management Group. 375
    technological concerns will DUsers. Creese Student cessors to be displayed. Cochituate Rd .. POB 880.
    be addressed. Panel discus- .. "• "••".•• "'I ""•"•• I•"•""••""••."• e 1 1 I •• llo • "lllo • • • e "" e . lo • • e •• " "lo •• Framingham. MA 01701.
    sions and exhibits. The fee IF YOU WANT your organization's public activities listed in BYTE's Event (800) 22 5-4698: in
    is $495. Contact Phil Wells. Queue. we need to know about tnem al least four montns in advance. Send Massachusetts. (6171
    Battelle Memorial Institute. information about computer conferences. seminars. worksnops. and courses 879-0700. April 18-19
    505 King Ave .. Columbus. to BYTE. Event Queue. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449 . [continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 83


    Inquiry 178

    HARMONY VIDEO & COMPUTERS


    2357 CONEY ISLAND AVE .• BROOKLYN. NY 11223
    800·VIDE0840R 800·441·1144 OR 718·627·1000
    EVENT QUEUE
    COMMODORE 64 APPLE 2C
    $149.95 $889.95
    APPLE 2E w'DRIVE GEMINI SG 10
    $839.95 $215.95
    " PRINTER SPECIALS"
    Anadex 1034 Epson FX 100 + 583 Okima1e 10 127
    Brother HR 15 XL
    Brother HR 35
    349
    777
    Epson LO 1500
    Gem i ni Sg 10
    998
    216
    Olympi aro
    Panasonic KXP 1091
    304
    255
    e COMPUTER FESTI VAL $195. Contact Media Dimen-
    Brother Keyboard 129
    329
    Gemin iSG 15 352 Panasonic KXP 1090
    Panasonic K XP 1092
    \ 69
    379
    The Tenth An nual lrenton sions Inc.. POB 1121 Gracie
    Cit izen MSP 10 HP La serJe t 2678
    C i!ize n MSP 15 488 J uki 6100 T elev1deo 371 Panasonic KXP 1093 562 Computer Festival. Trenton Statio n. New York. NY
    Corona Laser 2369 Jvkl 6300 739 Panasonic KXP 3 151 450
    Daisywriter 739 Mannes man Spirit 80 183 Power type 279 State College. Trenton. NJ. 10028. (2121 772-7068 or
    Della SD 10 352 Mannesman 160L 529 Ouad jet 720
    Delta SD 15 43 \ Mannesman 180L 739 Radix SR 10 461 lalks. tutorials. user-group (2 12) 680-6451. April 22-24
    D1ablo 620 API 678 NEC 2050 639 Radix SA 15 570
    Dyna x DX 15 XL 342 NEC 3550 1297 Rileman Blue + 226 activities. exhibits. computer-
    Epso n RX 80 FT +
    Epson RX 80
    285
    226
    NEC 7730
    NEC 8850
    1629
    1679
    Silver Reed Exp 550
    Silver Reed Exp 500
    378
    286 graphics theater. games. and e DECISION-SU PPORT
    Epson RX 100 374 Okidata92 349 Silver Reed Exp 770 704
    Epson FX 80 394 Okida1a93 564 Toshiba 1340 678 a 50-acre outdoor elec- DISC USSED-National Con-
    T oshiba 1351 121 3
    tronics flea market are some ference on Decision-Support
    of the highlights of this an- Systems. Washing ton. DC.
    nual event. Contact Ms. Examines the implementa-
    Marilyn Hughes. Trenton tion and integration strate-
    APPLE IBM MONITORS State College. Hi llwood gies of decision-support
    834 PC w/Drive 1449
    Macinto sh 1679 PC XT 3089
    Amdek 300Green
    Amdek 300 Amber "'
    121
    Lakes CN 5 50. lrenton. NJ systems into management.
    CALL
    Ap p le2C
    lmagewriler
    887
    473
    PC Portable w/Drive
    AS T Six Pack 239
    310 Amber
    Color300
    142
    22\
    08625. (609) 771-2487. Two days of workshops. The
    Addi . Drives !ram 114 T allgrass20Me g
    Quad Board
    2374
    224
    Colo r 500
    Co lo r600
    324
    384
    April 20-21 fee is $ 74 5. Contact Con-
    Keytronics
    Herc ules Co lo r
    159
    153
    Co lo r 700
    Color710
    452
    519
    ference Manager. U.S Pro-
    ATARI
    Hercules Monochrome
    Persyst Color Card
    294
    148
    Taxan 210
    Prlncton H X12
    \99
    449
    e A IDS FOR ED UCATORS fessional Development In-
    109
    800 XL
    1027Prlnler 224
    Persyst Monocard
    Plantronics
    \62
    409
    Taxan 122A 139 AEDS/ECOO '85 The stitute. 1620 Elton Rd .. Silver
    Taxan420 394
    159
    1050Drlve
    Indus. Drive 224
    PC w /10 Meg Hard Dr.
    Bernou li Box
    2399
    1999
    'l\venty-Third Annual Conven- Spring. MD 20903. (301)
    169
    1025Prin1er 10Meg Drive 899 SANYO
    649
    tion of the Associa tion for 445-4400. April 22-25
    550D .S
    555D .S 974 Educational Data Systems
    CRT70 509

    Hayes 1200
    MODEMS
    43\
    ZENITH
    Zeni th PC2150 1631
    (AEDS). Hi lton Harbour Cas- e PUBLI C N ETWOR K
    Hayes 12008 378 Z enilh PC 15152 2076 COMMODORE tle. Toronto. Ontario. OP ERATI ONS-X.2 5 and
    Hayes 300 184 Zen it hPC161 -52 2244 Commodore&~ 149.95
    Mi cromodem 2E 212 1541 Disk Drive 184 Canada. A forum for edu- Packet Switc hing Networks.
    Access 12:1 359 1702 Monitor 189
    Novatio nJ .cat 89 800-441-1144 MPS 802 188 cators to exchange ex- Atlanta. GA This course
    periences and to keep up to covers the internal opera-
    l!ems rell ect cash dlsc oun1. For your p ro tection we c heck fo r stol en cr ed il card s
    date on developments in ti ons of a packet-switching
    educational computing. The network and its implementa-
    theme is "Computing Knows t ion. International standards
    Powerful Single Board Computer No Borders·· Co-hosted by are also covered. The fee is
    Includes CP/M Plus"' on Disk the Educational Computing $795. Contact Elaine Had-
    N r:w l1em1: Organization of Ontario den Nicho las. Department of
    $499Alsemb,..,cJ. IC!l t'cl
    • MSOOS Coproces50r
    • •eooo Cop1oces1or
    • 80 X24 LCD Dw rr
    • K-rmr<AMD1sk
    (ECOO). Contact AEDS/ Contin uing Education.
    lnclUC!'!.Cl'/MJ00>ul11k
    • '3'.'1· SITT(jlt"!kJ,yU ECOO '85. do OISE. 252 Georgia Institute of Tech-
    Bloor St. W. Toronto. Ontario nology. Atlanta. GA 303 32-
    Mountain Side OomPuter
    M5S IV6. Canada: in the 0385. (404) 894-2547.
    U.S. AEDS/ECOO '85. 1201 April 2 3-2 5
    Video. 128Kb. CP / M PlusT"". and m ore
    16th St. NW. Washington. DC
    Z80CPU
    MSC. ICC tii.es ttir most poput.11 mic1op1ocesmr. till"
    Z80. ,n ~s 1n.¥1 CPU MSC·ICO runs <11 .; Mil w1tt1ou t
    Two RS232C Po r ts
    MSC.fCO cor11mcirnc.1te!i wu t1 p11 ntC' rs. modems. plot- 20036. April 21-27 e TRAD E SHOW. CON-
    ters. , i n d oche r ~tilnd;ird l'IS232C (k.'VtCI'~ !hrou9n t(S
    .:i n yw<11ts!il tt'S ThewhOlesys1em1s1n co1porateclrnto;i cwo ser1;ii poris fhC'sC pom ;ire ffll!epenciernly pro- FERENCE-Electro/85 and
    111911 qu,1htylour l<1yer PC t>o.:vcl me.Jscmng only 14Smm
    X 2SOmm (10- " • ·). The sys1em requires or1ly 12 Amps
    <t + 5VolB;ind0 1Amps;it ± l2Volts
    g r,1mm<1ble fo1 baud <.li e<.. Slop llh. d.11,1 lorm..ic ,i nd
    p.111 ly. Synctuonou~ communoc;1t1on on Pon A 1\
    JUmperselee1,1ble
    e CAD FOR ARCH ITEC- Mini/Micro Northeast-8 5.
    Bank~d CP/M Phis lncludod Centronl c:J Parallel Por t TURE. EN GINEE RIN G New York City. Areas to be
    (PIM Plus 13 O b;inked/ is mc ludecl on dis~ w1 t/1 ill! A st;md.<rd(entrorn cs p;iraUe l poll ;iJlow~MSC.JCOto
    manu<1ls. (PIM Plus is upw;irdly cornpill•blr wnh CPJM
    2 2 ;in d include~ the SID debugger. the MAC ,lnd llMAC
    commurnc<ue w •t11 p11 ntrr sJnc l other p;ir;illel dev ices CADDMania: Causes and covered include artificial in-
    Par~llel Keyboard Po r t
    m.xro ,1ssemblers ilOd !he LNK·SO 1o,1der MSC-ICQ'5
    custom 8KJS provides support f or mu!11ple d•Sk form.its
    MSC·ICO conn ens to ;in y ASCII p J r,il lc l keyDo;ird of
    po~1t1ve o r n eg.it1ve pol;ir11y wrth a ne-g.11.ve strobe A
    Cure. Sheraton 'l\v in Towers. telligence. communications
    ;ind UQ device cori trol. Sym~m ij)t'Cil1c mftw<l re lor Ot~k
    fo1m;imng. d•~k copying, delming h111ct1on keys ,1nd
    type·<lll('ild buffe r .111d program m.:ml C' hm(non keys ;i re
    prov1d!.'c1 by MS(.ICO"s custom 8105
    Orlando. FL. Techniques for and networks. consumer
    modify in gJ.Creen,11t11bu1es1s<1fso 111ctudc.•(;1
    118KbRAM
    16 Bit TTL //O Pon
    Iha port ,1llo......s you to .lCCt'SI p11n1l·n. re1,1ys. LED"s.
    compu ter-aided design and electronics. high-density data
    One M K b.111< of memory is devoted to CPIM ;i n d 1u
    dlsk:C.:lCheDlocks. wtule!heother64>.: bank 1sdev01ed
    DACs. AOC"s. SWJ! Ch e s. EPROM pro91.immers .lncl
    m;inyothercJev1(l'S
    drafting for architecture and storage. and personal com-
    to ;ipplKiltlOm p rogtilmS This ilrriinyt'mem no1 only
    pro111des more memory fo r pro9r.1mS. IJt1111 s1g111frc<1mly T 1 1 ~ battery b.1cked up cloc k c,1!end.ir Pf Ovid es t•me and
    engineering. The fee fo r the puting. Contact Electronic
    • ncreases 1 nespeedofc11~/IO

    l n1crn.1I Floppy Disk Controller


    cl;He rnf orm~ tt o n !O CPIM lor f~e ~1,1111p11y. T11e Clock
    can ,11so be.lCC•~~><"rl rr o m .1ppl ic ,~b0f1\ progr,V'Tls full three days is $17 5; the Conventions Management.
    MSC.ICC hilni:lles $hug," I/ANSI sc;ind;uc' floppy disk
    t1 r1vt'S in ;i v,u1etyol '>J1esi1 n dlo1ma ts
    Eatr:rnalBus
    MS(.l(Q's SO p in b u s connector provides e •p.msoon lor daily rate is $100. Contact 8110 Airport Blvd .. Los
    • 8" SSSO, 24JKb ii n.-.a disk con r1olle1. RAM cl•Sk. gr;iptncs or ii • aoo::i
    • 8 .. OS00.1.2Mb system Plf'Mt' c. 1JI or w1rte for mo1e 111fo rm,111on on Pat Johnson. CEPA Inc.. Angeles. CA 9004 5. (2 I 3)
    • S·ll4"0SDO. J20Kb the seoptoons
    • S· l /4 " DSOD. 800K b MS C-ICO Sa v ~ s Time a nd Money 15713 Crabbs Branch Way. 772-2965. April 23-25
    • S-114·· O H D,1. 2M b W ith MSC-ICO's low cost Jn d qu ,1hty w orksman sl11p,
    Up to four Or/ Vl'S. of ,1nydemity or Sil" c,1n be cof1·
    nectc-dto MSC 1(0 Bo!h S l/4;1ncrS 1nchconnectors;ll'e
    why spend t•rnc. energy .1nd money to O'es1gn. d(·bug Rockville. MD 20855. (301)
    .:ind tel! your own sys tem. W t1!'1hrr yourcqw•e 1111911.•
    on·bOilrd to m;ike disk d11ve connecuons e.:ny
    High spud CRT controller
    units or l.:irge volume quan111~s we c<1n meet yout
    need1 .Order yo111 ev .:ilu<1t1onuni1 tod,1y1
    926-7070. April 22 - 24 e COMPUTER APPLICA-
    MSC.ICOcon1,11m,1 n SO x 24hnememory m"ppedCll T
    contr oller. Video outpu t IS composite Or l.ep.:Vil!(' to
    TIONS EX PLORED
    111 .~c 11 ,1nymo mt cr Aur1b ut es such ,1s 1n}('r t.1nddel('le

    hn e. re verse vld~o. ;md sem!g1,1p /11cs Jr e su pponed


    M<1n:.1f<1 rtur~d!ly
    Southern PaclllcLlmlted
    I 3 18 Tsurum1chuo Tsurum1. Yokohama JAPAN 230
    e SPEECH IN FOCUS Perscomp '85. Sofia.
    Cun o r e!>l'..lflt' scquencl'~ .ire an e~t ens . on o f DfCs
    VT52 ;ind can be e.1s1ly lt'plOgr <lmmed to emu l<1te mosc
    T 04S.5018842 Tde• .3822320SPA(IFJ Speech lech '85 . Vi sta Inter- Bulgaria. An international
    LnA D1m1bt1lOf
    st<1ndJ rd te rmrn.1ls
    ARTfSOFT. Inc.
    PO Bo• 41 436, Tucson Amona85719 9 /602J327 4305
    national Hotel. World Trade conference on the applica-
    Center. New York City. tions of personal computers
    Speakers and exhibitors wi ll and the problems en-
    In quiry 43 1 for Dealers. In qu ir y 432 for End-Users.
    focus on voice synthesis and countered in using them.
    recognition. Registration is Contact Dr. Marcel Israel.

    84 BYTE • APR IL 1985


    "Theres no magic to us~
    EVENT QUEUE your personal computer for
    data acquisition!' Fred Molinari, President
    There's no trick to it.
    Just take your choice of our new
    single board plug-ins and bring com-
    Bulgarian Academy of Louisville. KY. More than plete analog and digital I/O capabilities
    Sciences. Institute of In- 2 50 presentations are to your personal
    dustrial Cybernetics and planned. Contact COMMON. computer.
    Robotics. 113 Sofia. Acad. G. Spring ·35 Conference. Suite Whether you're
    Bonchev St.. Bl. 12 . Bulgaria: 1717. 435 North Michigan working in laboratory
    tel: 72-46-98: Telex: 22836 Ave .. Chicago. IL 60611. (312) research or indus-
    ITKR BG. April 23-26 . 644-0828. April 27-May I trial process con-
    trol, our single
    e EXPERT SYSTEMS e INTELLIGENT VISION boards can give you
    Expert Systems and Intelligent Vision Systems. measurement and
    Knowledge Engineering. Holiday Inn. Monterey. CA control capabilities
    Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute. The technical and marketing without having to
    Ruschlikon/Zurich. Switzer- aspects of intelligent vision spend big bucks.
    land. The theme is .. Essen- will be covered Contact And who
    tial Elements of Advanced Richard D. Murray. Institute knows that better
    Information Technology:· for Graphic Communication than the leading sup-
    Contact Dr. T Bernold. Inc.. 37 5 Commonwealth
    plier of low cost
    Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute. Ave .. Boston. MA 02115 . data acquisition
    CH-8803 . Ruschlikon/Zurich. (617) 267-942 5. April 28-30
    boards, systems,
    Switzerland. April 2 5-26
    and software?
    e INTRO TO UNIX
    Our boards
    e MICROS IN EMPIRE Introduction to the UNIX
    include AID with programmable gain, DI A, digital I/O,
    STATE-The Fourth Annual System. Atlanta. GA The
    New York Computer Show pros and cons of UNIX will
    clock and direct memory access capabilities. With power
    and Software Exposition. be covered Contact Digital
    and performance to match your PC, our analog interfaces
    Nassau County Coliseum. Consulting Associates Inc.. 8 provide 12 or 16-bit AID resolution and direct connection
    Uniondale. NY Contact Ann Windsor St.. Andover. MA for high or low level signal inputs.
    Katcef. CompuShows. POB 01810. (617) 470-3870. And these boards just plug into the PC's backplane.
    3315 . Annapolis. MD 21403 . April 29-30 No messy external boxes or cables. User input connec-
    (800) 368-2066: in Annap- tions are simple with our compatible line of screw
    olis. (3011 263-8044; in e C FOR ENGINEERS terminal panels. Comprehensive
    Baltimore. (301) 269-7694: in C Programming for Engi- DATA ACllUISITION FOR PC'S user manuals wi\h
    the District of Columbia. neers. University of many prograrnmmg
    1202) 261-1047 . April 25-28 Michigan. Dearborn. A short examples get you
    course and workshop. Con- up and running fast.
    e VIRGINIA COMPUTING tact Professor R. E. Little. So why look
    The Fourth Annual Virginia University of Michigan. 4901
    IBM PC '" x x x x any further? No other
    APPLEll '" x x
    Computer Show and Soft- Evergreen Rd .. Dearborn. Ml Tl PROFESSIONAL •· x x x x x analogcan
    110 systems
    offer PC users
    ware Exposition. Pavilion. 48128. (313) 593-5241. DEC RAINBOW '" x x x x x
    Virginia Beach. VA. Contact April 29-May 3 COMPAQ '" Portable x x x x x such quality, power
    Ann Katcef. CompuShows. and performance for
    POB 331 5. Annapolis. MD e KNOWLEDGE ENGI- such a reason-
    21403. (800) 368-2066: in NEERING-Knowledge Engi- able price.
    Annapolis. (301) 263-8044: neering: A Short Course. After all,
    in Baltimore. (301) 269-7694; University of Tennessee makingdata
    in the District of Columbia. Space Institute. Tullahoma. acquisition easy
    (202) 261-1047. April 25-28 Contact Professor Moonis is what we're
    Ali. University of Tennessee all about.
    e EQUIPMENT SALE Space Institute. 1\Jllahoma. And that's
    Produx 2000: Wholesale TN 37388-8897. or call the no illusion.
    Expo ·8 5. Civic Center. Short Course Office at Call
    Philadelphia. PA. Six hun- (615) 455-0631. ext 278.
    dred booths of computers. April 29-May 3 Data Translation is the leading supplier of (617) 481-3700,
    personal computer hardware and software
    communications devices. for data acquisition and control.
    and business equipment for e COMMERCIAL Al. HIGH-
    TECH CONFERENCE-Al
    sale. Contact Vertical
    Marketing Corp. POB 557.
    Bala Cynwyd. PA 19004.
    198 5: Artificial Intelligence
    and Advanced Computer
    DATA TRANSLATION
    (215) 457-2303 . April 26- 28 Technolog y Conference/Ex-
    hibition. Convention Center. World Headquarters: Data Translation Inc .. 100 Locke Dr., Marlboro. MA 01752 (6171481·3700 Th: 951-646.
    e SPRING WlTH Long Beach. CA. More than ~~}~PT~" J!i~~gi~~rte r s: Data Translation. Ltd .• 430 Bath Rd .. Slouch. Berkshire SU 688 England (06286)

    In Canada: (416) 625-1907.


    COMMONERS-COMMON's 20 technical sessions as well IBM PC isa registered trademark of IBM . Apple 11 isa registered trademark of Apple Computer Corp. Tl Profes-
    sional is a registered trademark ofTexas Instruments. Inc. DEC Rainbow i s a registered trademark of Digital
    Spring ·8 5 Conference. (continued) Equipment Corp. COMPAQ is a registered trademark of COMPAQ Computer Corp.

    Inqu iry 109 APR IL 1985 • BY T E 85


    Inqu ir y 41 5

    EVENT QUEUE
    0
    ,.._ 0
    l[) Ol

    l[)0
    Ol M
    <( l[)
    O ' First Scientific Computing
    . M as panel discussions and
    Q) ~
    (/) ,.._ product displays are and Automation Conference
    0
    --, planned. Contact Tower Con- and Exposition. Convention
    C:: N
    ro M ference Management Co.. Center. Atlantic City. NJ. For
    (/) M
    Ol 3 31 West Wesley SL practitioners and managers
    ,.._ cD
    ~ '<t Wheaton. IL 60187 . (312) in analytic chemistry. bio-
    '<t '<t
    0, 668-8100. April 30-Ma1:1 2 technology/biomedical
    ~ co
    x 0 research. clinical chemistry.
    0 '<t
    (]) Q) e MEETING ON LINE and engineering. Product
    ci g National Online Meeting. displays. Contact Expocon
    ci .c:: Sheraton Centre Hotel. New Management Associates Inc. .
    0.
    <( Q)
    (/)Ci York City On the docket are 3695 Post Rd .. Southport.
    ::i f-
    formal paper presentations. CT 06490. Ma1:1 1- 3
    product review sessions.
    exhibits. and special work- e SPECIAL EDUCATION
    shops and seminars trans- SOFTWARE-National Con-
    mitted via satellite. Contact ference on Special Educa-

    UJ Thomas Hogan. National tion Software. Radisson

    a. Online Meeting. Learned


    Information Inc.. 14 3 Old
    Mar!ton Pike. Medford. NI
    08055 . (609) 654-6266.
    Mark Plaza. Alexandria. VA
    The theme is "DISCover the
    Possibilities." Product dis-
    plays and demonstrations.
    ti April 30-Ma1:1 2 Registration: S50. Contact

    m Elsa Glassman. The Council


    for Exceptional Children.
    Department of Professional
    Ma y 1985 Development. 1920 Associa-
    tion Dr .. Reston. VA 22091.
    e SUMMER SEMINARS (703) 620-3660. ext. 261.
    Summer Seminar Series. Ma1:1 2-3
    Rochester Institute of Tech-

    New64KSBC
    Only
    nology, NY A series of one-
    week seminars. Titles include
    " Introduction to Linear Sys-
    tems and Digital Signal Pro-
    e COMPUTERS AND
    WRITING-UCLA Con-
    ference on Computers and
    Writing: New Directions in
    cessing.'' "Basic 6800/6809.'' Teaching and Research. Uni-

    $375. and "Advanced Digital


    Logic: · Contact Yvonne Fish.
    School of Engineering Tech-
    versity of California. Los
    Angeles. Contact Dr. Lisa
    Gerrard. UCLA Writing Pro-
    nology. Rochester Institute grams. 371 Kinsey Hall.
    4"xfi' of Technology, One Lomb
    Memorial Dr.. POB 9887 .
    UCLA. Los Angeles. CA
    90024. (213) 206-1145 .
    • Requires no terminal. Includes Rochester. NY 14623. (716) Ma1:1 4-5
    Video Controller and CP/M® 2.2 475-2915 . Ma1:1- lune
    e FAULT-TOLERANT
    • Runs any size floppy drive. e MICROELECTRONIC DESIGN-Introduction to
    ENGINEERING Fault-Tolerant Microcomputer
    • Other models include Hard Microelectronic Engineering Systems. Wisconsin Center.
    Conference. Rochester In- Madison. Presentations will
    Disk Controller, CP/M® 3.0, stitute of Technology, NY. emphasize practical applica-
    128K or 256K RAM, and 8088 Technical papers and tours tions. The fee is $650. Con-
    of microelectronic engineer- tact William C Dries. Univer-
    64K SBC includes: • Source Code and Drivers ing facilities. Contact Dr. sity of Wisconsin-Extension.
    • 6MHz Z80B® included Lynn Fuller. Microelectronic Dept. of Engineering and
    • Video Controller • CP/M® 2 ·2 Engineering Program. Applied Science. 4 32 North
    • 2 Serial Ports Call our Toronto Rochester Institute of Tech Lake SL Madison. WI
    • 4 Parallel Ports office today. nology, One Lomb Memorial 53706. (800) 262-6243 ; in
    • 1/0 Expansion (416) 745-7214 Dr.. POB 9887 , Rochester. Wisconsin . (608) 262 -206\.
    Or write: Megatel NY 14623. (716) 475-2035 . Ma1:1 6-8
    CP1M iso reg1s lered
    trademark al 1051 Clinton St., Ma1:1 I
    ~~~~~,~~~~?s't;~~c Buffalo, N.Y. e INTEGRATED OPTICS
    trodemarkol Zi lo g lnc
    14206 eSCIENTIFIC COMPUT ING ECIO ' 85: The Third Euro-
    AND AUTOMATION-The lcontinuedJ
    Substantial OEM Discounts Available
    86 B Y T E • A PR IL 19 85 Inquiry 254
    TRI PROl'ISSIONAI:S CHOICE
    Lotus Lotus dBase III WordStar
    1-2-3 Symphony Framework MultiMate
    2000+
    •299 •419 •339 •339 •ass •319
    Software Database Systems
    ALPHA DAT A BASE
    Graphics/Statistics
    ABSTAT $279
    Display Boards
    AST MONOGRAPH PLUS $Call
    Printers/Plotters
    AMPLOT II $859
    Word Processing Editors MANAGfR II $179 AUTOCAD $Call EVEREX GRAPHICS C.ITOH ·SCall
    CLOUT V 2.0 $139 BPS BUSINESS EDGE $419 COMWRITER II $Call
    EASYWRtTER II CONDOR Ill $299 GRAPHICS $229 HERCULES GRAPHICS
    SYSTEM $219 COMWRITER 420 $Call
    DBASE II $269 CHARTMASTER $239 CARD $329 DIABLO 620/630 SC all
    FANCY FONT $139 DBASE Ill $339 CHARTSTAR $209 HERCULES COLOR
    FINAL WORD $189 EPSON FX-100• $Call
    INFOSTAR• $319 DR DRAW $199 CARD $179 EPSON LQ-1500 Scan
    MICROSOFT WORD $239 KNOWLEDGEMAN $269 ENERGRAPHICS W/ PARADISE MODULAR
    MICROSOFT WORD EPSON JX-80 $Coll
    PFS: FILE/PFS: PLOTTER $279 GRAPHICS CARD $285 JUKI 6100 $419
    W/MOUSE $289 REPORT $169 EXECUVISION $259 PARADISE
    MULTIMATE $259 NECP3 $899
    POWER BASE $219 GRAPHWRITER MULTIDISPLAY CARD $285 NEC 2050 $769
    PFS: WRITE s 95 QUICKCODE Ill $169 COMBO $389 PERSYST $Coll NEC 3550 $1399
    SAMNAWORD 111 Scan R BASE4000 $259 MS CHART $159 PLANTRONICS
    VOLKSWRITER OKIDATA 84P $729
    OVERHEAD COLORPLUS $419 OKIDATA 93P $619
    DELUXE $159 Languages/Utilities EXPRESS $139 PRINCETON SCAN
    VOLKSWRITER QUME SPRINT 1155 $1569
    CONCURRENT DOS $189 PC DRAW $259 DOUBLER $Call TOSHIBA P1351 $1279
    SCIENTIFIC $309 PC PAINTBRUSH s 89 STB GRAPHICS
    CB& C COMPILER $299 SWEET P 6 PEN
    THE WORD PLUS
    (OASIS) $105 DIGITAL RESEARCH PFS: GRAPH s 95 PLUS II $309 PLOTTER $899
    C COMPILER $219 SIGNMASTER $179 TECMAR GRAPHICS
    WORD PERFECT $249 STATPRO Scan MASTER $489 Emulation Boards
    WORDPLUS W/BOSS $319 DR FORTRAN 77 $219
    LATTICE C COMPILER $Coll STATPAK-NWA $329 TECMAR VIDEO .VAN ASTPCOX $949
    WORDSTAR $199 STATPAC-WALONICK $299 GOGH $259
    WORDSTAR 2000 $269 MICROSOFT· C AST 3780 $609
    COMPILER $309 TSENG ULTRA PAK $449 AST SNA $689
    WORD STAR 2000+ $319 Accounting Modules
    WORDSTAR MS BASIC COMPILER $249
    BPI $329 Displays
    AST BSC s 29
    PROFESSIONAL $259 MS FORTRAN $239 BLUE LYNX SC all
    NORTON UTILITIES- GREAT PLAINS $479 AMDEK 300G/300A $139/149 CXI 3278/9 $Coll
    XYWRITE II+ $229 IUS EASYBUSINESS $309
    NEW SCall AMDEK 310A $179 IRMA $869
    TURBO PASCAL $45 MBA $369 AMDEK COLOR II + $459 IRMALINE $999
    Spreadsheets/ OPEN SYSTEMS $399 PRINCETON HX-12 $469 IRMAPRINT
    PEACHTREE $299 Scan
    Integrated Packages PRINCETON MAX-12 $179 QUAD 3278 $949
    Project REAL WORLD $469
    ELECTRIC DESK $209 PRINCETON SR-12 $Coll
    Management ST ATE OF THE ART $389 QUA DRAM Input Devices
    ENABLE $459 STAR ACCOUNTING
    FRAMEWORK $339 HARVARD PROJECT AMBERCHROME $179 KEYTRONIC 5151 $189
    MANAGER $219 PARTNER $249 ZENITH 124 AMBER $145 MICROSOFT
    LOTUS 1-2-3 $299 STAR ACCOUNTING
    MUL TIPLAN $135 HARVARD TOTAL ZENITH 135 COLOR SC all MOUSE $139
    PROJECT MANAGER $299' PARTNER 11 $599 PC MOUSE W /P'AINT $159
    OPEN ACCESS $299
    SMART SYSTEM $559 MICROSOFT Modems
    SPREADSHEET
    AUDITOR s 79
    PROJECT
    SCITOR PROJECT
    5000 W/GRAPHICS
    $159

    $289
    Hardware AST REACH 1200
    HAYES 1200
    $Call
    $459
    Mass Storage
    ALLOY PC-BACKUP
    20MB
    SUPERCALC 3 $199 HAYES 1200B $399 $1649
    SYMPHONY Multifunction Boards HAYES 2400 $Coll ALLOY PC-DISC
    $419
    TKISOLVER $269 Professional AST ADVANTAGE Scan VENTEL 1200 20MB $1769
    Development AST 6 PAK PLUS (64K) $249 HALF CARD Scan IOMEGA 10+10 MB $2895
    AST 6 PAK PLUS MAYNARD WS-1 10MB SC all
    Desktop MANAGEMENTEDGE $159 (384K) $449
    SALES EDGE $159 SIGMA $Coll
    Environments AST MEGAPLUS 11 (64K) $269 Accessories SYSGEN IMAGE $Coll
    THINK TANK $119 AST MEGAPAK (256K) $349
    DESK ORGANIZER $129 CURTIS SURGE TALLGRASS HARDFILE
    GET ORGANIZED $159 QUADBOARD (64K) $269 PROTECTORS $Call +TAPE $Coll
    Home/Personal
    SIDEKICK s 45
    Finance
    QUADBOARD (256K)
    QUADBOARD EXP.
    $399 EPD SURGE
    PROTECTORS $Coll
    TEAC HALF HEIGHT $159
    SPOTLIGHT $109
    DOLLARS AND (64K) $269 GIL TRONIX A/B SWITCH $Coll Networks
    SENSE $119 QUADBOARD EXP. MICROBUFFER INLINE AST PC NET $Call
    Communications/ FINANCIER II $119 (384K) $469 (64K) $264 CORVUS NET $Call
    Productivity Tools HOWARD TAX QUAD 512 + (64K) $269 MICROFAZER INLINE DIGITAL RESEARCH
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    Inquiry 3 52 APRI L 1985 •B Y TE 87
    , .....

    A black border may appear around the Palette slide image,


    which will be imperceptible when projected.
    Now last minute presentations
    can be maCle from
    your personal computer.
    In color. Inhouse. Inminutes.

    Introducing Polaroid Palette.


    Whether your presentation is in 30 "backfill" feature reduces raster lines even more important, Palette allows
    minutes or 30 days, the new Polaroid for a smoother, more finished appear- you to keep confidential information
    · Palette Computer Image Recorder will ance. The result-presentation quality confidential. You won't have to send
    make it easier. Priced at under $1800'; it slides. On-the-spot. your work out to anyone again.
    lets you make Polaroid instant 35mm Color 35mm slides, even from a So why wait until the last minute to
    slides or prints from personal black and white CR'I find out about Polaroid Palette? Call
    computer-generated data. Right at your Think of it as an artist's palette. Be- this toll-free number or return this
    desk So now you can create a presen- cause Palette "paints" your graphs, coupon. Because with Palette you'll
    tation in minutes. Without sending out charts and text. You're choosing from make your deadlines, in no time.
    for processing, paying premiums for 1----------------1
    up to 72 colors. If you don't want red, I For a demonscracion, call coll-free, or mail che I
    rush service or risking the security of press a few keys-it's green. And if coupon co Polaroid Co rp., E.I. Marketing, Dept. I
    your confidential information. I 604, 575 Techno logy Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139. I
    you're not the artistic-type, Polaroid
    Works with the graphics has-developed a menu of color sets: : CALL 1-800-225-1618 I
    combinations of colors that have been I D Send information. 0 Have representative call. I
    packages of the IBM PC or XT, I I
    DEC Rainbow or PRO, Apple Ile specially coordinated to complement I ·'""'"- - - - - - - - T i lle - - - 1
    your presentations. And all of this is I Company _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ I
    or II+ and AT&T 6300. I
    yours, even if you have a black and I Address--- - -- - -- -- -1
    The Polaroid Palette is designed to
    white monitor. I
    work with many graphics software I Chr- - - - - - S t > t e- - Zlp- - I
    packages. In fact, when using such Lets you make last minute I Tele phone ( I
    popular programs as Graphwriter, changes or add I PC make and model--- -- - - --
    Chart-Master, Sign-Master, DR Draw up-to-the-minute infonnation. 1
    and DR Graph, Palette can virtually
    double both the horizontal and vertical
    resolution of your monitor. Plus, a
    The Polaroid Palette is the fast, con-
    venient, low-cost way to prepare slides
    for your presentation. And perhaps
    \ •Polaroid
    L _ - - - - - - - - - - - - ~-~s~ J
    I

    •suggested list price. Polaroid•

    Inquiry 305 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 89


    EVENT QUEUE

    pean Conference on lnte- trust and copyright issues. Meg Bowen. Test and e SOFTWARE AND
    grated Optics. Berlin. Contact Cheryl Litrenta. Measurement World Expo. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
    Federal Republic of Ger- _ University of Southern 21 5 Brighton Ave .. Boston. Computer Software and
    many. More than 2 50 engi- California Law Center. Uni- MA 02134. (617) 254-1445. Human Development Con-
    neers and scientists from versity Park. Los Angles. Mall 14-16 ference. Royal York Hotel.
    Europe. Japan. and the CA 90007. (213) 743-2582. Toronto. Ontario. Canada.
    United States will discuss Mall 9-10 e MODULA-2 ENGi- Held in conjunction with the
    the potential of optics for NEERING-Software Engi- Third Annual Software
    communication. signal pro- e C CONVOCATION neering with Modula-2. Panorama. this conference
    cessing. and instrumenta- C85: The First International Atlanta. GA. A course em- will examine the impact of
    tion. Contact ECIO '85 Con- Conference on the C Pro- phasizing methods for software development on
    ference Secretariat. Frau I. gramming Language. building large-scale software business. education. health.
    Weber-Zuckarelli. Heinrich- Ramada Renaissance Hotel. . systems in Modula-2 . Prereq- and agriculture. Contact
    Hertz-lnstitut Berlin GmbH. San Francisco. CA. A forum uisite: knowledge of Ada or Reuben Lando. The Software
    Einsteinufer 37. D-1000 for programmers and devel- Pascal. The fee is $495. Developers Association.
    Berlin 10. Federal Republic opers using or considering Contact Elaine Hadden Suite 500. 18 5 Bloor St. E.
    of Germany. Mall 6-8 the use of the C language. Nicholas. Department of Toronto. Ontario M4W IC8.
    Sessions on ANSI X3J 11 Continuing Education. Canada. (416) 922-1153.
    e SPRING COMDEX standard. portability. pro- Georgia Institute of 1ech- Mall 22-24
    COMDEX Spring. Atlanta. gramming tools. and applica- nology. Atlanta. GA
    GA. More than 7 50 com- tions. Contact Lifeboat 30332-0385. (404) 894-2547. e DISK STORAGE EXPO
    panies will exhibit. Contact Associates. 1651 Third Ave.. Mall 15-17 The 198 5 International
    The Interface Group Inc .. New York. NY 10128. (800) Videodisc. Optical Disk. and
    300 First Ave.. Needham. 847-7078: in New York. (212) e OK SHOW CD-ROM Conference and
    MA 02194. (800) 325-3330: 860-0300. Mall 13-15 The Eighth Annual Show & Exposition. London West
    in Massachusetts. (617) Tell Microcomputer Con- Hotel. London. England.
    449-6600. Mall 6-9 e GRAPHICS FOR ference. University of Workshops. presentations.
    ENGINEERING. DRAFTING Oklahoma. Norman. Micro- and exhibitions. Contact
    e MAPLE LEAF Computer Graphics for computer fans of all ages Angela Suter. Meckler Com-
    COMPUTING-The 198 5 Engineering/Drafting Practice and levels of expertise come munications. 11 Ferry Lane
    Canadian High Technology and Computer Graphics together to share ideas and W. Westport. CT 06880.
    Show. Civic Centre. Ottawa. Workshop. University of demonstrate applications (203) 2 26-6967 : in England.
    Ontario. Canada. Product Texas. Austin. These short and hardware. Contact Alice 1aylor. Meckler Com-
    displays. speakers. and courses stress learning the Richard V Andree. Show & munications. do Eurospan. 3
    tutorials. Contact Canadian principles of computer Tell Computer Conference. Henrietta St.. London WC2E
    High Technology Show. Suite graphics and seek to Mathematics Department. 8LU. England: tel: 01
    214. 2487 Kaladar Ave .. develop the ability to University of Oklahoma. 601 240-0856. Mall 29-31
    Ottawa. Ontario KIV 8B9. prescribe computer graphics Elm St.. Norman. OK 73019.
    Canada. (613) 731-9850. equipment for engineering Mall 18 e MANAGE PROGRAMS
    Mall 7-8 applications. Contact College Configuration Management
    of Engineering. University of e MANAGEMENT of Software Programs.
    e MEMORY CARDS Texas. Austin. TX 78712. CONGRESS-Update '85. Washington. DC. Methods
    STUDIED-Memory-Card (512) 471-3506. Mall 13-17 Sheraton Hotel. Brussels. for controlling the costs of
    Technology. Crowne Plaza. Belgium. A briefing covering development. maintenance.
    San Francisco. CA. See April e PROFESSIONAL technological developments and operation of software.
    10-11 for details. Mall 8-9 TUTORIALS-111torials for for those in the information Contact Stod Cortelyou.
    Professional Development. management and micro- Continuing Engineering
    e PC DISPLAYS Hyatt Hotel. Los Angeles. graphic industries. Contact Education. George Washing-
    PC Expo. Convention Centre. CA. A series of all-day Update '85. International In- ton University. Washington.
    Montreal. Quebec. Canada. seminars on software. logic formation Management Con- DC 20052. (800) 424-9773:
    Contact PC Expo. 20 But- programming. and communi- gress. POB 34404. Bethesda. in the District of Columbia.
    terick Rd .. Toronto. Ontario cations. Contact Gerry Segal. MD 20817. (301) 983-0604 (202) 676-8520. Ma!J 29-31
    M8W 3Z8. Canada. (416) Association for Computing Mall 20-22
    252-7791 Mall 8-10 Machinery. 11 West 42nd St.. e COMPUTER INTER-
    New York. NY 10036. (212) e CAD TECHNOLOGY FACING-Personal Computer
    e TOPICS IN COMPUTER 869-7440. Mall 13-17 CAD 200 I: The Countdown. and STD Computer lnterfac-
    LAW-The Sixth Annual Dallas. TX. Presentations on ing for Scientific Automa-
    Computer Law Institute. Los e TEST. MEASUREMENT the future of computer-aided tion. Virginia Polytechnic In-
    Angeles. CA. Topics on the EXPO-The 1985 Test and design. The fee is $900. stitute and State University.
    docket include proprietary Measurement World Expo. Contact CAD Seminars Inc .. Blacksburg. A hands-on
    rights issues in the design of Convention Center. San lose. Suite 400. 150 East River- workshop with participants
    compatible products. prod- CA. Conferences and tech- side. Austin. TX 78704. (512) wiring and testing interfaces.
    uct distribution. and anti- nology exhibits. Contact 445-7342. Mall 22-24 The fee is $450. Contact Dr.

    90 BYTE • A PRIL 19 85
    EVENT QUEUE

    Linda Leffel. C.EL Virginia ware and software. Admis-


    Polytechnic Institute and sion is $7: children $3 . Con-
    State University. Blacksburg. tact Microshows. Suite 203.
    VA 24061. (703) 961-4848. 1209 Donnelly Ave.. Bur-
    May 30-)une I lingame. CA 94010. (415)
    340-9113. June 8-9

    e COMPUTER VISION
    June 1985 CONFERENCE-Compu~r
    Vision and Pattern Recogni-
    e LEARN TO BUILD tion Conference. Cathedral
    PROGRAMS-First North Hill Hotel. San Francisco.
    American Summer School CA Submitted and invited
    on Program Construction. technical papers. Contact
    Newport. RI. Methods for Computer Vision and Pat-
    the effective construction of tern Recognition. POB 639.
    software wil l be taught. Con- Silver Spring. MD 20901.
    tact Teleprocessing Inc.. 60 (301) 589-8142. June 9-13
    State St.. Boston. MA 02109.
    (617) 367-6227 . June 3-12 e MUMPS MEETING
    The Fourteenth Annual
    e INTERFACES FOR Meeting of the MUMPS
    SCHOOL LABS-Interfacing Users· Group. McCormick
    for School Laboratories.
    Miami University. Oxford.
    Center Hotel. Chicago. IL.
    11Jtorials. workshops. site
    DISCOVER muLISP™
    OH A workshop for sec- visits. discussions. and ex- The Artificial Intelligence
    ondary-school and college hibits. Contact MUMPS Package for Micros.
    teachers on the construction Users· Group. Suite 510.
    and use of interfaces for 4 3 21 Hartwick Rd .. College muLISP includes:
    laboratory instrumentation. Park. MD 20740. (301) • An integrated environment for A.I. program
    Contact Bill Rouse. 301 779-6555. June 10-14 development.
    McGuffey Hall. Miami • A high performance, pseudo-code compiler
    University. Oxford. OH e ROBOTIC STRATEGIES and interpreter for the LISP programming
    45056. (513) 529-2141. Robot Manipulators. Com- language.
    June 3-14 puter Vision. and Intelligent • A resident, screen-oriented LISP editor and
    Robot Systems. University of
    debugging system.
    e COMPUTER Stirling. Stirling. Scotland. A
    MAINTENANCE short course for profes- Available for your IBM PC™, MS-DOS™,
    Independent Computer sionals emphasizing the CP/M™, and Apple™ II SoftCard computers.
    Maintenance. Halloran development of strategies
    House. New York. NY. Con- for the solution of robotic- We also offer mu MATH™, the symbolic math
    tact Carol Every. Frost & sensing. spatial-reasoning. calculator form icros.
    Sullivan Inc.. 106 Fulton St .. and manipulation problems.
    New York. NY 10038. (212)
    233-1080. June 5-6

    e OPTICAL-STORAGE
    CONFERENCE-First Annual
    Conference on Optical
    Contact Director of the Sum-
    mer Session. Massachusetts
    Institute of Technology.
    Room E 19-3 56. Cambridge.
    MA 02139 . June 10-14
    D _Warehou1e /Oft Founded 1919

    ~
    P.O. Box 1117 4. Honolulu, HI 96B2B-017 4 ·(BOB) 734-5B01 (AfterNoon PST)
    MC/VISA MCI ID: 241-7437 <> 19B5Sottwarehouse

    Storage for Small Systems. e NETWORK CONTROL


    Biltmore Hotel. Los Angeles. AND MANAGEMENT-Net- I'd like to know more about muLISP
    CA Contact Technology Op-
    portunity Conference. POB
    work Management/Technical
    Control. Santa Clara Mar-
    YES. and muMATH. Please send me more
    • information today.
    14817. San Francisco. CA riott. Santa Clara. CA See
    94114-0817. (415) 626-1133. April 18-19 for details.
    June 5- 7 June 12-13 Address _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __

    e COMPUTERS FOR SALE e CLINICAL COMPUTING City _ __ _ _ __ _ State _ _ Zip _ _ __


    Computer Supermarket. San Computing in Clinical
    Mateo County Fairgrounds. Laboratories: The Fifth Inter- Company _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~
    San Mateo. CA Retailers. national Conference. Stutt-
    gart. Federal Republic of Position _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
    manufacturers. and dis-
    tributors will be selling hard- (conlinued

    A PRIL 1985 • BY T E 91
    100% FLAWLESS EVENT Q UE UE

    COPIES .. .
    • • . FAST!
    Germany. Topics on the workshops Contact the
    agenda include databases. Institute for Logic and
    data presentation. and ex- Cognitive Studies. Univer-
    No need to tie up your valuable computer to duplicate pected developments. Dem- sity of Houston-Clear Lake.
    diskettes ... when VICTORY can provide you with a onstrations and exhibits. Box 269. Hou~on. TX
    duplicator that will do the job flawlessly, and much Contact PD Dr. Chr. 77058. (713) 488-9274 .
    lrendelenburg. Katharinen- June 13-15
    faster. One button operation automatically formats,
    hospital KC!. Kriegsberg-
    duplicates and verifies up to 8 diskette copies at the strasse 60. D-7000 Stuttgart e INTERNATIONAL SHOW
    same time. I. Federal Republic of Ger- . The International Computer
    VICTORY can supply you with literally dozens of many: tel (07 11) 20 34-4 Show. Trade Fair Center. Col-
    standardized formats to match the protocol of virtually 82. June 12-14 ogne. West Germany. More
    any current computer. In addi- than 3 50 manufacturers
    tion, built-in utilities enable e COMPUTERS IN from more than 18 countries
    you to read or devise any for- CUN !CAL LABS-Clinical are expected to display their
    Laboratory Computers. Sym- wares. Contact Messe- und
    mat you may require. If that's
    posium 198 5. The Towsley Ausstellungs-Ges.m .b .H.
    not enough, VICTORY can Center. University of Kain. Messeplatz. Postfach
    help you with unusual or Michigan. Ann Arbor. Con- 210760. D-5000 K61n 21.
    unique formatting, serializing tact Dove Margenau. Office West Germany: tel: (02 21)
    or copy-protecting problems. of Continuing Medical 821-1: Telex: 8 873426 mua
    VICTORY duplicators are Education. The lbwsley d. June 13-16
    designed to be reliable. Each Center. Box 057. The Univer-
    of the copy drives has a sity of Michigan Medical e PC IN BIG APPLE
    School. Ann Arbor. Ml PC Expo. Coliseum. New
    separate controller to increase
    48109-0010. (313) 763-1400. York. NY. Seminars and
    copying throughput and June 12-14 product displays. Contact PC
    ensure maximum uptime. Expo, 333 Sylvan Ave..
    VICTORY Duplicators use e INFO MANAGEMENT Englewood Cliffs. NJ 07632.
    industry proven drives com- EXPO, CONFERENCE (800) 922-0324: in New
    bined with 100% digital tech- Info/West: The Western Infor- Jersey. (201) 569-8542 .
    nology ... there are no mation Management Exposi- June 17-19
    analog circuits to slowly drift tion and Conference. Con-
    out of tolerance. vention Center. Anaheim. e SOFTWARE FOR ENGI-
    CA. 'Trade show for ex- NEERING-Engineering Soft-
    Let us help free you from ecutives and data-processing ware: Engsoft 8 5. The
    your disk-duplicating bottle- and management-informa- Fourth International Con-
    neck at a surprisingly tion system managers. Con- ference and Exhibition. Ken-
    attractive price. Write or call: tact Info/West. 999 Summer sington Exhibition Centre.
    VICTORY ENTERPRISES St.. Stamford. CT 06905 , London. England. Exhibits
    TECHNOLOGY, INC., 8910 (203) 964-8287. June 12-14 and sessions of software for
    Research Blvd. , Suite B2, engineering. Contact Elaine
    Austin, Texas 787;8- e FORTH CONFERENCE laylor. Computational
    The 1985 Rochester FORTH Mechanics Centre. Ashurst
    1512) 450-0801.
    Conference. University of Lodge. Ashurst. Southamp-
    Rochester. Rochester. NY. ton S04 2AA. England: tel:
    The focus will be on soft- (042 129) 3223 : Telex :
    ware engineering and man- 47388 Attn. COMPMECH.
    agement. Contact Ms. Maria June 18-20
    Gress. Institute for Applied
    FORTH Research. 70 e GRAPHICS IN SUNSHINE
    Elmwood Ave .. Rochester. Computer Graphics '85
    NY 14611. (716) 235-0168. West. Los Angles. CA. Con-
    June 12-15 tact National Computer
    Graphics Association. 8401
    e LOGICAL MACHINES Arlington Blvd .. Fairfax. VA
    CONFERENCE-The Second 22031, (703) 698-9600.

    ~
    Annual Conference on Logic, June 2 5-27
    VICTORY Logic Machines. and Public
    e
    '-.W ENTERPRISES
    Education. University of
    Houston-Clear Lake. Hous-
    ton. TX. Formal and infor-
    CAD TECHNOLOGY
    CAD 200 I: The Countdown.
    Boston. MA. See May 22-24
    mal sessions. symposia. and for details. June 26-28 •

    92 B Y T E • A PRIL 1985 Inquiry 396


    Our multi-mode HERMES printers shake hands
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    Inquiry 185 APRIL 198i • BYTE 93


    Three more firsts
    from the people who
    invented the wheel.
    · XEROX
    From day one, Xerox and Diablo c.p.s., the D-80IF is the fastest They're also a part of Team Xerox,.
    have been known as the two best daisywheel printer ever made by so they can be serviced by the
    names in daisywheel printers. And Xerox. It has a built-in double bin national Xerox service force and
    now there are three more in the sheet feeder. As ~II as ~~ji~~~i authorized service loca-
    Xerox line to choose from. the capacity to handle up lr1 tions across the country.
    The Xerox Advantage D-25 to 16 computers at once. So if you're looking ·
    Diablo printer turns out letter qual- And the D-36 spells for the latest in daisy-
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    And it does all that for the price of printing between maintenance calls. the people who've been in the busi- .
    ,..... a dot matrix printer. But Xerox didn't stop there. ness the longest. Call I-800-833-2323,
    -- - At80 Each of these new machines is ext. 25, your local Xerox office, an
    compatible with most computers authorized Diablo or Xerox dealer
    on the market, including the or send your business card to Xerox
    IBM-PC. And they're Corporation, Dept. 25192, P.O.
    all easy to use. Box 24; Rochester, NY 14692.
    For more information from Xerox.
    circle 405 on the Reader Service card.
    W·H·A·T'S N·O·T

    Knife the Mac One for the Road


    ···························· onda Corporation has
    E nnui Associates has an-
    nounced MacKnifer. a H announced the Trans-
    porter. the first truly trans-
    hardware attachment that
    mounts on the side of your portable computer. With a
    Macintosh and sharpens few simple twists. you can
    knives. scissors. lawn-mower transform the Transporter
    blades-anything in your from a portable computer
    home that needs sharpen- (with full keyboard. 24-line
    ing. With MacKnifer's by 80-column display. and
    patented double-action two microfloppy-disk drives)
    grinding wheel. you can into a single-passenger auto-
    easily sharpen any utensil in mobile.
    Jess time than it takes the The Transporter runs on
    Mac to open a file. Accord- 32 D-cell batteries (not in-
    ing to the manufacturer. cluded) with additional one-
    MacKnifer is so easy to use year battery backup for the
    that you can operate it extra cash with a knife- MacKnifer. contact Ennui ignition. which is in ROM
    within 30 minutes of taking sharpening business on the Associates. 52 502 Marginal (ride-only memory). Thus. if
    it out of the box. Turn your side ... of your Macintosh. Ave .. Somnolencia, CA the Transporter won't start
    spare computing time into For more information on 90541. on a chilly winter morning.
    you can simply give it a
    cold boot to jog its memory
    Nouveau-Chic Luggage
    ............................................................................................ Although the Transporter
    is somewhat heavier than
    he Spike Untermeyer bags by status-conscious keys. The Executive Portfolio other portable computers.
    T Luggage Company man-
    ufactures hollow replicas of
    travelers. For example. the
    Untermeyer Executive Port-
    flips open to reveal enough
    space for a pad. appoint-
    you can easily drive it
    through airport terminals.
    the most popular lap-size folio resembles a Tundy ment calendar. several pens Service will be available
    and transportable personal Model I 00. complete with and pencils, or a couple of through AAA (American
    computers for use as travel movable (nonfunctional) peanut butter and jelly ASCII Association). which
    sandwiches for that quick provides pickup and
    executive snack. The delivery with no tote-
    Untermeyer Overnighter. charges.
    easily confused with a Com- Options include the TP-100
    paq. Tl. or IBM portable Printer Trailer. the 300-
    computer. is perfect for that BeePS Modem. and a gen-
    sudden business trip. uine Naugahyde keyboard
    Untermeyer luggage is cover. Honda has also an-
    painfully authentic. The nounced plans to release
    Overnighter is exactly half the SemiPortable. a 20-
    an inch too large to fit megabyte hard-disk system
    under the average coach that transforms into an
    airline seat. and the bottom 18-wheel tractor/trailer
    of the case is heavily (assembly required).
    weighted to ensure that nas- The Transporter is I 00 per-
    ty crack on the shins when cent compatible with the
    you maneuver past the flight popular 1byota Corolla and
    attendant. runs on most operating
    For more information. con- roads. The cost is $5995.
    tact the Spike Untermeyer For more information. con-
    Luggage Company Inc .. 442 tact Honda Corporation Ltd ..
    Glenwood Ave .. Prosaic. NJ 2 Duryea Drive. Minikin. Ml
    22104. 48101.

    96 BYTE • AP RIL I 985


    New Arrival Home on the Database
    e. e. e e e e e e e e. e. e. e. e. e e e e e I e I e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e' e' e e e e e e e e e e' e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

    elebrity Software. maker


    C of the Howard Cosell
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    T hinkFast Software has
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    ary natural-language data- pass through its files. MOM vice and guidance. Decisions
    Michael Jackson Spread- base designed for home responds. "Right where you and Declarations (DAD)
    sheet. has announced the management. MOM. the left it-behind the TV set." responds to the traumas of
    Princess Di Database. If your Model Management pro- Enter the search phrase. everyday living with such
    data is a royal mess. this gram. is a matriarchal "Where are my sneakers?" plain-English messages as.
    hierarchical database will ar- database of home-related and MOM responds with "You want to cry? I'll give
    range things in a neat suc- subjects that responds to lightning speed. "I don't you something to cry
    cession for you. You can ob- plain-English queries. After know where your sneakers about!" and "Ask MOM:·
    tain output from the system entering information about are: I don't wear your MOM and DAD are priced
    every nine months. with your home. age. eating sneakers." at $99 each from ThinkFast
    three levels of security: habits. and shoe size. you ThinkFast has also an- Software. Duitmy Way.
    Mum's the Word. Rumor enter search phrases in the nounced a product for in- Homeville. NC 28210.
    City. and Tell the World.
    Available at supermarket A Taste of Security
    checkout counters. the I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I e I I I
    Keeping Time
    Princess Di Database is to Yourself
    priced at $49 .95 from
    Celebrity Software. I 3 5 ncognito. a low-profile
    Pachelbel Canyon. San
    Regales. CA 90342.
    I time-management pro-
    gram for MS-DOS com-
    puters. combines an ap-
    pointment calendar with
    New Mag 200 stock excuses for break-
    ing or avoiding social
    igh Press Technologies
    H (Hipiech) has an-
    nounced a new publication.
    engagements.
    The Incognito calendar's
    avoidance categories in-
    Personal Photocop1:1ing. Designed clude: My Mate and I: The
    to make photocopiers less Car: Kids. Pets. and Rela-
    threatening for the average tives: Let Me Check With
    person. the magazine will be My ... (accountant. boss.
    written in nontechnical lan- etc.): I'm Coming Down With
    guage that explains PRINT . . . : and Previous
    PAUSE. and CANCEL in Engagement.
    language that a layperson lncognito's Fib-Jogger utili-
    can understand. ty reminds you what you
    Articles in the first issue of said to whom and tells you
    PPC will include "1001 Ways when you've ducked some-
    to Make Money with Your one more than a set
    Photocopier." "Paper Jam- number of times. The pro-
    Deadly Threat to Your Busi- gram also generates fake
    ness." and "Big Gray: The f merely erasing sensitive tein than average floppy itineraries. resumes. and
    Xerox Story."
    Based on research done in
    I
    data is not enough for
    you. Soycure Systems of
    disks and are available in
    5 YI-inch (regular) and
    credit references.
    For your copy of In-
    its own offices. Hiplech has Tokyo has developed the 3V2-inch (crunchy) formats. cognito. send $395 to
    also announced Constant ultimate in disk security. Available at computer and ApresHeures Computing. 70
    Coffee making. For a one-year Made entirely of processed health stores everywhere. Main St.. Paulsboro. NH
    subscription to either soybeans. Parasoya Disks Parasoya Disks are priced at 03458. (800) 123-4567. Call
    magazine. send $2 5 to POB are writable. readable. and $50 per IO-pack from Soy- after 6 p.m. Please allow 10.
    12312 3. South Banausic. WI edible. Parasoya disks con- cure Systems. I 11.Jfchuying. maybe l 2 weeks for
    03458. tain 84 percent more pro- Tokyo. lapan. · delivery.

    A PRIL 198 5 • B Y T E 97
    1exas Instruments announces
    Dr. LS. Montejo Professional
    , .,
    the
    Computing System.
    No two individuals work alike. TI had
    unique answers to help Dr. L. S. Montejo
    keep his patients and his business healthy.
    "I used to walk out of the operating His TI 855 printer also speeds up
    room with a clipboard and a chart," the paperwork. "We can use it to go
    says Dr. L. S. Montejo. "Now I walk from draft to letter quality imme-
    out with a floppy disk." diately, and change typefaces very
    Dr. Montejo is a prominent anes- quickly by using the control panel
    thesiologist who is pioneering the instead of software commands."
    use of personal computers in heart TI had what the doctor ordered
    surgery. His unique idea for making to put together a complete PC sys-
    quicker, more informed decisions tem for his specific needs. Including
    led to a unique solution from Tl: a a solution for a budding computer
    portable PC he could talk to. Con- genius in his family. "My daughter,"
    figured to his exact needs from the he says, "loves her Speak & Spell."
    wide range of TI options.
    "Using Tl's Speech Command," TI has the right answers
    for the way you work.
    he says, "I can respond to drug
    With Tl's broad line of versatile
    reactions faster, with the PC mak-
    ing calculations as I speak to it. And computer products, you can put
    my hands are free to do other things. together a system unique enough
    to put your own name on it. Your
    "The information just flies by. TI dealer can provide you with
    But the computer organizes it, and just the right combination of
    by calling up color charts, I can hardware, software, service and
    make better decisions at a glance. It support for your special needs. For
    lets me provide better medical care." more information and the location
    In his office, Dr. Montejo uses a of your nearest TI dealer, call
    desktop TI Professional Computer 1-800-527-3500.
    to keep the business side of his
    practice operating smoothly.
    "Having to wait on a computer is
    a waste of valuable time," he says.
    TEXAS.,,
    "Tl runs software fast. And the TI INSTRUMENTS
    screen has a lot better resolution Creating useful products
    than other monitors." and services for you.

    2175·06
    From desktop, portable and briefcase PCs minicomputers and a full line of printers,
    to
    © 1985 Tl
    you can assemble a Tl system as unique as you are.

    APRI LI985•BYTE 99
    ll'1TE

    CIARCIA'S CIRCUIT CELLAR: IN JANUARY WE PRESENTED a real feast in the Features department: because
    BUILD THE HOME RUN we had no theme section. we were able to publish 11 articles on a wide vari-
    CONTROL SYSTEM,
    ety of topics. This month. the significance of our theme on artificial intelligence
    PART l: INTRODUCTION
    and the depth of coverage it required limited the space we had available for
    by Steve Ciarcia . .. ........... . . . . .. 102
    features. Next month we'll return with our usual number.
    COPROCESSING IN MODULA-2
    As we hinted in the March Features introduction. this month Steve Ciarcia
    by Colleen Roe Wii son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
    begins a three-part project that he's wanted to build for some time. The Circuit
    A MILLION-POINT GRAPHICS TABLET
    Cellar Home Run Control System takes up where Steve's first project of this
    by James Hawley . .. .. . .... .. ... . .. . 120
    type left off some years ago (see "Build a Touch Tone Decoder for Remote
    Control:· December 1981. page 42). Imagine full programmable control over
    just about any outlet in your home. Lights can turn on and off automatically
    as you eriter and leave a room. You can design a complex surveillance and
    security system that includes automatic emergency dialing. And you can phone
    home. check system status. and make modifications to the control system to
    suit your schedule. All in all. Steve was pretty happy with his original 1981
    design. but with recent technological advances and his eye for improvement.
    he developed the Home Run Control System to be a lot friendlier and deliver
    a lot more.
    In August 1984 the BYTE theme was Modula-2 . Heralded by many as the
    language of the future. it also has detractors. some of whom point out that
    Modula-2 is only an upgrade of its Pascal ancestor with problems of its own.
    Colleen Roe Wilson's "Coprocessing in Modula-2" describes Modula-2·s facility
    for the development of concurrent programs. one of its significant differences
    with Pascal.
    If you have a Zenith Z-100 and are interested in exploiting its graphics
    capabilities. you might want to build "A Million-Point Graphics Tublet" based
    on Koala Technologies· KoalaPad. James Hawley shows you how to add the
    appropriate components and interface it to the Z-1 OO's S-100 bus. With his
    graphics tablet. you can use a stylus instead of a light pen for pinpoint con-
    trol over your drawings.
    -Gene Smarte. Managing Editor

    A PRIL 198 5 • B V T E 101


    COPYRIGHT© 1985 STEVEN A. CIARCIA . ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
    CIRCUIT CELLAR

    BUILD THE
    HOME RUN CONTROL
    SYSTEM
    PART 1: INTRODUCTION

    BY STEVE CIARCIA

    Energy management, convenience,


    and security in one package
    Six years ago I presented an article on building a computer-
    controlled security system using an SDK-8 5 experimenters
    board. To this day. I still get letters asking for software and
    material sources. Since home/industrial energ y and security
    management have been and still are a major interest (and
    little has been published since then). that article remains a
    popular reference for students and experimenters.
    As I look back on it now. I realize that my first home-control computer was
    engineered properly but was about as user-friendly as ENIAC It's time to re-
    address the subject. bring the design up to date. and make this home-control
    system a real friend.
    I conceive of this project as a simple computer control system equally ap-
    plicable in the home or factory. The choice of input sensors and output con-
    trols designates its primary application.
    Whether for industrial or home use. control systems function similarly.
    Specific input data is analyzed and compared to a predetermined set of ac-
    tion parameters. If a favorable comparison exists. the designated task is per-
    formed. For example. if a light is to be turned on at 2 :00 p.m .. the control
    system sees a negative request-affirmation comparison until that time. At that
    instant. the output of the control system turns on the light and then continues
    with the next request. In a control system configured as an alarm. the inputs
    would be from contact closures. and the outputs would be to bells. automatic
    dialers. and other such items.
    Whatever the application. control systems are designed to be either open
    loop or closed loop in function. An open-loop controller simply outputs its
    decision and forgets about it. Industrial control systems. on the other hand.
    require more assurance that the action has been performed. They close the
    loop by analyzing feedback signals from the operation being controlled If
    !contin ued)
    Steve Ciarcia (pronounced "see-ARE-see-ah") is an electronics engineer and computer
    consultant with experience in process control. digital design. nuclear instrumentation. and
    product development. He is the author of several books about electronics. You can write to
    him at POB 582 . Glastonbury. CT 06033.

    PHOfOGRAPHED BY PAUL AVIS. STYLED BY JANE SUTTON A PRIL 19 8 5 • BY TE 103


    CIRCUIT CELLAR

    a heating element is turned on. a cur- ness. you will soon realize that its The Plug-N-Power or Sears Home
    rent sensor in series with the ele- sophistication and cost-effectiveness Control system is quite adequate for
    ment's power source or a temperature make it ideal for dedicated industrial- most open-loop applications. An at-
    sensor next to the element indicates control applications where you might tic fan that needs to run two hours a
    positively that the action has been ordinarily use an expensive program- day to keep the attic cool could use
    performed. mable controller. a timer-activated BSR module. Simply
    It is this open-loop versus closed- set the command unit to turn the fan
    loop configuration that. for most ap- HOME RUN CONTROL SYSTEM on from I :00 to 3:00 every afternoon.
    plications. defines whether a con- Practically all commercial home- . for example. Of course. on reall y hot
    troller is consumer or industrial quali- control systems use BSR X-10 remote- days the attic fan will need to run
    ty. I beg to differ with the trend. control power modules. They are sold longer. and on rainy days you'll be
    however. and feel that it is about time under a variety of trademarks: Plug- wasting power. If you compensate
    a system successfully bridged the gap. N-Power. Sears Home Control. BSR (close the loop) by changing the run
    The Circuit Cellar Home Run Control X-10. and GE HomeMinder. These time each day. it is hardly a home-
    System (HCS) is the result. remotely controlled power switches control system. Instead. it is merely a
    My intention is not to directly ad- turn the power on or off to lights and more convenient manual power
    dress the industrial market with my appliances that are plugged into switch.
    HCS. Rather. I will apply some of my them. A separate controller activates The solution is to use a true closed-
    industrial process-control experience the individual switches by transmitting loop control. By adding a 120- to
    to produce a design that offers flex- a coded command sequence through 13 5-degree thermostatic switch in the
    ibility and reliability as a home-control the power lines. Command controllers attic. the control system can know
    and energy-management system. If are available that perform timed or when the attic is hot and has to be
    you are in the process-control busi- telephone-designated activations. exhausted. A 90-degree thermostatic

    16 DIGITAL 8 DIGITAL TERMINAL MODEM


    INPllTC:. f'lllTPllTS

    1
    RAM
    "'"
    !GK BYTES
    PARALLEL
    1/0 _______J
    I [ /0

    6802 ,_____O _ _ O_ _ O
    n n
    MICROPROCESSOR

    24K BYTES
    PROGRAM ROM

    G BO:JRD
    ODER

    PARALLEL EJODED OR
    SCANNED MA TRIX KEYBOARD
    CHARACTER
    VIDEO -DISPLAY
    GENERA TOR

    1
    COMPOSITE RF
    VIDEO TO VIDEO TO TV

    --~~~~-._~~P-ow_E_R~~-'Mr•,__~~~-:_~_B_A_T_T-ER~~--~I
    MONITOR
    llSVAC
    POWER
    LINE _ SUPPLY _ CA~~ur

    BSR
    TRANSMITTER

    Figure I: A block diagram of the Circuit Cellar Home Run Control System.

    104 BYTE • A PRIL 1985


    CIRCUIT CELLAR

    switch is also wired in. When the at- effective BSR control modules and mounts inside the control unit. The
    tic temperature reaches 13 5 degrees. fully duplicates any of the manual. HCS communicates with the user
    the fan turns on. It turns off when it automatic. or timed functions present- through either a serial terminal or
    gets to 90 degrees. The BSR control ly supported in the BSR product line. video monitor and keyboard. In the
    modules could still provide the on/off The Circuit Cellar HCS closes the terminal mode. RS-232C communica-
    power to the fan. but the control deci- control loop with 16 hard-wired digital tion is at 75 to 4800 bits per second
    sion is more adequately defined by input and 8 TTL (transistor-transistor (bps).
    directly monitoring the temperature Jogic)-compatible hard-wired output The HCS optionally supports an in-
    with heat sensors than by simple lines. Relays. contact closures. motion tegral video-display generator to pro-
    timed activation. This way. the fan will detectors. and thermostatic switches vide a 24-line by 40-character display
    stay on as long and often as needed. can be connected to these 1/0 lines either directly to a composite video
    On cloudy or rainy days. the fan might for direct "sense and respond" ac- monitor or to a television set. A
    not come on at all. (I am aware that tivities. It can also accommodate 48 keyboard encoder allows connection
    special thermostatically controlled BSR modules. Figure I is a block of either an Apple II-compatible
    attic-fan switches can accomplish this diagram of the HCS. parallel-encoded keyboard or an un-
    specific task without a computer. I am The. 6802-based HCS is a stand- encoded scanned-matrix keyboard.
    not trying to find a specific solution alone control unit (see photo I) com- Finally. the HCS can communicate
    but rather to demonstrate the two plete with battery backup. Photo 2 ' with other systems. An additional con-
    control approaches as they apply to shows the prototype circuit board that (conlinuedJ
    general-purpose control systems.)
    The immediate answer to open-loop
    BSR control is to add more intelli-
    gence in the form of a computer. Pres-
    ently. many control systems on the . · · _-· tJ:1·~:rrrr1·.
    market use personal computers. Using ., ~ ~ ':"" ~ :.1.:-- -~ "~ ~ "'i""

    the parallel 1/0 (input/output) and ~~ :-~ -I


    display capabilities of the personal
    computer with a specialized BSR - ~rt -- i -- ---
    transmitter card installed. many com-
    panies have successfully designed just
    the kind of home-control system I'd
    want. However. such a seemingly
    economical approach uses the entire
    function of the computer. You can
    have a $2 500 Apple II home con-
    troller or suffer when the entire
    system grinds to a halt because Photo I: Home Run Control System stand-alone control unit.
    you've loaded a word-processing pro-
    gram. Besides. it can cost $I 0 a month
    just to run an IBM PC 24 hours a
    day-and don't forget the cost of the
    uninterruptible power supply.
    Ultimately. successful computer-
    based energy-management and
    home-control systems must have
    completely dedicated functions. 1ry-
    ing to time-share tasks among games.
    word processing. and environmental
    control is simply more complicated
    than it's worth. The age of specialized
    computers is at hand.
    The Circuit Cellar HCS is designed
    specifically for that task. It is a single-
    board microprocessor-based con-
    troller that uses a combination of
    both open- and closed-loop control Photo 2: HCS prototype circuit board.
    design. It takes advantage of the cost-

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 105


    CIRCUIT CELLAR

    nectar has been provided to which an CTS line is activated. the HCS switches auto-answer BSR units that allow com-
    auto-answer modem can be attached its display to the modem data rate mand input onl y. this option lets you
    (such as the Hayes 300 or 1200). and allows the remote calling terminal view the complete status of all l/O and
    When the modem answers and the to access and control the HCS. Unlike make program changes as well.
    The HCS can schedule to turn out-
    puts on or off based on combinations
    of the following conditions:
    a. time of the week (e.g., Tuesday
    at 4:32)
    b. time of the month (e.g .. 22nd at
    11:20)
    c. input line going high
    d. input line going low
    e. turn off after time delay (e.g .. re-
    main on for 15 minutes)
    f. one-time action triggered by
    specific input or time
    When you want to create an event.
    various combinations of inputs and
    time can be specified. They are
    I. ON at specified time
    OFF at specified time
    2. ON at specified time
    OFF when specified input
    occurs
    Photo 3: A typical status-display screen. At the top. the screen shows that an alarm 3. ON when specified input occurs
    has been triggered and that several preprogrammed actions have taken place. The bottom OFF at specified time
    half of the screen indicates the status of all the output drivers.
    4. ON when specified input occurs
    OFF when specified input
    occurs
    or
    ON while specified input occurs
    5. ON when specified input occurs
    OFF after period of time
    Lights can be dimmed to one of 16
    levels. This allows mood control. night
    light. or power conservation opera-
    tion. Text messages of variable size
    can be scheduled as announcements
    or reminders. And the HCS uses less
    than 5 watts {W).
    The processor and clock continue
    to operate during a power failure:
    scheduled events are noted in mem-
    ory. When AC power is restored. the
    HCS restores all modules to the state
    they would be in if power weren't in-
    terrupted.
    The on-time of desired modules.
    usually lights. tracks the sunset. This
    Photo 4: The editing menu. You reach this screen from the status-display screen by alleviates having to adjust the
    pressing the space bar. All the functions will be explained in subsequent articles. schedule many times per year as the
    sunset changes. Included is a com-

    106 BYT E • APRI L 198 5


    CIRCUIT CELLAR

    mand to compensate sunset times for


    daylight saving. Figure 2: Programming the HCS to turn the attic fan on.
    The HCS can optionally restore the FRI APR 5 10:09 PM
    status of all modules every four
    minutes. This is useful in commercial
    applications where a module may be 1111111
    turned off by a transient or non-HCS- 1234567890123456
    generated command. Restore can 1 BSR ON/OFF A
    2 BSR DIMMER A
    also be triggered by an input line.
    3 BSR CYCLER A
    Modules can be bypassed for a 4 BSR ON/OFF B (When using a terminal, the raised-
    selected interval (up to 44 days). This 5 BSR ON/OFF C dot graphics character is printed
    can be used for vacations or holidays. 6 DIRECT OUT as a " - " instead)
    It also allows an input occurrence to 7 MESSAGES
    lock out specified modules. Clock ac- 8 SUPERKEY
    curacy can be adjusted by software to (a space entered on the keyboard brings up the editing menu)
    within one second per day. And. final-
    A REPORT.CREATE.OR DELETE EVENT
    ly. the entire event schedule can be B SET HOUSE CODE C MANUAL ON/OFF
    listed to the serial port. The speed of D MANUAL RESTORE E AUTO RESTORE
    the listing can be controlled to allow F RESTORE BY INPUT G SET DATE AND TIME
    for printing of the schedule. H CLOCK ACCURACY I TIME FORMAT
    The HCS is designed to ·communi- J TRACK SUNSET K DAYLIGHT SAVINGS
    L LIST EVENTS M SET LIST SPEED
    cate in English and not in a program-
    N **TOTAL RESET** 0 LINES PER SCREEN
    ming language. All control sequences P INPUT STATUS Q HOLD BY INPUT
    are prompted through menus. and R DEFINE SUPERKEY S BYPASS MODULE
    any input errors simply cause the sys- T DELAY EVENT
    tem to revert back to the status dis- U SET EVENT TO EXECUTE ONLY ONCE
    play or the option menu. ENTER LETTER OF CHOICE (A-Z)? A
    The HCS is designed around the
    * MEANS EVENTS ARE SCHEDULED
    concept of an "event." An event has
    four elements: the type of event. the 1111111
    device on which the event will 1234567890123456
    operate. the trigger that starts the 1 BSR ON/OFF A
    event. and the trigger that ends the 2 BSR DIMMER A
    event. The type of event is defined in 3 BSR CYCLER A
    4 BSR ON/OFF B (No events are
    terms of its "driver:· These include
    5 BSR ON/OFF C presently scheduled)
    Message Driver. BSR On/Off Driver. 6 DIRECT OUT
    BSR Cycle Driver. BSR Dimmer Driver. 7 MESSAGES
    Direct Output Driver. and Superkeys. 8 SUPERKEY
    The Message Driver displays a mes- ENTER DRIVER NUMBER (1-8)? 1
    sage on the terminal. The BSR On/Off
    Driver turns a BSR control module on ENTER MODULE NUMBER (1-16)? 1
    or off. The BSR Cycle Driver causes THIS DRIVER/MODULE NOT IN USE
    a specified BSR module to cycle on CREATE OR DELETE EVENT (CID)? C
    and off periodically at a rate deter- 374 CHARACTERS AVAILABLE
    mined by the user. The BSR Dimmer
    ENTER NAME OF MODULE
    Driver changes the brightness of a
    BSR lamp module. The Direct Output ONE RETURN STARTS NEW LINE
    Driver sets the output level on the AND TWO RETURNS ENDS
    ?ATTIC FAN
    eight direct output lines. Superkeys
    are 16 function keys that. when ON AT SPECIFIED TIME
    selected by a three-button sequence. OFF AT SPECIFIED TIME
    trigger a predefined event sequence
    2 ON AT SPECIFIED TIME
    (such as turning on specific BSR OFF WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS
    modules. displaying particular mes-
    sages. or setting specific outputs). The 3 ON WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS
    OFF AT SPECIFIED TIME
    quantity of events is limited only by (continued)
    (continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 107


    CIRCUIT CELLAR

    By selecting
    (Entering the same input # for
    different options 4 ON WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS both the ON and OFF trigger
    OFF WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS in Item 4 results in "ON WHILE
    SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS" )
    you can program 5 ON WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS
    OFF AFTER PERIOD OF TIME
    the HCS to perform ENTER NUMBER OF ON/OFF
    COMBINATION (1-5)? 4

    specific tasks. ENTER INPUT# FOR ON (1-16)? 1


    ENTER INPUT# FOR OFF (1-16)? 2

    the available RAM (random-access ATTIC FAN


    1 INPUT# 1 INPUT# 2
    read/write memory). (Even though the
    Superkeys. messages. and outputs are ENTER INPUT# FOR ON (1-16)? (More inputs can be added to specify
    not BSR devices. I refer to each of the same BSA module function; to exit,
    their separate events as modules to simply enter a return and the status
    display will resume)
    be consistent with BSR terminology.)
    The HCS has two display modes:
    FRI APR 5 10:11 PM
    status and editing. The status display.
    shown in photo 3. is the normal oper-
    ating display of the HCS. At the top 1111111
    is the current date and time. Below 1234567890123456
    that is an area where any messages 1 BSA ON/OFF A 0--·-·····················-····
    will be displayed when activated. At 2 BSA DIMMER A (Status display now
    the bottom is the actual real-time 3 BSA CYCLER A shows driver 1 module
    4 BSA ON/OFF B 1 programmed but
    status of all output drivers presented
    5 BSA ON/OFF C inactive)
    as an 8-driver by 16-module display 6 DIRECT OUT
    matrix. If no action has been defined 7 MESSAGES
    for a particular module. a raised dot 8 SUPERKEY
    is displayed. If an event has been pro-
    grammed for a particular module. a
    "O" indicates that it is currently off;
    a "I" indicates that it is currently on.
    The display updates in real time as
    the modules change state or the clock Figure 3: Programming tfie HCS to print a message wfien tfie fan is on.
    updates.
    • MEANS EVENTS ARE SCHEDULED
    Pressing the space bar displays the
    editing menu (see photo 4). By select- 1111111
    ing the different options presented in 1234567890123456
    the menu. you can program the HCS 1 BSA ON/OFF A * .••...•.......................
    to perform the specific tasks you wish. 2 BSA DIMMER A ................................
    Controlling the attic fan with two 3 BSA CYCLER A .......................... .
    4 BSA ON/OFF B ............................... .
    thermostatic switches attached to in- 5 BSA ON/OFF C ..................
    put lines I and 2 respectively is a rel- 6 DIRECT OUT ·····················
    atively simple procedure. Figure 2 7 MESSAGES ································
    shows what appears on the display 8 SUPERKEY ································
    screen as we program that event. ENTER DRIVER NUMBER (1-8)? 7
    The fan will start when input line I
    goes low (it can be redefined for ENTER MODULE NUMBER (1-16)? 1
    reverse polarity) and will go off when THIS DRIVER/MODULE NOT IN USE
    line 2 goes low. Perhaps you want to CREATE OR DELETE EVENT (C/D)? C
    know when the fan is on (besides re-
    membering that driver I/module I is 1 ON AT SPECIFIED TIME
    the fan and looking at the status dis- OFF AT SPECIFIED TIME
    (continued )
    play). so we'll add a message defined

    108 B Y T E • APRIL 1985


    CIRCUIT CELLAR

    As I use the HCS


    2 ON AT SPECIFIED TIME
    OFF WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS
    and find certain
    3 ON WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS
    OFF AT SPECIFIED TIME functions or displays
    4 ON WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS
    OFF WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS I want revised, some
    5 ON WHEN SPECIFIED INPUT OCCURS
    OFF AFTER PERIOD OF TIME of them may change.
    ENTER NUMBER OF ON/OFF
    COMBINATION (1-5)? 4
    to trigger from the same events to say
    ENTER INPUT# FOR ON (1-16)? 1
    "the fan is on:·
    ENTER INPUT# FOR OFF (1-16)? 2 We can create an event at this point
    502 CHARACTERS AVAILABLE by simply typing "A.'' The display that
    results is shown in figure 3.
    ENTER MESSAGE
    There is a lot more to this control
    ONE RETURN STARTS NEW LINE system than the simple example in
    AND TWO RETURNS ENDS
    figure 3 illustrates. You probably no-
    ?
    THE ATTIC FAN IS ON
    ticed functions such as Restore.
    Sunset Adjust. Delay. Bypass. and
    1 INPUT# 1 INPUT# 2 Hold in the editing menu. Eventually,
    THE ATTIC FAN IS ON
    I'll get to explaining them all and il-
    ENTER INPUT# FOR ON (1-16)? (just return to exit) lustrating their use.
    FRI APR 5 10:12 PM
    ONE PARTING COMMENT
    The HCS is an evolving design. This
    1111111 is a three-month project that is being
    1234567890123456 written over the course of three
    1 BSR ON/OFF A 0--···························· months. While the hardware design is
    2 BSR DIMMER A fixed and printed-circuit boards are
    3 BSR CYCLER A
    checked out. software is constantly
    4 BSR ON/OFF B (The two zeros indicate that the
    5 BSR ON/OFF C modules are defined but OFF)
    evolving and more features are being
    6 DIRECT OUT added. Photos of the menus. status
    7 MESSAGES 0 -····························· displays. and other items are taken at
    8 SUPERKEY a specific time in the evolution of the
    software. As I use the HCS and find
    (If we close the contact on input line #1 , the following happens:) certain functions or displays that I
    FRI APR 5 10:15 PM want revised. some of them may
    THE ATTIC FAN IS ON change.
    User-friendliness is one area. In
    (This listing is spaced to show reviewing some of the higher-volume
    the full 24-line display) but lower-functioning control systems
    such as GE's HomeMinder. the em-
    phasis is on graphics and simple user
    1111111
    1234567890123456
    interfacing. If you want to control a
    1 BSR ON/OFF A 1······························ lamp on the HomeMinder. you look
    2 BSR DIMMER A for the picture of a lamp and manip-
    3 BSR CYCLER A ulate it on the screen.
    4 BSR ON/OFF B I configured HCS to be a high-level
    5 BSR ON/OFF C controller with much less emphasis
    6 DIRECT OUT
    7 MESSAGES 1-·····························
    on pretty graphics. However. many of
    8 SUPERKEY the professional software people who
    have seen HCS believe it would have
    (continued)

    A PRIL 19 85 • B Y TE 109
    CIRCUIT CELLAR

    a much wider audience if it had some private use. I'll supply the code on The following items are available from
    "paint-by-numbers" appearance. Con- two 2764 EPROMs (erasable pro-
    The Micromint Inc.
    sequently, they plan to support it in- grammable read-only memories) and 2 5 lerrace Dr.
    dependently. A HomeMinder-like a manual for $32 (postpaid in the Vernon. CT 06066
    graphics package is presently being U.S.). Add $7 for overseas. (800) 63 5-3 3 55 for orders
    written for the IBM PC by third par- (203) 871 -6170 for information
    ties. It will connect to the HCS through CIRCUIT CELLAR FEEDBACK I. Home Run HCS..--Complete assembled sys-
    the terminal 1/0 port. Hopefully. I'll This month's feedback begins on tem with enclosure and Apple-compatible
    have a picture of it in operation by the page 408. keyboard. ...... . . ... HCSOl. 5589
    third month. 2. Home Run HCS-Populated PC board
    While I'll live without Alice-in- NEXT MONTH Assembled and tested PC board No
    enclosure or keyboard . .. . . HCS02. 5429
    Wonderland control software. I was This is a three-part article. Next
    3. Home Run HCS--Video-based kit. Includes
    bitten by the large-system interface month. I'll describe the hardware in PC board and all components except
    bug and decided to take advantage of detail. hopefully to the extent that you enclosure. keyboard. and serial-interface
    big-system functions. The HCS op- can build your own HCS. The third components (ICl6. IC! 7. !C20. and two
    tionally includes an upload/download part will emphasize the software and DB-2 5 connectors) . ..... . HCSV05. 5329
    capability to the IBM PC (eventually demonstrate a typical control appli- 4. Home Run Hcs....:1erminal-based kit.
    Includes PC board and all components ex-
    for other computers). The complete cation.•
    cept video-display processor (IC22 . IC2 5.
    command and control sequence resi- and IC26). No keyboard. enclosure. or RF
    dent in the HCS can be uploaded ROBOTIC PROPS (counterclockwise from modulator .. ... ... . .. . . . HCST06. 5289
    serially to the PC for storage on disk. upper left): I. CYBOT INC .. 12 510 I 28th 5. BK-byte static-RAM upgrade. Increases
    A download provision reprograms the Ave. NE. Kirkland. WA 98034. 2. MICROBOT RAM to 16K bytes . .. . .... . HCS20. 535
    HCS with that control sequence. INC .. 4 5 3 Ravendale Dr .. Mountain View. 6 . Apple ll-compatible ASCII-encoded key-
    CA 94043. 3. HAIKATO ROBOTICS LTD.. board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. HCS21. 579
    This storage capability allows the
    1580 Lincoln St .. Suite 950. Denver. CO 7. Wall transformer/transmitter module
    user to run the HCS with various con- (available separately) . .... . . HCS22 . $40
    80203. 4. HEATH Co .. Hilltop Rd .. St.
    trol sequences loaded from disk. A
    Joseph. Ml 49085. 5. RB ROBOT CORP .. All kits and assembled units include
    "training" session debugs the se- 14618 West 6th Ave .. Golden. CO 80401. operators manual. power supply with wall
    quence and then it is stored on disk 6. RSI INC. (Robotics Systems International transformer/transmitter module. and 8K
    for later retrieval. Industrial users who Ltd.). 9865 Wes~ Saanich Rd .. RR2. Sydney. bytes of RAM. All units are supplied without
    change program sequences frequent- British Columbia V8L 3SI. Canada. 7. keyboard encoder chip (not necessary when
    ly are the prime beneficiaries. but new HUBOTICS INC.. 6352-D Corte Del Abeta. using encoded keyboard. ICl8-optionally
    tools often produce new applications. Carlsbad. CA 92008. 8. RHINO ROBOTS available). All item numbers that list
    This function is also accessible via the INC .. POB 4010. Champaign. IL 61820 . enclosures also include backup battery
    HCS's modem port. and Home Run holder (6 "C" cells). less batteries. Serial-port
    and video-display-processor upgrades for
    can be completely reprogrammed by items 3 and 4 and various other components
    telephone. (Perhaps you have a vaca- are also available.
    tion home. Simply call ahead and let
    the HCS make it a warm and cozy Please include 58 for shipping and handling
    in the continental United States. 512 else-
    arrival.) where. New York residents please include 8
    percent sales tax. Connecticut residents
    EXPERIMENTERS AND please include 7.5 percent sales tax.
    OEM USERS
    As always. I try to support the com- Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous
    puter experimenter by providing Circuit Cellar articles. Most of these past ar-
    sources for many of the components. ticles are available in book form from BYTE
    The Circuit Cellar Home Run Control Books. McGraw-Hill Book Company. POB
    400. Hightstown. NJ 082 50.
    System is a single-board design suit-
    Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar. Volume I covers articles
    able for OEM applications as well. It in BYTE from September 1977 through
    is available in various configurations SET PROPS: STURBRIDGE YANKEE WORK- November 1978. Volume II covers December
    that are all ultimately upgradable to SHOP INC " Kettleford Korner. Bedford. NH 1978 through June 1980. \tl/ume Ill covers July
    the same potential. 03102. BRITCHES OF CONCORD INC .. I 1980 through December 1981. Volume IV
    If you plan on building the unit from Eagle Square. Concord. NH 03301. GENIE covers January 1982 through June I 98 3.
    scratch. good luck and take heart. VACUUM CLEANER Co .. 93 South Maple St..
    Send me a picture of your board. and Manchester. NH 03103. To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Cir-
    I'll send you a free hexadecimal dump cuit Cellar project kits. circle I 00 on the
    ( i 6K bytes) of the control software. reader-service inquiry card at the back
    Special thanks to Bill Summers and Leo Taylor of the magazine.
    provided it is for noncommercial for tfieir software expertise.

    110 B YT E • APRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 184 APRIL 1985 •BYTE Ill


    BY COLLEEN ROE WILSON

    CO PROCESSING
    IN MODULA~2
    The key to writing
    0
    ne of the main differences distributed processors such as those
    between Modula-2 and its found in control systems and other
    ancestor. Pascal. is that real-time applications.
    concurrent programs Modula-2 contains specific program- When several people use a single
    ming constructs to permit the devel- computer. however. concurrency refers
    is coordination opment of real-time concurrent pro-
    grams. Thus. you can use Modula-2 to
    to interleaved execution. Such pro-
    gramming is at the heart of large time-
    write operating systems and other sharing systems. where many users on
    low-level software instead of using as- a single computer can run programs
    sembly language. the language in at the same time. Each person per-
    which operating systems are tradi- ceives only the execution of his own
    tionally written. program. while the operating system
    performs a juggling act partitioning
    CONCURRENCY the processing power among the
    Truly concurrent programs execute at users. Interleaved execution. then. is
    exactly the same instant in time- the seeming concurrency of many
    implying the use of separate com- processes running on one processor.
    puters. True concurrency occurs in Whether we call it true concurren-
    cy or not. the problems inherent in
    writing this type of program are much
    the same. The main problem is tim-
    ing. Concurrent programs must deal
    with nondeterministic events that oc-
    cur at arbitrary times.
    Suppose you have two computers
    connected by some kind of commu-
    nications link. You want to write a pro-
    gram so that two people sitting in two
    different places can exchange mes-
    sages by typing at their respective
    keyboards Each computer must per-
    form this basic sequence of actions:

    • When a key is struck on computer


    A:s keyboard. A must retrieve that
    key's value and send it to computer B.
    •When a character arrives at com-
    puter A from computer B. A must
    (continued)
    Colleen Roe Wilson (RR I. Campbel/ville.
    Ontario LOP I BO. Canada) is a member of
    the technical staff at Allied Canada in
    Mississauga. Ontario. She has a B.S. and an
    M.S. in mathematics and enjoys gourmet
    cooking. gardening. and hiking.

    - Inqui ry 2 76 for Dealers. Inquiry 277 fo r End Users. ILLUSTRATED BY LAURA CORNELL A PRIL 198 5 • B YTE 113

    \
    COPROCESSING IN MODULA-2

    display it in the next free position on with concurrency to aid in this process suspends while the post-
    its screen. coordination. master fills its buffer with the message
    and then continues.
    Does this sound simple enough? COPROCESSES
    Let's take a look at what can happen. Coprocessing is a technique that WRITING COPROCESSES
    If you stop and think about how you helps you implement coordination IN MODULA-2
    type at a keyboard. it becomes ob- when writing concurrent programs. 11.vo essential mechanisms are needed
    vious that you can't expect a fixed For example. suppose you write two to implement the mechanics of copro-
    pattern to the keyboard input and the programs to execute as coprocesses- cessing: first. a means of identifying
    arrival of data on the link. 11.vo users Text and Disk. '!ext prompts you to and executing a program that estab-
    might carry on a question-and-answer enter text from the keyboard for disk lishes it as a process: second. a
    conversation so that only one person storage (it could be an editor). Disk method so that two coprocesses can
    types at a time. On the other hand. is a low-level driver program that in- signal each other to coordinate their
    two users might argue and type teracts with the disk to read and write activities. Modula-2 has facilities for
    simultaneously. Either way. the pro- records. The two coprocesses interact these mechanisms imbedded within
    gram needs to know what to do. This as follows: it. Modula-2 programmers do not
    nondeterministic activity differen- have to get around the language to
    • Text prompts you for keyboard in-
    tiates real-time programs from typical write coprocesses; the language
    put and puts the characters into a buf-
    application programs with fixed directly supports this kind of pro-
    fer as it receives them until it finds the
    read/write interfaces. You can't predict gramming.
    record terminator.
    how many reads (input from the The most fundamental support of
    •Text signals Disk that a record is
    keyboard) or writes (output to the link) coprocesses provided in Modula-2 is
    ready in the buffer and suspends
    the program will have to deal with or the data type PROCESS. which can
    execution.
    how they will be ordered. be imported from the module SYS-
    • Disk retrieves the record and writes
    The nondeterministic nature of con- TEM. We expect languages to support
    it to the disk.
    current programming leads to some our abstract number systems with
    • Disk signals 'lext that the record has
    interesting problems-deadlock or such data types as REAL and IN-
    been written and suspends its
    "deadly embrace" being the best TEGER. but this is something new: a
    . execution.
    known. Suppose a time-sharing sys- process materialized in a data type.
    • 'lext resumes execution at the point
    tem is trying to run two programs. The need for it is obvious: a language
    of suspension and prompts you for
    Both programs need exclusive use of that manipulates processes must be
    more input.
    the computer's tape drive and a par- able to refer to them in a concrete
    ticular printer to run. The operating Thus. Text and Disk coprocess the in- manner.
    system starts program A which ac- formation by passing it back and Coprocesses use these PROCESS
    quires the tape drive. Having used its forth. This producer(Tuxt)/consumer variables to communicate with each
    time slot. program A is suspended (Disk) relationship is the classic rela- other. Therefore. when you create a
    while the operating system starts pro- tionship between coprocesses. coprocess. you must bind it to one of
    gram B. Program B immediately ac- You can expand this concept to in- these variables. Likewise. when these
    quires the printer and is suspended. clude more than two processes. Sup- programs pass control to one an-
    When A starts up again. it attempts pose you want various processes to other. they must use PROCESS
    to acquire the printer and fails. so its exchange messages during execution. variables to indicate their targets.
    execution is suspended until the They need to be able to send mes- Modula-2 contains two procedures
    printer is freed. When B starts up sages to other processes and to that provide this control: · NEW-
    again. it attempts to acquire the tape receive the same-a sort of electronic PROCESS and TRANSFER. both of
    drive and is likewise suspended until interprocess mail scheme. One spe- which are imported from the module
    the drive is freed. The two programs cial process is the postmaster. It SYSTEM.
    are deadlocked. Neither can proceed receives and stores messages and NEWPROCESS, which creates a co-
    until the other frees the resource then distributes them as requested by process within the system and binds
    needed. the designated receiving process The it to a PROCESS variable. is called by
    The key to writing successful con- postmaster acts as a coprocess with
    current programs is coordination. You the other processes that can request
    NEWPROCESS(p: PROC,a:
    must make sure that programs that to send or receive messages. When
    ADDRESS,s: CARDINAL.VAR c:
    PROCESS);
    are either cooperatively or indepen- sending. the requesting process sus-
    dently executing interact with each pends execution while the postmaster In this statement. p is the name of a
    other in a constructive-or at least picks up the message in its buffer and procedure that contains the code you
    nondestructive-manner. Modula-2 resumes when the postmaster is want to constitute the process. a is the
    has programming constructs dealing done. When receiving. the requesting (continued)

    114 BYTE • APRIL 1985

    r
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    camera image by adoing text, pat- IBM-compatible 320 x 200 mode. expect prompt delivery, technical
    terns, colors, lines and shapes. By All in all, a powerful but easy-to-use support and complete OEM design
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    presentation packages. Imagine Inquiry 66
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    \
    COPROCESSING IN MODULA-2

    address of a storage area that serves


    as the working space for the process Listing I: An example of coprocesses coded in Modula-2 .
    (local data and context are stored in
    it). sis the size of the working space. MODULE TermHandler;
    and c is a PROCESS variable that FROM SYSTEM IMPORT ADDRESS, PROCESS, NEWPROCESS, TRANSFER,
    NEWPROCESS sets to the value of WORD, ADR, SIZE;
    the coprocess it creates. FROM SYSIO IMPORT GetChar, PutDisk;
    TRANSFER is the procedure. that CONST bufsize = 80;
    transfers control from the calling co- nterm= 16;
    process to the one called. It is invoked CR= 13C;
    by TYPE buftype =ARRA Y[O .. bufsize - 1] OF CHAR;
    VAR buffer: buftype;
    TRANSFER(VAR nchar: INTEGER;
    thisprocess,coprocess: wspT: ARRAY[O .. nterm-1],[1..200] OF WORD;
    PROCESS); wspD: ARRAY[1 .. 200] OF WORD;
    D,C: PROCESS;
    When a TRANSFER takes place. the T: ARRAY[O .. nterm-1] OF PROCESS;
    calling coprocess is suspended and its thisterm: INTEGER;
    context (data values. current program PROCEDURE Textln;
    counter. etc.) saved. When the called VAR newchar: CHAR;
    coprocess executes the reverse status: BOOLEAN;
    TRANSFER. the calling program localbuf: buftype;
    count: INTEGER;
    resumes execution at the point im-
    mediately following its just-executed BEGIN
    TRANSFER statement. This is the count:= -1;
    LOOP
    significant difference between proce-
    GetChar(thisterm, newchar ,status);
    dural calls and TRANSFERs. Each IF status THEN
    time you call a procedure. execution CASE newchar OF
    returns to the beginning of the pro- CR: nchar: =count;
    gram and local storage is reallocated. buffer:= localbuf;
    Coprocesses maintain context be- TRANSFER(T[ this term], D) ;
    tween TRANSFERs. count:= -1
    ELSE
    The actual implementation of the INC(count);
    data type PROCESS and the proce- localbuf[nchar]: = newchar;
    dures NEWPROCESS and TRANS- IF count = bufsize - 1
    FER varies with each machine and THEN
    compiler. However. you need not be nchar: =count;
    concerned with this. The data abstrac- buffer: = localbuf;
    TRANSFER(T[thisterm],D);
    tion provided by Modula-2 lets you
    count:= -1
    merely manipulate the PROCESS END
    variables with these procedures. Your END
    interface is constant across machines. END;
    Contrast this with assembly-language TRANSFER(T[thisterm],C)
    programming, where you need signifi- END;
    END Textln;
    cant knowledge of the operating-sys-
    tem internals to manipulate the data PROCEDURE TextToDisk;
    structures representing processes. BEGIN
    LOOP
    CODING AN EXAMPLE PutDisk(buffer,nchar);
    Now that we've established what facil- TRANSFER(D, T[thisterm])
    END
    ities exist in Modula-2 to program co- END TextToDisk;
    processes. let's look at an example.
    BEGIN
    Starting at the top of the module def-
    NEWPROC ESS(TextToDisk,ADR(wspD),SI ZE(wspD), D);
    inition of TermHandler (see listing I).
    FOR thisterm: = 0 TO nterm - 1 DO
    you import the needed concurrency
    NEWPROCESS(Textln,ADR(wspT[thisterm]),
    structures from SYSTEM: the data SIZE(wspT[thisterm]),T[thisterm])
    types PROCESS. ADDRESS. and (continued)
    WORD. and the procedures NEW-

    116 BY TE • APRIL 1985


    Inq uiry 78

    COPROCESSJNG IN MODULA-2 *FREE 3M


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    END;
    thisterm: = 0;
    LOOP Lifetime Warranty
    TRANSFER(C, T[thisterm ]); SS-DD .·~ ., OS-OD
    this term: =this term + 1 MOD nterm s1 se.. ·..·seas 511• QTY. 20
    END
    END TermHandler.
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    ADR is a function that returns the ini- GetChar waited for a character to Special Bonus Offer
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    Assume the existence of a module no input. storage capacity, sturdy
    named SYSIO. from which you import What does coprocessing achieve in and with compact design
    that swings open to an
    GetChar and PutDisk. In the CONST this example? First. when a specific easel-type work station in
    section you define the buffer size (buf- terminal handler issues a TRANSFER one quick motion . A
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    and the shared character count and localbuf are appropriately set.
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    procedural calls instead of co-
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    Inq uir y 13 2 APRI L 198 5 • B Y T E 119


    BY JAMES HAWLEY

    A MILLION~POINT
    GRAPHICS TABLET
    How to build low--cost graphics for the Z--100

    he need for a graphics bus-compatible analog-to-digital (AID)

    T
    The following is a lis t of the parts used in
    th is project and the price paid for each. This tablet is quickly apparent if converters. The National Semiconduc-
    project can be built for less than $ 180 you try to do high-resolu- tor ADClOOl enables you to interface
    tion drawings from a key- a I 0-bit digital (I 02 4-point) signal to
    I KoalaPad . . . . ... $99.00
    I S-100 Proto card . . . . . I 5.00
    board. Although you can create com- the Zenith S-100 bus with only two
    2 ADC!OO I AID converter !Cs* .... 60.00 plex pictures with the control keys and support chips
    2 20-pin sockets. .50 cursor. you will soon want a true draw- The graphics pad described here
    2 14 -pin sockets. . .50 ing machine because of the direc- uses Koala 'lechnologies· KoalaPad for
    I 16-pin socket. . .2 5 tiona l and speed limitations of key- the analog x. y input that feeds the
    l 74LS 20 dual 4 inpu t nand ........ 50 board drawing. two ADC I 00 Is connected to the S-100
    7 4LS04 hexadecimal inverter . . . 50
    The Zenith Z-100 is truly a graphics bus. To modify the KoalaPad. you
    7805 + 5-volt regulator. .7 5
    I I 00-1,F capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 computer with 640 by 22 5 pixels in open it by unscrewing the screws on
    1/4-watt resistors: . . . . . . . . . . . . ... l.00 three planes (eight colors). The the bottom. holding the unit together
    2 !Ok o hm machine devotes 64K bytes to each and flipping it over. and then li fting
    I 8.2 k ohm plane and has the ability to create 640 the pad away from the circuit board.
    I 1.5k ohm by 480 pixels in eight colors. The Remove the black and blue wires from
    I 330 ohm
    ZBASIC graphics commands offer a the bottom of the board and. with
    $178.50 quick method of creating custom wire-wrap wire. solder them onto pins
    graphics programs. 4 and 9 (respectively) of the chip on
    * available fr om: D1c1-KEV
    To attain true graphic creativity you the lower left side of the circuit board
    Highway 32 Sou th
    POB 677
    need to use a stylus for input You can (next to resistor number 23) . These
    Thief Rive r Falls. draw with a light pen but it is often two lines will now carry the 0-3-volt
    MN 5670 1 awkward to use vertically and difficult analog signal (see photo I). Tape the
    (8001 346-5144 to tell exactly where the pen is point- wires out of the way and gently
    ing on a pixel-by-pixel basis. A graph- replace the pad Then put on the
    ics tablet solves these problems. cover. turn the unit over. and screw it
    There are many methods of inter- back together The KoalaPad is now
    facing analog input to a microcom- ready to plug into the empty socket
    puter's bus but it is simplified by on the S-100 card. A brief description
    of the circuit is shown in figure I . You
    fames Hawley (4272 Queens Ave. South. can use the wire-wrap wire-and-solder
    Minneapolis. MN 55410) is the president of method to build the board but the 3M
    Laminar Flow Inc. in Minneapolis. He enjoys press-pin method is easier. It allows
    flying gliders and designing computer-graphics rapid assembly and disassembl y. The
    hardware and software. 3M socket and insertion tool make up

    120 BYTE • APR IL 1985

    I
    s - 100
    I +5V
    4

    ~
    I
    5 5
    AO 79
    I Cl IC 2
    -12
    2
    AS @>---
    3
    74 LS04
    4 9
    74LS20 -10
    A6 §>-----
    A7 83 li 2 1 +5 v

    OUT 45
    11 10
    ,___ 6 ~
    9 8 8
    IN P 46 ..--- -
    I 7
    I th
    I );
    I 8 rh +5v

    u
    7
    I
    0 95
    18 ___.,
    2
    17 3 ... , 10
    94 - y
    BLK
    16 1

    DA TA
    IN
    41
    3 42
    15
    14
    6
    19
    I 16- PI N
    SOCKET
    4 91 APP LE
    the 3M wiring system. which is so ld 13 , lOK
    5 92
    as the Wh iz Kit by Ragon Inc. of Min- 12 4 6
    6 93 ~
    BLU
    x
    neapolis. Minnesota. Its ease and 43
    II
    speed justify the high cost of the
    IC3 r ~~o l8
    sockets. ADCJOO I +5 V
    Listing I gives you all the program-
    ming necessary to get the x. y values
    9 t
    you need for drawing or cursor move- 20 10
    ment from the circuit board If you in- +5 V 7805
    tend to compile t he program. it is a L~
    20
    ~
    10
    good idea to repeat the OU T and INP
    18 2
    rou tines and compare the values you ~
    +5 V +8V
    17 3
    get This error checking is helpful - - I
    16 I
    because t he Koa laPad can generate - >8.3K
    15 6
    some bogus values because of the ex-
    14 9
    ecution speed of compiled code. -
    If the ZBAS IC language were
    changed to take full advantage of the
    13
    12
    7
    -;---} ' l.53K 1
    interlace mode. then Zenith would be 11 th _l m
    able to offer true high-resolution color T l50pF
    IC 4
    graphics at the lowest price in the lOK
    industry. •
    ADCJOOJ 19
    ...., -
    4

    List ing I : This program is all you


    need to access the KoalaPad.
    10 'LISTING #1
    20 OU T 127,0 'START CONVERSION
    30 A= INP(127) 'IN POR T TOP 8 BITS
    40 B = INP(127) 'IN BOTIOM 2 BITS
    50 A = A•4:B = B/64 :X = A + B '10 BITS Figure I : The 7 4 LS04 inverts address signals to the 74 LS2 0 to create two chip-select
    60 OU T 126,0 'START CONVERSION signals for the two ADC IOOis (U3 and U4) It also inverts the OU T and INP lines
    70 A = INP(126) 'INPOR T TOP 8 BI TS and sends their signals to U3 and U4 as WR and RD . The clocks on pins 19 and 4
    00 B = INP(126) 'IN BOTIOM 2 BITS of the ADC I 00 Is use a resistor capacitor circuit. and reference voltage for the circuit
    90 A = A·4:B = B/64Y =(A+ B)/4
    comes from resistors across GRD and + 5.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 121


    \
    5

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    122 B Y TE • APRIL 1985


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    \
    ll'1TE

    Artificial
    Intelligence
    COMMUNICATION WITH ALIEN INTELLIGENCE YOU AWAKE ONE MORNING to find your brain has another lobe function-
    by Marvin Minsky . ......... .... . . .. 126 ing. Invisible. this auxiliary lobe answers your questions with information
    THE 0UEST TO UNDERSTAND THINKING beyond the realm of your own memory. suggests plausible courses of action.
    by Roger Schank and Larry Hunter . . . . . . 14 3 and asks questions that help bring out relevant facts. You quickly come to
    THE LISP TUTOR rely on the new lobe so much that you stop wondering how it works. You
    by John R. Anderson and Brian J. Reiser .. 159 just use it. This is the dream of artificial intelligence. In this issue of BYTE.
    PROUST a group of distinguished authors. including leading researchers. examine the
    by W. l.£wis Johnson and Elliot Soloway ... 179 state of this challenging field. While the auxiliary lobe is a distant dream. some
    ARCHITECTURES FOR Al of these articles show that AI has won a place on personal computers.
    by Michael F Deering .......... .. ... 193 Understanding artificial intelligence requires understanding intelligence itself.
    THE LISP REVOWTION Marvin Minsky of MIT explores the concept of intelligence and considers
    by Patrick H Winston ........... .. .. 209 whether we will be able to communicate with extraterrestrial intelligence when
    THE CHALLENGE OF OPEN SYSTEMS we encounter it. Some of the conceptual structures needed to make com-
    by Carl Hewitt .................... 223 puters perform operations natural to the human mind are covered by Roger
    VISION Schank and Larry Hunter of Yale.
    by Dana H. Ballard and Computer science is among the first fields to benefit from AI. John Anderson
    Christopher M. Brown ..... . ..... . . .. 245 and Brian Reiser of Carnegie-Mellon describe their interactive LISP program
    LEARNING IN PARALLEL NETWORKS that teaches people to program in LISP. while Yale's Lewis Johnson and Elliot
    by Geoffrey E. Hinton . .. . ...... .. . .. 265 Soloway explain the operations of their LISP program that finds nonsyntactic
    CONNECTIONS bugs in Pascal programs.
    by Jerome A. Feldman .. . . . .......... 277 If we are to have powerful AI on personal computers. we must have efficient
    REVERSE ENGINEERING THE BRAIN hardware and software. Michael Deering of Schlumberger Research surveys
    by John K. Stevens .. .. ... ...... . . .. 286 some efficient architectures for AI. After noticing the recent flowering of LISP
    THE TECHNOWGY OF EXPERT SYSTEMS on personal computers. MIT's Patrick Winston provides an introduction to the
    by Robert H Michaelsen. Donald Michie. language. Carl Hewitt. developer of an early logic programming language. ques-
    and Albert Boulanger . .... . ... . . .. . . . 303 tions whether logic programming will be able to develop intelligent systems
    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM for complex applications in the real world.
    by Beverly A. Thompson and
    In their article. Dana Ballard and Chris Brown of Rochester University explain
    William A. Thompson . . . ......... . ... 315
    how the miracle of vision rests on hierarchical representations of information
    as well as on parallel processing. Parallelism is explored further by Geoffrey
    Hinton of Carnegie-Mellon. who presents two theories of how learning could
    occur in brain-like networks. Jerome Feldman of Rochester elaborates on key
    issues in massive parallelism in both natural and artificial intelligence. John
    Stevens of the University of Toronto takes a bold and intriguing look at the
    possibilities of copying the brain's own circuitry directly. He starts with the device
    physics of the brain and goes on to discuss silicon-based designs.
    The methods for building expert systems discussed by Robert Michaelsen.
    Donald Michie. and Albert Boulanger include not only those based on rules
    but also those based on deeper representations of knowledge. Beverly and
    William Thompson explain a rule-based expert system written in Pascal.
    Space limitations prevented the inclusion of Michael Fichtelman·s expert
    system in Logo and Phillip Robinson's description of a custom AI chip
    developed at Syracuse University. L0ok for these articles in forthcoming issues.
    Many of the technical terms used in the context of AI involve subtle varia-
    tions on the traditional computer science definitions. Please consult the
    glossary on page 138 for definitions of several of these terms.
    -Phil Lemmons. Editor in Chief

    APR IL 1985 • BYTE 125

    \
    E

    0 c 0
    c M 0
    E 0 y u
    c
    D
    8 G

    126 BYTE • APRIL 1985 ILLUSTRATED BY JAMES ENDICOl'T

    I
    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    COMMUNICATION
    WITH ALIEN
    INTELLIGENCE
    BY MARVIN MINSKY

    It may not be as difficult as you think


    WHEN FIRST WE MEET those aliens arithmetic causal reasoning, and the specific example of arithmetic and
    in outer space. will we and they be economics-because these particular conjecture that those other concepts
    able to converse? I believe that. yes. ideas are very much simpler than of objects, causes, and goals have this
    we will-provided they are motivated other ideas with similar uses. same island-like character.
    to cooperate-because we'll both
    Critic: What if those aliens have
    think in similar ways. I propose two The economics argument is that the
    evolved so far beyond us that their
    kinds of arguments for. why those power of a mind depends on .how it
    concerns are unintelligible to us and
    aliens may think like us. in spite of manages the resources it can use. The
    their technologies and conceptions
    having very different origins. These concept of thing is indispensable for
    have become entirely different from
    arguments are based on the idea that managing the resources of space and
    ours?
    all intelligent problem solvers are sub- the substances that fill it. The concept
    ject to the same ultimate constraints- of goal is indispensable for managing Then communication may be in-
    \imitations on space. time. and how we use the time we have avail- feasible. My arguments apply only to
    materials. For animals to evolve able-both for what we do and what those stages of mental evolution in
    powerful ways to deal with such con- we think about. Aliens will use these [continued)
    straints. they must have ways to repre- notions too. because they are both Artificial-intelligence pioneer Marvin Minsky
    sent the situations they face. and they easy to evolve and because there ap- is Donner Professor of Science in the Depart-
    must have processes for manipulating pear to be no easily evolved alter- ment of Electrical Engineering and Computer
    those representations. These two re- natives for them. Science at Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
    quirements are: The sparseness theory tries to make nology (54 5 Technology Square. Cambridge,
    this more precise by showing that MA 02139). In the late 1950s. Minsky.
    Economics: Every intelligence must almost any evolutionary search will together with John McCarthy (now at Stan-
    develop symbol systems for repre- soon find certain schemes that have ford), created MIT's AI Laboratory, of which
    senting things. causes. and goals, and no easily accessible alternatives. that Minsky was the director for several years.
    for formulating and remembering the is, other different ideas that can serve Minsky has long been interested in SETI (the
    procedures it develops for achieving the same purposes. These ideas or Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) and
    those goals. processes seem to be peculiarly participated in the important I 971 conference
    Sparseness: Every evolving intelli- isolated in the sense that the only on communication with extraterrestrials. held
    gence will eventually encounter cer- things that resemble them are vastly in Soviet Armenia and organized by Carl
    tain very special ideas-e.g., about more complicated. I will discuss only Sagan.
    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 127

    \
    COMMUNICATION

    A distinctive aspect covers how to fly: Evolution used a


    trillion bird-years to find out how-yet
    products that are similar. those prod-
    ucts are likely to be completely
    man learned to fly in tens of human- identical.
    of intelligence is years. And while a person might take
    several years to find a way to build a Because of this. we can expect cer-
    the ability to solve structure like an oriole's nest or a
    beaver's dam. no oriole or beaver
    tain a priori structures to appear.
    almost always. whenever a computa-
    could ever learn to do such things at
    new, different problems. all without exploiting the ancient nest-
    tional system evolves by selection
    from a universe of possible processes.
    machines their genes construct inside The ideas of number and arithmetic
    which beings are still concerned with their brains. A distinctive aspect of are examples of this. and my conjec-
    surviving, communicating. and ex· what we call intelligence is this ability ture is that this may be why different
    panding their control of the physical to solve a wide range of new. different people can communicate so perfect-
    world. Beyond that. we may be unable kinds of problems. This is why it makes ly about such matters. although their
    to sympathize with what they come sense to try to communicate with an minds may differ in many other ways.
    to regard as important. Yet even then individual animal that can learn quickly This may apply to aliens. too. Let me
    we can hope to communicate with the how to solve new hard problems. explain the sparseness principle by re-
    mental mechanisms they use to keep What enables us to solve hard prob- counting two anecdotes. One involves
    account of space and time: these lems so quickly? Here are some ingre- a mathematical experiment. the other
    could remain as sorts of universal dients that seem to me so essential a real-life experience.
    currency. that I would expect intelligent aliens A Mathematical Experiment-I
    to use them. too: once set out to explore the behaviors
    Critic: How can we be sure that things
    of all possible processes-that is. of
    like plants and stones or storms and Subgoals-to break hard problems
    all possible computers and their pro-
    streams are not intelligent in other into simpler ones
    grams. There is an easy way to begin
    ways? , Subobjects-to make descriptions
    that search: you just list all possible
    based on parts and relations
    If you can't say in what respects finite sets of rules. one by one. This
    Cause-symbols-to explain and
    their intelligence is similar. it makes no is easy to do using methods that Alan
    understand how things change
    sense to use the same word. They cer· 'furing described in I 936; these are
    Memories-to accumulate experience
    tainly don't seem good at solving the what today we call "'furing machines:·
    about similar problems
    kinds of problems that challenge our Naturally. I didn't get very far because
    Economics-to efficiently allocate
    intelligence. the variety of such processes grows
    scarce resources
    exponentially with the number of
    Critic: What's so special about solv- Planning-to organize work before fill-
    rules in each set. However. with the
    ing problems? Please define intelli· ing in details
    help of my student. Daniel Bobrow. I
    gence precisely so that we'll know Self-awareness-to provide for the
    managed to examine the first few
    what we are discussing. problem solver's own welfare
    thousand of such machines-and we
    It's not one author's place to tell Still. aren't these only a few of the found that among them there were
    other people how to use a word that myriads of other possibilities? Why only a few distinct kinds of behaviors.
    they already understand. Let's just use can't our aliens do all such things in Some of them simply stopped with-
    intelligence to mean what people completely alien ways? I believe that out accomplishing anything. Many of
    usually mean: the ability to solve hard these problem-solving schemes are the others just erased their input data
    problems-like how to build space- not as arbitrary as they seem. and did nothing else. Most of the re-
    ships and long-distance communica- mainder quickly got trapped in circles.
    tion systems. THE SPARSENESS PRINCIPLE senselessly repeating the same steps
    Why does it seem so obvious to us over again. There were only a few left
    Critic: Then please define what a hard
    that two and two equal four? Such that did anything interesting at all-
    problem is. For instance. we know that
    mysteries have long concerned philos- and these were all essentially the
    human intelligence was involved in
    ophers-why certain concepts seem same: Each of them performed a
    building the pyramids-yet coral-reef
    to come into our minds as though counting operation that repeatedly in-
    animals build things on an even larger
    they need no prior experience or creased by one the length of a string
    scale. Should we therefore be able to
    evidence. My answer is that this may of symbols. Jn honor of their ability
    communicate with them?
    be due. at least in part. to the follow- to do what resembles a fragment of
    No. Humans do indeed solve such ing computational phenomenon. simple arithmetic. let's call these A-
    problems. but it is only an illusion that machines. Let's think of this exploration
    coral-reef animals do. An important The Sparseness Principle: Whenever as exposing parts of some infinite
    factor is speed. No single bird dis- two relatively simple processes have (continued)

    128 B YT E • A PRIL 1985

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    COMMUNICATION

    "universe of possible computational making up new little multiplication ly resembles arithmetic at all. (In fact.
    structures:· Then this tiny fragment of tables. Alas. each system ended either this leads to modular arithmetic. which
    evidence suggests that such a with impossible arithmetic (e.g .. with has a certain usefulness in abstract
    universe may look something like one and two the same). with no signs mathematics but is worse than use-
    figure l . at all. or with an extra sign. Eventual- less for keeping track of real things.)
    The Xs represent those useless pro- ly. l gave up. If l had had the courage And so it goes.
    cesses that scarcely do anything at all. to persist. as Gauss did. l might have There is just no way to take a single
    while the As represent those little discovered the arithmetic of complex number out or put another one in.
    counting machines. which in effect are numbers or. as Pauli did. the arith- Nor can you change a single product.
    all identical. Little processes like metic of spin matrices. But no one sum. or prime.
    these. inside our minds. could be ever finds a three-signed imitation of What gives arithmetic this stark and
    seeds of our more mature ideas arithmetic because. it seems. it sim- singular rigidity? You cannot make the
    about arithmetic. My point is that it ply doesn't exist. smallest hole in it or make it stretch
    seems inevitable that somewhere in lry. for example. to make a new or bend the slightest bit. You have to
    a growing mind some A-machines number system that's like the ordinary take it as it stands. the whole thing.
    must come to be. one except that it skips some all or nothing. unchangeable. because
    Now. possibly. there are some other number-say. 4. It just won't work. it's isolated as an island in that
    really different ways to count. So there Everything will go wrong. You 'll have universe of processes. That selfsame
    may appear much later some of what to decide what 2 plus 2 is. If you say Acmachine exists. immutably com-
    we represent as B-macfiines. which are that this is 5. then 5 will have to be plete. as part of every other process
    processes that act in ways that are an even number. and so also must 7 that can generate an endless chain of
    similar but not identical to the ways and 9. Then. what's 5 plus 5? ls it 8. different things.
    A-machines behave. But our experi- or 9. or IO? You'll find that to make l sometimes wonder if it's danger-
    ment hints that even the simplest the new system at all like arithmetic ous to make our children dwell so
    possible B-machine will be so much you'll have to change the properties long on arithmetic since. when seen
    more complicated that it is unlikely of all the other numbers. Then. when this way, it leads to such a singularly
    any brain would discover one before you're done. you'll find that you have barren world. 'Irue. some children find
    it first found many Acmachines. changed only those numbers· names in it a universe of different things to
    I think of this little thought experi- and not their properties at all. do. Most children. though. just find it
    ment as resembling an abstract ver- Similarly. you could try to make two dull-a source of endless rote and
    sion of those first experiments in different numbers be the same-say. pointless pain: it's like the tedium of
    which Stanley Miller and Harold Urey 139 and 14 5. But then. to make sub- working clay too cold to mold into any
    set out to explore with real chemicals traction work. you'll have to make 6 other shape.
    the simplest combinations of consti- the same as 0 and 4 plus 5 equal to From all this. I conclude that any en-
    tuents. They started with a few ele- 3. Suddenly. you'll find that the sum tity who searches through the sim-
    ments like hydrogen. oxygen. nitro- of two positive numbers is smaller plest processes will soon find frag-
    gen. carbon. and phosphorus and than either of them-and that scarce- (continued)
    found that those chemicals react first
    to make simple molecules and then
    go on to form peptides. sugars. x x
    nucleotides. and whatnot. Of course. x x x
    we would have to wait much. much Ax x Ax
    longer before the appearance of x )C A \
    tigers. woodpeckers. or Andro- x x x x x A
    medans. x x x A x I \
    A Real-Life Episode-Once. while l x A x x xx/xx \ xx
    was still a child in school. l heard that x x /x x x xx x Ix xxx \ x
    minus times minus is plus. How strange x x Ax x x x A x x A x
    it seemed that negatives could cancel x Ax x x x A x xxx xx x I \ xx xx
    out-as though two wrongs could xx A xx xxxx xx x x x A x A x x
    make a right. or "this statement lies" x xxxAxxx xxx xx x x xx x I \xx xxx xxx
    could be a truth. I wondered if there --- --- ---
    could be something else. still like
    x x xx xxx xxx xxx xxxx B xx xxx xxx xxx xxx x
    arithmetic but having yet another
    x x xxx xxx xxx xxx xxxx/ \xx xxx xxx xxx xxx xx
    sign. Why not make up some number
    things. l thought. that go not just two Figure I: A universe of possible computational structures.
    ways. but three? I searched for days.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 131


    Inquir y 362

    Pascal and C COMMUNICATION


    Programmers
    Your programs can
    now compile the
    ments that do not merely resemble develop complex languages. and
    FirsTime™ arithmetic but are arithmetic. It is not
    a matter of inventiveness or imagina-
    since these languages probably
    employ many relatively simple prin-
    FirsTime is an intellige nt e ditor that tion. only a fact about the geography ciples. it is likely that alien species will
    knows thl' rules of the language being of the universe of computation. a share many of these. I propose this
    progra mnwcl. It checks your state ments world far more constrained than that in a form so strong that it may seem
    as you ent e r tlwm, and if it spots a of real things. entirely preposterous at first: I believe
    mistake, it id e ntities it. FirsTime then
    posit ions the cursor over th e l'ITor so
    that many aspects of our language/
    Thesis: All processes or formalisms
    you can correct it easily. FirsTime 1.1•il/ grammar forms may be almost in-
    that resemble arithmetic are either
    i<ie11tUi1111/ sy11t11x errors, u11df!f ined escapable.
    v uria/Jles, and e vl'll stu.te11w11ts w i th identical to it or else unthinkably com-
    Why do we say things like "ft soon
    urismu.tdwrl vu.riob/e types. In fact, any plicated. This is why we can commu-
    will start to rain?" Why must we always
    program developed with the FirsTime nicate perfectly about numbers.
    Pclitor will compile on the first try. postulate some agent-cause even
    What has this to do with aliens? when there is no actor on the scene?
    More than a syntax checker!
    Only that they too must have evolved It doesn't matter if we're right or
    FirsTime has many uniqu e features
    found in no otlwr editor. Th ese po werful by searching through some universe wrong; we'll find a cause or imagine
    ca pabilitil•s include a zo om command of possible processes. and any evolu- one. I claim we seek some cause for
    that a llows you to e xa min e th e tionary process must first consider every difference. move. or change.
    structure of your progra m, automatic relatively simple systems and thus Sometimes our language syntax
    program formatting , a nd block
    transforms. discover the same isolated islands of forces this on us. but I claim it is not
    efficiency. merely a matter of verbal form; it
    If you wish, you can work even fa~te r Finally. we ought to ask why pro- stems from deeper causes in the ways
    by automati ca lly generating program
    struc tures with a single key-stroke. This cesses occur that way without some we think. My guess is that even before
    feature is espPcially useful to t hose similar ones nearby? It is hard to for- our ancestors began to speak. they
    lea rning a new la nguagl', or to those mulate this precisely. because the first developed special brain ma-
    who often sw it ch between different meaning of similar depends on what chinery for representing objects. dif-
    languagPs.
    you want to use it for. One way to ex- ferences. and causes. and our lan-
    Other Features: Full screen editing, plain it is to point out that a small set guage/grammar later reflected these.
    horizont a l scrolling, function key me nus, of rules can generate a vast world of Specifically, I suspect that many of our
    hl'lp sn<·<·ns. insl'rts, cll'll'tes. appends,
    sl'a rch es, and global r eplacing.
    implications and consequences. But thought processes are based on using
    there is no converse because usually the following kinds of mental symbol
    Programmers l'njoy using FirsTime. It a small set of rules can't describe a representations:
    allows tlwm to conce ntrate on program
    logic without ha ving t o won-y about
    large and complex thing This is sim-
    coding details. Debugging is n •clucecl ply a matter of arithmetic: There just Object-symbols representing things.
    d ra ma ti ca lly, and deadlin es are more aren't enough small sets of rules to go ideas. or processes-In languages.
    ea sily met. around! And that explains why we they often correspond to nouns. Our
    FirsTime for PASCAL $245
    cannot take some set of rules. use it minds tend to describe every situa-
    FirsTime for C $295 to generate a universe of conse- tion. real or mental, in terms of
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    De mon s tra tion disk $25 result. again in terms of only a few Difference-symbols representing dif-
    Get an extra $100 off the compiler wh en rules. Now. that altered universe has ferences between, or changes in.
    it is purchased with FirsTime. become one of miracles. not of laws. objects-In languages, they often cor-
    (N ..J. r Psicle nts please acid (i'X, sales ta x.) There are not enough small sets of respond to verbs. When any object
    rules to produce the effect of con- undergoes a change or two objects

    Spruce
    Technology Corporation
    tinuity.

    CAUSES AND CLAUSES


    An alien mind would probably be en-
    are compared. the mind ascribes
    some differences to them.
    Cause-symbols-When any difference
    is conceived. the mind finds a cause
    I]()\\·l 1ispering l'ines Drive tirely different from ours if how we for it. a something that is held respon-
    Linnoft, N .. J. 07738 think were just an evolutionary acci- sible. And we use a clever mental trick
    ('.WI) 741 -8 188 o r (201) (iCi3-00(i3
    dent. And then. communication to represent causes in much the same
    Tkall'r f' IH11 1irif' s wPkonw. C'us tom ,-pr sicllls would likely not be feasible. But al- ways that we represent objects.
    for ('om put t•r manufad ttr<>rs and la ng uage
    d ('\'t•lo 1wrs an· a \·ailah ll'.
    though every evolution is composed Clause-structures-For describing

    -
    of many accidents. each one tends to complicated situations. we have a
    FirstTime is a I rad1 •111ark of Spruct• Tt•(·hnolocy
    first try relatively simple ways at every trick that Jets us treat any expression
    I
    l 'n r pu r alinll ,
    VIS4" stage. Since we·re the first on earth to (continued)

    132 BYTE • A PRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 248 APR!L 1985 • BY TE 133
    COMMUNICATION

    or description. however complicated. a name. You call it "me:· I call it learning are useful only when they in-
    as though it were a single component "you." form us about relations that are at
    of another description . In languages. least partially predictable. We do not
    Critic: But what 's so great about
    this corresponds to using embedded want our memories to give equal
    dependencies? Why can't some aliens
    phrases and clauses. weights to every arbitrary feature of
    perceive entire scenes as wholes in-
    a situation. If a scene contains 50
    It is that final self-embedding trick stead of breaking them down into
    features. you don't want to equally
    of representing prior thoughts as those clumsy parts? Why not. instead.
    consider all the quadrillion possible
    things that gives our minds their awe- see what there really is. holistically-
    subsets of those features. And so we
    some power. For this permits us to re- a steady flow of flux in space in time.
    need some methods for isolating and
    use the same brain machinery over instead of arbitrary form-filled mind-
    grouping that can emphasize the
    and over again. at each step replac- made fragments of approximations to
    most usefully predictable subsets In
    ing an entire conceptualization by a reality?
    short. without the additional con-
    compact symbol. That way. we can
    It surely is a healthy tendency to yearn straints on relations between features.
    build up gigantic structures of ideas
    for better ways to see the world But which result in the concept of an ob-
    as easily as our children build great
    worshipping as-yet-undiscovered ject. we'd simply never see the same
    bridges and towers from simple
    transcendental schemes can blind us thing twice. Then we'd have no way to
    separate blocks. That way, we can
    to the power we draw from our usual learn from our experience. No knowl-
    build new ideas from old ones-and
    ways of separating things. Each edge could accumulate.
    that is what enables us to think. This
    animal must pay a corresponding
    applies to our computers as well. CAUSES AND GOALS
    price in energy and nourishment for
    This must be why our languages
    each machine it carries in its brain. How does having memory help-
    also have structures that we can re-
    lust as clause structure in language when no two problems are ever quite
    use: Our thoughts themselves must
    lets us focus our entire word machine the same in all respects? Our past ex-
    use the same machinery repeatedly.
    on each part of a description. our con- perience would seem to have no
    That's how our thoughts extend them-
    cept of seeing separate things lets us relevance unless we had some ways
    selves to infinite variety. And. unless
    factor situations into parts and then to see which aspects of the world re-
    aliens do that too. they cannot turn
    apply our whole mind machine to main the same. while others change.
    their thoughts to the prior products
    each part of the problem Enthusiasts This is why knowledge cannot have
    of their thoughts. Without this trick of
    of holism have never understood the much use unless expressed in terms
    turning symbols on themselves. you
    hidden cost a mind would have to pay of relations between predictable fea-
    can't have general intelligence.
    to "see everything at once." We'd tures and the actions that we can take.
    however excellent your repertoire of
    never be able to see anything clearly But given these it then may become
    other skills may be.
    at all. possible to predict which actions
    Critic: You might as well argue that the There have been many speculations might cause undesirable features to
    aliens will speak English if you claim on how brains might use something disappear.
    they too use nouns and verbs and like holograms for memories. But on · To say that "y happened because of
    compound embedded sentences. But one side there is no evidence for this; x" is. in effect. to say that x can help
    what if they don't think in terms of ob- on the other there are few advantages you to predict which actions can lead
    jects and actions at all? to it. Holograms store no more infor- to y. It helps to control its environ-
    mation than other methods. and com- ment if an animal can find such
    I don't think it's an accident that we puter scientists know other. better causes-fragments of predictability that
    think in terms of thing and cause. ways to add redundancy to memory work better than chance. But such
    Whatever may occur. that form of rep- to make it robust and injury resistant. predictions aren't useful when too
    resentation leads HS always to wonder It is true that holograms can simplify many small effects add up. What are
    who or what is responsible. And so. certain kinds of recognitions. for in- causes anyway? The very concept of
    this evolutionary trick leads us to stance. deciding whether a picture · a cause involves a certain element of
    search to find dependencies that help contains copies of some specific style: A causal explanation must be
    predict-and nence control-not just the other picture. But that also makes it brief. Unless an explanation is com-
    world outside but also what may hap- much more difficult to make most pact. we cannot use it to predict. We
    pen in the mind. Perhaps it's also why other kinds of decisions. to say would agree that x is a cause of y if
    we all grow up believing in a self: whether a picture contains two sub- we see that y depends much more on
    perhaps that "I" in "I just had a good pictures that share some specified x than on most other things. But we
    idea" stems from that same ma- relationship. In fact. a hologram may wouldn't call x a cause if it were a
    chinery. Because if you are compelled be almost the worst possible way to discourse that carried on and on.
    to find something to cause the things represent relations among the things mentioning everything else in the
    you do. that something needs to have it represents. because memory and (cont inued)

    134 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    phenomenon is to know. at least in
    that's green or blue to me is blue and
    principle, what can change or control
    green to you? The sparseness theory
    it without changing everything else.
    claims that we need have no fear of
    This is useful when it enables us to
    that. at least for technical concepts.
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    since one of the two outwardly in-
    other things worse.
    distinguishable meanings would prob-
    For a mind to discover causes in its ably be vastly more complicated than
    world, it must have sensors that the other and would never have been
    detect changes that are predictably conceived in the first place. Sparse-
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    tunately, evolution .tends automatical- We know very little of where that
    ly to select just such matched sets of idea might lead because we know so
    sensors and effectors, because in vir- little about how sparseness ·isolates
    tually any environment an animal's any particular concept. But the
    survival is enhanced if its actions are general idea does seem to support
    based on good predictions. So we can the mathematical and physical intui-
    expect evolutionary processes to ac- tions proposed by Hans Freudenthal
    cumulate mechanisms that reflect the in LINCOS, his book on alien commu-
    causal laws that operate in their en- nication, perhaps even in regard to
    vironments. And it would seem that the miniature models he suggests for
    the most powerful methods are those discussing social and administrative
    that let you make predictions about subjects. There is one problem
    the effects of contemplated action though: Introspection is a poor guide
    chains, that is, the ability to make for guessing which of our common-
    plans. (continued)

    136 BYTE • A PRIL 1985


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    sense concepts are really simple. commun ication will encounter ob- Study in Generality and Problem Solving. New
    because many things we find easy to stacles of every sort. York: Academic Press. 1969.
    do use brain mach ines whose com- Freudenthal. Hans. L!NCOS: Design of a
    plexity we cannot sense. For exam- THEREFORE l.nnguage for Cosmic Intercourse. Amsterdam :
    North-Holland. I 960.
    ple. we find it easy to stand on two There is little more that I can say to-
    Lenat. Douglas 'The Nature of Heuristics:·
    feet, but some aliens might find that day with any scientific certitude.
    Artificial Intelligence. vol 19. 1982.
    quite astonishing. Tomorrow there could be more. Turing. Alan. ·· on Computable Numbers.
    What other ideas are likely to be perhaps because of soon-to-come With an Application to the Entscheidungs-
    universal in the sense of being islands gains in computational power that pro blem: · Proceedings of the London
    in that sea of possible ideas? Surely could let us explore a little further Mathematical Society. vol. 2. 1937: reprinted
    the mathematical notions of utility, into the mysterious ocean of all pos- in Martin Davis (ed.), Tlie Undecidable. New
    linear approximation. probability, and sible simple machines. There we York: Raven Press. 1965.
    the simplest program-like processes might find a few more ideas isolated
    are These could serve to communi- enough to share with other minds. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
    cate much about trade and com- Such explorations also might tell us This article is an adapted version of a
    merce. basic facts of biology, and more about the origin of life itself by paper by Marvin Minsky in Extraterrestrials:
    Science and Alien Intelligence. edited by
    even many principles of mental life- showing us the simplest schemes that
    Edward Regis Ir. and published by Cam-
    e g , about objects. goals. and mem- could support the simplest forms of bridge University Press. Copyright March
    ories. At some point. though, sparse- evolutionary search. • 13. 1984, revised December 10. 1984. The
    ness must fail, because things that are book will be available in the summer of
    more complicated will have all kinds BIBLIOGRAPHY 198 5. Reprinted with permission of the
    of variations and alternatives, and Ernst. G., and Allen Newell. CPS: A Case editor and Cambridge University Press.

    A GLOSSARY
    OF ARTIFICIA~INTELLIGENCE TERMS
    AND, OR , AND STREAM PARAL- code chunks allocated to each pro- SCRIPT: a frame-like knowledge
    LELISM:different techniques for im- cessor. For example. if processor A structure used to represent related
    plementing parallel operations. is assigned to perform an addition sequences of events. The slots in
    based on and. or, and pipelined ex- operation while processor B is a script contain information con-
    ecution hierarchies. assigned to perform a sort opera- cerning an event (where the event
    tion. the grain size of the code occurs, people involved. objects
    BAGS: formal mathematical objects
    assigned to processor A is smaller manipulated. etc.), and the events
    that differ from sets in that they than that assigned to processor B. are linked in a causal chain.
    allow duplicate items.
    HEURISTIC: a technique that im- SEMANTIC NET: a graph of nodes
    BLACKBOARD: used in systems proves the efficiency of a problem- and connecting links; the nodes
    composed of independent solving process. even though its represent objects. and the links
    modules as a means of communi- use cannot be strictly justified. 1n represent relationships. A family
    cation. The blackboard is a com- A 1. heuristics are typically used to tree is a good example of a seman-
    mon area of memory conta ining reduce the time required to solve tic net.
    system-state data that all modules extremely complex search prob-
    can access. TAGGED MEMORY ARCHITECTURE: in
    lems.
    Al applications. tagged memory ar-
    FRAME: a knowledge structure (or KNOWLEDGE ENGINEER:an Al pro- chitectures use part of each mem-
    database) used to describe the at- grammer who constructs expert ory word to convey information
    tributes that an object possesses. systems. about the data stored in the re-
    arranged in a "slot and filler" for- maining bits of that word includ-
    PREDICATES AND DEMONS: a predi-
    mat. Each slot and its contents ing the data type and format.
    carry information about a par- cate is a type of function that tests
    ticular aspect of the object. for some condition involving its UNIFICATION: a pattern-matching
    arguments. A demon is a proce- method; the result of a unification
    GRAIN S1zE: when used in conjunc- dure that activates automatically in is the assignment of values to the
    tion with parallel processing, grain response to recognizing a prede- variables of two patterns so that
    size refers to the complexity of the fined state. both patterns become identical.

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    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    THE QUEST
    TO UNDERSTAND
    THINKING
    BY ROGER SCHANK AND LARRY HUNTER

    It begins not witn complex issues


    but witn tne most trivial of processes
    ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. or Al. form for an answer. and then generate ourselves focused on what they con-
    takes as its subject matter some of the the words to communicate it. (This ex- sidered to be manifestations of highly
    most daunting questions of our ex- ample is offered not as a real theory intelligent behavior: playing chess.
    istence. What is the nature of mind? of question answering but as an ex- proving mathematical theorems. solv-
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    ing, feeling, seeing. or understanding? mind might look like.) like. Many Al researchers devoted a
    Is it possible to comprehend how our Process theories seem to be a good lot of energy to these projects and
    minds really work? These questions way of describing what might go on found powerful computational tech-
    have been asked for thousands of inside the brain. One problem with niques for accomplishing such "intel-
    years. but we've made little tangible them. however. is that all too often ligent" tasks. But we discovered that
    progress at answering them. what looks like a good description the techniques we developed are not
    Al offers a new tool for those pur- really isn't specific enough to make the same ones that people actually
    suing the quest: the computer. As the theory clear. "Use the represen- use to perform these tasks. and we
    anyone who has used one can attest. tation as an index into memory" isn't have instead begun to concentrate on
    computers often create more prob- a good explanation of the processes tasks that almost any adult finds
    lems than they solve. But for probing behind remembering a fact. How are trivial: using language. showing com-
    the issues of mind and thought. that facts recalled? How is the memory mon sense. learning from past expe-
    is just what we need. organized? What happens when riences.
    The fundamental use of computers memory gets very large? What if a fact
    in helping us understand cognition is isn't directly encoded in memory but LANGUAGE
    to provide a testbed for our ideas can be inferred from something that We began studying these "trivial"
    about what the mind does. Theories is? A researcher trying to write a pro- tasks by trying to write programs that
    of mind often take the form of pro- gram that embodies the above sim- (continued)
    cess descriptions. For example. a plistic theory wou ld run into all of Roger Schank is chairman of the computer
    theory of question answering might these problems and more. That's why science department at Yale University. Larry
    claim that people first translate a we need to write programs. Program- Hunter is a graduate student in computer
    question into an internal representa- ming forces us to be explicit. and be- science at Yale. Both authors can be reached
    tion. use that representation as an ing explicit forces us to confront the at the Yale University Artificial Intelligence
    index into memory. translate the re- problems with our theories. Laboratory, 10 Hillhouse Ave .. New Haven.
    called memory into an appropriate Not long ago. Al researchers like CT 06520.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 143


    THINKING

    the sandwich and paid for it. However. understand language without know-
    People understand those actions are not implicit in any ing something about the subject mat-
    particular word in the story. How ter under discussion.
    a great deal more might a computer program infer To build programs that test these
    them? It would have to know about ideas. we had to figure out what kinds
    than the lexical content what goes on in restaurants. A person
    could also conclude that John prob-
    of expectations exist and specifically
    how they are used. First. we looked
    ably looked at a menu. that he sat at to human behavior to guide us. Peo-
    of an utterance. a table. that a cook made the sand- ple constantly generate expectations
    wich. and so on. The program needs at many different levels of specificity.
    could use English (or other natural to be able to fill in the unmentioned We have expectations about what syl-
    languages) in a useful way. We wanted gaps in a text with information about lable sounds are likely to be heard
    such programs to be able to under- the events being described. next that help us resolve ambiguous
    stand the written word well enough to There is a solution to both prob- sounds into words. We have lexical ex-
    summarize it. translate it into another lems: The program must be constant- pectations about what words or
    language. or answer questions about ly generating expectations about what classes of words will come next. We
    it. We were immediately confronted will happen next. Ambiguity is rarely have expectations of events that are
    with the fact that people understand noticed by human speakers because likely to occur. We also have a variety
    a great deal more than just the im- the context makes clear which mean- of expectations about other things.
    mediate lexical content of an ut- ing is correct. For a program to be like the kinds of goals that various
    terance. For example. most people able to resolve ambiguity. it must people may have. plans and counter-
    would agree that the sentence "John build up a "context" as well. In other plans involved in pursuing those
    bought a new car" contains a refer- words. the program must have some goals. and emotional reactions to
    ence to money. even though the word idea of what will happen next. based various events.
    "money" does not appear in the on what has happened previously and Then we thought about how a pro-
    sentence. Any program that under- what it already knows about these gram might handle this. In some
    stands that sentence would have to be kinds of situations. Expectations are sense. every natural-language parser
    able to answer 'Yes" to the question very helpful in resolving ambiguity; uses expectations. The difference be-
    "Did John spend money?" the expected sense of an ambiguous tween a traditional. strictly syntactic
    How . could a program know that? word is the one that should be as- parser and a more conceptual parser
    One approach might be to associate sumed. The expectations set up by is the source of its expectations. A
    "money" with the word "bought." "The bartender poured scotch on .. :· syntactic parser uses only knowledge
    claiming that "buy" means "trade makes it easy to use the proper sense about grammar. A conceptual parser
    money for:· This method uses the of "the rocks." uses information from many sources.
    meanings of the various words in the Expectations also help fill in the grammatical and otherwise. While a
    sentence to build up a representation gaps in a story. They commonly come traditional parser sees syntactic
    of the meaning of the whole sentence. in bunches or packages. When we hear analysis as a preliminary process for
    That is more or less the right ap- about a restaurant. we expect to hear other analyses. a conceptual parser
    proach. but it has some problems. For about a variety of objects. events. and sees syntax as only one of many
    one. words are ambiguous. and the in- people. There should be a menu. the sources of informatio n used simulta-
    ferences we make about their mean- patron should look at the menu. pick neously to understand text.
    ings can easily be wrong. "Buy," for something. tell the order to a waiter Many of the low-level expectations
    example. doesn't always mean money or waitress. wait for a while. be served of our parsers come from the vocab-
    changes hands. as in: "John bought eat the food have the table cleared ulary used to represent meaning
    Mary's argument." Ambiguity is so get a check. pay the check. leave a tip. Some of our programs have used con-
    widespread that any program dealing and depart. As is obvious from this ceptual dependency (CD) to represent
    with natural language must have example. expectation packages can meanings (see reference I). The basic
    powerful methods for handling it. be temporall y ordered which makes CD form has slots for an action. an ac-
    Another problem is that often it possible to infer that "John ate his tor. an object. and a directional com-
    underlying meanings do not come sandwich" in the earlier example. ponent (from or to). Each CD action
    from the definitions of any particular When an expectation is satisfied. the has associated semantic constraints
    word. Consider the following story: program can infer that the expecta- on the kinds of entities that can fill its
    "John went to a restaurant. He tions temporally prior to it are prob- slots. For example. the CD action in-
    ordered a sandwich. The waiter ably also satisfied. People know about gest requires that its object be edible
    brought it quickly. so he left a large common sequences of actions in the and its actor be alive. When any word
    tip." The meaning of th is story ob- world and use that knowledge to gen- that refers to "ingest" appears in a
    viously includes the fact that John ate erate expectations. There is no way to [continued)

    144 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    Copyright 1985. Quark Incorporated Photography by Barbara Kasten
    THINKING

    text. expectations are generated to some other package (the "pay" slot needed some way of finding the right
    hear about an edible object (general- of restaurant might be filled by "wash set of expectations at the right mo-
    ly after the word meaning "ingest") dishes"). They can occur at the same ment. without looking at every pack-
    and a living actor (generally before time (eating and taking an airplane) or age. As we built programs that used
    "ingest"). Notice that the expectations be incompatible (driving an auto- packaged expectations and gave
    generated are both semantic (predict- mobile and taking an airplane). Pack- them real stories (taken verbatim from
    ing a word or meaning) and syntactic ages can also have word senses as- the UPI newswire). we noticed that
    (predicting where the word might be sociated with them. In the restaurant sometimes expectations failed. These
    found). Of course. even the CD action package. "tip" is more likely to mean failures were often very interesting
    may be ambiguous. One way to clear "money" than "end point." This kind events. We began working on ways to
    up the ambiguity in such cases is to of associated lexicon doesn't solve determine the difference between a
    generate the expectations from both the problem of ambiguity. but it is a failed expectation and an unresolved
    possible meanings and pick the action helpful tool. one that should be inferred.
    whose expectations are met by the re- We also ran into some problems Another problem was picking what
    maining words in the story. This tech- with packages. How could a program was to be a package and what wasn't.
    nique could be used to clarify the figure out which package to use at any There are many things about eating at
    meaning of "buy" in the earlier exam- given time? It is reasonable to add ac- fiome that are like going to a restaurant.
    ple: "buy" would generate two sets of tivation conditions to a package that Do the expectations about eating at
    expectations. one predicting a valu- specify the situations in which that home come from the same package
    able object and the other predicting package might be relevant. Early pro- or a totally different one? How about
    an opinion. When one expectation set grams just looked at each package to eating in different restaurants? We
    was satisfied. the program could de- see if its conditions had been met. As needed a theory of how to organize
    activate the other. the number of packages increased and find groups of expectations.
    There are many other ways to clear their organization had to improve. We (continued)
    up ambiguities. More complex expec-
    tation schemes can provide better in-
    formation. Consider the restaurant
    story above. The sentence 'The waiter
    brought it quickly. so he left a large
    tip" has an ambiguous pronoun. "he."
    NEW AMBER CRT'S
    Standard rules for pronoun reference
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    the most recent agreeing antecedent.
    ··waiter." The only way to clarify the r.A'Avoilable in slow dec.n_y green or medium decoy
    ~ "European Amber" (lne standard in Europe)
    meaning of this pronoun is by the ex-
    ~High-contrast double dork face
    pectation that patrons leave tips for L..::J gloss that also cuts U.V. radiation
    servers. You might try associating this
    information with the appropriate @Tube face is etched to' stop glare
    meaning for the word "tip." but patron r;:;lr1deol for word processing and programming,
    and server are not just semantic re- L....'.'.:J yet lost enough for games and graphics
    strictions on slot fillers. John might be ~Warranted for one full year against
    a patron in this episode. but he might l..!:.J manufacturing defects or tube failure
    act as a server in some other situa-
    tion. The patron/server/tip expectation Now, you can easily upgrade your monitor to
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    expectations about restaurants. TeleVideo;" Kaypro;" Heath;" DEC;" Zenith;" Plus $7 for pocking and UPS Shipping (Sl7 lor Over·
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    covered a few things about packages. •~•Lan3ley-St.Clair
    First. any story will refer to many
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    to each other in many different ways.
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    CALL 800 221-7070
    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 147
    Inquiry 69

    THINKING

    Briefly. we began by looking at lan- totypes; hence. they can serve to


    guage. We wanted to generate a pro- organize memory' of events. Our pack-
    Hi - I'm Joan,
    gram that would read a few sentences ages now have another role to play:
    Thank you for the and answer questions about them. We They should accomplish the functions
    fine response I've had have found that. in order to do this. of event memory as well as provide
    to my ad.
    I'd like to mention we need to build expectations about the expectations that aid in under-
    that prices change very the subject matter of the text. Those standing
    quickly in this business, expectations come from many diverse If packages are to function as mem-
    (keeping in mind that
    our prices include ship- sources of knowledge and are bun- ory as well as processing structures.
    ping) so if a price seems high, call me and dled together into packages. We then they have additional requirements.
    maybe we can adjust it. --
    May spring time be the beginning of a
    have to consider what kinds of pack- First and foremost. a memory system
    beautiful summer for all of you. ages there are and how we can must be dynamic. The memory must
    Thanks again and God bless organize and use them. What began be altered by its experiences. A
    Joan as a study of language has turned into memory system that fails to respond
    a study of knowledge and knowledge to new inputs and learn from its ex-
    organization-in other words. a study periences is not very useful. A
    of memory. memory system that produces expec-
    tations must be able to respond to ex-
    MEMORY pectation failures by reorganizing
    Where do predictions come from? itself to provide better expectations
    How do we know what to expect in the future. Second. a memory sys-
    next? We use relevant previous expe- tem must be able to find what it
    riences to help us understand. New- knows. This may not seem very hard.
    borns can't comprehend restaurant but it is. The task of memory is to take
    ALTOS 580-20 . . . . . . . . . . . $3350
    stories. and people who have worked a given event and find related events.
    ALTOS 586-20 . . . . . . . . . . . $5350 in restaurants can read more into But what constitutes a "related"
    IBM PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $CALL seemingly insignificant events. We en- event. and how do we know where to
    LEADING EDGE PC . . . . . . . . $CALL
    NEC 8201 .. . .. . . . . . .. ... $329 code what we see in terms of what we look for one? These two goals-re-
    SANYO 550-555 . . . . . . . . . . $CALL have already experienced That is why membering and learning-drive our
    TELEVIDEO two people can see the same event th~orizing about the structure of
    803 . . . . . $1769 803H .. .. $2549 and yet understand it very dif- memory. We need to understand how
    1605 . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . $CALL
    ferently-they each bring different knowledge is structured and how it
    ABATI LO . . . . . . . . . .. . ... $339
    BROTHER HR 25P . . . . . . . . . . $655 beliefs and expectations to bear. Our can change
    DAISYWRITER 48K .. . . . . . . . $799 ability to understand a situation We also have a powerful technique
    EPSOM . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . $CALL comes from our ability to compare it with which to investigate the structure
    STAR SG10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $235
    JUKI 6100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $399 to relevant previous situations. The of human memory: reminding. Re-
    OKI DATA (LOW PRICES) . . . . $CALL knowledge we gain from experi- minding is a ubiquitous phenom-
    TOSHIBA 1340P . . . . . . . . . .. $709
    ence-episodic memory-is the same enon; people are constantly re-
    CITOH knowledge we use to understand- minded of one thing by another. You
    8510 . . . . .$309 1550P . . . . .$449
    F10-40C PS .$889 F1055 . . . $1089 semantic memory. can be reminded of an object. a per-
    DIABLO How does this relate to our predic- son. or a situation. In the course of
    620 . . . . . .$699 630API . . . $1529 tion packages? The first thing we normal conversation. people are often
    NEC noticed was that using packages reminded of previous events. During
    3550 . . . . $1359 3510 . . . . . $1215
    7710 . . . . $1635 2030 . $599 might be an efficient way to re- the mental processing of that conver-
    member episodes Instead of having sation. some memory is activated to
    to store every event in an experience. help understand the new input. The
    ALTOS 11 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 749
    DUME 102G . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $425 a program could just save a pointer fact that one experience reminds us
    WYSE 50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $485 to the prototype (restaurant. for exam- of another indicates that we are using
    TELEVIDEO 950 . . . . . . • . . . . $895 ple) along with those parts of the ex- the same structure to process one as
    AMDEK 300G. . . . . . . . . . . . . $129
    PRINCETON MAX 12 . . . . .. . . $165 perience that weren't part of the to remember the other. By examining
    PRINCETON HX12 . . . . . . . .. $459 package (for example. the patron was the process of reminding. we can ex-
    DISK DRIVES - MODEMS John. the food was a sandwich. the tip plore the structure of memory.
    INDUS APPLE ..... . ....... . $259 was large). Memory need only register Armed with our new conception of
    INDUS ATARI .... . ... . . . . . . $299 those parts of an episode that dif- memory structures. let's return to our
    PROMODEM 1200 ........ . . $314
    PROMODEM 1200B .. ..... . . $259 ferentiate it from the prototype. Since restaurant example. Suppose that
    PROMODEM 1200A .. . ...... $289 packages contain what we expect in when John received the bill. the waiter
    SMARTMODEM 1200 ........ $419 a situation. they are effectively pro- (continued)
    SMARTMODEM 1200B . . . . . . . $379
    148 BYTE • APRIL 1985
    r---------------·
    I
    I
    Mail to:
    © Lockheed-GETEX 1985

    Lockheed-GETEX , Suite 945,


    1100 Circle 75 Parkway, Atlanta ,
    I GA 30339. (404) 951-0878.
    I
    GTX-100. Computer security I Please send me:
    so advanced, it could even I 0 GTX-100 brochure.
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    Inq uir y 238
    I
    I
    I
    Inquiry 2 56

    Multi-function
    RS-232 Switches THINKING
    MFJ-1240 ~. . . . .. . .
    •7995 MFi RS·2l2 TRAJlSf"'ER SWITCH

    Choict1 of
    8 models
    Multi-function RS-232 transfer switches let you
    switch your computer among prin ters, modems,
    terminals, any RS-232 periphera ls; monitor data/ Common sense is parts sorted by model and year: in a
    restaurant. you look at the menu.
    line failure , protect data lines from surges, and
    We can draw several conclusions
    useasnull modem for less cost than a switch alone.
    Switches 10 lines (2,3,4,5,6,8, 11 , 15, 17,20). knowing about a lot about memory structures. Packages
    LED data/line indicators monitor lines 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, are nested. that is. packages have sub-
    8,20.Metaloxidevaristors protect data li n~ s 2, 3
    from voltage spikes and surges. Push button of things and using packages. In Al terminology, the pack-
    ages are called MOPs (for memory or-
    reverses transmit-receive lines (2, 3) . PC board
    eliminates wiring, crosstalk, line interference.
    Connects any one input to any one ou tput.
    Model Price In Out Model Price In Out
    what you know in a ganization packages). and the sub-
    packages. scenes. Scenes are
    MFJ-1240 $79.95 1 2 MFJ - 1244 $139.95 3 3 shared- most appear in many MOPs.
    MFJ-1241
    MFJ-1242
    $99.95
    $119.95
    2
    2
    2
    3
    MFJ · 12 45 $169.95
    MFJ · 1246 $199.95
    3
    5
    5
    5 variety of situations. Examples of scenes might be pay and
    MFJ-1243 $119 .95 1 4 MFJ -1247 $99.95
    swilches 20 fines
    , 2 order. It is important to note here that
    ---~
    there is no "correct" list of packages.
    Printer Switch had made an arithmetic error and The packages that any dynamic mem-
    for IBM PC Computer charged him too much. John noticed ory system uses at any particular time

    $
    MFJ-1248 , •
    99 95 l_. _--_
    """~''"'""""'
    _. _ ._ _-~.
    _ • 1 this and complained. The waiter was
    apologetic and not only fixed the
    depend on its own prior experiences.
    Furthermore. a MOP contains infor-
    error but offered John a free dessert. mation about the specific details of its
    Share a parallel printer bewteen 2 IBM PCs with John-or any dynamic memory sys- own scenes. These details are called
    the push of a button. Eliminate trouble and confu- tem trying to understand what is colorations; for example. the restaurant
    sion caused by re-routing cables. Save the cost of a
    second printer. Features 3 female connectors like happening-should record this devia- MOP might color the pay scene by
    those on the IBM PC parallel printer port. tion from the expected routine. If he specifying the acceptable types of
    Ou1llty PC bolrd construction ellmln1t11 wiring, were later to notice a similar error payment in a restauran t (cash. credit.
    crosstalk and line interference. All lines switched.
    Printer switch is bl-dlrectlonal. 8x2x6 inches. while buying auto parts. he might be dishwashing. etc.).
    reminded of his experience in the The ability to share scenes provides
    Parallel Printer Switch restaurant. He might then expect a mechanism for making useful gen-
    MFJ-1249 • --,.,.,="~"""'"" •J
    $ 99 95 "" ·-· --· ··-
    compensation from the store to make
    up for the mistake. How can an ex-
    eralizations. When there is an expec-
    tation failure and the source of the ex-
    2 In, 1 out, bl- .• • • •
    dlrectlonal switching. All lines switched excep! perience in an auto-parts store remind pectation is part of a shared structure.
    15, 18 and 34. PC board construction. 3 female you of an experience in a restaurant? the failure and any new expectations
    Centronics type connectors. 10V2x2x6 inches.
    There must be some memory struc- based on that failure are stored in that
    AC Power Centers ture that is used to understand both structure. When a similar situation oc-
    MFJ-1108 MFJ-11118, $99.95. Add conven-
    $ 99 bounce,
    95 ience, prevent data loss, head
    equipment damage. Relay
    experiences. In addition. by storing in-
    formation about expectation failure
    curs. even in a different package. the
    previous failure comes to mind (is re-
    latches power off during power tran- (and its results) in the shared struc- minded) because it is stored in the
    sients. Multl-fllten isolate equipment, ture. we automatically make an appro- shared scene. Then it can be used to
    eliminate interaction, noise, hash.
    MOVs suppress spikes, surges. 3 priate generalization. help guide processing. A program
    isolated, switched socketpalrs. One un- What does this tell us about the using this system might learn to count
    switched for clock, etc. Lighted power, organization of memory? Surely not its change in the auto-parts store after
    reset switch. Pop-out fuse. 3 wire, 6 ft.
    cord. 15A, 125V, 1875 watts. Aluminum all the expectations are the same being shortchanged in the restaurant.
    case. Black. 18x2314x2 in . MFJ-1107, across these events: John doesn't ex- since both use the pay scene. This
    $79.95. Like 1108 less relay. 8 sockets, pect to see a menu or be served a combination of failure-driven learning
    2 unswitched. MFJ-11119, $129.95. Like lobster dinner in the auto-parts store.
    1107 but intelligent. Switch on device
    and shared memory structures is
    plugged into control socket and every- But some expectations are indeed the quite powerful. Expectation failure
    thing else turns on. Others available. same: He expects to find out what is can also be used to build new MOPs
    Order lrom MFJ and try it. If nor delighted . available. to tell someone what he from old ones by changing the colora-
    relurn within 30 days for refund (less shipping) . wants. to receive it. to get a bill for tions or the order of scenes (for ex-
    One year unconditional guarantee. what he has ordered. and to pay the ample. in fast-food restaurants. you
    Order yours today. Call toll free m.647-1 800.
    Charge VISA. MC or mail check . money order for
    bill. Some major scenes happen in pay before you eat).
    amount indicated plus $4 .00 each shi in . one event and not in the other: there Many more kin ds of memory and
    is no equivalent to being directed to processing structures are used in our
    a table by a hostess in the auto-parts Al theories and programs tha n we can
    all 601 ·323-5869 in Miss . ou1s1de continenla1
    USA . lech /r epa1r info Telex 53·4590 MFJ ST KV store. Also. the specifics added to the describe here. but the basic require-
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    generalized scenes are different. For ments of a useful memory organiza-
    example. in an auto-parts store you tion should be clear. (For more infor-

    MF.
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    through fat catalogs of numbered (continued)
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    150 BYTE • APR IL 1985
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    lA111'· · \\l,,rl\S1.1r: ?-.11, wpr11 l A.1 rp. r1.-Qm.-,.1 j.. ., mklnnouk ul S~Jit,tL.11\
    Auttimation Cul"J'. >rarn1n,
    1984 S11111.m Aut01ru1ti11n Sufn.iut'. Inc.
    Inquiry I I 7

    THINKING
    TOUGH LOCAL NETWORK PROBLEM:
    "Ho\\' Gill our department get our six computers and three
    printers to work together efficientl y? We also want Lo
    be able to access outside data servi-ces and our
    future company LAN."
    may not be clear is how important
    memory and its organization are to
    SIMPLE $2995* SOLUTION: NetCommander nearly all cognitive activity. Getting
    NetC:ommander is a smart, small Local just the right piece of knowledge at
    Area Net\\'ork manager. It lets you link the right moment from our huge and
    from four to 40 computers and peripherals -
    constantly changing memory is not
    in any mix of models and makes. A !">OK bufftT
    only crucial for language understand-
    (expandable Lo 2!">0K) makes SUIT that producti\'ity
    is high - keeping fe\\'er printers humming - \\'hi. ing but crucial for exhibiting common
    computer and PC: users do their thing, \\'ithoul \\'aiting sense (which is really just knowing
    for a printer, modem, or shared disk. Those devices can lw about a lot of things and being able
    specified \\'ith names defined by users - and allocated on the to use what you know in a variety of
    basis of m«tilability and capability. And NetC:ommander handles situations). for applying expert knowl-
    multiple protocols and different baud rates simull<111t'ously - edge. for writing interesting stories,
    \\'ithout modifications to hardware or software. It will also tie in LO your and for accomplishing a host of other
    company's LAN. The latest in a family of products in use since 1979. tasks. Being able to learn from expe-
    NetC:ommander is a smart, small, efficient nel\\'ork manager. rience and apply that knowledge in
    relevant situations is an important
    For more information. call or \\'rite: step toward actual intelligence.

    NetCommander
    I>igi1al Prndwls Inc.• Tht' Simple Nl'l\\'ork Sol111ion Company
    WHAT Is Al?
    The term "artificial intelligence" has
    61111 P/('(ls11111 .\irt'l'i • 11 '11ir'rlmu11. i\1,-/ • 112172 been much abused of late. and we
    (6//) 'J2l-/6811 • 011tsid1' /\lass .. 1111/ 1-81)()-2-1)-2313
    ,/11d clin/1 011/ our W -dav lr111/ l'J111/1111tio11. would like to try to clarify what we
    mean by it. Programs that manifest
    theories of knowledge do interesting.
    sometimes even impressive feats. But
    many programs that are not attempt-
    ing to model cognition. -also do im-
    SuperSoft Programmer Utilities pressive things. The public perception
    of Al has focused on the artificial.
    Computers are indeed doing things
    When Performance Counts we never imagined machines could
    do. Computer scientists and engineers
    are constantly expanding the useful-
    Star-Edit and Disk-Edit ness and power of their machines.
    That is important science and engi-
    neering. but it is not Al. Al focuses on
    Star-Edit is the professional Disk-Edit is the uniquely powerful disk intelligence. something that remains
    programmer's text editor with an utility for programmers which gives you
    outstanding list of commands tailored access to every bit of information on
    mysterious and elusive. Most good Al
    to program development. It can greatly your disk. It lets you read disk data in programs aren't terribly useful. and
    simplify all your editing tasks- moving both HEX and ASCII, "text edit" any many very useful. "smart" programs
    and reproducing text qr code, viewing infonnation on your disk. restructure aren't Al at all. If this distinction were
    two files simultaneously through disk information. and save lost or
    separate windows, moving text or code scrambled data. Imagine scrolling understood. we could avoid a lot of
    between different files, searching through your disk data.jumping confusion and disappointment.
    forward or backward, and moving to the between HEX and ASCII windows. and So-called expert systems are a case
    beginning or end of any word. sentence. editing information anywhere on your
    paragraph, parentheses, or curly disk. For all floppy and hard disk
    in point. These programs. more ac-
    brackets. Virtual memory makes Star· systems. (PC DOS.MS DOS, CP/M-86, curately dubbed "rule-based," do not
    Edit ideal for extremely large files; and CP /M-80, UNIX, or XENIX): $JOO attempt to reason the way a hum an
    because it never uses over l 28K, it is expert would. They often do very
    well suited for multiple process and
    windowing environments. (PC DOS, useful tasks. and that's great. but they

    Su~ft
    MS DOS, CP/M·86, CP/M·80, UNIX, are not model theories of intelligence.
    or XENIX): $225.00 A human expert is not someone who
    is just following the rules. He has the
    To order call: 800-762-6629 1713 S. Neil St., P.O. Box 1628 experience to know when he is seeing
    In Illinois call: 217 -359-2112 Champaign, IL 61820
    or write to SuperSoft . telex:270365
    an exceptional case, and he can recall
    . relevant past cases to help him figure
    [continued)

    152 8 YT E • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 373


    Resource 'Ii c nology - What's it all about?

    512K-6164
    STATIC RAM
    PRINTERS
    Anadex
    CALL TOLL FREE
    1-800-528-1054
    96258 . .... . .... . .... . ....... . .. . 51129
    WP6000
    DP6500 . . . .. . . .. . .
    . . . .. .. . . . • . . 52039
    . 52259
    I ***YOUR WYSE CHOICES*** I
    Brott
    DX-15XL
    HA-25 . . .. .
    HA·35 . .. .
    C-ltoh
    . 5 365
    . 5649
    . 5875
    WYSE pc
    A-10·30. . ...... . ..............
    F- 10 Parall
    .5459
    . . . . . 5859
    55 CPS Serial or Parallel . . . • . .. . . .. 51019
    IBM-COMPATIBLE PERSONAL COMPUTER
    8510 Parallel (Prowriler}. , ••• , •• , . ... . $299
    85 10SP
    8510 SCP .. . ... .
    8510BP I . . • .
    . 5385
    . 5459
    . .... 5309
    Dual Drive Single Drive-10 Megabyte
    Comre
    CR -2F .. .... ...... 5 375
    • 256K • MS DOS • 256K •MS DOS
    CR-4
    420 . . ...
    Datas
    ....... Call
    . Call • GW Basic • GW Basic
    DS180 . ..
    DS220 . •.
    . . 51089
    . .... 51315
    Wy-500 Green Monitor • Wy-600 Color Monitor • Wyse 50 • Wyse 75
    Diabl1
    620. .. . ... . .. . .. ... .. . . .. . . . .
    630API
    630ECS
    630ECS/ll
    Series36. ....
    .. .,.. .. .. .. .. . .. .
    . 5694
    . 51499
    . .... . 51669
    ..... 51669
    . 51139
    SAVE UP TO 3Q%
    BO IF .. .. .. 52649 VIDEO TERMINALS COMPUTERS MONITORS
    P1 2COI . . .. . 5529 . Call Amdek All Monilors . .. . . Call
    ADDS Altos All Computer Models , ..
    P32COI . , . . . . 5759 A-2Green . . 5469
    S32CQI. . . . . . . • .. . . . .. .. . .. . 5839 Columbia . . . .. . .. Call Princeton Graphic Hx-12 . .. 5479
    A·3 .. .. . . . ... . .. . . 5469
    P38 ..... 51639 NEC Sanyo
    S• . ..... . .. ... 51719 Altos CRT-30. .... .. . .......... 599
    Smart II. , .. 5699 PC-8201 Computer . . , 5315
    C150 ..... , .. ,... . .. . ......... 5999 PC·8201A-90 Ballery . . 515 CRT-36. .. . . 5149
    Epson All Pr inIer Models ... . . Call Qume PC·8206A32KRam .. ... ... ........ 5215 CRT-50. ..... Call
    OVT 102 Green .. . , ... , .............. . 5399 PC·8271A·01 AC Ada1 .. 516 CAT·70 . .. .................... .. . ... 5549
    lnforunner QVT102Amber .. . 5419 PC-8271A·02 AC Ada .. 516
    Riteman w/Tra · .. • . • , ••..•••. .... 5244 Tax an
    OVT 103Green .. . . .... ..... .. . .. . 5816 PC-8281A Recorder . .... , ............. .. 589 12 1 Green . . ...... .... .... . . ... 5125
    Riteman 1 5.. ..... , ...... , .. • .. . 5499 OVT 103 Amber . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . . 5850
    Riteman Blue .... 5299 Northstar 122Amber . .•.. .. . . 5134
    OVT 108 Green . 5449 420 RGB .5399
    OVT 108Amber . 5519 All Compuler Models . . . . . . . . . . . . Call
    Juki 425 RGB/Green .5410
    5500 . ... Call Televideo Sanyo MBC·775 Pc .......... . . Call
    6100 ... ...... ....... ... , .5385 MBC·550Syslem . , .... ,........... . Call Zenith
    . 5699 BOC , ........... . , .. ............... . 51225 ZVM-122 Amber . .595
    6300 . .. eoo . 5 979 MBC·555 Syslem . . Call
    MBC-550·2 Syslen .. ., , ....... , , • . . . . Call ZVM·123 G•oon .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 595
    NEC 91C .. .. ..... .. ...... ... . .. . .. . 5 425
    MBC·555·2 Syslen . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .Call ZVM-124 . . . ..... .. . . ........ 5129
    2010,; . 5639 910 . 5 559 ZVM·130 . .. . .. . .. .. . • .. .Call
    2050 . ... . . . .. . 5669 921 . ....... , ... ..... . 5 449 MBC-885 . . ... , , . . . . . • . . . Call
    ZVM-133 C .. .. • • • • .. • .. . 5410
    35 10,3 ........... ... . ... 51215 922 .. ...... . . .... .. ........ . 5 755 TelevidE ZVM-135 ( . 5459
    3550 . 51359 924 . 5 639 803 .. . . ... 51915
    8810,BE ... 51665 ZVM136 . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5575
    925 ..... .•. ..... . 5 699 804 .... . .... 53429
    8850 ... ........ " ...... " ... .... 51779 92, .. .......... ... .............. . 5 599 160~ - .... 51909 DISK DRIVES
    P2. P3.
    Okidata A11 Printer Model s
    . .... .. Call
    . .. . Call
    w
    50 .... . .. . .... . .... .... 5489
    1605C. .... .... 52299
    1605H . ............... . .. .... .. . 53459
    Alpha Omega Turbo 10 ... .. . .. 5739

    75 ' ... ' ........... " . ... ' .......... . 5565 1605CH . . 53549 Iomega
    Panasonic TPC-1 . .. .. 5755 Bernoulli Box for IBM
    1091 . . .. . ........... . .. " . . . ... 5265 Zen 5469 TPC-2 Single Drive .••.. .•• , . , • . .. 51509 10 Megabyte . .. . .•• . 51950
    1092 . .... " .. . ...... " ..... .. . . . 5395 Z-29 ..... . .. , . 5599 TPC-2 Dual Drive . . . .. 51749 20 Megabyte . ... 52660
    1093 . . .... .......... . ..... . .... . . 5595 Z-49 . . .................. . . ....... Call
    Visual Commuler .From 51469 Rana
    . 5459
    t<XP315 1 . . .• ...... , ,
    MODEMS Zenith Elilef ... ....... ..... . .... . ..... . 51'19
    Silver Reed Elite II . . . . . . 5339
    EXP400 .... . ............... . . 5235 Anchor Automation Z·150 Single Drive. .. . .. Save 25%
    A nc hor Express . . . ... . . .. . . Call Z-150 Dual Drive . . ... Save 25%
    Elilelll ...... , .... , ......... . . 5405
    EXP500 Parallel or Seriat . ... 5289 Elite 1Onuwµ1e . S 1080
    EXP550 Parallel or Serial . . 5399 Mark XII . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . 5239 Z·150W/10Megaby .... Save25%
    Controller (W /Ori· .... $69
    EXP770Parallel or Seria l . . . 5689 Hayes Z-160 Single Drive. .... . ... ..... Save 25%
    Z-160Dua1Drive .... . Save 25% 1000 W/ DOS for Atari . 5305
    Star Micronics Smartmodem 300 Baud . . • . • . • . . • • • . S 190
    Smar tmodem 1200 Baud . $455 Tallgrass
    All Prin l er Models . .• .. ••. . .. Call
    Smartmodem 12008 (IBM . . . . . . 5385 TECMAf TG-3020 .
    TG·3135 . . . .
    ..... 52289
    .. . . . 53689
    Tally Micromodem llE(Apple) .... , .. ... . , .. 5219 Graphics Master . .• , .. ••••.••• . 4 • • • $449
    •

    Spir it SO . .... ... .. •• . •• . ..... 5245 126K Dynamic Me . 5225 TG·4060 . 51469
    Novation Smart Cat Plus 5315
    Toshiba 256K Dynamic Me ............ , . 5299
    P1340 Parallel or Serial . . 5665 Prometheus All models .. . .. . . Call Captain 128K . . .. . 5299
    P1351 Parallel or Serial . 51165 Racal-VadiC A11 Models . . . Call Captain 256K . , ... , , . . . .. . . .. • • . .. . . . 5399

    PLOTTERS
    Enter
    Sweet-P600 . .... 5780

    BOARDS Other Information: 602-954-6109


    AST Six Pack Plus .... 5259
    Paradise
    Modular Graphic 06-1 . 5275 2222 E. Indian School Rd.
    Five Pak . , ..•. . .• . . 5159
    Phoenix, Arizona 85016
    DISKETTES
    Maxell
    MD·1(Qty100). . . .. 5175
    MD-2 (Qly 100) . . . . .... ......... .... 5199 Store Hours: Mon-Fri 10-5:30 Saturday 9-1
    KEYBOARDS Order Line Hours: Mon-Fri 8:30-5:30 Saturday 9-1
    Keytronics Prices re fl ect 3% to 5% c ashdiscount. Product shipped in factory car tons wit h manufacturer's w arran ty. Please add
    5151 . ... . . 5179 $8.00 per or der for UP S shippi ng. Prices & ava ilability subject to chan ge w ithout no t ice. Send cashier' s check o r
    5151 Ji: . . 5179 money order ... all oth er checks w ill delay shipping two weeks .

    154 BYTE • APR IL 1985


    THINKING

    out what to do. Al theories of expert material. so the books children read results. Our interest is intelligence. not
    behavior must describe how an ex- should relate to what they know We artifact. As we make progress. our
    pert knows when something doesn't may be able to write better reading results may prepare the way for the
    fit his general rules and what to do textbooks by using expectation pack- automated companions that could
    about it. Al theories need to account ages that children know about. We become an indispensable part of
    for how experts change and add to can write textbooks that encourage everyday life These will not be our
    the rules they use. based on the suc- them to use their knowledge to fill in real results. though The real results
    cess or failure of those rules. the details behind the text. to make will be a new kind of understanding
    Artificial intelligence is a much more inferences Since Al has focused on of ourselves. an understanding that is
    basic science than is popularly be- language for most of its existence. it ultimately much more valuable than
    1ieved Many of our best Al ideas re- has a lot to contribute to reading any program •
    quire a great deal of work before they education. But that's not all Al has to
    can become useful applications. And offer: its promise extends throughout REFERENCES
    when an Al idea is turned into a education and beyond Al should 1. . Schank. Roger C. Conceptual Information
    useful system. in some sense it isn't eventually provide insights into how ·Processing. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
    Al anymore. The construction .of such to learn and remember better. how to 1975.
    a system requires all kinds of non-Al improve explanatory faculties. and 2. Schank. Roger C. Dynamic Memory: A
    programming effort-to make the idea even how to extend creativity. Tfleory of Reminding and Learning in Computers
    and People. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-
    work in a real environment. on real Artificial intelligence is part of the
    sity Press. l 982 .
    computers. in some useful way. Such grand attempt to understand thinking. 3. Schank. Roger C.. and Christopher K.
    a system is made possible by the A I We believe it is making important con- Riesbeck. Inside Computer Understanding: Five
    idea. but the program's merit comes tributions to that endeavor. and that Programs Plus Miniatures. Hillsdale. New
    from its functionality, not its heritage is the goal of our science. The pro- Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    The fact that a program is based on grams we write are experiments. not 1981.
    an Al idea is no way to judge its func-
    tionality.
    Are there any applications of Al?
    We think so. If we are gaining insights
    into how people think. then our find -
    ings should help people think better.
    Perhaps Al's most important applica-
    tions will not be the programs that we
    write but the newfound ability to
    understand how people think. As we
    find out more about how people read
    understand. and create. we may be
    able to help them do those things bet-
    ter. Perhaps Al's most promising ap-
    plications are in education-helping
    to teach people how to read. remem-
    ber. and think based on a fundamen-
    tal knowledge of those processes. mplete 2 axis systems using 2 'Size 23 -stepper mQtore
    Let's consider the problem of teach- with R2023 dual-axis driver; cable & powerful.system software,
    ing children-or adults-to read. In
    trying to write programs that can
    expandable to 4 axis.
    read. we have learned a great deal IBM PC/XT Version $792 Apple II/lie Version $420
    about the reading process. Perhaps
    we can transfer some of this into im- • I 432 1/0 stepper controller • A6 T /D stepper controller
    proved techniques for teaching read- • 32 digital 1/0 • 32 digital 1/0 available
    ing. Of course. this is not always a
    Digital 1/0 accessories, power supply and higher power size 34
    straightforward task. but we believe it
    stepper motor system are available.
    is possible. Expectations play a cen-
    tral role in understanding text. As
    children build up expectations about
    words and stories. they become bet-
    ter readers. Language ability is strong-
    (il ROGERS LABS
    2727-E So. Croddy Way, Santa Ana, CA 92704
    (714) 751-0442
    TELEX 681393
    ly tied to knowing the content of the

    Inquiry 33 4 for Dealers. Inquiry 33 5 for End Users APRIL 1985 • BYTE 155
    ( TELEX 910 380 3980 ALL MAH..: 12060 SW Garden Place, Portland, OR 97223 )
    FOR YOUR APPLE
    COMPUTERS

    e
    OTIIER HARDWARE BUSINESS SOFTWARE lTl1lITIES SOFTWARE

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    S 149 194
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    Seri~ Grapplo' 5 119 79 PRO,IU E, <M<Vue S 295 195 Sa«nWritO' ti, 2 Pak wlO.Ct;orwy S 130 89 HAYDEN, Saven Ill (Chess) S 50 34
    t SK 1111110' Bo•nllor Grappler Plus S 99 69 SCARBOROUGH, Mast01yt:< 5 35 19 SOFTWARE ARTS, VOcaklle S 149 99 INFOCOM, Zl>l<l, 11. CJ'tll.ea_ 5 40 $ 27
    Bulfoed ~ Pl.... 16" s 239 159 SIMON&SCHUSTEI\ T)11ing Tut1' 111 5 50 33 SORWAREPUBL,('!'<ili+<rellral) ORtGIN,Ultm!tll S 60 $ 40
    2 CN!> Sel lor Bu11oed Graopler S 18 12 SOFTWPUB.,PF S:Fi~orPFS:Aop>r1.ea. S 115 79 PFS:F1~ S 125 $ 79 PENGUIN, Tm<)+r.n3 5 JS $$ 24
    PAVMAR, i.o-C.S.Chp.J!eol 7(+) 5 50
    PCP ~ Applicartl 6 MHz. 14 i<al!RS
    RH ELECTJIONICS, ~ Fan II
    TITAN. - t o r lie
    5 375
    $ 75
    $ 319
    19
    275
    59
    1
    2 9
    PFS: File & RqlMColrilo
    STONEWARE. DS Mast!I'
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    5 195
    5 195
    s 195
    5 50
    125
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    PFS;Writ<
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    32 STONE\NARE,08Mi1Sto • 4.0
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    5350
    1
    5 125 $ 79 PROFESSIONA L, T""'F°"'
    s 125 $ 79 SIERRA I ON·UNE,Ull;man
    79 SUBLOGIC, R9>t5"1\l~lorll
    22 5 PLUS: BRODERBUND, DATAMOST, INSOF'I;
    S •D 25
    5 60 $ 40
    50 $ 3 0 s
    128K RAM~ (II+)
    Ot,,,. RAM Carel! & 5<>11""10 IN STOCK
    5 599
    c~U V1DEX. Vegas S 60 34 OB Ulihly Pale I 0< 11 S l 29 82 MUSE. SIR-TECH, SPINNAKER

    DISKETTES MODEMS PRINTERS PRINfER INTERFACES


    * CONROY-LAPOINTE'"DISKE.TTES *
    We guarantee these top quality products with our name. ANCHOR, Signalman Mark XII (IBM)
    LI ST
    s 399
    COllROY
    25 9
    DOT MATRIX: &BUFFERS
    LIST COKROY
    s 899
    ro
    S VEAR LI MI TEO WARRANTY. Discounts on ordefS w/o labels. HAVES, 2400B E<lemal Modem (ISM) 699 UST COM!Ol
    PRICE PRICE s
    10 ea. SS/SD. (Apple. eto) 35 Tltu:omcs wlllip pakl
    12
    Smar1rnodffil 1200B (I BM)
    Smart com II Soflwa1e (IBM)
    $ 599
    $ 1'9
    409 EPSON, RXBD-100 cps
    99
    s 269 CALL
    ARBO, IOM-f'C to Pata Prinl<J Cable
    EPSON, PRI~ ln"'1ace for l01500
    60
    100 s 79
    100ea. SS/SD. IAw~.etc.)35 T1k 99
    Stack Ch"""Jiaph (RS·232) s l<9 189
    RX80- FIT s 369 CAU &rial lnrlf'filCt Boaro $ 130 105
    1000 ea, SSISD. (Apple. elc.) 35 Tl1<. 840
    Stack Smart-300(RS-232) s 289 219
    RX100- 100 cps. 136 col., pin & Ir. s 499 CA.U ASSI M PROC, Mo: to Epson Com llF S 59 69
    10 ea. OS/OD. (M AC. HIP) 31>" NEWI 29
    Smartmodem 1200 (AP) s 699 489
    FX80- 160cps, 80 c~. s 1;99 CALL MPC, Applell llF & cab~ tor Epson & Gnni 5 95
    100ea. OS/DD . (MAC . H/ P) 3'/i' N!WI CALL FX100 - 160cps, 136col. 5 849 CALL OKIDATA, f\.<J b l'\ly. Tracm,~ai 5 50 159
    Micromodem lie w/Smartcom (AP) $ 329 239 42
    I ODD ea. DSIDD. (MAC. H/ P)J'H' NEWI CALL JX80---Cokx Printer. 160 cps 5 399 CALL
    10 ea. OS/DD. (IOM . H/P) 41! Tit<. comes wlllip pakl 15
    KENSINGTON, Morlom 1200 (MAC) s 595 385 L01500-200 & 67 cps 51 395 CALL
    ORANGE M IC RO. ~ PU; lot "We 5 149 99
    $ 1'9 s.,;;;~ 5 119 79
    100 ea, OSIDD. (IBM, HIP) 48Tl1<. 119 NOVATION, J-Cat 104 T1actorF eecll or LQ1500 s 70 CALL
    1000ea , OS/ 00.(IBM. H/P)48 Tl1<. 859 ACCESS 1·2-3. 12009 +em..ia~XV1( 1 8 M ) s 595 369 MANNESMANN TALL V, lllfe1'! ~ 1\l;. 1 6K $ 1'39 159
    Apple C.111 300 B (AP) s 389 249 Spiiit- 80 cot. 80 qis 5 269 s 219
    PAACTICAL, M;aooutt ln-l ... 64K.pn_ 5 349 p59
    * CONROY-LAPOINTE' " * 212 AilPecat . i200 (AP) e $125 559 160- 80 col.. 160 cps 5 798
    Microbutl llt'l.ile 64K.ser.
    $ 568 QUADRAM, Mbolillm. ILIJ "°'in STOCK
    S 349 259
    SmMl:al l'\rs w/oottware 1MAC) s •99 379 180- 132co L. 160cps 51098
    CALL
    IBM PRE·FORMA TTED PROMETHEUS. ProModtm 11008 (IBM) s J99 289 OKIOATA, Okimate 20, Color. Hi Res 5 268 1778
    208
    lOea. OS/DO. 48Track(I BM·PC Pre·founalted) ProModem 1200 (MAC) 55"49 429 82A- 80 col.. 120 cps. para 5 349 319 CABLES

    r
    100 ea. OS/OD. 48 T1ack (IBM-PC Pre·formalled) 149 OUADRAM, - s 595
    i
    119 · lnl1'1111(18M ) 425
    1000 ea. OS/ DO , 48Track (I BM-PC Pre-formatted) 959 -.E<tonal(teM) 51>95 495
    83A-132coL. 120 cps. paia 5 749 $ 599 ARBO, 18M·f'C to Modem cable s 31 $ 21
    84-136 col, 200 cps, para. s 899 s 60

    i
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    LIST
    CDC, 10 ea. SS/OD. 40T (Apple. IBM) s 55 1200 Plus. Exlonal (1
    8M) 5 <99 429
    92-80 C()I., 160 q>s. para. 5 499 399 ASTAR, RF MoclJlalor lot T.V.(Apple) 35 s 20
    100 ea. SSIOD. 40T (Ap~e, IBM) s 550 195 f'C1200. tmemat (IBM! S 499 379
    93-136col., 160cps, para. s 799 649 CURTIS. MoMor E>101!ion C:able l lBMJ S 50 35
    W O P - -. 350cps. para $299$ ?·9'1<eyboardExl"1S.C:able(IBM) 5 40 30
    10 ea. OS/DD. 40T (I BM . HIP) s 75 23 QUADRAM, Ovadjel, IR<jel Colo< Prioler s 895 795 RCA, Monitor Cable
    100 ea. DSIDD. 40T (IBM. HIP)
    DVSAN, 10 ea. SS/OD (Apple, etc.) s
    $ 750
    40
    295
    27
    MONITORS STAR MIC., Gemn, 120cps. 10" s •99
    r75
    269
    5 15 $ 9
    Gmi ~. 120CjlS. IS"
    10 ea. OS/OD 48T (IBM.HIP) s 69 LI SI CCNHOl 5 549 419
    ACCESSORIES

    r
    MAXELL, 10 ea, SS/ OO.M01 (Apple) s 55 AMDEK, Color 300Comp1At.<lio s 349 249 TOSHIBA, Prop . ~ & Hl · ros~
    10ea, SS/DD. 3Yi' (MAC) s 60
    19
    35
    Colcw SOO CorrlllVCR/RGB/Audio 5 1<5 395 1 351 - 192~00)& tOOcps(lOJ $1595 f375 CURTI S. Diamond, 6 outlet~ sv.; tched s 50 $ 29
    Colet 600 Hi Res. RGB /Audio 1 340-1 44 ~ 00 ) & S.O~ LO )
    10 ea. OS/O D. MD2 (IBM)
    10ea. OS/ OD HiDens(IBM-AT) S n
    s 75 26
    49
    Color 700 Ullra Hi Res, AGB
    Co1or710
    5 S99
    5749
    459
    549 8Hifec0onal Tlacior Fec<I
    599 TTY. TTXpr..s, pon;lbtel-.<Ocl>S
    5 995
    5 195 f 795
    175
    ftr<nld. 6 OUll<IS. 6' cord
    Rib;. 6 ""'~ts. ~ cord. r"" s
    5 60
    f
    90
    35
    52

    I
    5 199 5 229 129 Sapprwe. 3 ouUe1s. w/Mtet 5 BO 46
    MEMOREX. ll ea. SS/SD. 3W' (MAC) s 65 35 300G. 12" G'een s 179 129 EPO, Lemon,, 6ou!le1Sl 'll'all 5 60 29
    10 ea. DSIOD Hi Dens (IBM-AT) s 84 54 300G. 12'" Ambe< s 199 149 LETTER QUAUn': lime, 6 OU11eWcofd s 90 45
    VERBATIM, 10 ....ss100.M0515-01.(All.") s 49 27 310A, 12" Amber. (IBM) S2JO 159 JUK I, 6300-40 qis, para s 995 $ 795 Otat!Qe. 6 outlttsleud s 140 60
    10 ea. DSIOD. MDJ4 (IBM) 5 84 32 PRINCETON, HX·12, Hi Res. RGB S795 495 6100- 18 q>s. paia. Jp11ch s 599 $ 439 Peach. 3 out1&ts1wan s 98 $ 39
    10 ea. SS/00,3'h". IMACI s 65 35 SA-12, Hi Res. RGB 5 799 599 TOSHIBA, Ptop. spacing & Hi-res ~ics Krwi, 1 <lllftllwall CALL
    Scan Dot.bt< tor SR·12 5249 179 1351-192 cps(OQ) & 100cps (LO) 51895 $1375 INNOVATIVE, A;p.n · Fi~ 10 (<IOX holdo') s 7 $ 4
    * GENERIK'" DISKETTES * MAX-12. ArrOO'(mooochromeJ 1340-144 cps( DO) & 54 cps(LO) s 995 $ 795 ~n-File50i<l9<holdo') s 22
    Top quality. w/jackets, no labels
    90 day "No hassle rroney back g.Jaraitee."
    OUAORAM, Ambel'throme, 12'" AmOO
    Ouadchrome 12" RGB Color
    S249
    s
    s
    250
    695
    199
    165 n x. 1014- 13 cps, para/st~", p & tr. 3P
    495 1114~ i!i 1 0 14 w/T&F.2c&ptll. n~
    s 499
    s 5!ll
    KENSI NGTON, Mastl!fl*t(IBM I
    Systtm S"" Fan IAPl*l
    f
    5 140
    S 90 $ 69
    15
    99
    100 ea .. 35 Tiack (Apple. Atari) Quadchrome II, 14" RGB Color s 650 450 NETWOAX. Wtttree. 4 Ollllet. wllil1 & Stige $ 10 $ 39
    150 ea.. 35 Track (Apple, Atari) 199
    180 OuadsaeEn 17'' 968x512 w/cable, Hi Res S1 995 PLOTTERS: PERFECT OATA, HeadCleanngKil S 16 $ 12
    1000 ea.. 35 Track (Apple, Atari) 750 ZENITH, ZVM122, 12" ArrtJer s r95
    100 ea.• 48Track (IBM. HIP)
    250ca.. 48 Tiad< (IBM. H/P)
    95
    f229
    ZVM123, 12" Green
    ZVM124. 12"Arrber
    159 95 A MD EK, Amplol It, 6 pen. 10 x 14
    s 149 89
    s 200 149 P~SUPPUES:
    $1 099 $ 899 PROD TECH INTL, Urino-tablc Pow«~
    200 W•ll~ f'C200 lor IBIA·f'C
    300 Watts. XTJOO for IBM· XT
    I
    $ 499
    5 359
    39
    27 9
    1000 ea., 48T rack (IBM. HIP) 829 ZVM1 35. 12" Colot s 599 499 Po00< Ribbon•, °'"'' - ·· CALL 800 Wat~. AT800k>r16M·AT. n lbs. CALL

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    FOR YOUR I~i-r~-PC, XT, AT or JR
    COMPUTER OTHER HARDWARE OTIIER HARDWARE
    UST COWIWY LIST CONROY
    _ __;S:o...Y=-S=T EM"-='S= ----- AS~Si)(Pak Plus, 64K
    -=-= PRICE PRICE PRICE PlllCE
    s 195 139
    *256K*
    $24 5 MICRDSOF'I; Mowo !or PC
    s 395 27S
    1 CHIP KIT

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    - Ca// for Details - SiKPakPlus, 256K, S/PfCC+S/W ~::~: ~K
    256K ~:B~~~ - PC
    SixPakPlus. 384K, SIPICC+SIW
    S69>
    $ 895
    395
    46S MOUSE SYSTEMS. PC Mouse & Paint
    s 625 450
    s 295 189 $149
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    s 395 28S
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    9 Each, 4256 chips

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    Advanlage••, Mullil. Bd for AT $ 595 445 150ns
    llO Plus II. SIPICC $ 215 150 PERSYST, MEW
    S 265 185 PC/Mono Board, WIPd" pal $250 19S
    Disk Drives
    by CDC
    _-=
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    SM
    llO Plusll , SIPICC'/G
    110 Plusll. 2SIPICC'/G
    MonoGrapltP~o·• PICC (fOll.otus)
    $
    315
    $ 495
    215
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    808 Soad'" Colo' AdapltS, ~ ,,.
    $ 244
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    176
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    PCNel, Starter Kit. PC002 SI090 790 PLANTRONICS. 4256 chip, 150 ns
    900ay --- -- PCNel, Cirruit Board. PC001 s &15 36S Cokr 04 & Colo<tna;c. 16- wll'n $ 559 $ 39S
    limited Warranty e Combo~IO f'luOJcts IN STOCK CALL o~:~~ts11•n. 16 cdor wl f>a-a S 559 $ 39S
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    CAU Ouadloard6'1K. JoJIMK. SIPICCIG
    Ouadboard. no RAM, expar<I to 3B4K
    S 395
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    *CHIP
    24S
    225
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    $39 5
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    EconoRAM'•. lull 364K bocrd S 595 32S
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    ~::::~·.~~~\~~~;~~6K
    S 675
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    395
    m $29
    256K, 2 320K Disk Drives CALL CURTIS, UNI-I, MOflilorlill/swivel base ~ ~ ~g OuadbO..d II, 64K. to 256K. 2SICC $ 395 26S PRICES ARE
    ~ll.1Ilf
    ,.,,,.......- Z150,
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    420
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    256K, 2 320K Disk Drives. 8087 Software Pak
    ~:~~:,:~~~.w;:~port ~: m
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    MS OOS 2.1. 8088 Chip, 2 SIP CAl.1. 8087 Maao Pak $245 195
    =s,--- - - ~~~t~~~J:'C: w,Pd".
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    29
    169
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    Quad,ue. board. Mooo, SIP/CC
    S 275
    $ 345
    199
    269 *
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    Mooo Graphics Card S 499 329 Ouadchrome Mooilor. 12" RGB Color S 795 49S EconoRAM Plus'" ~
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    S 395
    l ~
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    295
    rs OUJJcl\rome II Monilor, 14" RGB Color
    Ambercl1"J1tte Mooitor. 12" ArrtJer
    S 650
    $$125DI~
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    r0165S0
    $395
    =
    S Ouad 3278 .,
    KAMERMAN, Extemal l O~kit 51295 cog:~ KEYTRONIC, KB5151,Std. ko,l><ml
    5 255 19
    Megaf~IOO,ltll!milllO~ ~t
    M:~::"C\:~em'7i~':i"J?{~~)
    SB95 9S KO~~~·s:ik=•em
    ~ S~KeyTableswlsoflware
    S 209
    s 100
    S 200
    1S9
    63
    Ouacite!VI
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    139 TG PRODUCTS, JoySlick
    8 9 TITAN, Accelo·a1orPC(BOB6+ 12BK)
    S2295
    ~:
    S 45
    m
    54S

    29
    384K Multifunction RAM Board
    exp:~dj'~~~5~o~J:,.~Jt11byte
    QUADRAM. OwcfdisJcs Int. w/controller. Koala Pad'•w/PC Oesign S l50 $ $ 995 7S0 ~i1y for LI' lo 1.5<re;l, \WOpo1.

    I
    Ful Une CALL Pn:grarmiet's Guide S l5 14 WJCO, Smarlboard Ke)tioard S 400 279 Faslrak'" RAM Disk and Spooler Softw.fll.
    RANA, Exl!mi11 10~wl""1110ller 51495 $109 S MAYNARD, SANO STAR SERIES
    ~lemal I 0 meg W/<OlllOiler
    FLOPPY DISK DRIVES
    $ 995 $ 79S ~=~~';'; ~:~ '!l
    ~;t~;d~~KOC"'IJIS 3 modules
    ~ 1:
    S 495
    1~~
    39S
    ** FOR YOUR PC.JR **
    LIST CONROY EconoRAM™ 384K
    S 265 20S PRICE rl!ICE Single Function Board
    CDC, Limiled 30 day w.rr.vity: tall fer QUafllity pOOes. HardOisk l/F MOOJle 4
    S 99 3~ KEYTRONIC, KB5151 Jr. ~ S 255 19S
    ~;~~~nC~b~ule
    Full Height
    Half Height,
    $149
    $129 Para or Clod< Cal. Moduo. ea.
    S 30
    i~ KOAL.A, Touc!t To!jel for Jr.
    ~~ MOUSE SYSTEMS. M..... l0<Jr.
    l :~
    $ 125
    S 195 12S
    7S

    m $325
    MAYNARD, Coouol!rGan!wlpar;apcn $ 300 1185 G.,...AdaplerMo<iJle
    S 49 43 Ml~?~~ 123K BoosterwlMouse ~-·· and Spoolir.
    FU!y f.ar!Ja1tie, 1 Vs Lm!ed war.tey.
    Coouol!rc..lwl-lpal $310 195 MerooryModuo,OK S 122
    3 ~~ OUADRAM,Ou>:lm!nl~l128K· 512K. PICC) $ 275 21S
    Wor1<sonOOS 1.1, 2.0or2.1
    $11SO TE=R~~ i: ~g
    s.r.i.ta- Com c..l (""!'IS 3 rt"'1JleS) $ 265 205 Memory Mo<ilo256K
    PERFECTDATA, HeadClmngKl1 $ 16 12 10megHardDisl< Kit&ContC:.d l 1: Plices irid availability subject to change. Call.

    SOFTWARE FOR YOUR IBM-PC, XT, AT or JR


    I
    BUSINESS BUSINESS BUSINESS UTILITIES
    LIST C~WROY LIST CONMY LIST CONROY LIST COHOl
    PR ICE PRICE PRICE PRICE PRICE rtltCE PfllCE l'lllCl
    APPLIED SOFTWARE, VosaF011n S 389 249
    LIVING VIDEOTEXl Think Tn s 195 10S SOFTWARE PUBL., PfS:""'*' S 125 $ 79 MOUSE SYSTEMS. PC ll!inl S 99 69
    ASHTON-TATE, FraittewOtf< $695 34S
    LOTUS, 1·2-3 s 495 309 PfS: Fi~ 140 189 s NORTON, Utilities( l 4~)MewVri:ll s 100 as
    dBase Ill S 695 360
    Symphony s 695 ~ 46S PfS:Wlile S 140 89 OPEN SYSTEMS. BASIC lntirprtt" $ 195 130
    s 500 300 PfS:GraplJ
    dBase ~ l<eo. PC·DOS & 12BKJ
    dBase II to Ill l.IJl}1!de
    All, Training Pr<YJ1ams-Large lnven!Oly
    BPI, Job Cost Accountir>;j
    S 495
    $ 200
    $ 75
    S 795
    289
    MDBS, Knowla!geman
    119
    MECA, Managing Ycu Money
    50 MICROPRO , WonlStar•• (PC)
    495 WordStar'" (Jr)
    s 195
    s 350 ~~:~:!or
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    S 140
    ~ 1;g
    5 395 24S
    89
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    ROSESOF1; Proi<ey
    WESTERN UllON, Easy LoUW Mn,T
    -~~~~-=----~----!
    S 130
    S 95
    79
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    Gerl'I Acclg, AR, AP or PR. each S 595


    BRODERBUND, B<Mlk St Wnter(PC or ..i) S BO
    CDEX, Training Programs-Large nventory S 70
    375
    50
    45
    WordS!ar 2000
    WordStar 2000 Plus
    WordStar Prolessiooal Plus
    s 495
    s 595 m
    ~~~~~:~~·= ~! ~'"
    s 695 39S ""1«tConi>o(Writ" & Spet"')(PC)
    g:~
    s 399 $ 199
    0 1 m HOME&EDUCATIONAL
    ARMONK, E>cecuti,..Sli<t S 40 I 21
    CONTINENTAL. Ullral ~e (PC)
    TaxAdvanlage(PCorJr)
    FCM (Filing, Catal()'Jing. Mai1ing)(PC)
    Plope'1y Managemen1 (PC)
    DOW JONES, lnves11re1I Evaluator
    Maokel Maroger Plus
    S 195
    $ 70
    S 125
    S 495
    S 139
    S 300
    12S

    295
    99
    WOldS!ar Prolessional, 4 Pak
    45 MailMefl]e. SpellStaror Slcv1ndex, ea.
    75 ProOptions Pak (MM/SS/SI)
    lnloS!ar Plus(+ S1aotxts1)
    COITeciStar
    159 MICRO RIM, RBase Solies 4000
    s 495 26S Pe1«t Cono> (Jr)(WlilelS!)el!Thesaus S 139 $ 89
    s 99
    s 195
    s 595
    $ 145
    s 495 269
    S4 VISICORP, Voieale~

    n
    m
    WARNER, Des1<!lrvnzor JPCorJrl
    UTILITIES
    S 250
    S 195
    1S9
    125
    f BPI, Flnorol ActO<Jnlir>;j
    CONTINENTAL. HOl'TteAa:otrllanl(Jr)
    D~~~~~:~:"'~
    KOAL.A, Grajlllics Exhib<IO< (Jr) s 40
    MONOGRAM,Oollars&s.r..w1fcncas1 S 165
    25
    110
    S 99
    S 75
    rn~ i 63
    S9
    ~

    Ma1ketAnalyzer S 350 219 E.xteOOed P.eport Writer s 150 9S BORLAND,Sidelock(PCorJr) S S> $ 35 SCARBOROUGH, Mast«Type(PCor.Jr) S 50 $ 32
    Maiket Microscope S 350 219 ABase Clout s 195 12S Sodekick(Cqiiallje)IPC0< .Jr) $ 65 $ SS Your-NetWOl'1h S 100 $ 63
    s 50 32 ~::'boxf'ascillPC) IPC or Jr) 3~ ! 3 S 50 $ 33

    I
    Sp<ead Sheet S 249 1S9 MICROSOFl SpeH S 55 SIMON & SCHUSTER, T)lli;g Tulor!N
    s 195 n~ CENTRAL POIN~ CoJ>y JI PC
    s 250 23S COMX. , • .,........ RAM/Disk mualor & ~ ~SJ>Ol)ler. For S
    FOX&GELLER, dUtil (OOS orCPIMB6) S 99 6S Mulliplan (PC or Jr)
    30 PLUS: BPI, CSS, COMPREHENSIVE, DAVIDSON,
    165 Char1 or Project each
    ou·ickcode or dGraph, each
    HARVARD, Tolo Project Mar~ger
    S 295
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    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    THE
    LISP TUTOR
    BY JOHN R. ANDERSON AND BRIAN J. REISER

    It approaches the effectiveness


    of a human tutor
    FOR THE LAST FIVE YEARS. we have classroom instruction. Classroom relatively little advantage of private
    been studying how students learn learning involves listening to lectures. tutoring for the best students.
    mathematical. logical. and program- reading texts. and working alone on Our goal has been to develop a
    ming skills. We have reached the point homework problems. Private tutoring computer-based tutor that is as effec-
    where we can develop computer- provides the student with an experi- tive in teaching LISP as a human tutor.
    based tutors for such domains. This enced person to guide his reading GREATERP (Goal-Restricted Environ-
    article discusses our work on a LISP and problem solving. In a comparison ment for 1l1toring and Educational Re-
    tutor. LISP is one of the main pro- involving LISP. we found that students search on Programming) is an attempt
    gramming languages of artificial intel- with private human tutors needed to combine artificial-intelligence tech-
    ligence (Al) and has gained impor- only 11 hours to learn as much as nology and a psychological theory of
    tance with the rising prominence of classroom students learned in 43 skill acquisition into an effective
    A l. hours. In both situations most of the teaching device. This tutor is itself a
    Universities like ours. Carnegie- time was spent actually trying to write large LISP program that runs under
    Mellon University (CMU). are seeing LISP programs rather than reading or Franz LISP on VAXes. We have already
    a rapidly increasing demand for reviewing the instruction. The major begun field testing this tutor in CMU
    courses in LISP. Many students here role of the tutor is to make the prob- classrooms and have seen it lead col-
    learn it as their first programming lem-solving episodes more effective lege students to faster. more effective
    language. But LISP is quite difficult learning experiences. learning of LISP programming. In this
    because of its symbolic nature and its Educational psychologists have ob- article. we discuss how the tutor
    use of recursion and because of the served that private tutoring is an ad- works. why it is effective. and the pros-
    need to learn abstract Al program- vantage with many different types of pects for moving a version of it to per-
    ming techniques. We see a remark- material. One study (see reference I) sonal computers.
    able range of mastery from courses compared students who spent the G REATERP is only one of the tutors
    designed to teach LISP. Some stu- same amount of time learning-some (continued)
    dents find that a single course serves with private tutors and some in the John R. Anderson is a professor of psychology
    as their entry into the world of Al ; classroom-for two different subjects. and computer science at Carnegie-Mellon
    others leave feeling they have learned probability and cartography. Ninety- University. He has a Ph.D. from Stanford
    nothing. eight percent of the tutored students University. Brian). Reiser holds a Ph.D. from
    Studies of students learning such did better on performance tests than Yale University and is doing postdoctoral
    cognitive . skills have revealed that the average classroom student did. In- research at CMU. Write to them at Carnegie-
    private tutoring appears to be much terestingly. the major benefit occurred Mellon University. Department of Psychology,
    more effective than conventional with the poorer students. There was Schenley Park. Pittsburgh. PA 15213.
    A PRIL 1985 • B Y TE 159
    LISP TUTOR

    that we have developed at Carnegie- student. how the student should enter duction rule contains an IF part. which
    Mellon. The Advanced Computer answers. and what information should is a set of conditions used to deter-
    Tutoring Project at CMU currently has be maintained on the screen. mine if the rule applies. and a THEN
    tutors under development for high- Until recently. intelligent tutoring part. which specifies what to do in
    school algebra and geometry, and we was a topic for advanced research but that situation. The following are
    have plans to create tutors for didn't seem to offer a viable method English versions of two of the h un-
    calculus and other programming lan- for delivering educational software. dreds of GRAPES production rules
    guages such as Pascal and Prolog. This situation has changed for two known by the tutor:
    The LISP tutor provides an example reasons. First. an increasing expertise
    of our approach in bringing Al tech- in cognitive psychology and artificial · IF the goal is to combine LIST1
    niques into educational-software intelligence allows us to build such and LIST2 into a single list
    development. tutors much more efficiently and THEN use the function APPEND and
    rapidly. For example. we can develop set as subgoals to code LIST1
    INTELLIGENT TUTORING lesson material on our LISP tutor at and LIST2
    These tutoring projects are examples a faster rate than that estimated for IF the goal is to check that a
    of a particularly promising approach conventional educational software recursive call to a function will
    to educational software called intel- (200 hours per hour of instruction). terminate and the recursive
    ligent tutoring (see reference 2). Such Second. while an intelligent tutor re- call is in the context of a MAP
    systems differ from other Al ap- quires a larger. faster computer. hard- function
    proaches to education by their at- ware costs are dropping to where it THEN set as a subgoal to establish
    tempt to provide effective instruction is becoming cost-effective to purchase that the list provided to the
    in problem solving the way a human the equipment required. MAP function will always
    tutor does. become NIL after some
    There are a number of components DESIGN OF THE LISP TUTOR number of recursive calls
    typically found in an intelligent tutor- The goal underlying our design of the
    ing system. First. there is a domain ex- LISP tutor is simple: A student should The first is a straightforward produc-
    pert. which can actually solve the prob- be able to work on a problem in a tion rule about the use of the LISP
    lems. (GREATERP contains a system "friendly" environment. as if he were function APPEND to make one list
    that can write LISP functions from using a smart. structured editor. How- from two other lists. The second is a
    problem specifications.) Second. ever. whenever he makes a planning rather esoteric production rule that an
    there is a bug catalog. which contains or coding error or asks for help. the advanced programmer might have.
    all the possible deviations a particular tutor should provide helpful informa- When the ideal model codes a LISP
    student can make from the ideal ex- tion that guides the student back to function. it applies many production
    pert behavior. Third. there is a tutor- a correct path to the solution. In ad- rules like these to plan and then write
    ing module. which constitutes an expert dition. we wanted our tutoring en- the code. It also contains a large set
    system for instruction. It is based on vironment to represent the concep- of bugglj rules that represent mis-
    three sets of principles: one for deter- tual structure of programming prob- conceptions novice programmers
    mining from a student's behavior lems better than a simple screen often develop during learning.
    what he knows and what confusions editor. The ideal model represents the
    or bugs he has. another for deciding In order to monitor a student's knowledge we want the student to ac-
    when to interrupt him in the problem- progress and discover and instruct quire. But the tutor must also repre-
    solving process and what to say, and about errors. the tutor must be able sent what he currently knows or does
    a third to figure out what problems a to solve the problems the student is not know and his approach to each
    student should do and when he working on. Therefore. the first com- particular problem. The tutor follows
    should advance to new material. ponent in the LISP tutor is the ideal the student as he types in his code.
    iypically. these decisions are based model. a simulation of the program- symbol by symbol. and tries to figure
    on an internal model that the tutor ming knowledge ideal students use in out what correct or buggy production
    keeps of the student's knowledge and solving problems. This ideal model is rule would have led to that input. If
    difficulties so far. enabling it to tailor based on a detailed theory of how the rule found is a correct one. then
    its instruction to each individual students learn to program (see refer- the tutor stays silent and waits for fur-
    student. ence 3). ther input. If. on the other hand. the
    Finally. the tutoring system must We used GRAPES (Goal-Restricted input is in error. the tutor interrupts
    contain an interface for communicat- Production System. see reference 4) with advice. Thus. as long as the stu-
    ing with the student. Its construction to represent the rules programmers dent follows a path leading to a cor-
    requires human-engineering decisions have for solving problems. Each prob- rect solution. the tutor stays in the
    concerning how to present informa- lem-solving rule is represented in the background.
    tion understandably, how to query the system as a production rule. Each pro- (continued)

    160 B Y T E • A PRIL 198 5


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    Inquiry 165
    LISP TUTOR

    a consequence. he can tackle more lem. For example, when the student
    Tfte LISP tutor works and more difficult problems. types the iterative construct prog. the
    A major design feature of the tutor- tutor provides the template for
    tftrougft tfte algorithm ing interface provides the student iteration:
    with a structured editor through which
    (prog <LOCAL VARIABLES>
    step by step. to enter code. This editor automatical-
    ly balances parentheses and provides
    <INITIALIZATIONS>
    <BODY>
    placeholders for the arguments of
    <REPEAT>
    The LISP tutor is designed to pro- each function . For example. to write
    )
    vide as much guidance as necessary. a function definition in LISP. you must
    When it finds that the student is hav- use the function defun followed by This template helps to structure the
    ing difficulty coding a problem. it the function name. a parameter list. problem into a list of local variables.
    takes him from "coding mode" into and the function body. Tu begin. the initializations of those variables, code
    "planning mode"; that is. the tutor student types a left parenthesis and for the program body (i.e.. the re-
    works through the algorithm with the the word defun. As soon as he types peated actions). and a return to the
    student. step by step. using an exam- the space following that word. the start of the loop. In many cases a sym-
    ple. After the algorithm is con- tutor redisplays the code as bol is expanded into more detailed
    structed. the student can return to symbols: for example. the <BODY>
    (defun <NAME> <PARAMETERS>
    coding, presumably with a better idea is coded as two portions: a
    <PROCESS>
    of what he should do to get his code <TERMINATING CASE> and the
    )
    to work properly. <UPDATING CODE>.
    We have designed this tutor with a The symbols in angle brackets in- When an error arises or the student
    strong commitment to immediate dicate arguments that must be coded. requests assistance. the tutor con-
    feedback. As soon as the student The tutor places the cursor under- structs an English explanation based
    makes a mistake. the tutor responds neath < NAME> and highlights it to on templates associated with each
    with an appropriate diagnostic mes- indicate that the function name must production rule. These explanation
    sage. Because a student can write his be coded next. templates allow the tutor to describe
    code a small piece at a time. the feed- This structured editor relieves stu- · an error or provide a hint by using a
    back appears as soon as one item is dents of the burden of balancing paren- general rule and making reference to
    wrong. By contrast. in the standard theses and checking syntax. It enables the specific problem being coded.
    learning situation a student only them to focus on the more conceptual- However. writing programs to under-
    receives feedback after he codes the ly difficult aspects of LISP. Our results stand natural language is an enormous-
    entire function-or set of functions- show that this leads to faster learning ly difficult and expensive task. In fact.
    and tries to run it. There is con- of these major techniques and skills- students' descriptions of their algo-
    siderable psychological evidence that with no deficit in syntax knowledge. rithms are often hard for even hum an
    humans learn better with immediate Students removed from the tutor per- tutors to understand. Therefore. when
    feedback. form as well as or better on all aspects the student is working with the tutor
    The tutor also provides guidance by of coding. including algorithm design. to design an algorithm. rather than
    hinting toward the correct solution if memory for LISP functions. and syn- having him type in English responses
    the student is having difficulty. These tax. than those conventionally taught. to the tutor's questions. we provide a
    hints take the form of queries and re- The editor also facilitates commu- menu of choices for his responses.
    minders about current goals. If nec- nication between the student and the This menu is constructed from the
    essary. the tutor can provide the next tutor. Our studies of interfaces have English descriptions of the correct
    small piece of code so that the stu- shown that in the normal question- and buggy production rules under
    dent can continue. This is done at the a nd-answer format of most educa- consideration.
    student's request or after he has tional software. the tutor and the stu-
    made more than the maximum dent can easily get "out of sync" on LEARNING LISP
    number of allowed errors-usually complex problems. where the student WITH THE TUTOR
    two-for that portion of code. The is not sure what part of the problem Currently the LISP tutor contains ap-
    goal here is for the student to do as the tutor is talking about. In the LISP proximately 32 5 production rules
    much of the work as possible. Stu- tutor. the student types directly into about planning and writing LISP pro-
    dents learn much more effectively by the code. replacing one of the place- grams and 475 buggy versions of
    doing than by watching. By providing holders. and thus it is always clear those rules. It is effective in diagnos-
    the next portion of code. the tutor what part of the problem is being ing and responding to between 45
    enables the student to work through coded. Furthermore. these symbols and 80 percent of the student's errors.
    the rest of the problem in cases where help to communicate the conceptual depending on the complexity of the
    he might otherwise have given up. As structure of the programming prob- (continued)

    162 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    In q ui ry 284 APR IL 198 5 • B Y TE 163


    LISP TUTOR

    Tuble I: Tfte LISP curriculum.


    Each lesson takes
    1. Basic LISP functions from one to four
    2. Defining new function
    3. Conditionals and predicates
    4. Structured programming hours to complete.
    5. Progs, input/output, and evaluation
    6. Integer-based iteration
    7. Integer-based recursion lesson and the amount of testing we
    8. List-based recursion have conducted. The curriculum we
    9. List-based iteration have designed is shown in table I . The
    10. Advanced recursion system successfully tutors students
    11. Advanced programming constructs: Maps, Dos, Lets
    through problems on lessons l to IO.
    12. Property lists and arrays
    13. Search techniques each lesson taking from one to four
    14. An advanced problem: Waterjug hours to complete. Each topic in-
    15. List structure and destructive functions volves a small instructional booklet
    16. Macros and advanced function types and many problems practicing the
    17. Advanced topic: Pattern Matching skills taught in that lesson. Our goal
    18. Advanced topic: Implementing Production Systems
    in designing these booklets was to
    keep the written instruction to a mini-
    mum. There is considerable evidence
    that written technical instruction is
    most effective when it is brief (see
    Listing I: Tfte dialogue between student and computer tutor to define tfte
    reference 5) .
    function rightp.
    Most of the time in any lesson is
    Define rightp. It takes 3 arguments, side1, side2, and side3, which represent the spent going through problems. List-
    lengths of the three sides of a given triangle, where side3 is the longest side. rightp ings I and 2 illustrate sample dia-
    tests whether the three sides form a right triangle. In a right triangle, the sum of the logues in which the tutor monitors the
    squares of side1 and side2 is equal to the square of side3. However, your function student's progress through simple
    should allow for a measurement error of 2 percent. In other words, your function
    problems. This does not present the
    should return t if the sum of the squares of the first two sides is within 2 percent of
    the square of the third side.
    tutor as it really appears. Instead. it
    shows essentially teletJjpewriter versions
    For example (rightp 3 4 5.01) = t, because 3 squared + 4 squared = 25, which is
    of the student-tutor dialogue. The ac-
    within 2 percent of 5.01 squared.
    tual interaction involves the use of
    1. (defun rightp (side1 side2 side3) (cond)) several display windows: a code window
    in which the student types the code.
    Yes, you could use cond here, but there is a much easier way to test if the sum
    of the squares of the first two sides is within 2 percent of the square of the third.
    a tutoring window in which tutoring feed-
    You can use a predicate, since we only have one test to do. back is displayed. and a goals window
    in which reminders are presented.
    2. (defun rightp (side1 side2 side3)
    In the teletypewriter versions the
    (lessp (difference) < NU M 2 >)) tutor's output is given in normal type
    You want to code the amount of difference between the sum of the squares of characters. while the student's input
    the first two sides and the square of the third side, and you do not care which is shown in bold characters. These list-
    of those two numbers is larger. So we want to take the absolute value of their ings present "snapshots" of the inter-
    difference. action: each time the student pro-
    3. (defun rightp (side1 side2 side3) vokes a response, we have listed his
    (lessp (abs (difference <NUM3> <NUM4>)) input along with the tutor's response
    <NUM2>)) (numbered for convenience). The total
    Which do you want to do first? code as it appears on the screen is
    PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO: shown. although the student has
    1 Write code to get the sum of the squares of the first two sides. added only what is different from the
    2 Write code to get the square of the third side.
    previous code (shown in boldface
    Menu choice: 1 type). For example. in line 2 of listing
    4. (defun rightp (side1 side2 side3) I he has typed (lessp (difference as
    (lessp (abs (difference (plus) < NUM4 > )) an extension of the code in line I .
    <NUM2>)) (continued) It is important to note several things
    (continued)

    164 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    circuit drawing and simulation system. containing up to 200 gates. The system versions are available for S75.
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    right on the CRT screen, then run an AC, for a timing simulation and will handle Macintosh, IBM PC (256k), and HP-150
    DC, or Transient analysis. While pro- networks of up to 1800 gates. It provides systems and is priced at S895. Demo
    viding you with libraries for defined versions are available for S100.
    you with libraries for 36 user-defined
    Demo prices are credited to the
    models of bipolar and MOS devices, basic gate types, 36 data channels of 2 56 purchase price of the actual system.
    Opamps, transformers, diodes, and much bits each, 10 user-defined clock wave-
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    liuaranteed Low Prices


    All prices are for cash, cashiers check or money order
    Allow 4 weeks bank clearance for personal checks
    C.O.D.'s, Visa, MC, and P.O.'s accepted at additiona
    charge. Prices subject to change. Returns must hav1
    authorization number and are subject to a restockin( No. You should create a helping function for this code, rather than coding it
    r.harae directly. Our function, rightp, is now 4 levels of embedding deep, and the rela-
    tion we are about to code-the sum of squares of two numbers-would be a
    useful helping function. Thus, let's code the sum of the squares of the first two
    ADDS QUME
    sides using a helping function.
    ALTOS SANYO
    APPLE TELEVIDEO 5. (defun rightp (side1 side2 side3)
    ESPIRIT VISUAL (lessp (abs (difference (sumsq <ARGUMENTS>) <NUM4>))
    NEC WYSE <NUM2>))
    NORTHSTAR ZENITH
    What do you want the helping function sumsq to do?
    SWITCH BOXES PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO:
    2 POS RS232 .................. .......... ... ....... $75 1 Take 2 arguments, the square of the first side and the square of the
    4 POS RS232 ........... .... .. ..................... 115 second side. Compute their sum.
    2 POS Centronics ............... ................ . 93 2 Take 2 arguments, the first side and the second side. Compute the
    Pn!:: r. ..ntrnnir" 17•
    sum of the squares of these numbers.
    3 Have the tutor choose.
    Menu choice: 1
    No. We wouldn't need a helping function just to compute the sum of two
    numbers. You should create your helping function so that it does more than just
    a sum.
    It would be better to define sumsq so that it takes two arguments, in this case.
    AST latest boards ........................................ Call [1] the first side, and [2] the second side, and computes the sum of the squares
    Chips & Microprocessors ........................ Call
    GSI Surge Protector .... .. ........ .. .... .. .. .. ............. 59 of these numbers.
    Kraft Joysticks (IBM or Apple) ................... ... 29
    Printer Butters & Spoolers ....... ... Call Menu choice: 2
    Quadram all products ...... .. ............... Call
    Ribbons (doz.) & Printwheels ... .. .... Call 6. (defun rightp (side1 side2 side3)
    Standby Power Systems ... ... ........ .. Best Price (lessp (abs (difference (sumsq side1 side2) (times)))
    Tr!!i,..tnrc .I.. C:::ha.atfaal'-larc r!!ill
    <NUM2>))
    CAD You should use a helping function that you have already coded, square. Since
    HOUSTONINS~PLOTTER $AVE this function computes the square of a number, you can use it to code the
    KURTA DIGITIZER CALL
    CORVUS NETWORK square of the third side.
    7. (defun rightp (side1 side2 side3)
    (lessp (abs (difference (sumsq side1 side2) (square side3))) (plus)))
    TEAC 55B Siimline DSDD .................... . . . 149
    Bernoulli Box .. ........ .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1949 I don't understand that, Rob. How are you going to code 2 percent of the
    Tandon 100-2 ............................ .. ..... 199 square of the third side?
    Maynard 10MB-WS-2 with EPROM ........ ... 1149
    Tallgrass Tech Hard Disk System ..... ... ... . Call
    ~~~?~~l A2 (Apple) ...................... . ... 189 [EXPLAIN]
    OK. I'll explain what I wanted. You could either code this directly or create a
    helping function here to code 2 percent of the square of the third side. Let's
    create a helping function just to make things easier. We'll call this helping func-
    tion percentage. We will define percentage when we are finished coding rightp.
    What do you want the helping function percentage to do?
    PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO:
    1 Take 2 arguments, one hundredth of 2 and the square of the third
    \,.non JUKI
    1550 AP ........... 449 6100 ................. 379 side. Compute their product.
    1550 BCD ........ 485 Okidata 2 Take 2 arguments, 2 and the third side. Compute the given percent-
    8510 AP ........... 299 All Models ...... . Call age of the square of its second argument.
    7500 ................. 215 Panasonic
    A10-30 ............. 475 All Models ....... Call 3 Take 2 arguments, 2 and the square of the third side. Compute the
    F10-40 ............. 879 Qume given percentage of its second argument.
    F10-55 .......... 1049 Letter Pro ......... 629 4 Take 1 argument, the square of the third side. Compute 2 percent of
    Daisywriter 11/40 WIBM IF .. 1369
    2000 .... ........... .. 985 11155 WIBM IF.. 1569 its argument.
    Diablo Star Microtronics 5 Have the tutor choose.
    620 API . 739 New Models .... Call
    630 API .......... 1669 Tally Menu choice: 3
    630 ECS ........ 1999 160L w!Tractor ... Call
    Epson Toshiba Very good.
    All .. .. .. .......... .... Call 134011351 ....... Call
    NEC • NEC • NEC • NEC • NEC • NEC • NEC 8. (defun rightp (side1 side2 side3)
    P2 ....................... 515 3550 ...... ........... 1489 (lessp (abs (difference (sumsq side1 side2) (square side3)))
    P3 ........ ........ ....... 739 7710 ............ ..... 1639
    2050 .................. . 779 8850 ................. 1799 (percentage 2 (square side3))))
    P2/P3 Parallel Int. Face ............ .. .... ..... ......... 13f (continued)

    166 8 YT E • APRIL 1985


    The Hard Disk With ' :· . I

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    later.* Qubie' drives boot directly have been selected by several
    from the hard disk~ You can power computer makers for use in their both and return the one you
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    portable computers.
    directly, without using any floppy
    disks. No software patches or driv- Good service starts with answer-
    ers to install. ing your questions before and after
    you buy. It continues with same o~
    Using the same amount of
    power as a floppy drive, the Qubie'
    hard disk uses less energy than
    other aftermarket drives.
    next day shipment of your order.
    Since we only sell a few selected
    products, we have the information
    and inventory to help you fast.
    --------------·
    Order Today, Shipped Tomorrow!
    For fastest delivery, send cashiers check,
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    hours, should you ever need service (800) 821-44 79
    during the one year warranty Toll Free Outside California
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    VISA

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    tutions, call for volume purchase
    The drives come complete with price information. London (01) 223-4569
    Paris (01) 321-5316
    ldir software. ·ldir's commands are Sydney (02) 579-3322
    in English, eliminating the need to *Call for information.
    © Qubie' 1984
    Inquiry 327
    LISP TUTOR

    about these dialogues. First. recall panding. Second despite the large message if necessary for any of those
    that the tutor balances parentheses portions of code added from one line items.
    and provides placeholders (e.g .. to the next it understands each
    <CASE> . <NAME>. <NUM>) separate word or symbol the student THE rightp PROBLEM
    for portions of code that need ex- enters. and it responds with an error Listing I presents a dialogue from
    lesson 4 that focuses on decompos-
    ing a problem into a set of subfunc-
    tions. Although this dialogue contains
    OK . Now we have finished coding the function rightp. Let us now code the
    more errors than the typical student
    helping function(s) we used but haven't yet defined.
    makes. it is a good illustration of how
    Which do you want to do first? the tutor responds to errors and re-
    PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO:
    quests for assistance. The student is
    1 Define the helping function sumsq.
    2 Define the helping function percentage.
    allowed to input information until he
    types cond. at which point the tutor
    Menu choice: 1
    tells him that a conditional structure
    Define the helping function sumsq. It takes 2 arguments. (num1 num2) are the is not necessary. (The actual screen
    suggested names for the arguments, but you may name them whatever you setup is shown in figure I.) Next he
    wish. sumsq should compute the sum of the squares of num1 and num2. types (lessp (difference (line 2) and
    9. (defun sumsq (s y) receives a hint: he correctly inserts the
    (plus (square s) (square y))) absolute value function (abs) before
    OK. Now we have finished coding the function sumsq. Let us now code the difference in line 3. Note that the tutor
    helping function(s) we used but haven't yet defined. presents a menu when it doesn't
    Define the helping function percentage. It takes 2 arguments. (pent total) are the know what the student will do next.
    suggested names for these arguments, but you may name them whatever you For instance. since the arguments to
    wish. percentage should compute pent percent of total. difference in rightp can be in either
    10. (defun percentage (x y) order. it needs to know which one will
    <PROCESS> be typed next. and it asks him via the
    menu following line 3.
    [EXPLAIN] After line 4 the tutor gives the stu-
    OK. I'll explain what I wanted. Let's figure out how to codex percent of the dent information about when it is use-
    second number. ful to code a separate helping func-
    How can you code x percent of the second number?
    tion. It queries him after line 5 to
    PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO: make sure they agree on what that
    1 Multiply the second number by one-hundredth of x. helping function will compute. This is
    2 Multiply the second number by x. an example of the tutor's planning
    3 Divide the second number by 100. mode. In this case. the student is
    4 Have the tutor choose.
    mistaken about what the subfunction
    Menu choice: 1 should do; the tutor corrects him.
    Good. After line 7 it determines that his code
    will not achieve the goal. However.
    11. (defun percentage (x y)
    this input does not match any of the
    (times < NUM1 > < NUM2 > ))
    buggy rules in the ideal model. so the
    What do you want to do first? tutor provides minimal feedback: it in-
    PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO:
    dicates that it cannot understand the
    1 Write code to get one-hundredth of the first number.
    2 Write code to get the second number: input and queries the student to re-
    mind him about what he should be
    Menu choice: 1
    trying to code. This hint is not enough
    12. (defun percentage (x y) for the student. who asks for an ex-
    (times (quotient x .01) <NUM2>)) planation by hitting a special key.
    No, that is not the right number. How are you going to specify one hundred in whereupon the tutor helps him
    LISP? specify another helping function.
    13. (defun percentage (x y) percentage.
    (times (quotient x 100) y)) The final form of rightp is displayed
    OK . Now we have finished coding the function percentage. There are no more
    in line 8. In line 9 the student defines
    helping functions to define. the helping function sumsq without
    error and goes on to define percent-
    (continuedl

    168 B Y TE • APRIL 198 5


    Inside Outside

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    LISP TUTOR

    age in line JO. He is stuck as to what After the student defines rightp and provides the next problem in the
    to do after typing the function body its helping functions. the. LISP tutor lesson.
    and requests an explanation. The puts him into a real LISP environment
    tutor helps him refine his algorithm . where he can experiment with them THE fact PROBLEM
    After this he defines percentage with and try variations. After he experi- Listing 2 illustrates how the tutor
    one error in line 12. ments to his satisfaction. the tutor guides the coding of a recursive func-
    tion such as finding the factorial of a
    number. an early problem in lesson
    7. Although the student has some dif-
    Yes, you could use COND here, but there is a much easier ficulty with the syntax of the condi-
    way to test if the sum of the squares of the first two sides tional test in lines I and 2. he basically
    is within 20/o of the square of the third. You can use a codes the terminating test correctly.
    predicate, since we only have one test to do.
    'JYpically, we find students have little
    difficulty with terminating cases but
    great difficulty with recursive cases.
    The dialogue after line 3 shows how
    CODE FOR rightp the tutor guides the student through
    (defun rightp (side1 side2 side3) the design of the recursive function.
    (cond ) It leads him to construct examples of
    ) the relationship between fact (n) and
    fact (n - 1) and then asks him to iden-
    tify the general relationship. Figure 2
    shows the screen image at a critical
    point in the design of this function.
    GOALS The dialogue after this point shows
    Define the function rightp. (rightp 3 4 5.01) = t.
    two classic errors students make in
    • • • Test if the triangle is a right triangle. defining recursive functions. The first
    in line 4 is to call the function direct-
    ly without combining the recursive
    call with other elements. The second
    Figure I: The screen configuration after line I in listing I .
    in line 6. is to call the function recur-
    sively with the same argument rather
    than a simpler one.
    After the student finishes coding the
    In examples A and 8 what do you have to do to get the result function. he goes to the LISP window
    of fact called with n? and experiments with it. He must
    PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO
    trace the function and the recursive
    1. Multiply n by one less than n.
    2. Multiply n by fact of one less than n. calls embed and unravel. Figure 3
    3. Add n to the result of fact called with one less than n. shows the screen image at this point.
    4. Have the tutor choose. with the code on top and the trace
    Menu Choice: 2 below it.
    CODE FOR fact
    (defun fact (n) EVAWATING THE LISP TUTOR
    (cond ((zerop n) 1) We should emphasize that the tutorial
    <RECURSIVE-CASE>)) knowledge in these interactions was
    not especially handcrafted for these
    problems: it shows the general ap-
    proach used by the tutor. That is the
    power of an intelligent tutoring
    EXAMPLES
    system . Once we have a system that
    can tutor recursion problems. for ex-
    fact (n) fact (n-1)
    A. (fact 1) 1 (fact 0) 1 ample. we can easily add problems on
    B. (fact 3) = 6 (fact 2) = 2 that topic. Furthermore. although
    some testing is necessary to build our
    catalog of student errors and miscon-
    Figure 2: The screen configuration before line 4 in listing 2. ceptions. once coded. the tutor can
    (continued)

    170 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    ®

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    ELLIS COMPUTING, INC.


    3917 Noriega Street
    EWS COMPUTING ·~ San Francisco, CA 94122

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 171


    LISP TUTOR

    lead students through a variety of cor-


    --- YOU ARE DONE. TYPE NEXT TO GO ON AFTER ---
    rect solutions and respond to a wide
    --- TESTING THE FUNCTIONS YOU HAVE DEFINED range of errors. Thus. it is generative
    in the sense that it creates instruc-
    (defun fact (n) tional interactions rather than using
    (cond ((zerop n) 1) preprogrammed sequences.
    (t (times n (fact (sub1 n))))))
    Generally. students are happy with
    the tutor and rate it better than learn-
    ing experiences they have had in
    THE LISP WINDOW
    other introductory programming
    = > (trace fact) courses. Their major complaints are
    (fact)
    that it uses too many menus and is
    = > (fact 3)
    sometimes slow. We are implement-
    1 < Enter> fact (3) ing optimizations and improvements
    12 <Enter> fact (2) to resolve both these problems. Inter-
    I 3 <Enter> fact (1) estingly. students are more appre-
    I 14 <Enter> fact (0)
    ciative of the tutor's guidance and
    I 14 <EXIT> fact 1
    I 3 <EXIT> fact 1 more tolerant of its speed as the
    12 <EXIT> fact 2 lessons increase in difficulty.
    1 <EXIT> fact 6 We have run one evaluation of the
    6 tutor. comparing it to experienced
    private human tutors and "on-your-
    own" condition. We found that the ad-
    Figure 3: Tlie screen con{ iguration at tlie end of tlie dialogue in listing 2.
    vantage of private tutoring-human or
    computer-over the on-your-own con-
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . dition increased as the material
    became more difficult. The students
    Subscription Problems? finished lesson I basically with the
    same speed and success in all three
    conditions. However. those in the on-
    your-own condition often had great
    difficulty getting through the recur-
    sion material: in fact. some did not
    finish the material in the allotted time.
    We had to extrapolate how long it
    would have taken them to finish it.
    Averaging the actual and extrapolated
    times. the students took 11.4 hours
    We want to help! with the human tutors. 15 hours with
    the computer tutor. and 26.5 hours
    "on-your-own" to learn six lessons.
    II you have a problem with your BYTE subscription, Polls of students in a traditional
    write us with the details. We'll do our best to set it classroom suggest that it takes over
    right. But we must have the name, address, and zip 40 hours to cover the material in that
    situation.
    of the subscription (new and old address, ii it's a We tested the three groups just
    change of address). II the problem involves a before the recursion exercises. We
    payment, be sure to include copies of the credit card found essentially identical perfor-
    statement, or front and back of cancelled checks. mances even though they were learn-
    Include a "business hours" phone number ii possible. ing at different rates. In another
    evaluation. we found students work-
    BYTE ing with the tutor learned nine lessons
    of material faster and performed bet-
    Subscriber Service ter on competence tests than students
    P.O. Box 328 learning without the tutor. Thus. the
    Hancock, NH 03449 basic conclusion is that the human
    (continued)

    172 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 3 7 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 173


    Inquiry 25 7

    LISP TUTOR

    YOUR
    JX::/Ar/xr
    NOWTHERE's
    Listing 2: Tlie dialogue involved in defining tlie function fact. wliicli computes
    tlie factorial of tlie number given

    Define the function fact. It takes a number argument. n, and computes the factorial
    of n, which is the result of multiplying n x n-1 x n-2 . . . x 1. For instance,
    (fact 3) = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6. By definition, the factorial of 0 is 1.
    1. (defun fact (n)
    (cond ((equal) <ACTION>)
    < RECURSIVECASE > ))
    I assume that you are trying to test if the number argument is equal to the
    number zero. There is a special function for testing equivalence to zero. Try to
    use that function instead of equal.
    What code can you write to test if the condition for terminating case is true? Try
    writing a predicate.
    2. (defun fact (n)
    (cond ((zero <ACTION>)
    < RECURSIVECASE > ))

    Eng ineers, scientists and statisticians Did you mean zerop (y or n)? y
    are discovering the time saving 3. (defun fact (n)
    capability of Mega Math. A library of (cond ((zerop n) 1)
    over 40 assembly language sub- < RECURSIVECASE > ))
    routines for fast numeric cal c ulations,
    Is the value of fact in the recursive cases calculated by:
    up to 8 times faster! PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO:
    Routines use th e 8087 or 80287 1 Calling fact recursively with n.
    coprocessor for optimum 2 Multiplying n by fact of n minus 1.
    performance. 3 Getting 1 2 . . . n and then multiplying the results.
    Mega Math library includes: 4 Have the tutor choose.
    Menu choice: 3
    Matrix Operations That is a reasonable way to think of doing factorials but it is not a plan for a
    Vector Operations recursive function. Since you seem to be having trouble with the recursive cases
    let us work through some examples and figure out the conditions and actions
    Vector Scalar Operations for each of these cases.

    Statistical Operations The recursive relationship is the relationship between fact called with n and fact
    called with:
    Fast Fourier Transform PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO:
    1 n minus 1
    Convolution 2 n equal to 0
    3 nplus1
    Solution of Linear Equations 4 Have the tutor choose.
    Transcendental Functions Menu choice: 1

    Get M ega Math capability We will consider some concrete examples. We will characterize the recursive
    for relationship between fact called with 1 and fact called with 0.
    What is the value of (fact 1)?
    $9900 Answer: 1
    What is the value of (fact O)?
    Answer: 1
    EXAMPLES

    ====----
    -
    - --
    - . - -
    --
    - -----
    ------
    =
    ----- ---=-·--
    -- =
    fact (n)
    A. (fact 1)
    fact (n - 1)
    = 1 (fact 0) = 1
    - - - - - ---
    ELECTRONICS LTD. We will consider some more concrete examples. We will characterize the recur-
    sive relationship between fact called with 3 and fact called with 2.
    (403) 250-1437 What is the value of (fact 3)?
    Bay 1, 4001A - 19 Street N.E. Answer: 6
    Calgary, Alberta Canada T2E 6X8 [continued)
    TM - MEGA MATH IS A TR ADEMA RK O F
    MICRAY ELECTR O NICS LTD.

    174 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    LISP TUTOR

    out of range for the general public.


    What is the value of (fact 2)? The amount of computational power
    Answer: 2 required is considerable. Even in
    EXAMPLES future. more efficient implementa-
    fact (n) fact (n - 1) tions we estimate a minimum of I
    A. (fact 1) = 1 (fact 0) = 1 megabyte of memory will be neces-
    B. (fact 3) = 6 (fact 2) = 2 sary to tutor one student on one
    Since there is only one recursive case characterized by the examples you have machine. By the late 1980s the com-
    just worked out, the condition in this case can be just coded as T We will focus putational power to deliver such in-
    on characterizing the action in this case. struction should be more generally
    In examples A and B what do you have to do to get the result of fact called available. For instance. in conjunction
    with n? with IBM. CMU is planning to have on
    PRESS: IF YOJ WANT TO: campus by 1986 a personal computer
    1 Multiply n by one less than n.
    with I megabyte of memory capable
    2 Multiply n by fact of one less than n.
    3 Add n to the result of fact called with one less than n. of I million instructions per second.
    4 Have the tutor choose. Such a machine will be more than
    adequate to implement the LISP tutor.
    Menu choice: 2
    These technological trends en-
    We have now worked through a series of examples that illustrate the recursive courage optimism about the future of
    relation. We will now return to the goal of trying to produce LISP code that intelligent tutoring efforts. of which
    specifies the recursive relation.
    the LISP tutor is one. We hope that.
    4. (defun fact (n) with continued research in domains
    (cond ((zerop n) 1) such as high-school mathematics and
    (t (fact)))
    college-level programming. we will
    You will have to use fact at some point but right now you want to multiply. soon establish the conceptual foun-
    5. (defun fact (n) dations to use the computational
    (cond ((zerop n) 1) power that will be available. The pros-
    (t (times <NUM> <NUM2>)))) pect is great of providing every stu-
    What do you want to do first? . dent with the educational benefits of
    PRESS: IF YOU WANT TO: a private human tutor. When this hap-
    1 Write code to get the number argument. pens. the consequences for American
    2 Write code to get the recursive part. education will be nothing short of
    Menu choice: 1 revolutionary. •
    6. (defun fact (n) ACKNOWLEDGMENT
    (cond ((zerop n) 1) This research is supported by Office of
    (t (times n (fact n)))))
    Naval Research under Contract No.
    You cannot just code n at this point. What you want to do is subtract one from 00014-84-0064. We would like to
    n. acknowledge the considerable contribu-
    7. (defun fact (n) tions of Robert Farrell. Elliot )affe. Beth
    (cond ((zerop n) 1) Marvel. and Peter Pirolli to the research
    (t (times n (fact (difference )))))) on the LISP tutor.

    difference would work in this case but it is more appropriate to use the function
    REFERENCES
    sub1 when you are subtracting 1 from a number:
    I. Bloom. B. S. "The 2 Sigma Problem: The
    8. (defun fact (n) Search for Methods of Group Instruction
    (cond ((zerop n) 1) as Effective as One-to-One 1\1toring:·
    (t (times n (fact (sub1 n))))))
    Educational Researcher. 13 . 1984. page 3.
    2. Sleeman. D.. and J. S. Brown. eds. Intel-
    ligent Tutoring S!Jstems. New York: Academic
    tutor is still best. the computer tutor 3 megabytes of memory devoted to Press. 1982.
    not that far behind (and constantly im- a single student. Our planned op- 3. Anderson. J. R.. R. Farrell. and R. Sauers.
    "Learning to Program in LISP:· Cognitive
    proving), and the traditional on-your- timizations should enable it to handle
    Science. 8. 1984. page 87.
    own condition much worse. a pair of students simultaneously run- 4. Sauers. R.. and R. Farrell. GRAPES User's
    ning on the same machine. These im- Manual. 1echnical Report ONR-82-3 . Pitts-
    TODAY AND TOMORROW plementations are cost-effective in ex- burgh: Carnegie-Mellon University, 1982.
    Currently. we get satisfactory perfor- pensive private schools like CMU or 5. Carroll. J. M. "Minimalist Training."
    mance of the tutor on a VAX 72-5 with in industry: however. they are clearly Datamation. November 1984. page 12 5.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 175


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    PROUST
    BY W. LEWIS JOHNSON AND ELLIOT SOLOWAY

    An automatic debugger
    for Pascal programs
    PROUST (Program Understander for variability of bugs in beginners' pro- the program is supposed to do. they
    Students) is a knowledge-based sys- grams. If a programming problem is only analyze what the program actual-
    tem that finds nonsyntactic bugs in assigned to a class of 200. the ly does (see references I. 2. and 3).
    Pascal programs written by novice students will write 200 different pro- Figuring out how a program is sup-
    programmers. When students com- grams (assuming that they do not posed to work is not easy: to do it a
    pile a program successfully. PROUST cheat). There is variability both in their debugger requires information about
    is automatically invoked to analyze it. programs' designs and bugs. Some the programming problem and knowl-
    PROUST reports any bugs that are in bugs. such as missing variable ini- edge about how to write programs.
    the program to the student. tializations. are accidental omissions Nevertheless. identifying the program-
    PROUST is not merely a tool that that can be easily recognized and cor- mer's intentions is worth the effort.
    helps programmers find bugs. nor is rected. Other bugs result when the because this knowledge makes it
    it confined to a narrow class of bugs. programmer fails to reason through possible to identify more bugs. as well
    such as uninitialized variables. It is the interactions between com- as to understand their causes.
    designed to find every bug in most ponents. In isolation. each piece of Tu show how knowledge of the pro-
    beginners' programs. PROUST is cur- the program may appear correct. but [continued)
    rently capable of correctly identifying when combined. the program doesn't W. Lewis Johnson (POB 215 8. Yale Station.
    all of the bugs in over 70 percent of work. Still other bugs result from New Haven. CT 06520) is a research
    the programs that students write misconceptions about programming. associate at Yale. He has a B.A. from
    when we assign them moderately The code may appear correct to the Princeton University and a Ph.D. from Yale
    complex programming problems. programmer. but it doesn't do what University. His interests are artificial in·
    When PROUST finds a bug. it does he or she expects. for reasons he or telligence. software engineering. and computer-
    not simply point to the lines of code she does not understand. Bugs result- aided instruction. Dr. Johnson has been
    that are wrong: instead. it determines ing from misconceptions are the most pursuing research in artificial intelligence at
    how the bug can be corrected and serious: students stand to benefit the Yale since 1978.
    suggests why the bug arose in the first most from having such problems Elliot Soloway (Department of Computer
    place. Our aim is to build an instruc- pointed out to them. Science. Yale University. New Haven. CT
    tional system around PROUST that If a debugging system is to cope 06520) is an assistant professor at Yale. He
    assigns programming problems to with the various types of errors that has a B.A. in philosophy and a Ph.D. in com-
    students. reads their work. and gives programmers make. it must under- puter science from the University of
    them helpful suggestions. stand what the programmer is trying Massachusetts at Amherst. Dr. Soloway
    In designing PROUST we found it to do. Debugging systems usually heads a group at Yale that is exploring the
    necessary to deal directly with the don't concern themselves with what cognitive underpinnings of programming.
    A PRIL 198 5 • B Y T E 179
    PROUST

    grammer's intentions assists debug- Write a program that reads in a se- bug: if you type 99999 immediately
    ging. we will present two examples of quence of positive numbers. stop- after typing a nonpositive value. the
    "buggy" programs and discuss why ping when 99999 is read. Compute program will continue to prompt for
    alternative approaches to automatic the average of these numbers. Do data after the 99999 is read. When
    debugging fail to identify such bugs. not include the 99999 in the aver- the program finally does terminate.
    Then we will describe how PROUST age. Be sure to reject any input that the average will be incorrect. For ex-
    analyzes such programs. Finally, we is not positive. ample. suppose that you input 5,-5,
    will present some statistics showing 99999. Instead of terminating when
    PROUST'S performance on large The student's program must compute the 99999 is read. the program re-
    numbers of students' solutions to a the average of a series of positive quests another input. If the user then
    typical assignment in an introductory numbers. It must ensure that the in- entered another 99999. the program
    programming class. This will help sup- put to the program is in fact positive. would not print the average as 5. but
    port our claim that PROUST'S ap- The input terminates when a specific instead would print (5+99999)/2. or
    proach is adequate for the majority . value-99999-is read. Values such as 50002.
    of novice programmers' programs. this. which signal the end of input. are The program interprets 99999 as
    called sentinel values. data when the sequence 5, -5,
    EXAMPLES OF PROGRAM BUGS Figure I a shows a sample solution 99999 is read because when the pro-
    Here is a simple programming prob- to the Averaging Problem. This pro- gram reads the -5. it enters the input-
    lem called the Averaging Problem: gram works except for the following validation loop. which starts with line
    IO. WHILE Val < = 0 DO. This loop
    (a) is intended to iterate until a positive
    value is typed in: 99999 is positive.
    1 PROGRAM Average( Input, Output ); so when the 99999 is read. control
    2 VAR Sum, Count, Val, Avg: REAL; leaves the input-validation loop. How-
    3 BEGIN
    4 Sum:= O;
    ever. the program was written with the
    5 Count : = O; assumption that when the input-
    6 Writeln( 'Enter Value:'); validation loop is exited. the current
    7 Read( Val ); value of Val is valid input data. In this
    8 WHILE Val< >99999 DO case. Val is not valid data: it is 99999.
    9 BEGIN the sentinel value. The loop never-
    10 WHILE Val<= 0 DO
    theless processes 99999 as if it were
    11 BEGIN
    12 Writeln( 'Invalid entry, reenter' ); data. Tu guard against this case. there
    13 Read( Val ); should be a test for the sentinel after
    14 END; the input-validation loop.
    15 Sum:= Sum+Val; Figure I b is PROUST'S output de-
    16 Count:= Count+ 1; scribing the missing sentinel-test bug.
    17 Writeln( 'Enter value:' );
    The error is described in two ways:
    18 Read( Val);
    First it is described in English: then
    19 END;
    20 IF Count>O THEN PROUST generates an example of
    21 Writeln( 'No data entered') data that causes the program to fail.
    22 ELSE BEGIN Now look at the program in figure
    23 Avg : = Sum/Count; 2a . This is another solution to the
    24 Writeln( 'The average is,'Avg ); Averaging Problem. and the bug in
    25 END;
    this program is also fairly obscure. If
    26 END.
    you type a positive value followed by
    a negative value. the negative value
    (b) will be included in the average. Thus
    PROUST's output: if you type -2, 2, 99999. the average
    will be 2. but if you type 2, -2,
    You're missing a sentinel test. If a sentinel value is input immediately following a
    nonpositive value, your program will treat it as valid data. 99999, the average will be 0.
    Unlike the example in listing la. the
    To see this, try the following data in your program:
    5 -5 99999
    programmer has not left out the sen-
    tinel test but has written the test in the
    Figure I: (a) One novice programmer's attempt at implementing the Averaging form of a WHILE statement instead
    Problem. (b) PROUSf explains the bug lurking in the program in concise English of an IF statement. The student prob-
    sentences and even offers data illustrating the error. ably has a misconception about the
    distinction between the two state-

    180 BYTE • APRIL 198 5


    PROUST

    ments and does not understand how (a)


    the control flow in a WHILE loop
    works. As long as the body of the 1 PROGRAM Average( Input, Output
    loop is straight-line code. the student 2 VAR Sum, Cm
    has no problem. However. if the body 3 BEGIN
    4 Sum:= O:
    of the loop contains tests. the student
    5 Count:= O;
    thinks that the tests should be written 6 Writeln( 'Enter value:· )
    as WHILE statements to ensure that 7 Read( Val);
    they repeat when the body of the 8 WHILE Val< >99999 0
    loop does. We will refer to this mis- 9 BEGIN
    conception henceforth as the WHILE- 10 WHILE Val< = 0 DO
    11 BEGIN
    for-IF misconception. PROUST's out-
    12 Writeln( 'Invalid entry, reenter' );
    put for this example. shown in figure 13 Read( Val):
    2b. takes the misconception into ac- 14 END:
    count and explains it to the student. 15 WHILE Val< >99999 DO
    The bugs in figures I a and 2a illus- 16 BEGIN
    trate the following points. First. bugs 17 Sum : = Sum+ Val;
    frequently cannot be detected if you 18 Count:= Count+ 1;
    19 Writeln( 'Enter value:' );
    don't know what the program is sup- Read( Val);
    20
    posed to do. Both of the programs 21 END;
    shown run no matter what input is
    read: to determine that there is a bug.
    you must recognize that the programs
    output different results than they ELSE BEGlf\
    26 Avg:= SL
    should. Bugs such as these are not
    27 Writeln( 'The average 1s,1-wg 1;
    unusual; the missing sentinel-test bug 28 END;
    occurs in 18 percent of novice pro- 29 END.
    grammers' solutions to the Averaging
    Problem. (b)
    Second. novice programmers need PROUST's output:
    help identifying such bugs. These
    You are using a WHILE statement at line 15 where you should have used an IF
    bugs cause the programs to fail only statement. You probably want the code starting at line 15 to execute once each
    after unusual inputs-ones that novice time through the loop; your code will make it execute many times.
    programmers are unlikely to test. In
    The statement in question is:
    the case of the WHILE-for-IF miscon- WHILE Val< >99999 DO ...
    ception. even if the programmer tests
    the case in question. he or she will Figure 2: (a) Another novice programmer"s attempt at implementing the Averaging
    probably not understand why the pro- Problem. (b) PROUST once again explains what the problem with the program is. what
    gram fails because he or she expects the programmer wanted to do. and what he actually did.
    the WHILE statement to perform a
    different function than it actually
    does. output of the program is incorrect and when this happens requires knowl-
    suggesting bugs that might have edge about what the output should
    ALTERNATIVES TO caused the faulty behavior (see refer- look like. Since the WHILE-for-IF ex-
    INTENTION-BASED DEBUGGING ence 2). This approach treats debug- ample fails to test the input for validi-
    Tu support our claim that debugging ging as similar to medical diagnosis ty after the first positive value is read.
    requires knowledge of the program- (see reference 4). The faulty behavior it appears that this program is miss-
    mer's intentions. we will examine the can be thought of as the symptoms ing an input-validation test. It is only
    principal alternatives to intention- of the program. and the bugs can be after inspecting the code that it
    based debugging and show why they thought of as the diseases. There are becomes clear that the bug is not in
    fall short. The methods we have con- two problems with this approach: A the input-validation test but in the sen-
    sidered are analysis of i/O (input/out- program's symptoms cannot always tinel test.
    put) behavior. analysis of data flow. be determined. and these symptoms Another debugging approach you
    and recognition of patterns of buggy cannot always be related to the bugs. might try is data-flow analysis (see
    code. The bugs in the programs in figures reference I). This is the approach
    Debugging by analyzing i/O be- I a and 2a affect the output of the pro- many error-checking compilers use.
    havior involves determining when the gram only occasionally: recognizing (continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 181


    PROUST

    Data-flow analysis checks for clear hand out to students.


    anomalies in the pattern of data To understand the students' pro-
    definition and for use of data in a pro-
    gram. It can determine when a vari-
    MICRO~ grams. PROUST also needs to know
    how to solve the problem. Solutions
    able is defined and never used or
    when a variable is never defined. PROUST FOR to a given programming problem may
    be implemented in a variety of dif-
    However. if there are no anomalies in
    data flow. data-flow analysis will not THE IBM PC ferent ways. Suppose that there was
    only one way to test input for validity
    detect any bugs. Neither example in in a Pascal program. namely, to insert
    the preceding section has data-flow
    anomalies. so this method would not
    M icro-PROUST is a subset of the
    larger implementation of
    PROUST. It is capable of dealing with
    a WHILE loop at the top of the main
    loop. such as in figures I a and 2a.
    detect the bugs. a limited range of novice programs and Once PROUST knew that a program
    You might also try analyzing the is currently set up to handle only those must validate input. it would know to
    structure of the program itself to see example solutions to the Averaging look for such a loop. as well as for the
    whether it suggests the presence of and Rainfall Problems provided with it. sentinel test that must follow. How-
    bugs. You could build a library of Micro-PROUST runs in Gold Hill Com- ever. there are several ways of
    templates for common bugs. such as puters Inc. Golden Common LISP on validating input. Listing I shows a
    missing sentinel tests or WHILE an IBM Personal Computer with 512K loop that tests input in a different way.
    bytes of memory. The source code and
    statements in place of IF statements. Instead of there being one input
    example programs are available for
    and then match these templates downloading from BYTEnet Listings.
    validation loop. there are two; one is
    against the program to identify the The telephone number is (603) at the bottom of the loop and the
    bugs. The problem with this approach 924-9820. The file PRSTREAD.ME con- other precedes the loop. No addi-
    is that you have no way of knowing tains directions on how to run Micro- tional sentinel test is required when
    where to match the bug templates in PROUST. this method is used. because. as soon
    the program. For example. the as input is validated. control flows to
    WHILE-for-IF example has three dif- the main exit test of the WHILE loop.
    ferent WHILE loops. How could you nia (see the text box "Micro-PROUST Therefore. without knowing what
    tell which WHILE loop really should for the IBM PC' above for more infor- method the programmer is using for
    be an IF statement or if any of them mation). Micro-PROUST is capable of validating input. PROUST cannot tell
    should be an IF statement? You could recognizing the kinds of bugs that are whether to look for a sentinel test
    try to make the bug template more described in this article; however. within the body of the loop. In figure
    specific by making it apply only when there are a variety of tricky bugs that I a it is an error not to have such a sen-
    there are two loops with the same exit PROUST can identify but Micro- tinel test. but in listing I it is not.
    test. one inside the other. But that PROUST cannot. (If you are interested PROUST needs knowledge about pro- .
    would make the template too specific: in PROUST's full diagnostic capabili- gramming so that it can understand
    it would not apply to other cases ties. consult reference 3.) how each student designed and im-
    where WHILE statements appear in- PROUST's analysis of programs is plemented his or her solution. Once
    stead of IF statements. based on knowledge of the program- it understands the programmer's in-
    All of these approaches to debug- ming problem. Students may solve tentions. it can then use knowledge
    ging attempt to identify bugs without the problem in a variety of ways and about common bugs to identify them
    any understanding of what the pro- their programs may have a variety of in the student's program.
    gram is supposed to do. and any such bugs. but they are all trying to solve PROUST analyzes programs by syn-
    approach does little more than make the same problem. Knowledge of the thesis. When PROUST examines a
    guesses as to what bug is involved. In problem makes the variability of program. it looks up the correspond-
    order to do better. a debugging sys- novice solutions more manageable. It ing problem description in its library.
    tem has to be able to infer the pro- also provides important information It makes hypotheses about the
    grammer's intentions and relate them about the programmer's intentions. methods programmers may use to
    to the code. To provide PROUST with descrip- satisfy each requirement in the prob-
    tions of the programming problems. lem description. Each hypothesis is a
    PROUST'S APPROACH we devised a problem-description possible correct implementation of
    PROUST is written in T. a dialect of language. We described each problem the corresponding requirement. If
    LISP. The full system contains roughly in this language and provided one of these hypotheses fits the stu-
    15.000 lines of LISP code and runs on PROUST with a library of the descrip- dent's code. then PROUST infers that
    a VAX-1117 50. A stripped-down ver- tions. Each problem description in the requirement is implemented cor-
    sion called Micro-PROUST has been PROUST's problem-description lan- rectly. If PROUST'S hypotheses do not
    developed in conjunction with guage is a paraphrase of the English- fit the student's program. then
    Courseware Inc.. of San Diego. Califor- language problem statement that we PROUST checks its database of com-

    182 8 YT E • A PRIL 1985


    PROUST

    mon bugs to see if it can explain the Goal statements consist of a name
    discrepancies. Listing I : Yet another way to of a type of goal. followed by a list of
    implement the input validation for the arguments. In the form (Average
    PROUST'S PROBLEM Averaging Problem. ?New) for example. Average is a type
    DESCRIPTIONS of goal (to compute an average). and
    Problem descriptions in PROUST con- Read( VaJ ); ?New is the argument of the goal.
    sist of programming goals and sets of WHILE VaJ< =0 DO This form requires that the program
    data objects. Programming goals are BEGIN compute the average of ?New.
    the principal requirements that must Writeln( 'Invalid entry, reenter' ); Arguments to goal expressions can
    be satisfied: sets of data objects are Read( VaJ );
    take a variety of forms. They can be
    END;
    the data that the program must WHILE VaJ< >99999 DO
    objects. predicates. or even other goal
    manipulate. BEGIN expressions. In the expression (Input-
    The first step in translating an Sum := Sum+Val; Validation ?New ( < = ?New 0)). one
    English-language problem statement Count := Count+1; argument is an object (?New). and the
    into PROUSTs problem-description Writeln( 'Enter value:' ); other is a predicate ?New < = 0. In
    language is to make the various goals Read(. VaJ ); LISP. function names and operators
    WHILE Val< =0 DO
    that are mentioned in the problem precede their arguments. which is why
    BEGIN
    statement explicit. Recall that the text Writeln( 'Invalid entry, reenter' ); the < = precedes the ?New and 0 in
    of the Averaging Problem is the Read( VaJ ); the expression ( < = 0 ). If goals are
    following: END; nested. as in (Output (Average
    END; ?New)). the outer goal refers to the
    Write a program that reads in a se-
    value computed by the inner goal.
    quence of positive numbers. stop-
    Thus this goal requires that the pro-
    ping when 99999 is read. Compute
    gram output the average of ?New.
    the average of these numbers. Do
    In this example PROUST'S problem
    not include the 99999 in the
    descriptions are a reasonable approx-
    average. Be sure to reject any in-
    are named using Define-Object state- imation of the original English-lan-
    put that is not positive.
    ments. Goals are indicated using guage problem st.atements. These
    Solutions to this problem operate on Define-Goal statements. problem descriptions describe what
    a sequence of input data: Jet us call Object names are preceded by the programs must do but not how
    this sequence New. The following question marks. There are two objects they are supposed to do it. PROUST
    goals can be extracted from the prob- defined in the Averaging Problem must analyze each individual program
    lem statement: description. ?Sentinel and ?New. The and determine how it is intended to
    question-mark notation is used fre- satisfy the problem requirements.
    •Read successive values of New.
    quently in artificial-intelligence (Al)
    stopping wh~n a sentinel value.
    programs: it indicates that the vari- PROGRAMMING KNOWLEDGE
    99999. is read.
    able is not a literal value but is a Programming knowledge in PROUST
    •Make sure that the condition New
    parameter that must be substituted is frame-based (see reference 5). In
    < = 0 is never true. when the data structure is used. For frame-based systems knowledge is
    •Compute the average of New.
    example, the input-data object ?New organized into frames. each of which
    •Output the average of New.
    will be substituted with the name of corresponds to a particular concept
    We must now take these goals and the Pascal variable that the student that the system "knows" about.
    use them to generate a problem uses for storing the input data. The Frames are similar to records in rela-
    description for PROUST. Each data object ?Sentinel has the value 99999; tional databases. although the opera-
    object that the goals refer to is named wherever ?Sentinel appears in the tions that can be performed on
    and declared. Each goal extracted problem description it can be sub- frames are somewhat different.
    from the problem statement is re- stituted with 99999. Knowledge in frames is organized into
    corded in the problem description. Objects can be either constant- slots. which function as record field
    The resulting problem description is valued or variable-valued. In this ex- names. and fillers. which are the
    shown in figure 3. ample. ?Sentinel is a constant. with values assigned to each slot.
    Like all the data structures that we the value 99999. and ?New is a The two kinds of programming
    discuss in this article. problem variable. In PROUST'S general prob- knowledge that we will consider here
    descriptions are in list notation and lem-description language objects can are goals and plans (other types of
    every statement and expression is have a variety of properties asso- programming knowledge are dis-
    enclosed in parentheses. The name of ciated with them; however. we will not cussed in reference 6). Goals are
    the program is indicated with a use any such properties in this sim- problem requirements that appear in
    Define-Program statement. Objects ple example. (continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 183


    PROUST

    problem descriptions. Plans are MainLoop:. ?New. etc. These slots Controlled-Input goal. This plan is a
    stereotypic methods for implement- serve various functions. only some of simplified version of the one PROUST
    ing goals. A large part of writing pro- which we will discuss here. The most actually uses. Plans are also defined
    grams consists of identifying goals important slots are the Instances and in terms of slots and fillers. The most
    that must be satisfied and selecting lnstanceOf slots. The Instances slot important slot is the Template slot.
    plans to implement these goals. lists the various plans in PROUST's which describes the form the Pascal
    Similarly. PROUST retrieves plans knowledge base for implementing this code implementing this plan should
    from its knowledge base for each goal goal. This slot's filler is a list of five take. Plan templates consist of Pascal
    referred to in the problem descrip- items. each of which is the name of statements. subgoals. and labels. The
    tion. It compares these plans to the a plan. The lnstanceOf slot indicates Pascal statements are written in list
    student's program to determine which the class to which this goal belongs. notation rather than ordinary Pascal
    fits the program best. The goal class in this case is Read& syntax; for example. the form (WHILE
    Figure 4 shows PROUST'S definition Process. which is the class of all goals ( < > ?Input ?Stop) ... ) in Pascal
    for the Sentinel-Controlled-Input goal. that involve reading a sequence of syntax would appear as WHILE ?In-
    The goal definition contains a series values and processing them. put < > ?Stop DO . . . . Symbols
    of slots: lnstanceOf. Form. MainSeg- Figure 5 shows a plan. the Sentinel- that are preceded by question marks
    ment. etc.. together with fillers for Process-Read-While plan. This is one are pattern variables; these are sub-
    each of these slots: Read&Process. of the instances of the Sentinel- stituted when the plan is used. ?New
    is substituted by a Pascal variable con-
    taining the input data. and ?Stop is
    ((Define-Program Average) substituted by a constant. the sentinel
    (Define-Object ?New)
    value. The ?* statement is a "wild
    (Define-Object ?Sentinel Value 99999)
    (Define-Goal (Sentinel-Controlled-Input ?New ?Sentinel)) card" pattern that can be substituted
    (Define-Goal (Input-Validation ?New ( < = ?New 0))) by an arbitrary sequence of Pascal
    (Define-Goal (Output (Average ?New)))) statements; this is just a placeholder
    in the plan. Subgoals are indicated by
    (SUBGOAL ... ) forms in the tem-
    Figure 3: The Averaging Problem translated into PROUST's problem-description
    plate; these are goals that must in turn
    language.
    be implemented using other plans.

    MATCHING PLANS
    (Goal-Definition Sentinel-Controlled-Input Let's look at how plans and goals are
    lnstanceOf Reaq&Process
    Form (Sentir:iel-Controlled-lnput ?Input: ?Stop)
    used to understand a program. The
    MainSegment MainLoop: plan in listing I has been imple-
    MainVariable ?New mented correctly. You will see how
    NamePhrase ':sentinel-controlled loop" PROUST hypothesizes a plan that the
    OuterControlPlan T program might use and then matches
    Instances (Sentinel-Process-Read-While this plan against the program. In this
    Sentinel-Read-Process-While
    case the match succeeds because the
    Sentinel-Read-Process-Repeat
    Sentinel-Process-Read-Repeat plan is implemented correctly. In the
    Bogus-Counter-Controlled-Loop)) next section we will examine what
    happens when plans fail to match
    Figure 4: The definition of the goal Sentinel-Controlled-Input in PROUST's because the student's code has bugs.
    problem-description language. The first step. before any analysis of
    goals and plans takes place. is to
    parse the student's Pascal program.
    This results in a parse tree. All subse-
    (Plan-Definition Sentinel-Process-Read-While quent analysis of the program is per-
    Constants (?Stop) formed on the parse tree rather than
    Variables (?Input)
    Template ((SUBGOAL (Input ?Input))
    on the original program text.
    (WHILE ( < > ?Input ?Stop) When PROUST analyzes a program.
    (BEGIN it selects goals from the problem
    ?* description one at a time. Let's sup-
    (SUBGOAL (Input ?Input)))))) pose that the goal that is selected first
    is (Sentinel-Controlled-Input ?New
    Figure 5: A plan for implementing the goal Sentinel-Controlled-Input. ?Sentinel). PROUST substitutes any
    (continued)

    184 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    PROUST

    PROUST substitutes filler is a list of five items: Sentinel-


    Process-Read-While. Sentinel-Read-
    PROUST simply replaces ?Input with
    the variable name ?New. PROUST
    Process-While. Sentinel-Read- assumes that the process of match-
    any objects whose Process-Repeat. Sentinel-Process- ing the plan against the program will
    Read-Repeat. and Bogus-Counter- determine what the value of ?New is.
    values are already Controlled-Loop. Each of these is the
    name of a plan. PROUST selects the
    Figure 6 shows how the Sentinel-
    Process-Read-While plan is matched
    known into the first plan from the list. Sentinel-
    Process-Read-While. This will be
    against the program example in figure
    I a. Matching starts with the WHILE
    PROUST's initial hypothesis of how loop. The pattern in the plan for the
    goal expression. the program implements the goal WHILE loop is (WHILE ( < > ?New
    Senti nel-Controlled-1 nput. 99999) ... ). There are two WHILE
    Just as known values of objects were loops in this program: WHILE Val
    objects whose values are already substituted into the goal expression < > 99999 DO ... and WHILE Val
    known into the goal expression. At (Sentinel-Controlled-Input ?New < = 0 DO . . . . PROUST tries to
    this point the only information avail- ?Sentinel). these same substitutions match each pattern against each of
    able about ?New and ?Sentinel is must now be performed on the these statements. (WHILE ( < >
    what appears in the problem descrip- selected plan. 1b see what substitu- ?New 99999) ... ) matches WHILE
    tion. There the value of ?Sentinel is tions must be made. PROUST ex- Val < > 99999 DO .... provided
    listed as 99999. but the value of ?New amines the Form slot of the definition t~ t Val is substitued for ?New.
    is not listed. Therefore. the value of of Sentinel-Controlled-Input. (Sentinel- (WHILE ( < > ?New 99999) . . . )
    ?Sentinel is substituted into the goal Controlled-1 nput ?Input ?Stop). The does not match WHILE Val<= 0 DO
    expression. but ?New is left un- Form slot indicates which pattern-vari- ... because the statement has a < =
    changed. The resulting goal expres- able names are used in the )!ans that test instea · of a < > test. and
    sion is (Sentinel-Controlled-Input implement the goal. By comparing because it tests against 0 instead of
    ?New 99999). the Form slot to the goal being 99999. Therefore PROUST selects
    PROUST must now retrieve from its analyzed. PROUST determines that WHILE Val < > 99999 DO ... as
    programming knowledge base plans each occurrence of ?Input in the the match for the plan pattern. Since
    that could be used to implement the selected plan should be replaced by Val must be substituted for ?New so
    goal Sentinel-Controlled-Input. It the value of ?New. Each occurrence that the pattern matches. Val is
    retrieves the filler of the Instances slot of ?Stop should be replaced by the recorded as the binding for ?New.
    of the definition of Sentinel-Con- value of ?Sentinel or 99999. Because Afterward any component of the plan
    trolled-Input shown in figure 4. This the value of ?New is not known. that has ?New in it will have Val sub-
    stituted for ?New.
    The next plan component that
    READ PLAN PROUST matches against the program
    (Read Val) is (BEGIN ... ). There are several dif-
    t?N !W =Val ferent BEGIN statements in the pro-
    Student's program gram that could be matched against
    ~ 1tinel-Process-Read-While this pattern. However. in the plan tem-
    Writ<>ln( 'Entpr v'1l11<>·' \· plate the (BEGIN ... ) pattern ap-
    (Val): _ _ _ __, JBGOAL (Input ?Input))
    pears inside of the WHILE pattern
    · "' ~ \--.. ,.,. ?Input 99999)
    tst:lJIN - - - - - - - - - - - - ( B E G I N
    that was just matched: This means
    WHILE Val< = 0 DO ?* that the BEGIN statement that this
    BEGIN (SUBGOAL (Input ?Input))))) pattern matches must be located in-
    Writeln( "Invalid entry, reenter' ): side of the WHILE Val < > 99999
    Read( Val): DO . . . statement. Therefore. there
    END; is only one BEGIN statement that has
    Sum : = Sum+ Val;
    Count : = Count + 1 ;
    an appropriate match.
    Writeln( 'Enter value:' ) When PROUST tries to match the
    Read( Val );~Ht:AU t-'LAN (SUBGOAL (Input ?New)) com-
    END: ponents. a different type of process-
    (Read Val) ing is required. These plan com-
    ponents are goals; to match them
    Figure 6: This shows how the Sentinel-Process-Read-While plan is matched against the program. PROUST must
    against the program in figure I . go through the same plan-selection
    (continued)

    186 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 164
    PROUST

    predicts matches the program. When


    Since PROUST first this happens PROUST must look for
    ,_ , '
    bugs that account for the mismatches
    IJQR2Wg§ljllBI generates a possible in one of the plans. In this section we
    will discuss one of these mismatches
    implementation and in connection with the WHILE-for-IF
    The Sliver FozT11 Trots example in figure 2a and show how
    throup Lotus like 1,z,J it leads to the discovery of a bug.
    then matches it The bug in the WHILE-for-IF exam-
    The Silver Fox has always run hundreds ple is discovered in processing the
    of programs originally written for the IBM·
    PC. Now with its new compatible video
    against the program, Input-Validation goal. One of the plans
    board and GW Basic it runs the most popular that PROUST suggests for implement-
    and powerful software in microcomputing,
    including }Altus 1,2,3, dBASE II, Multiplan, it is performing ing this goal is the so-called Bad In-
    put Loop Test plan. This plan consists
    the PFS series. and even Flight Simulator.
    Yet you still getanincomparablecombination of a WHILE statement that tests the
    of har;dware and software. at a price that
    invites comparison.
    analysis by synthesis. input to see if it is out of range. an
    MORE HA.ROW A.RE error message inside the WHILE loop.
    process that it went through in select- an Input subgoal that rereads the in-
    Each Silver Fox comes with an 8088 CPU,
    256K of RAM, monochrome and color video, ing the Sentinel-Process-Read-While put if it is out of range. and a test to
    and a primer port all on a single board. Plus plan. It first substitutes all pattern see if the exit condition for the main
    you get more than twice the storage of a
    standard PC, 1.6 Megabytes on dual 5 1/4" variables in the goal expression that loop has been satisfied.
    floppys,andtheFox will readand write to all have bindings. Since ?New has Val as Listing 2 illustrates a correct imple-
    popular PC formats.
    StaQdard equipment also includes a better a binding. the subgoal expression mentation of this plan (solving the
    keyboard, and a 12" high-resolution, green
    monochrome monitor, with a full 25x80 becomes (Input Val). PROUST then Averaging Problem).
    column.display. And although the Silver Fox retrieves plans from the plan database The Bad Input Loop Test plan
    doesn't have ''compatible" expansion slots
    you can add aerial ports, modems, plotters, that implements Input. One such plan matches the WHILE-for-IF example of
    printers, joysticks, and 808'1 co-processor, is the READ PLAN. which employs a figure 2a in all but one respect: there
    and/or a hard disk.
    Because the Silver Fox is born on a totally Pascal Read statement to input the is no test for the exit condition of the
    automated line in Japan it is simply more
    reliable than PC's that are aBBembled by value. This plan matches the Read main loop. such as IF Val < > 99999
    hand. Se we back each Silver Fox with a one statements in the program. THEN . . .. Where an IF statement
    yearlimited warranty,£ourtimes the iiul ustry
    standard. This example shows how PROUST is expected. a WHILE statement ap-
    analyzes programs by predicting the pears instead. PROUST has thus en-
    FREE SILVERWARE
    plans that might be used and then countered a plan difference. i.e .. a dif-
    Were this not enough, each Silver Fox
    comes with the best free software bundle in testing these predictions. By selecting ference between the expected plan
    the business including: from a range of different plans and and the code. When PROUST en-
    MS.DOS 2,11 Wordstar 3.3 PILEBASE
    HAGEN·DOS Easy. Writer PCFileUJ subplans for each goal. PROUST is counters plan differences it does not
    Color BASIC Mail Truck PO Disk able to generate a variety of different give up on the plan; instead. it tries
    GW BA$IC Spell Datemate
    OS Tutor Games & Calc!Star ways of implementing each goal. to find a way of interpreting the plan
    Graphics Since PROUST first generates a ·pos- differences as bugs.
    If you didn't think your
    sible implementation and then In most cases plan differences are
    $1397 matches it against the program. it is explained by means of bug rules. Each
    could buy )IOu this much computer,
    call our machine at performing analysis by synthesis. In bug rule has a test part. which ex-
    1-800-FORAFOX general. generating plan hypotheses amines the plan differences to see
    leave your name and address at the beep and and matching them against programs whether the rule is applicable. and an
    we'll •usll $~a brochure that will tell you
    how it can. To order call is rather more complex than the action part. which explains the plan
    scenario presented here; for more in- differences.
    (602) 941-5856. formation. see reference 3. Figure 7 shows the bug rule that is
    invoked to explain the plan dif-
    Color l-'ox ....... .. .. · .... ·. · · · $164 7 IDENTIFYING BUGS ferences in the WHILE-for-IF example.
    Tht sn- Fox IMold oacluaivaly by Seouodale 8ya1em1 When the Sentinel-Process-Read· The rule is written in slot-filler nota-
    Led., 81f N. SeotlHale lloed #8, ScoUadale, AZ 8$2&7.
    Tradfmuk&Sil-P'ox, HAGEN-DOS, Owilcai~. Datemate, While plan was matched against the tion; One set of slots constitutes the
    and Mailit·Sco&UdaleSyatema l.td. WonlStuiiilJ! CalcSter,
    Mirrnpro 'international. MS-DOS, Mullilllan, Micro10ft program in figure la . the plan test part of the rule. and another set
    Corporation. Fll.&BASE. EWDPSoftwaro. lne. dBASE IL
    Ashton-Tait, IBM·PC. International Buoineu Machine• matched exactly. Since there were no constitutes the action part. In the
    Corporation. Ordering: Tele1narketiag only, Silver FOll.
    prico la for cuh, F.O.B. Scotladale, prices subject to change, match errors. there must not have WHILE-for-IF rule the test part con-
    productaubjecttolimltedaupply. Weacceplpurrhaaeordtra
    from FortUQf' 1000 companie1 and major univeraitiH with been any bugs in that particular plan. sists of a Statement-Type slot and an
    1ood eredi I· add 2'J. Viaa. Mastercard add 3'j!,, AZ reaidtnla
    It is frequently the case. however. that Error-Pattern slot. The Statement-
    cc;.n::.
    'add 6'11o. Returned -haadiao wbjec:t to a 20'll· reatoekin1
    ~ 'Aiili'!'/any ehecb take up to 3 weeb to cloar.
    none of the plans that PROUST Type slot indicates that the plan com-

    188 B Y TE • APRIL 19 85
    PROUST

    ponent that failed to match the pro-


    gram must be an IF statement. The Listing 2: A correct implementation of tfie Bad Input Test plan.
    Error-Pattern slot has the value
    (IF . WHILE); this indicates that a WHILE Val< =0 DO
    BEGIN
    WHILE statement was found when an
    Writeln( 'Invalid data, please reenter' );
    IF statement was expected. These test Read( Val );
    conditions are both met in the END;
    WHILE-for-IF example. so the action IF Val < > 99999 THEN
    part of the rule is activated. The ac-
    tion part of this rule consists of a Bug
    slot the filler of this slot is a descrip-
    tion of the bug associated with the
    plan difference. The bug in this (Deline-Rule WHILE-for-IF
    StatemenFrype IF
    case is a WHILE-for-IF confusion.
    Error-Pattern (IF . WHILE)
    PROUST's bug analyses of student Bug (WHILE-for-IF Confusion (FoundStmt ,*MRet*)
    programs consist of bug descriptions (Histlnst ,*HistoryNode*)))
    such as this. When PROUST presents
    its findings to the student. it takes
    Figure 7: Tfie WHILE-for-IF bug rule invoked by PROUST to explain tfie plan
    each bug description and generates
    difference between tfie faulty part of tfie program of figure I and tfie correct
    an English-language translation for it implementation of this part in listing I .
    and. if appropriate. generates data il-
    lustrating the presence of the bug.

    TEST RESULTS (a)


    PROUST has been tested on large Write a Pascal program that will prompt the user to input numbers from the IE
    numbers of beginners' programs. We each input stands for the amount of rainfall in New Haven for a day. Note: Since
    assigned a class of novice program- cannot be negative, the program should reject negative input. Your program
    mers the Rainfall Problem (an elabora- compute the following statistics from this data:
    tion of the Averaging Problem). which 1. the average rainfall per day
    is shown in figure 8a. 2. the number of rainy days
    We modified the Pascal compiler 3. the number of valid inputs (excluding any invalid data that might have bee1
    our students were using so that it 4. the maximum amount of rain that fell on any one day
    would save copies of every syntac- The program should read data until the user types 99999; this is ci sentinel value sigr
    tically correct program that they com- ing the end of input. Do not include the 99999 in the calculatio1 s. As!"• •m" th;,t if
    piled. This allowed us to examine not input value is nonnegative, and not equal to 99999, ther " '- ·" '"' ,__
    only the final solution the students
    handed in. but also every inter-
    (b)
    mediate version of their program.
    Since the first versions are likely to be Total number of programs: 206
    the buggiest. this let us test PROUST
    Numbe ·ograms with bugs: 183
    under the most difficult conditions
    possible. Number of programs receiving full analyses: 161 (79 percent
    Total number of bugs: 570
    Figure 8b shows the results of run-
    Bugs recognized correctly: 533 (94 percent)
    ning PROUST on the Rainfall Problem. Bugs not recognized: 29 (6 percent)
    There are 206 different attempted False alarms: 55
    solutions to the Rainfall Problem in
    Number of programs receiving partial analyses: 35 (17 percent;
    the test set. Of these. PROUST was Total number of bugs: 191
    able to derive a complete understand- Bugs recognized correctly: 71 (37 percent)
    ing of 79 percent of the programs. Bugs deleted from analysis: 70 (37 percent
    identifying 94 percent of the bugs. a Bugs not recognized: 50 (26 percent)
    percentage far higher than people are False alarms: 19
    able to achieve. The chart also in- Number of programs PROUST did not analyze: 9 (4 percent)
    dicates that 6 percent of the bugs
    were not recognized and 5 5 were Figure 8: (a) Tfie Rainfall Problem was assigned to a class of novice programmers to
    false alarms. Bugs are counted as not test tfte effectiveness of PROUST. (b) This snows tfie results of running PROUST on
    recognized if they are either misdiag- tfie Rainfall Problem.
    [continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 189


    PROUST

    It is almost at the level where it could


    Ultimately, PROUST be incorporated into a programming
    Re-ink any fabric ribbon curriculum and provide significant
    AUTOMATICALLY for less will be incorporated benefits to students. Here we have
    than 5¢. Extremely simple given a simplified view of how
    operation with built-in
    electric motor. We have a into a programming PROUST finds bugs. The next step is
    to build an automated programming
    MAC INKER for any printer: course around PROUST Such a
    cartridge/spool/harmonica/
    zip pack. Lubricant ink safe
    curriculum for students. system would not only correct stu-
    for dot matrix printheads. dents' mistakes but would also sug-
    Multicolored inks, uninked gest additional problems for the stu-
    cartridges available. Ask for nosed or missed entirely. Bugs are dents to solve to give them practice
    brochure. Thousands of counted as false alarms if they are where they need it. •
    satisfied customers. either not present in the program or
    if they are present but misdiagnosed.
    Consequently. misdiagnosed bugs are AUTHORS' NOTE
    counted both as false alarms and as This work was cosponsored by the Person-
    not recognized. which inflates the nel and Training Research Groups. Psycho-
    logical Sciences Division. Office of Naval
    total number of diagnosis errors.
    Research. and the Army Research Institute
    When PROUST fails to understand for the Behaviorial and Social Sciences.
    a program completely. its ability to under Contract Number NOOOl4-82--
    recognize bugs deteriorates; 17 per- 0714 , Contract Authority Identification
    cent of the programs were analyzed Number Nr 154-492.
    partially. In such cases PROUST Additional papers dealing with bug

    Mac deleted from its bug descriptions


    those bug analyses that were ques-
    tionable. given that the program was
    classification. automatic debugging. and
    the cognitive underpinnings of program-
    ming can be obtained by writing to the

    Switch only partially understood. The bug following address: Cognition and Pro-
    gramming Project. Department of Com-
    descriptions that remained were fre-
    puter Science. Yale University. POB 2158
    quently wrong. but at least PROUST Yale Station. New Haven. CT 06520.
    Mac Switch lets you share was able to warn the student to take Special thanks to Greg Kearsley and
    your computer with any two the analysis with a grain of salt. The Leszek lzdebski of Courseware Inc. and
    peripherals (serial or remaining 4 percent of the programs Bret Wallach of Advanced Processing for
    parallel). Ideal for word deviated from PROUST's expectations their efforts in developing Micro-PROUST.
    processors-never type an so drastically it could not analyze
    address twice. Ask us for them at all. In these cases no bug
    brochure with tips on how to report was generated. REFERENCES
    share two peripherals (or two
    We are not yet sufficiently satisfied I. Fosdick. L. D., and L. J. Osterweil. 'Data
    computers) with MAC Flow Analysis in Software Reliability'.' Com-
    SWITCH. Total satisfaction or with PROUST's accuracy to make it
    generally available to students. The puting Surve1:1s 8. vol. 3. 1976. pages
    full refund. 305-330.
    sgg_oo false-alarm rate should be lower. and
    2. Harandi. M . T. "Knowledge-Based Pro-
    the fraction of programs that PROUST
    gram Debugging: A Heuristic Model:' Pro-
    analyzes completely should be higher. ceedings of the 198 3 SOFTFAIR.
    When part of a program cannot be 3. Wertz. H. "Stereotyped Program Debug-
    analyzed. PROUST should try to ging: An Aid for Novice Programmers:· In-
    • ~!) determine why that part of the pro- ternational Journal of Man-Machine Studies 16.
    -- ~"§;:-~
    --·----....
    JI I
    gram cannot be analyzed and try to
    account for the unanalyzed code.
    Once this is done we expect PROUST
    1982. pages 379-392 .
    4. Shortliffe. E. H. Computer-Based Medical
    Consultations: MYCIN. New York: American
    Order toll free 1-800-547-3303 to succeed on 80 to 85 percent of the Elsevier Publishing Co.. 1976.
    programs it analyzes. At that stage we 5. Minsky. M. "A Framework for Represent-
    CEmpuler will make it available to students on ing Knowledge." The Ps1:1cholog1:1 of Computer
    Vision. P. Winston. ed. New York: McGraw-
    Friends
    6415 SW Canyon Court
    line. Hill. 1975.
    6. Johnson. W. L. "Intention-Based Diag-
    CONCWSION nosis of Programming Errors:· Yale Univer-
    Suite 1110 PROUST is capable of high-quality sity Department of Computer Science.
    Portland, Oregon 97221 analysis of bugs in novice programs. 1984.
    (503) 297-2321
    190 BYTE • AP RIL 1985
    ' 11111111111111111

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    ' 192 B Y TE• A PRI L l985


    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    ARCHITECTURES
    FOR AI
    BY MICHAEL F. DEERING

    Hardware and software


    for efficient processing
    AS ARTIFICIAI..rlNTELLIGENCE soft- ware for coordinating parallel search- difficult problem: decomposing ar-
    ware grows in complexity and as Al es. Many of these speedups, are or- bitrary AI computations to effective-
    applications move from laboratories thogonal and can potentially increase ly use thousands of parallel proces-
    to the real world. computational performance by several orders of sors. A problem with this approach is
    throughput and cost are increasingly magnitude. However. this is not always that most programs. even ones with
    important concerns. the case: some language optimiza- a high degree of inherent parallelism.
    In general. there are two motives for tions have a tendency to serialize almost always have several serial bot-
    increasing the efficiency of computa- computation. thereby negating the tlenecks. As an example. most parallel
    tions. One is the need to obtain faster gains of parallelism. programs need to gather the result of
    computation. regardless of cost. This As part of an effort to design a one batch of parallel computations
    may be due to explicit real-time con- massively concurrent architecture for for reflection before generating the
    straints or to current methods being AI computation (the Fairchild FAIM-l next batch. In many cases. these serial
    taxed well beyond the limit of com- project-see the text box on page processes dominate the running time
    plexity or timely response. The other 202). this article examines several of the entire program. So you cannot
    motive seeks to obtain a better cost/ potential throughput increases and ignore the issue of how to extract as
    performance ratio. Behind both. how- their interactions. much serial speed as possible from
    ever. is usually the imperative of real- languages and machines. Otherwise.
    world market pressures. MISCONCEPTIONS once you've built an expensive paral-
    Opportunities for increased efficien- There are several misconceptions lel machine hundreds of times faster
    cy in AI computations exist at every about what needs to be done to im- than existing machines. a new com-
    level. Improved instruction-set designs prove computational throughput for piler or microcode might make some
    combined with improved Al language AI. Since most AI programming is existing serial machines even faster.
    semantics allow more powerful com- done in LISP. many researchers The machine coded unifier in the
    piler optimization. Concurrent ma- believe the key is simply to make LISP Crystal AI language. for instance. is
    chines allow parallel execution of LISP faster. However. this approach ignores two orders of magnitude faster than
    and declarative constructs. raising other. easily obtainable potential the LISP-coded unifier in the pre-
    issues of and. or. and stream parallelism. speedups. (continued)
    Custom VLSI (very-large-scale integra- Other computer scientists see no Michael f Deering is a computer scientist with
    tion) hardware for current AI perfor- reason to concentrate on anything the Computer-Aided Systems Laboratory. He
    mance bottlenecks includes devices other than the fundamental problem can be reached through Schlumberger Palo
    such as hardware unifiers. associative of parallelism. an approach that Alto Research. 3340 Hillview Ave.. Palo
    memory. and communication hard- presumes a routine solution of a very Alto. CA 94304.
    A PRIL 1985 • BYTE 193
    ARCHITECTURES

    decessor PEARL AI language (see ref- A proper choice of features in light of manipulation facilities (reference 6).
    erence 3). a compiled environment leads to But · what of the new. modern
    more efficient program execution. machines. such as the DEC VAX.
    SOFTWARE IMPROVEMENTS Another problem with many Al lan- Motorola 68000. National Semi-
    One way to improve Al language im- guages is the lack of general tools to conductor 16000. and various RISC
    plementations would be to compile support common applications. While (reduced instruction set computer)
    the language directly to machine it can be argued that this allows users machines-how do they compare with
    code. Most Al "languages" are not to write their own customized tools the custom LISP machines (references
    computer languages but packages of (which may be very efficient). most 13 and 15)? Tu obtain insights into
    routines on top of an existing lan- users will do a much worse job than instruction-set design. 1 examined
    guage. usually LISP. While this is a the language implementor could. For several LISP systems and the fine
    great way of rapidly prototyping a lan- example. PEARL did not directly sup- details of their implementation
    guage and results in considerable sav- port any particular theorem-proving (reference 5). I learned. among other
    ings in development costs over a tra- or search system (such as forward and things. that it is very important to
    ditional full compiler. it does not lead backward chaining). leaving users to identify how rich an environment you
    to very efficient implementations. If their own devices. But the MRS sys- wish to support. For example. con-
    increasing the speed of AI applica- tem (reference 11). while providing a trary to many people's expectations.
    tions leads to the extreme of build- convenient meta-level control for on a large application program Franz
    ing custom parallel processors. it is users to write their own search sys- LISP (reference 8) on a DEC VAX-I I/
    silly not to compile AI languages tems. also provides a range of built- 780 was not significantly slower than
    directly onto these processors. There in search strategies. from backward Zetalisp on a Symbolics 3600. The dif-
    is a large body of computer science chaining to full-resolution theorem ference was that nearly all type-
    knowledge on compilation that can proving. An extensive library of well- checking and generic-function
    be brought to bear. and great poten- written routines of general use speeds capabilities were either turned off (by
    tial for performance increases. (Con- the operation of typical user pro- the programmer) or missing in Franz
    sider the I 00-times plus speed differ- grams (not to mention their devel- LISP. where the overall environment
    ence between most LISP-based Pro- opment). was much poorer. Assuming that such
    log interpreters and Warren's DEC-20 features are not frills. I also examined
    Prolog compiler-see reference 17.) HARDWARE CONSIDERATIONS the expense of providing them on dif-
    Make sure that the language is com- It is often claimed that conventional ferent architectures.
    pilable. Because most AI languages computer instruction sets are not well Flexible LISP processing depends
    have been interpreted. issues of com- suited for Al software. but there have on dynamic type checking and
    pilability generally have not been been few attempts to quantify the generic operations. Associating the
    thought through. Language features reasons why. For older-generation data type directly with the data ob-
    that seemed efficient in an interpreted machines. you can easily point to ject means that the data type will
    environment may be very slow when severe address-space limitations and always be at hand during processing.
    compiled. if they are compilable at all. the lack of flexible pointer- and this is the reason that tagged
    memory architectures are well suited
    to LISP processing. Because of this
    Table I : The timing results of the aggregate function too for three LISP
    association. the speed of various pro-
    implementations on six different processors.
    cessors on the generic LISP task
    LISPs vs. Processors on depends on how fast the processors
    (defun foo(x)(+(car x)(cdr x))) can effectively emulate a tagged-
    memory architecture.
    Machine Zetalisp Franz LISP PSL I performed a number of experi-
    VAX 53.8 µs 13.9 µS 5.6 ments to compare LISP systems on
    µS differer.t processor instruction sets. As
    68000 65.2 µS 43.6 µS 5.8 a representative sample. table I
    µS shows the timing results for a simple
    68010 68.6 µS 43.6 µS 10.6
    aggregate function incorporating
    µS some of the most common LISP
    primitives-CAR. CDR. plus. and
    68020 16.1 µS 19.9 µS 3 .1
    µS
    function call/return.
    More extensive benchmarks have
    MIT CADA 19.0 µS n/a n/a
    borne out roughly the same speed
    3600 6.4 µS n/a n/a ratios. Not unexpectedly. the variance
    (continued)

    194 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    ARCHITECTURES

    exceeded 50 percent. Slight modifica-


    tions of the compilers or instruction
    Listing I : MC68010 assembly-language code for the LISP function CAR . The sets produced similarly large changes
    code in boxes can be replaced by enhancements to the instruction set to decrease in the speeds.
    the code's execution time. Existing Franz LISP and PSL (refer-
    ence 12) compilers for the DEC VAX
    and Motorola 68000 were used to
    Zetalisp car for 68010 compile foo. 1'fpe checking was
    turned off to obtain the fastest
    ;To take the car we do a few lines of in line code and speeds. (Both PSL and Franz LISP
    :then index jump to a subroutine. (Space for time.) were told not to verify that the argu-
    ;The cons cell to take the car of is assumed in aO.
    ments of + were small integers: Franz
    ;dispatch to CAR subr based upon the tag in upper bits of ao LISP did and PSL did not check for
    numeric overflow.) The timing figures
    4 move1 a0,d2 :put a copy of the arg into d2 were generated by examination of the
    assembly code produced and some
    24 lsll #8,d2 :first 8 of: shift copy over by 9 bits actual machine timings. The timings
    of Zetalisp for the 3600 and CADR
    were taken by running existing sys-
    10 lsll #1,d2 ;last 1 of: shift copy over by 9 bits
    tems. Zetalisp-like operations for the
    14 andl #Ox1FO,d2 :and off non-tag (shifted over) DEC VAX and Motorola 68000s were
    hand-coded. and the timings were
    4 movel d2,a2 :need tag in A-reg for dispatch produced in the same way as those
    for PSL and Franz LISP. The 68000
    18 jsr CAR(<J2) :branch to car table indexed by type and 68010 were JO-MHz. no-wait-state
    machines. The 68000 used 2 4-bit ad-
    :At return, the car of the object is in a2
    dresses. leaving the upper 8 data bits
    free for tag values. The 68010 used
    ;The CAR subroutine. 3 2-bit addresses and required
    removal of the tag bits with an AND
    CAR + DTP-CONS: :CAR procedure entry point operation before addresses could be
    used . The 68020 timings are
    :for nornal cons cell.
    estimates based upon the best "cache
    :We will arrive here if the argument passed to car was of type case" timings in the 68020 data book
    \
    and are not as accurate as the timings
    :"pointer to cons cell''. Other objects passed to car = > error for the other machines. The 68020 is
    assumed to be running at 16 MHz
    with an external 16K-byte memory
    :follow the point to the car
    cache and memory-management unit
    4 moveal a0,d2 :put a copy of the arg into d2 (MMU). giving a memory-access time
    of 18 5 nanoseconds. (The 68020 has
    an additional small instruction cache
    14 andl #OxFFFFFF,d2 :and off tag on board.)
    Other experiments examined the ar-
    4 moveal d2,a2 ;put d2 into an address register chitectural requirements for fast com-
    putation of some Al operations not
    12 moveal (a2),a2 :follow the car pointer. directly supported by LISP. in par-
    ticular unification and associative
    ;dispatch to TRANSPORT subr based upon the tag search. When Al languages are full y
    compiled. these two functions often
    : in the upper bits of a2 become the computational bottle-
    necks. For traditional microprocessor
    4 movel a2,d2 :put a copy into d2 instruction sets. the requirements of
    these operations turned out to be the
    24 lsll #8,d2 :first 8 of: shift copy over by 9 bits
    same as for LISP primitives: fast
    (co ntinued) simulation of tagged architectures.
    More specifically. the instructions and

    196 B Y TE • AP RI L 19 85
    ARCHITECTURES

    capabilities that would make a con-


    ventional microprocessor better
    suited for LISP (along with Prolog.
    Krypton. MRS. PEARL. etc.) are 10 lsll #1,d2 ;last 1 of: shift copy over by 9 bits

    • "Extract bit field and dispatch" : an 14 andl #Ox1 FO,d2 ;and off non-tag (shifted over)
    instruction to extract a sequence of
    4 movel d2,a3 ;need tag in A-reg for dispatch
    bits from an operand. then add these
    bits to a dispatch table address. and 10 jmp TRANSPORT(a3) ;branch to car table
    jump indirect. This is necessary for
    rapid handling of tag values in generic ;indexed by type.
    operations. type checking. and for
    helping with unification. Jhe reason for this jump is to check
    • "Extract two bit fields. concatenate.
    ;for possible invisible pointers, unbound, etc.
    and dispatch" : an instruction for
    dispatching on the context of two
    operands (needed for the same TRANSPORT + NORMAL: ;jump entry point for normal
    reason as the one-argument version).
    • The memory address system of the ;cons cell contents
    processor should ignore the upper
    8 rts ;We're all done, return
    address bits of data addresses that
    are not otherwise in use. This allows
    the wasted space in 32-bit pointers to
    be used as a tag field. 182 clocks, @10MHz = 18.2µs

    In the Zetalisp-like code. more than


    30 percent of the time on the 68000s
    was spent in emulating the bit-field Listing 2: The modified listing l code. incorporating architectural refinements to
    dispatch instructions. Stripping off the the processor's instruction set.
    tag bits accounted for approximately
    ;Now the car routine is recoded using the new instructions:
    another I 0 percent. It is therefore
    estimated that if the existing micro- ;index jump to a subroutine.
    processors had hardware support for
    these features. full type-checking ;dispatch to CAR subr based upon the tag in upper bits of aO
    LISPs (like Zetalisp) could run almost
    twice as fast. These percentages come 22 extract-dispatch < #26,#6 > ,aO,CAR
    from hand-implementing several Zeta- Jhe CAR subroutine.
    lisp primitives on current micropro-
    cessors. As an example. listing I CAR + DTP-CONS: ;CAR procedure entry point for
    shows the 68010 assembly language
    code for CAR. The number of pro- ;normal cons cell.
    cessor clock cycles per instruction is ;follow the pointer to the car
    shown in the left-hand column. The
    boxed code can be replaced by a 12 moveal (a0),a2 ;the upper 6 bits of aO are ignored.
    single instruction (see listing 2)
    Listing 2 shows CAR for the 680 I 0 ;dispatch to TRANSPORT subr based upon the tag
    recoded. assuming two architectural
    ;in the upper bits of a2
    refinements. First. assume that the up-
    per 7 bits of all addresses are ignored 22 extract-dispatch <#26,#6>,a2 ,DISPATCH
    by the virtual-memory system. Sec-
    ond. assume one additional instruc- TRANSPORT + NORMAL: ;jump entry point for normal
    tion. "extract bit field and dispatch'.'
    This instruction takes the bit field out ;cons cell contents
    of the second argument. as specified R rts ;We're all done, return
    by the first argument (format:
    <#starting-bit. field-width>). adds it
    to the third argument (the jump-table 64 clocks, @10M Hz = 6.4 1ts, 2.8 times faster
    [continued)

    AP RIL 1985 • BY T E 197


    ARCHITECTURES

    base address). and indirectly jumps With a tagged architecture. many generate a software interrupt to an
    through this address. (The 68020 has generic operations. such as add. do appropriate routine. Further. for such
    a fast bit-field extraction instruction. not need to be dispatch subroutine designs it is very helpful to have a
    This accounts for much of its in- calls. Rather. the processor can ex- "smart" memory subsystem capable
    creased speed over the older 68000 amine the tags of the arguments to an of rapidly chasing down indirect
    on the LISP task in table I .) add instruction and. if they are sim- pointers as on the DEC PDP-JO and
    For new. fully custom machine de- ple integers. directly perform the add. the custom LISP machines. Additional
    signs that are tailored specifically for If the arguments are of a more exotic customization of an AI instruction-set
    AI. such features can all be built in. numeric type. the processor can design generally falls into the
    category of complete. attached co-
    processors rather than just additional
    instructions. This tactic has already

    I LATTICE WORKS
    been taken by many microprocessors
    whose floating-point instructions are
    handled by what could be viewed as
    attached coprocessors. The specific
    categories of important attached co-
    processors include pipelined unifiers.
    GSS SELECTS LATTICE associative-memory subsystems. mul-
    tiprocessor communication packet
    FOR GRAPHICS SOFTWARE switchers. and special signal-pro-
    Graphic Software Systems (GSS) and allow the direct application of creative cessing chips for vision and speech.
    Lattice, Inc. recently joined forces to ideas without the constraints of many Studies of a custom instruction set
    offer VDI & GKS graphics, based on the large-scale systems. Software develop- for the FAIM-I machine indicate that
    emerging ANSI standard, for the C Ian- ment firms can develop graphics pro-
    guage. As a result, Lattice is market- grams faster and at less cost." not only can a single processor be de-
    ing graphics-based software that takes The two companies also agreed to a signed that is memory-bound by
    full advantage of the capabilities of continued sharing of technology DRAM (dynamic random-access read/
    personal computers. which will support the development of write memory) access delays but that
    According to Lattice President standardized graphics softwa re and
    David A. Schmitt, "this coupling will ease the distribution of products.
    this is the case even when a large
    cache is employed. This is an impor-
    LATTICE UNVEILS LATTICE C NAMED tant fact. It means that parallel
    machines sharing a single large com-
    FOUR PRODUCTS 'BEST OF 1984' mon memory are a bad idea because
    Lattice has announced the avail-
    The Lattice C compiler has been there isn't enough memory band-
    ability of four new software products
    for MS-DOS environments: rated 'Best of 1984' by PC Magazine. width to go around.
    C-SPRITE is a software tool that sim- According to columnist Peter Norton,
    "The Lattice C compiler is quite good
    plifies debugging of programs written PARALLELISM: THE GREAT HOPE
    in Lattice C or assembly language. .. . and in my opinion noticeably bet-
    t er than any of its competitors. Lattice ·n-aditional views cite concurrency as
    Cost: $175 per copy.
    LMK is an Automated Product Gen- C generates code that is quite compa ct a great method of obtaining increased
    eration Utility (UNIX " MAKE") that and fast running; the closest competi- computational power. In practice.
    tor in my tests generated code that
    enhances productivity and relieves however. designers continue to con-
    was about 10 to 15 percent bulkier."
    the tedium of rebuilding complex soft- centrate on making faster and faster
    ware systems or documents. Cost: $195
    per copy.
    single-processor machines. Now that
    The TEXT MANAGEMENT UTILITY ASK ABOUT OUR "TRADE hard technological limits have been
    PACKAGE includes utilities to search reached for serial processors. paral-
    a set of files for simple or complicated UP TO LATTICE C POLICY" lelism has become recognized as
    patterns, to see the exact minimal dif-
    perhaps the only hope for further per-
    ferences between two text files , and to
    modify one or more text files automat-
    After purchase, return registration cards formance increases. Unfortunately.
    for free subscription to the " Lattice concurrency is not free-it brings new
    ically. Cost: $120 per copy.
    Works" newsletter and important informa-
    CVUE is a full screen text editor
    tion about the Lattice Users Group
    systems organization problems to the
    that supports all normal screen editor fore.
    functions and includes a configura-
    tion program to define tabstop posi-
    The first conceptual problem with
    Lattice, Inc. parallelism is the confusion between
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    (continued)

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    (e.g., writers and readers), but these overhead into account or the timings
    same algorithms have little or no in- produced will have little or no connec-
    herent parallelism that can be ex- tion to reality.
    ploited by parallel computers. Just Good examples of software systems
    because an algorithm can be ex- that have not taken realistic hardware
    pressed in concurrent terms is no considerations into account are some
    guarantee that. when run on many of the parallel LISPs that have been
    parallel processors, it will run proposed (reference 9). These pro-
    significantly faster than as separate posals point out places in LISP-like
    processes on a single sequential processing where multiple processors
    machine. could be exploited, but they do not
    The true measure of parallelism is analyze the overheads incurred. They
    how much faster a given program will usually assume that multiple pro-
    • Written in C. for C. run on 11 simple parallel processors cessors share a single large main
    • Maximum data efficiency using the compared to how fast it would run on memory where CONS cells and other
    network database model. a single simple processor and for LISP objects are being stored. This is
    • Virtual memory disk accessing. what ranges of n this is valid. The best the equivalent of assuming that
    • Fast s·-tree indexing method. you can hope for in principle is a fac- memory is infinitely fast. which is just
    • Multiple key records-any or all data
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    is rarely reached (due to overhead cessors are infinitely fast. The prob-
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    200 B Y TE • APRIL 19 85
    ARCHITECTURES

    terns and Production systems that (in operations that fit this description are I. If the two objects to be matched
    their current form) rely on memory for symbolic matching of abstract objects. are structured (nonscalar) objects.
    communication between tasks. semantic associative memory. paral- recursively match their subcom-
    This is not to say that there are no lel-processor communication. and ponents (or "slots"). The two objects
    opportunities for spreading LISP-like signal-to-symbol processing. are said to match if and only if all
    processing across hundreds of pro- pairs of slots match. Otherwise. the
    cessors. There are many techniques MATCHING AND FETCHING objects do not match. and any side ef-
    other than a single shared-memory Matching two objects is a general and fects of the matching process must be
    system for connecting processors. pervasive operation. Most Al lan- undone.
    More realistic areas of research in- guages define one or more match func- 2. If the two objects to be matched
    clude the spreading of parallel in- tions on their structured data types are scalar objects (integers. floating-
    ference computation via techniques (such as frames). Some of these point numbers. atoms. symbols. char-
    of and. or. and stream parallelism. The match functions are very ad hoc (thus acters. etc.). then the match function
    point is that all of these techniques supposedly flexible). but others are reduces to simple equality.
    incur some overhead and you cannot subsets or supersets of unification. If 3. If one of the two objects to be
    simply solve the parallel-computation significant support for matching is to matched is a pattern-matching vari-
    problem by saying that arguments to be provided in hardware. the match able. the match operation must check
    functions should be evaluated in function must have well-defined the variable's binding state. If the
    parallel. You must first study hardware semantics. variable already has been bound to
    technology to determine at what grain Al-language objects can be com- a value. the match operation con-
    sizes parallelism is feasible and then plexly structured and used to repre- tinues using the value in place of the
    figure out how to make Al-language sent semantic knowledge. The objects variable. If the variable has no current
    compilers decompose programs into can contain embedded pattern- binding. it is bound to the value of the
    the appropriate-size pieces. matching variables that are given object against which it was being
    bindings as a side effect of the match matched. and the match succeeds.
    CUSTOM VLSI operation. Thus the matching of these 4. If both of the objects to be
    One of the principal hopes for more objects is complex. Tu give the flavor matched are unbound pattern-
    efficient future computation is the use of the matching process. I'll present matching variables. then one is bound
    of custom VLSI hardware to ac- a short description of the unification to the other as a placeholder for
    celerate particular functions. The ideal matching function. (For a more exact possible future bindings. If either
    functions for silicon implementation description. see any good description variable is later bound to a "real"
    should be current bottlenecks in Al of the Prolog language.) Matching is value. then both variables will be
    systems and generic to many Al tasks. best described by recursively defining bound to this value.
    Four of the most important classes of the semantics of the match operation: [continued)

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    COMPUTER SYSTEMS LTD.


    Inquiry 130 APR IL 1985 • BYTE 201
    ARCHITECTURES

    The match operation produces a to a database of objects. the opera- memory circuitry. Unfortunately. full
    binary result: Did the two objects tion is called fetching. In this case unification and more complex match
    match successfully or not? Successful matching becomes the inner loop functions require too much circuitry
    matches produce the bindings of operation. and this is a context in to be built into memory cells. But if
    pattern-matching variables necessary which matching should be optimized. a formal subset of unification could
    to make the two objects identical in An ideal solution would integrate be built in. then the CAM could act
    as general a way as possible. matching circuitry with memory cir- as a prefilter function for unification.
    Many Al languages augment this cuitry so that fetching would become The primary source of unification
    match operation with checks for cir- a memory access of a content- complexity is the maintenance of the
    cularity in the list structure (the "oc- addressable memory (CAM). The binding environment. The match func-
    cure check"). segment matches choice of match function is critical. 1b tion of mock unification resembles full
    (similar to Snobol's). and the matching obtain reasonable memory densities. unification except that all variables are
    of sets and bags. the relative silicon area of match cir- treated as "don't cares" and no bind-
    When a match function is applied cuitry cannot overwhelm that of the (continued)

    FAIM· l PROJECT OVERVIEW


    0 ur goal is to produce a high-per-
    formance s1:1m60/ic multiprocessor. I 00
    or more times faster than current
    memory systems that provide "in·
    telligent" storage. while the other
    systems support inter-hectagon com-
    ables. or don't cares. The CxAM re-
    sponds to four commands: Find Match.
    Give Match. Delete Structure. and Add
    machines in common use (e.g.. the DEC munication (Post OfficeJ. processing Structure. The CxAM manages its own
    VAX-11/7801 to meet the voracious (FRISC). and unification (SPUN) . free space and removes garbage auto-
    computational demands of future arti- matically.
    ficial-intelligence applications. FRISC: The "fanatically reduced in· SPUN: The "streamed pipeline unifier"
    The FAIM-1 (Fairchild Artificial In- struction set computer" component of supplies direct hardware support for
    telligence Machine) is a multiprocessor the hectagon corresponds to the cen- logic programming. The CxAM finds
    system consisting of a number of iden- tral processing unit in a conventional the next rule or set of rules to be tried
    tical processing elements called hec- computer. It is a stack-oriented ma- but does not perform full unification
    tagons interconnected by a communica- chine with a 20-bit word composed of since its match function does not con-
    tion network. Each hectagon is a com- a 16-bit data field and 4-bit tag field. sider variable bindings. The SPUN unit
    plete computer capable of sequentially Tug bits and associated tag-handling takes the query and the streamed set
    executing a compiled program that is hardware support generic operations. of matched structures. detects which
    stored in its local memory. Hectagons SRAM: The FRISC views most data variables still need to be matched.
    communicate with each other via mes- structures as objects: a conventional fetches the binding in the current con-
    sages that are sent through communi· memory with a small finite-state ma- text from the SRAM. and completes
    cation ports. A hectagon has six ports chine attached to it (collectively called the unification. This may entail binding
    that may be active concurrently. the SRAMJ provides an object-oriented a variable. in which case the SPUN unit
    The FAIM-1 architecture permits the memory system for the FRISC. For ex- must post this binding back in the
    connection of arbitrary numbers of ample. using the data tag bits the SRAM. More complex structure manip-
    hectagon processing elements in a SRAM can chase a pointer chain to ulation requires the SPUN to interrupt
    hexagonal-mesh topology. The ensem- retrieve an object requested by the the FRISC for services.
    ble of hectagons is capable of exploit- FRISC. Post Office: Hectagons communicate
    ing very large levels of concurrent ISM: The "instruction stream memory" by sending messages to each other: it
    multiprocessing and as such should subsystem delivers instructions to the is the duty of the Post Office to pro-
    provide an extremely attractive target processor at high speed. Thus. the nor- vide autonomous communication sup-
    machine for future concurrent Al ap- mal address calculation activities that port for its hectagon. If a message's
    plications due to its performance. have traditionally been the processor's destination is not one of the sender's
    Moreover. each individual hectagon is responsibility are the ISM's job. six neighboring hectagons. the Post Of-
    itself a concurrent processor com- CxAM: The "context-addressable fice will route the message to its
    posed of six modular sybsystems. each memory" subsystem provides direct destination by sending the message to
    of which provides an important level hardware support for important pat- a neighbor that is generall1:1 in the direc-
    of support for symbolic computation. tern-matching functions inherent in tion of the destination.
    A hectagon is composed of six self- symbolic programs. The structure of
    t imed subsystems named FRISC. both entries and queries in the CxAM Conceptually, messages may be of
    SRAM. ISM. CxAM. SPUN. and Post is an S-expression. Therefore. each slot arbitrary length. In fact. each message
    Office. Three of these subsystems (ISM. can either be a structure or an atom. is broken up and sent as a sequence
    CxAM. and SRAM) are specialized Atoms can be symbols. numbers. vari- of fixed-length packets.

    202 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    ARCHITECTURES

    ing list is formed. In terms of the search time per bit of storage. But because in many applications in the
    definition given above. steps 3 and 4 conversely, the more matching hard- past software hashing has dominated
    would be replaced with null opera- ware there is. the smaller the amount CAM technology (reference 7). In
    tions-variables are just treated as of hardware that can be devoted to more detail the two classes are
    "always match" objects. Mock unifica- data memory and the lower the den-
    sity of the associative memory. The I. Brute-force search: The contents of
    tion is the most powerful subset of
    a memory are exhaustively searched
    unification that is state-free. Therefore. data-path bandwidth of the match
    by some number of parallel match
    mock unification is a suitable can- hardware is also a factor in making
    units. For this class of search a custom
    didate for integration into VLSI mem- these trade-offs. Therefore. associa-
    VLSI mock-unification-memory archi-
    ory. Associative-memory systems that tive memories can be rated by their
    tecture was designed.
    utilize mock unification as their match storage density (bits stored per unit
    2. Hashing: Objects to be fetched are
    function are called CxAMs: context- of silicon area) and search throughput
    (bits searched per unit of time per unit hashed. and then the collision list is
    addressable memories.
    serially searched by a match unit. A
    From a hardware point of view. de- of silicon area).
    proposed VLSI implementation of
    signing associative-memory architec- I examined two classes of associa-
    PEARI..:s hashing scheme (called the
    tures involves a resource trade-off tive memory in which the match func-
    HCP or hash coprocessor) served as
    between processing and memory: tion is mock unification. One inte-
    an embodiment of hash-based
    The more hardware devoted to grated the matching circuitry with
    "matching:· the more data that can be searching. In this system the bit
    memory circuitry, the other was hash-
    storage is conventional DRAM.
    examined in parallel. leading to faster based. Hashing was considered
    Figures I and 2 present graphs of
    BITS EQed/ (nanosecond• mm2)
    CxAM design-space trade-offs. Figure
    MINIMUM SYSTEM CONFIGURATION (BITS)
    4 I displays the range of bit and search-
    power densities. The hash-based
    3
    CxAM-3: HCP 15K BITS/mm2
    lOOM CxAM has a single operating point
    lOM t---+-- - -- - because the fetch time is essentially
    HASH BASED CxAM
    2 lM
    independent of memory size. as is the
    lOOK
    density. The search-based CxAM has
    lOK SEARCH BASED CxAM
    lK .,......-
    a variable range because one can vary
    ' - - - ' - - - ' - - - = - - . . l - __ __J the relative proportions of storage
    2 3 4 15 4 8 12 16 and processing in such architectures.
    K BITS/mm2 K BITS/mm2 The two lines represent two different
    search-based architectures. One has
    Figure I: A graph of the .range of bit Figure 2: The minimum-usable-size inherently better bit density, but over
    and search-power densities for a CxAM system for use with the hashing CxAM. most of the design space this advan-
    design. Note that the minimum is too large for tage is negated by an inherently
    some applications. worse search throughput. However.
    neither design completely dominates
    the other-a choice between the two
    will depend on the relative storage-
    Tuble 2: A list of Al-language match operations and data types arranged in density/match-throughput balance
    order of complexity. desired. Figure 2 displays the defect
    of the hashing CxAM. The minimum-
    usable-size system is too large for
    Match Hierarchy some applications.
    Thus the trade-offs between these
    Match Operation Object Type
    two schemes turn out to be in den-
    Compare Instructions 32-bit data object sity and minimum usable size. As a
    LISP EQ Function Atomic LISP objects
    representative data point. both tech-
    niques could perform a mock unifica-
    LISP EQUAL Function S-Expressions
    tion of their entire local memory con-
    Mock Unification S-Expression with don't cares tents for an average query (an S-
    Unification S-Expression with matching variables expression of length 16) in 5 micro-
    Unification & Predicates S-Expression with variables/predicates seconds. The density of the search-
    based CxAM was about eight times
    Arbitrary User Code arbitrary user representation objects
    worse than that of conventional
    single-transistor DRAM. The hashing

    204 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    Inquiry 25

    Uttle Board™ $349*


    ARCHITECTURES

    "UNDER S200 IN
    OE M QUANTITIES

    scheme used conventional DRAMs ficient handling of the traffic. In many


    • 4-MHz Z80A CPU, 64K RAM, Z80A CTC, and
    and so had high density. But the general-purpose parallel processors. 2732 Boot ROM
    minimum configuration of a hash- interprocessor communication is the • Mini / Micro Floppy controller ( 1-4 Drives,
    based CxAM memory system using computational bottleneck. Single / Double Density, 1-2 sided, 40/ 80 track)
    standard 256K-byte DRAMs is 10 • Only 5.75 x 7. 75 inches, mounts directly to a
    5 1I 4 • ftoppy drive
    megabits. whereas the search-based SIGNAL-TO-SYMBOL
    • Two RS232C Serial Ports (7 5-9600 baud
    CxAM can be configured for much PROCESSING and 75-38,400 baud), 1 Centronics Printer Port
    smaller system storage sizes. Despite all the attention given to • Power Requirements: +5VDC at 0.75A; +12VDC
    This extremely high speed of 5 speeding up high-level symbolic com- at 0.05A/ On-board -12V Converter
    microseconds portends greatly in- putation. within some AI applications • CP/ M 2.2 BDOS • ZCPR3 CCP
    • Enhanced AMPRO BIOS
    creased efficiency for systems bottle- the main processing bottleneck has
    • AMPRO Utilities included:
    necked by database fetch time. But been in the very-low-level processing • Read/ write to more than two dozen other
    which technique to use is very depen- of raw sensory data. Within many vi- formats (Kaypro, Televideo, IBM CP/ M86 ...)
    dent upon grain size. If you are con- • Format disks for more than a dozen other
    sion systems. 90 percent or more of computers
    structing a large nonparallel machine. the run time may be incurred in the • Menu-based system customization
    a bank of HCPs and conventional initial segmentation of the visual • BIOS and Utilities Source Code available
    DRAMS works well. But for an array scene from pixels to low-level sym-
    of small-grain processors with on-chip bolic constructs (reference I6). More-
    BOOKSHELF™ .s1fl'Clfl3 100
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    Combining a CxAM with software- to an inadequate initial segmentation 142 2 BOOK DSQD Drives 1, 195.00
    based routines provides a range of (reference 4). Similar problems arise • Lit tle Board CPU
    tailored matching services with sliding in many speech systems. In such • Runs thousands of CP/M programs
    power/price/throughput trade-offs. cases. you should look to special- • Enhanced Operating System including ZCPR3
    The FAIM-1 machine provides an ex- purpose VLSI processors to directly CCP and FRIENDIY'" Integrated Operating
    Environment
    ample of this design. For each of attack the problem. Examples include • Word Processing, Electronic Spreadsheet,
    thousands of processors. there is special image-processing chips (refer- Database Management, Spelling Checker all
    parallel CxAM hardware for mock uni- ence 14). and speech chips (reference included (complete T/ maker Pkg.)

    fication. a single. hard-wired. serial 2). As array processors have shown. • 6W' high, 7W' wide, 1OW' deep, 12v, lbs.

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    pipelined full unifier. and software
    support for post-unification matching usable by programmers they need to
    SCSI/PLUS™Adapter
    Compatible with most Z80 Systems
    features (attached predicates and be very well integrated with the other (send $10 for complete specifications)
    S99
    demons). With such a hardware/soft- hardware and software components • Mounts directly to Little Board QTY 1
    ware hierarchy. simple matches (like of the system and as transparent as • Multi-Master high-speed parallel bus
    LISP's equal) run fast. whereas more possible. Since most AI programmers • SASl-SCSI compatible
    complex matching services (such as are not good microcode hackers. you • General purpose 1/ 0 expansion bus up to
    64 devices
    KRL:s-see reference I) cost more in are in trouble if this is the only inter-
    • Allows multi-Little Board Systems and resource
    time due to the software component. face with a special device. sharing
    In summary, matching is a common • Little Board hard disk software/ source $79 QlY 1
    operation ripe for VLSI implementa- CONCWSION
    DISTRIBUTORS
    tion. but the complexity of match Opportunities for increased efficien- Argentina-Factorial, SA . . . . . . . . . . . 1· 41-0018
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    simple list of match operations and if we only look. but to obtain the Canada-Electronic Sales Assoc . . . (604) 986-5447
    data types in order of complexity. desired throughput increases all the Denmark-Danbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03-66-20-20
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    COMMUNICATIONS processors. We must compile our Al
    ZBOA is a re gistered trademark of Zilog, Inc.
    As already mentioned. processors languages. and these compilers must CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Re search.
    working in parallel cannot communi- influence instruction-set design. Key
    cate objects and messages by sharing computational bottlenecks in AI pro-
    a large common memory. Some sort cessing must be attacked with custom
    of special message-passing (and for- silicon. There is a real need to use CO MPUT E R S . INCOR PO RATE D
    warding) hardware is essential for ef- (con tinued) 67 East Evelyn Ave . • Mountain View, CA 94041
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    A PRIL 1985 • BYTE 205
    ARCHITECTURES

    concurrency at all levels where it son and Erik Brunvand for their VLSI Signal Processing Chip:· SM Thesis. MIT
    makes sense. but the overhead must CxAM designs. and Al Davis for overall ar- Department of Electrical Engineering and
    be analyzed realistically. • chitectural discussions. Computer Science. 1983.
    3. Deering. M .. ]. Faletti. and R. Wilensky.
    REFERENCES
    "PEARL-A Package for Efficient Access
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I. Bobrow. D.. and T. Winograd: ':An Over-
    for Representations in LISP" Proc. IJCAI-8I.
    The author would like to acknowledge the view of KRl.rO. a Knowledge Representa-
    Vancouver. B.C.. Canada. August 1981.
    contributions of members of the FAIM-1 tion Language." Cognitive Science. vol. I. no.
    pages 930-93 2.
    project: Ken Olum for his collaboration on I. 1977.
    2. Burleson. W ·:A Programmable Bit-Serial 4. Deering. M .. and C. Collins. "Real-Time
    the instruction-set benchmarks. Ian Robin-
    Natural Scene Analysis for a Blind Pros-
    thesis." Proc. IJCAI-81. Vancouver. B.C..
    Canada. August I 98I. pages 704-709.
    5. Deering. M .. and K. Olum. "Lisp and
    Processor Benchmarks:· Unpublished
    FLAIR 'Iechnical Report. March 1984.
    6. Fateman. R. "Is a Lisp Machine Different
    from a Fortran Machine?" S/GSAM. vol. 12.
    no. 3. August 1978. pages 8-11 .
    7. Feldman. J.. and P. Rovner. "An Algol
    Based Associative Language:· Commun.
    ACM. vol. 12. no. 8. August 1969.
    8. Foderaro. J. "The Franz Lisp System."
    Unpublished memo in BerkeleIJ 42 UNIX
    Distribution. September 1983.
    9. Gabriel. R.. and J. McCarthy. "Oueue-
    based Multi-processing Lisp." Preprint.
    1984.
    10. Gajski. D.. D. Pradua. D. Kuck. and R.
    Kuhn. "A Second Opinion on Data Flow
    Machines anq Languages." IEEE Computer.
    vol. 15. no. 2. February 1982. pages
    58-69.
    11. Genesereth. M. ':An overview of Meta-
    Level Architecture." Proc. AAAI-83.
    Washington. D.C.. 1983.
    OEMS: Let Systems Strategies help you cover the large. profitable
    marketplace o f IBM"' mainframe communications. Our software allows your
    12 . Criss. M .. and E. Benson. "Current
    computer system to emulate IBM terminals. workstations and printers. Status of a Portable Lisp Compiler:·
    EXPERIENCE: As the first to develop 3270 SNA and 3270 BiSync sup- SIGPLAN, vol. 17. no. 6. in Proc. SIGPLAN
    port under UNIX'."' Systems Strategies' experience can save you development '82 SIJmposium on Compiler Construction.
    time and money. Let us keep up with the changing shades of Big Blue as IBM
    communications evolve.
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    BROADEST PRODUCT RANGE: We have the broadest range of 13. Knight. T.. Jr.. D. Moon. J. Holloway: and
    communications software available for UNIX and non-UNIX environments. G. Steele. Jr. "CADR." MIT Al Memo 528.
    allowing mini and micro computer sys tems to communicate with mainframes March 1981.
    or networks using SNA/SDLC or BiSync. The CCITT X.25 interface is also avail-
    able. Our family of products can serve your growing information access needs.
    14. Kurokawa. H .. K. Matsumoto. M.
    now and in the future. Iwashita. and T. Nukiyama. "The Architec-
    COMPLETE EMULATION: Systems Strategies provides a perfect match ture and Performance of Image Pipeline
    to Big Blue. Our products provide full SNA/3270. BSC/3270. SNA/RJE (3770) Processor:· Proc. VLSI ·83. ltondheim. Nor-
    and BSC/RJE (2780. 3780. HASP) emulation. The integrated Applications Pro-
    way. August 1983. pages 275-284.
    gram Interface provides the capability for interactive transac tion processing. file
    transfers and fully integrated applications across mainframe and workstation 15. Lampson. B.. and K. Pier. ':A Processor
    boundaries. No IBM host modification is required. for a High-Performance Personal Com-
    PORTABILITY: All of our software is written in ·c. using internal designs puter:· Proc. 7th Sijmposium on Computer Ar-
    and architecture which make the communications and device emulation logic
    independent of the hardware and operating system. and thus easily portable.
    chitecture. SIGArch/IEEE. La Baule. May
    Call or w rite today for more information : 1980. pages 146-160.
    Systems Strategies Inc. 225 West 34th St. New York. NY 10001. 1212) 279-8400. 16. Perkins. W ':A. Model Based Vision Sys-
    tem for Industrial Parts:· IEEE Trans. Com-
    @ put .. vol. C-27. 1978. pages 126-143.
    17. Warren. D. H. "Applied Logic-Its Uses
    Systems Strategies Inc. and Implementation as a Programming
    AnAGS Comp.;u1y
    Tool :· Ph.D. Dissertation. University of
    Experience ... the main link in communications software Edinburgh. 1977. Available as 'Iechnical
    Note 290. Artificial Intelligence Center. SRI
    International.

    206 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 378


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    Inquiry 134 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 207


    "Desoite the recent oress notices,
    multiuser micracamouters aren't
    anvthing new!"
    This is the first in aseries at were clearly inferior from a tech- states. That gives us a 25% in-
    discussions with Rad Coleman, nical point of view. This phenom- crease over the Sage models.
    enon leads me to believe that they And, we have a 12 MHz pro-
    President at Stride Miera
    will soon rewrite the old proverb: cessor as an option. Let me add
    (tarmerlv Sage Cam11uterJ an 'Build a better mousetrap and the that speed isn't the only way to
    the 68000 multiuser mal1cet world will beat a path to your judge performance. I think it is
    and its current environment. door,' but only if they can find the also measured in our flexibility .
    way through the marketing fog." We support a dozen different
    0: Why do you say that?
    RC: ·'The technology to build a
    0: Are things changing now? operating systems, not just one.
    RC: "Yes and no. With the busi- And our systems service a wide
    high performance multiuser sys- variety of applications from the
    tem has been around for five ness world starting to take more
    and more interest in microcompu- garage software developer to the
    years. And while some of the corporate consumer running high
    ter solutions, the advantages of a
    leaders in this industry have been volume business applications."
    pretending that micro multiuser solid multiuser system couldn ' t be
    didn't exist, we've been shipping kept hidden forever; companies 0: Isn't that the same thing all
    like ours and a few others were manufacturers say in their ads?
    complete systems for nearly three
    years. The benefits of multiuser beginning to make a dent. Instead RC: ·'Sure it is. But to use another
    are undeniable; it is more cost ef- of taking a fresh approach, some over used - term, ·shop around'.
    fective, and offers greater flexibil- of the newest multiuser offerings "The marketing pressure We like to think of our systems as
    ity and utility. But until just re- will probably only give the tech- ta be compatible 'full service 68000 supermicro-
    nology an undeserved black eye! computers.' Take a look at every-
    cently, the marketing pressure to
    Multiuser is far more than the
    instead at being better, one else's literature and then
    be compatible instead of being has blinded the industrv."
    better, has blinded the industry." ability to plug in more tem1inals. compare. When you examine
    It involves things like machine cost, performance, flexibility, and
    0: What do you mean? compatibility, fast processors, utility, we don't think there's any-
    RC: .. Well, for example, the adequate memory, large storage think the VMEbus is the only de- one else in the
    Motorola 68000 processor intro- capacities, backup features. net- sign that meets both criteria and race. Maybe
    duced 16/32-bit technology to the working, and operating system thus have made it a standard fea- that's why we've
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    0: Give me some examples. the others via the standard built- in
    RC: A hard disk is almost manda- local area network. Go ahead and
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    208 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 367


    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    THE LISP
    REVOLUTION
    BY PATRICK H. WINSTON

    LISP is no longer
    limited to a lucky few
    A LITTLE MORE than five years ago. run without change on a supersophis- amples of symbol manipulation taken
    a friend from a major computer cor- ticated. superpowerful Symbolics from the Mover program. one that
    poration came into my office to talk 36 70. Thro things have made this prog- moves toy blocks like those shown in
    about developing artificial-intelligence ress possible. First. the recent avail- figure I. Specialized problem-solving
    (Al) packages. " How should we get ability of personal computers with procedures inside the Mover program
    started?" he asked. My answer was 512K bytes of memory. which is enable it to get rid of obstacles that
    gloomy: enough to learn LISP and to start ex- are in the way. These problem-solving
    periencing the excitement of its appli- procedures use and maintain informa-
    First. get together a million
    cations in Al. Second. Common LISP tion about what each object supports.
    dollars or so and buy one of
    emerged as the heir apparent to all For example. 83 supports 81 and 84.
    Digital Equipment Corporation's
    previous LISP dialects. The same The Mover program knows this
    (DEC's) big mainframe com-
    Common LISP program you write on because the symbols 81 and 84 are
    puters. Next. decide what
    a personal computer can be trans- found in a list obtained from 83 by
    dialect of LISP to run. choosing
    ferred later to a heftier machine. as the get instruction:
    from MacLISP. InterLISP. Por-
    needs and resources permit.
    table Standard LISP. Franz LISP. (get '83 things-supported)
    Data General. DEC. Hewlett-
    and many others. Then try to
    Packard. LISP Machine. Symbolics
    -> (81 84)
    get a tape from somewhere and
    Inc.. Texas Instruments. and Xerox all Now suppose we have attached the
    find someone who can install it.
    sell versions of Common LISP for list of things that 83 supports to a
    You'\\ probably find that the
    their own machines. and Common var iable called obstacles. LISP's
    documentation is not particular-
    LISP is available for personal com- symbol-manipulation primitives allow
    ly complete. and software main-
    puters as well. Suddenly. serious LISP for quick answers to basic questions:
    tenance will be a problem. And
    programming is no longer limited to
    if you bet on the wrong dialect How many obstacles are there?
    a lucky few.
    now. changing to another will (length obstacles) - > 2
    certainly take a lot of work. LISP MEANS SYMBOL (continued)
    Today. by contrast. I wrote this arti- MANIPULATION Patrick Henry Winston (MIT Artificial In-
    cle using an editor written in LISP The The reason that LISP is different from telligence Lilboratory. 54 5 Technology Square.
    editor is part of a $ 500 LISP system most other languages is that LISP Cambridge. MA 0213 9) has a B.S. M.S..
    that I use on a $4000 personal com- focuses on symbol manipulation and Ph.D. from MIT. He does research on
    puter. I wrote and tested a program rather than on numbers. To highlight computer learning and directs the Artificial
    in the $ 500 LISP that I will be able to the difference. I'll lay out some ex- Intelligence Lilboratory at MIT.
    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 209
    LISP REVOLUTION

    What's the first obstacle? which it came: sociated with AL it's no wonder that
    (first obstacles) - > 81 LISP is the key language used in Al
    (setf (get '83 1hings-s.upported)
    Is BI an obstacle? applications.
    obstacles)
    (member '81 obstacles) - > t
    Is B4 the first obstacle? All these questions and changes are COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS
    (eq '84 (first obstacles)) - > nil simple. low-level examples of the sym- SHOULD KNOW LISP
    bol manipulation for which LISP is LISP experts argue endlessly about
    Note that t is LISP notation for true. famous. Similar symbol-manipulation why LISP remains the primary lan-
    and nil is LISP notation for false. Other feats enable the Mover program to guage for Al and about why it is
    symbol-manipulation primitives keep track of what is done. Mover's becoming a language for general-
    facilitate changes to the list and test history-maintaining procedures con- purpose programming as well. Some
    to see if it is empty: tain instructions that examine and say LISP's primitives and features ex-
    change symbolic expressions describ- plain all. Others claim LISP owes its
    Remove B4 from the list
    ing every move. Those symbolic de- power to its tradition of interactive
    (setf obstacles
    scriptions make it possible to answer programming and powerful debug-
    (remove '84 obstacles)) - > (81)
    questions like: Did you move block ging tools. Still others cite its simple
    Add 87 to the list:
    87? How did you move block 87? hierarchy-encouraging procedure-
    (setf obstacles
    Why did you move block 87? When definition mechanism. [E.ditor's note: for
    (cons '87 obstacles)) - > (87 81)
    did you move block 87? a short introduction to LISP. see "LISP for
    Is the obstacle list empty?
    Thus symbol manipulation enables the IBM Personal Computer" by Jordan Bortz
    (endp obstacles) - NIL
    Mover to exhibit a humanlike. intro- and John Diamant. July 1984 BYTE. page
    Once changed. the obstacle list can spective ability to explain itself. Sym- 281.[
    be reattached to the symbol 83 from bol manipulation is so intimately as- Increasingly. LISP is becoming a
    more generally used language. not
    strictly limited to applications in Al.
    Listing I : A procedure found inside the Mover program illustrating the problem- Because many of the systems of Al
    reduction heuristic. are large. LISP has become a lan-
    (defun put-at (object place) ;Define the PUT-AT procedure.
    guage suited to large-system imple-
    (grasp object) ;Grasp the object-may require moving obstacles. mentation. For example. it has been
    (move-object) ;Move the object-easy. used with outstanding success in
    (ungrasp object)) ;Move the object-easy, too. building the entire operating systems
    of the LISP machines now offered by
    a growing number of major com-
    panies.
    . - - - T R A Y: THE BLOCKS WORLD SLIDE 9 OF 10 - - - - - - . Such successes are one reason why
    li many computer-science educators
    believe that an understanding of LISP
    is de rigueur for computer science
    majors. Another is that LISP has been
    proven an excellent language for il-
    lustrating computing concepts. At
    MIT. for example. a dialect of LISP
    called Scheme has been used for
    years as the primary language in the
    basic introductory subject on pro-
    gramming languages.

    LISP Is BOTH OLD AND NEW


    Before you learn any computer lan-
    THE OBJECTIVE HERE IS TO PUT BLOCK B6 ON TOP OF BLOCK B3. CALLED FOR guage. you should ask if the language
    BY THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTION:
    is too old to be modern or too new
    (PROGN (PUT-ON' B6' B3) 'DONE) . to be mature. What about LISP? Is it
    too old or too new? Many people are
    ' - - - - - -- -- - - S P A C E - NEXT S L I D E - - - -- -- - - - - ' surprised to learn that the history of
    LISP goes back to the late 19 50s.
    Figure I: A picture of the blocks world in which the Mover program operates. making LISP nearly as old as FOR-
    (continuedl

    210 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    LISP REVOLUTION

    TRAN. Unlike FORTRAN. however. the quires a lot of memory. and in the about as powerful as any other. Now.
    LISP of today is much different from days wheh memory was expensive. however. memory is relatively cheap.
    the LISP of 2 5 or even 5 years ago. there was no commercial purpose which is attracting many commercial
    Why did FORTRAN calcify while LISP served by early standardization of users to LISP. thus increasing the need
    continued to evolve vigorously? The LISP Consequently. LISP dialects pro- for a standardized LISP for applica-
    principal reason is that FORTRAN was liferated. LISP innovations thrived. tions and instruction. Fortunately. the
    suited to commercial applications ear- and cross-fertilizations from one 2 5 years LISP has had to mature
    ly on. whereas LISP was not. LISP re- dialect of LISP to another kept each means that many new features have
    been incorporated into the Common
    LISP standard. Here are some of my
    P T·ON---GET·S:.~CE~
    favorites:
    MAKE-SPACE FINO·SPACE

    /GET·RID·Or;..~
    0----------E PLACE X Y
    • a powerful structure-defining
    I
    START GOAL START 0 primitive that automatically generates
    { I -.........
    \A------·B--------C
    / " ' AB 20 procedures for accessing record fields
    '"~~·····~'.~'"'"' c
    5 0
    10 0
    • a generalized assignment primitive
    that works for values. properties. ar-
    D 2 4
    rays, and structures
    \ ~ MOVE·HANO
    E 4
    • a flexible template-filling mechan-
    GOAL 2:
    MOVE·OBJECT_/ ism that enables complicated expres-
    sions to be constructed easily and
    UNG RASP
    transparently
    • a strong macrocomputer capability
    Figure 2: Graphical description of how Figure 3: An example of a maplike net. that enables users to dream up their
    all the procedures in Mover work together own syntax
    • a rich variety of argument-passing
    options. including optional arguments
    with specifiable defaults as well as
    (make-rule identify16 arguments associated with param-
    if ((> animal) is a(> type))
    eters by way of key words
    ((< animal) is a parent of(> child))
    then (( < child) is a ( < type)))
    • a modern. stream-oriented input/
    output (1/0) system

    Figure 4: A rule ready for inclusion in a LISP-based animal-recognition system.


    How TO LEARN LISP
    I think the best way to learn · LISP is
    interactively. There are quite a
    Rule IDENTIFY1 asserts (ROBBIE IS A MAMMAL) number of reasons why such inter-
    because (ROBBIE HAS HAIR) active learning is good. For instance:
    Rule IDENTIFYS asserts (ROBBIE IS A CARNIVORE) It's fun to do on-line puzzles; it's bor-
    because (ROBBIE EATS MEAT) ing to do exercises in a book. It's
    Rule IDENTIFY9 asserts (ROBBIE IS A CHEETAH)
    because (ROBBIE HAS DARK SPOTS)
    easy to demystify difficult points by
    (ROBBIE HAS TAWNY COLOR) trying things out immediately· It's
    (ROBBIE IS A CARNIVORE) motivating to watch interesting pro-
    (ROBBIE IS A MAMMAL) grams work.
    Rule IDENTIFY16 asserts (BOZO IS A MAMMAL) In any case. one factor stands undis-
    because (ROBBIE IS A PARENT OF BOZO) puted: LISP programming is fun. Let's
    (ROBBIE IS A MAMMAL)
    look at a few taken from an on-line.
    Rule IDENTIFY16 asserts (BOZO IS A CARNIVORE)
    because (ROBBIE IS A PARENT OF BOZO) interactive instruction package known
    (ROBBIE IS A CARNIVORE) as the San Marco LISP Explorer.
    Rule IDENTIFY16 asserts (BOZO IS A CHEETAH) !Author's note: The San Marco LISP Ex-
    because (ROBBIE IS A PARENT OF BOZO) plorer package is sold by Gold Hill Computers
    (ROBBIE IS A CHEETAH)
    Inc .. 163 Harvard St .. Cambridge. MA
    02139.j We will examine the Mover
    Figure 5: Output fragment showing how a forward-chaining rule moves from facts to blocks-manipulation program. the
    conclusion. search program. the rule-based ex-
    (continuedl

    212 8 YT E • APRIL 1985


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    LISP REVOLUTION

    pert system. and the natural-language


    Listing 2: A search program that finds paths through maplike nets such as the interface.
    one in figure 3.
    PLANNING
    (defun start-depth (start goal)) IN THE BLOCKS WORLD
    (depth (list (list start)) ;Make a one-partial-path queue. LISP programs are generally ex-
    goal)) ;Pass along name of goal place. amples of the problem-reduction
    heuristic; that is, to solve a hard prob-
    (defun depth (queue goal)
    ;;If no other partial paths, quit: lem you must break it up into simpler
    (if (null queue) subproblems. The problem-reduction
    nil heuristic can be seen in the simple
    ;;Otherwise, if goal found, quit: Mover program. Listing I is a pro-
    (if (equal goal (first (last (first queue)))) cedure found inside the Mover pro-
    (first queue)
    ;;Otherwise, expand first partial path
    gram that breaks the problem of put-
    ;;and add to FRONT of queue: ting an object somewhere into three
    (depth (append (expand (first queue)) subproblems: grasp it. move it. and
    (rest queue)) ungrasp it. Figure 2 is a graphical
    goal))))) description of how all of the pro-
    cedures in Mover work together. LISP
    (defun expand (path)
    (let ((reversed-path (reverse path)))
    encourages the creation of layered
    ;Jurn the new partial paths right way around: programs. like Mover. wherein big
    (mapcar 'reverse problems are broken down succes-
    ;;Get rid of partial paths that close on themselves: sively into smaller and smaller
    (remove-if '(lambda (new-path) problems.
    (member (first new-path) (rest new-path)))
    ;;Make one new partial path for each neighbor: SEARCHING
    (mapcar '(lambda (neighbor) (cons neighbor reversed-path))
    IN THE MAP WORLD
    ';;Get neighbors:
    (get (first reversed-path) 'neighbors)))))) Search techniques are commonly
    used in Al to solve problems. Here
    are some examples:

    • finding a route through a highway


    Listing 3: The expression-matching procedure in any rule-based expert system net
    must compare expressions and produce a list of pattern-match pairs. • finding a way to put together a
    motor
    • (match '((> animal) is a(> type)) ;First argument is a pattern.
    • understanding a written database
    '(Robbie is a Cheetah) ;Second argument is an assertion.
    nil) Jhird is a list of prior pattern-match
    request
    ; pairs, none in this example. • learning to recognize a plant
    ((animal robbie) (type cheetah)) Jhe answer-a list of pattern-matches. disease

    Abstractly, search problems all


    amount to finding a way through
    Listing 4: A matcher program for a rule-based expert system. some sort of maplike net. Figure 3 is
    a sample of such a net. The goal is
    (defun match (p d matches)
    (cond ((and (endp p) (endp d)) ;Succeed.
    close to place E. but there is no direct
    (cond ((endp matches) t) connection; E is a dead end. There
    (t matches))) are two ways to go from B to the goal:
    ((or (endp p) (endp d)) nil) ;Fail. directly. and indirectly. through C.
    ((equal (first p) (first d)) ;Identical first elements. Listing 2 shows a page of LISP defin-
    (match (rest p) (rest d) matches)) ;Match the rest. ing a search program that finds paths
    ((atom (first p)) nil) ;Losing atom.
    through these maplike nets. Although
    ((equal (first (first p)) '>) ;Match > variable.
    (match (rest p) (rest d) you won't understand much of the
    (shove-value (second (first p)) program if you don't know LISP yet.
    (first d) you may enjoy looking at its overall
    matches))) structure and simplicity With a little
    ((equal (first (first p)) '<) ;Substitute variable. more effort. you can define a search
    (cont inued)
    (continued)

    214 BYTE • A PRIL 19 85


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    LISP REVOLUTION

    procedure that finds the guaran-


    (match (cons (pull-value (second (first p) matches) teed-shortest path.
    (rest p))
    d ANALYSIS
    matches)))))
    IN THE ZOO WORLD
    This matcher happens to use two auxiliary procedures: Rule-based expert systems are the
    hottest thing in the commercialization
    (defun pull-value (variable a-list)
    (second (assoc variable a-list))) of AI. All of them are built on the idea
    that some kinds of knowledge can be
    (defun shove-value (variable item a-list) reduced to simple rules. Figure 4
    (append a-list (list (list variable item)))) shows one rule that is ready for inclu-
    sion in a LISP-based animal-recogni-
    tion system, which expresses the fact
    that an animal's children are animals
    Listing 5: A program that matches sentences against a suitable representation of the same kind. LISP does not have
    of semantic grammars and activates the appropriate search procedure. any built-in primitives that handle
    (record question such rules. but it is a splendid
    ((branch ((parse present) language in which to embed a rule-
    (branch (THE (parse attributes) OF (parse tools) exploiting program. LISP's symbol-
    (parse-result-if-end manipulating power is well suited to
    (report-attributes attributes tools)))
    the task of examining the symbols
    ((parse tools) S (parse attributes)
    (parse-result-if-end that make up a rule. comparing them
    (report-attributes attributes tools))))) to the symbols that make up the ex-
    (HOW MANY METERS IS (parse tool1) FROM (parse tool2) isting facts. and reacting accordingly.
    (parse-result-if-end One kind of rule-exploiting program
    (report-distance tool1 tool2))) is a forward-chaining rule interpreter.
    (IDENTIFY (parse tools)
    which is a program that uses rules to
    (parse-result-if-end
    (report-identity tools)))
    move forward from facts to conclu-
    (COUNT (parse tools) sions. Figure 5 is an output fragment
    (parse-result-if-end showing what such a program does
    (report-number tools)))))) with facts about Robbie. knowledge
    about the relationship between Rob-
    bie and Bozo. and a few rules. There
    is always an expression-matching pro-
    cedure buried inside any rule-based
    ! present THE ! attributes OF ! tools
    _____________________ > r--------------------- >0--------------------- > 0--------------------- > 0--------------------- > 0 expert system like the animal-
    ! tool S ! attributes identification procedure. While the
    ---------------------- >0---------------------- > 0---------------------- > 0 entire system is too lengthy to show.
    HOW MANY METERS IS ! tool1 FROM ! tool2 the matcher is short and straightfor-
    ------------------------------------------------ > 0--------------------- > 0--------------------- > 0--------------------- >0 ward. Its task is to compare expres-
    IDENTIFY ! tools sions and to produce a list of pattern-
    -------------------->0--------------------->0
    COUNT ! tools match pairs. as shown in listing 3.
    -------------------->0--------------------->0 Listing 4 is the matcher program.

    INTERACTION
    Figure 6: The top level of a semantic grammar capable of handling queries about the
    IN THE TOOL WORLD
    color. weight. length and position of some tools.
    The pattern matcher shown previous-
    ly is not just an important part of a
    rule-based system. It is also just about
    What are the weight, length, and color of the saw? all you need to make the famous Doc-
    tor program. the one that pretends it
    is a psychiatrist responding with ap-
    ! present THE ! attributes OF ! tools parent sympathy as you pour your
    heart out over family traumas. More
    · Figure 7: An example of a question that matches the top level of the semantic importantly. the pattern matcher has
    grammar in figure 6. a family resemblance to natural-lan-
    (continued)

    216 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    ,;:7
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    LISP REVOLUTION

    guage interface programs built on screwdriver from the big blue one?
    • Identify the hammers.
    what is called a semantic grammar. The top level of a semantic gram-
    • Count the red screwdrivers.
    Basically. a semantic grammar is a mar capable of handling all these
    • Show me the color of the wrenches.
    model of what can be said in tightly queries is shown in figure 6. A
    • Present the small red screwdriver's
    constrained conversations about a weight. semantic-grammar interpreter finds
    narrow database. Suppose that you paths through such a net using input
    • What is the length and weight of the
    are interested in the color. weight. sentences as a guide. Each branch
    large saw?
    length. number. and position of some marked with a > symbol requires
    • How many meters is the small red
    tools. The natural queries are: traversal of a subnet. Each complete
    screwdriver from the big blue
    path from the entry to an exit is
    lliiiiiiijiii~jijiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiijijliiiiiiiill associated with its own data-search-
    ing procedure. For example. the
    sentence in figure 7 matches the top-
    most path in the top-level net. Three
    subnets are traversed in addition to
    the top-level net. Once again. LISP's
    symbol-manipulating power makes it
    easy to write a program that both
    matches sentences against a suitable
    representation of semantic grammars
    and activates the appropriate search
    procedures. Listing 5 shows what such
    a representation looks like when it
    is rendered in LISP-oriented nota-
    tion.

    CONCWSION
    We really don't need any new ex-
    amples to demonstrate why profes-
    sionals need to know about LISP The

    UJJJlllJ
    r t • l
    examples presented are all elemen-
    tary. but they indicate the sorts of
    things done by their bigger brothers.
    LISP is the foundation for expert
    systems of all kinds. many of which
    have progressed far beyond the sim-
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    language for most natural-language
    development efforts. Indeed. LISP is
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    222 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 4


    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    THE CHALLENGE
    OF OPEN
    SYSTEMS BY CARL HEWITT

    Current logic programming methods may he insufficient


    for developing the intelligent systems of the future
    SYSTEMS OF INTERCONNECTED date new users and uses. • Need for negotiation among system com-
    and interdependent computers are • Arm's-length relationships and decentralized ponents. In a highly distributed system.
    qualitatively different from the decision making. In general. the com- no system component directly con-
    relatively isolated computers of the puters. people. and agencies that trols the resources of another. The
    past. Such "open systems" uncover make up open systems do not have various components of the system
    important limitations in current ap- direct access to one another's inter- must persuade one another to pro-
    proaches to artificial intelligence (Al). nal information. Arm's-length relation- vide capabilities. Consequently, a
    They require a new approach that is ships imply that the architecture must distributed Al system's architecture
    more like organizational design and accommodate multiple computers at must support a mechanism for
    management than current approach- different physical sites that do not negotiation among components.
    es. In this article we'll take a look at have access to the internal com- • Inadequacy of the closed-world assumption.
    some of the implications and con- ponents of others. This leads to de- The closed-world assumption is that
    straints imposed by open systems. centralized decision making. the information about the world be-
    Open systems are always subject to • Perpetual inconsistency among knowledge ing modeled is complete in the sense
    communications and constraints from bases. Because of privacy and discre- that exactly those relationships that
    outside. They are characterized by the tionary concerns. different knowledge hold among objects can be derived
    following properties: bases will contain different perspec- from the local information possessed
    tives and conflicting beliefs. Thus. all by the system. Systems that depend
    • Continuous change and evolution. Dis- the knowledge bases of a distributed on the closed-world assumption make
    tributed systems are always adding Al system taken together will be use of the principle that they can find
    new computers. users. and software. perpetually inconsistent. Decentraliza- (continued )
    As a result. systems must be able to tion makes it impossible to update all Carl Hewitt received his Ph.D. from the
    change as the components and knowledge bases simultaneously. This Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 19 71
    demands placed upon them change. implies that it is not even possible to and since then has worked in the field of ar-
    Moreover. they must be able to evolve know what kinds of information are tificial intelligence on foundational issues. His
    new internal components in order to contained in all the local knowledge outside interests include hiking and skiing.
    accommodate the shifting work they bases in the system at any one time. Professor Hewitt can be reached at the MIT
    perform. Without this capability. every Systems must be able to operate in Artificial Intelligence Lilboratory. 54 5
    system must reach the point where it the presence of inconsistent and in- Technology Square. Room 813. Cambridge.
    can no longer expand to accommo- complete knowledge bases. MA 02139 .

    AP RIL 19 85 • BY TE 223
    OPEN SYSTEMS

    all existing instances of a concept by machine. since an arbiter can require


    searching their local storage. At first x X' an unbounded amount of time to
    glance it might seem that the closed- make a decision (possibly while other
    ARBITER
    world assumption. almost universal in computations are taking place). If a
    y Y'
    the AI literature. is smart because it nondeterminfsti_c Turing machine is re-
    provides a ready default answer for quired to make a decision. there is a
    any query. Unfortunately. the default bound on the amount of time it can
    Figure I: An arbiter. with inputs x and
    answers provided become less take. and this bound is determined
    y and outputs x· and y·.
    realistic as open systems increase in before it starts. Each individual choice
    size and less of the information is of a nondeterministic 1\Jring machine
    available locally. takes one step.
    In practice. the inputs to an arbiter
    Continuous growth and evolution. are analog signals that vary con-
    arm's-length relationships. incon- ARBITER tinuously between 0 and I. For exam-
    sistency among knowledge bases. de- 0 ple. if the actual inputs to an arbiter
    centralized decision making. and the were .97 and .96. then the output
    need for negotiation are interdepen- OR might be as shown in figure 3.
    dent and necessary properties of The arbiter has only digital outputs
    0
    open systems. (Os or Is) even though the input is
    ARBITER
    analog. It makes a definite digital
    PARALLEL COMPUTATION choice out of the analog quantities of
    IN OPEN SYSTEMS time and its two inputs. Because of
    The theory of recursive functions (e.g .. the continuous nature of time and the
    Turing machines) is based on a batch- analog nature of the input. an arbiter
    Figure 2: Given that the inputs to the
    processing model of computation. cannot be strictly modeled as a non-
    arbiter are asserted almost simultaneously.
    Output is obtpined from a recursive deterministic-state machine.
    the resulting output will be one of the
    function when it finally halts. Open In a parallel computation. arbiters
    above two cases.
    systems require a theory of computa- are used repeatedly so that the
    tion in which processing might never number of possibile outcomes grows
    halt. may be required to provide out- exponentially with time. Thus. the ac-
    put while still in operation. and can 57 0 tual operation of a parallel computer
    accept input from sources not antici- ARBITER
    system cannot be determined logical-
    pated when the computation began. ly by the inputs to the system. The in-
    .96
    Asynchronous parallel computer determinacy of the arbiters used in
    systems make use of a two-input. two- open computer systems results in
    output computing element called an Figure 3: In practice. the inputs to an their making decisions that cannot be
    arbiter. Arbiters are the fundamental arbiter are analog signals varying between proved from knowledge of structure
    hardware primitives that make parallel I and 0. of the computing system and its input.
    asynchronous computing different
    from sequential synchronous com- DECISIONS JUSTIFIED
    puting. Arbiters make decisions for logical function of its input. in the BY AGREEMENTS
    which there is no logical justification sense that it is not a simple Boolean The electronic-banking system is a
    (proof) because the decision cannot function. because the dimension of good example of an open system.
    be predicted from knowledge of the time enters into the semantics of ar- You're probably familiar with it
    structure of the computing system biter modules in a fundamental way. through the use of automated teller
    and its input. In a very fundamental However. the feasible sets of outputs machines that enable you to withdraw
    sense. arbiters are not equivalent to can be described in logic using the cash thousands of miles from where
    Turing machines (see reference 3). subsequently relation (see reference I): you opened an account. 'Ieller ma-
    Figure I shows an arbiter with inputs chines are continually being added to
    (x= I and y= I) subsequently
    x and y and outputs x· and y·. the system.
    (or
    An arbiter decides the order in Decisions about which transactions
    (x'=O and y'= I)
    which it receives requests. Thus. if in- to honor are justified on the basis of
    (x'= I and y'=O))
    puts x and y are asserted at about the an agreement between the bank and
    same time. the result will eventually Logic cannot be used to determine its depositors. Often an agreement
    be one of the possibilities shown in which particular eventuality will occur. will provide that the bank does not
    figure 2. Systems with arbiters are not equiva- have to honor a withdrawal if there
    The output of an arbiter is not a lent to a nondeterministic Turing are insufficient funds present in the

    224 8 YT E • APRIL 1985


    OPEN SYSTEMS

    account when the withdrawal is re- fined as follows (see reference 16) : A good example of a problem
    quested. The withdrawal would be space is that of the game of chess:
    refused even though it might be Problem Space: A problem space
    covered by subsequent deposits. consists of a set of symbolic struc-
    I . Initial state: chess pieces in starting
    The decisions of which withdrawals tures (the states of the space) and a
    position
    not to honor cannot be deduced from set of operators over the space. Each
    2. Operations: legal moves
    complete information about the struc- operator takes a state as input and
    ture of the bank's computers and the
    3. Goal states: checkmate. stalemate.
    produces a state as output. although
    etc.
    input from the teller machines. Thus. there may be other inputs and out-
    the decision whether or not to honor puts as well. The operators may be
    I claim that searching through prob-
    a withdrawal is not subject to logical partial. i.e.. not defined for all states.
    lem-solving spaces provides a narrow
    proof. For example. suppose Account Sequences of operators define paths
    foundation for the analysis and syn-
    I has a balance of $1000. Account 2 that thread their way through se-
    thesis of intelligent systems. The
    has a balance of $2000. and they quences of states.
    perspective must be broadened to in-
    share a common reserve account with
    clude exploration that goes beyond
    a credit limit of $3000. If two elec- Problem: A problem in a problem
    search. An excellent perspective on
    tronic withdrawals of $4000 each are space consists of a set of initial
    some of the differences between
    attempted at about the same time states. a set of goal states. and a set
    search and exploration is provided by
    from both Account I and Account 2. of path constraints. The problem is to
    the means used to explore and de-
    then one of the attempts will be re- find a path through the space that
    velop the North American continent.
    fused and the other one will be starts at any initial state. passes only
    honored. though it is impossible to along paths that satisfy the path I. Initial state: There was no well-
    deduce which one will be honored constraints. and ends at any goal defined initial global state of the
    and which one refused. state. (continued)
    The above example shows how a
    decision of an open system can be
    justified even though it does not
    follow from any proof. Instead. the
    decision is justified by an agreement
    to act in certain ways. We see a
    divergence between the theories
    used in the construction of open
    systems and their operation. Theory
    informs practice; e.g .. the design of
    the banking mechanism is based on
    a financial theory. However. the finan-
    cial theory does not determine the ac-
    tual operations of the bank account-
    ing system. The operation of the bank
    accounts is determined by the order
    in which asynchronous events occur
    inside the system. Each performance
    of a complicated open system is
    unique.
    This illustrates the divergence be-
    tween classic recursive-function
    theory and theories needed to model
    open systems. (For a further discus-
    sion of the mathematical semantics IOMEGA CORPORATION
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    open systems. see references I and
    3.)

    EXPLORATION VS. SEARCH


    Searching in problem spaces is the
    traditional AI framework Problem
    spaces and problems have been de-

    Inquir y 20 5 A PR IL 1985 • BYTE 225


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    226 B YTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 3 21
    OPEN SYSTEMS

    North American continent in the mid- • Accessibility: Planner aims for a max- is to exploit the duality that we find
    dle 1600s. Leif Ericson and Chris- imum of flexibility so that whatever between certain imperative and
    topher Columbus had led some early knowledge is available can be incor- declarative sentences. Consider the
    probes. but the information was porated into the problem-solving pro- statement (implies A B) . The state-
    fragmentary. dispersed. and self- cess even if it is fragmentary and ment is a perfectly good declarative.
    contradictory. heuristic. In addition. it can also have certain
    2. Operations: The set of operations • Pattern-directed invocation: Procedures imperative uses for Planner. It can say
    used to explore the continent was not in Planner can be invoked by patterns that we might set up a procedure that
    defined in advance. Instead. it was im- of what they are supposed to accom- will note whether A is ever asserted
    provised dynamically and interactive- p!'ish. Suppose that we have a and if so to consider the wisdom of
    ly in the course of initial probes. Fur- stopped sink. One way we could try asserting B in turn. Furthermore. Plan-
    thermore. the explorers operated in to solve the problem would be to ner permits us to set up a procedure
    parallel so that there is no path of know the name of a plumber whom that will watch to see if it is ever our
    states of the continent that adequate- we could call. An alternative that is goal to try to deduce B and if so
    ly explains how it was explored. That more analogous to pattern-directed whether A should be made a subgoal.
    is. the continent was not explored by invocation is to advertise the fact that Exactly the same observation can be
    finding a single path through a space we have a stopped sink and the quali- made about the contrapositive of the
    of states. Exploration of the North fications needed to fix it. In Planner statement (implies A B). Statements
    American continent can be better this is accomplished by making the with universal quantifiers. conjunc-
    modeled as a partial order of causal- advertisement (i.e .. the pattern that tions. disjunctions. etc.. can also have
    ly linked historical events than as a represents what is desired) into a both declarative and imperative uses.
    problem space. goal. Planner theorems are used as im-
    3. Goal states: There was no set of im- • Procedural interpretation of logical state- peratives when executed and as
    mutable global goal states for the ments: One basic idea behind Planner (continued)
    continent that the explorers set out
    to achieve. Rather. the explorers· goals
    evolved with the exploration methods
    as the exploration proceeded.

    Searching problem spaces is limited


    mainly in its applicability to artificial
    domains like chess and mathematical
    theorem proving. It is not very adapt-
    able to the hurly-burly of solving
    problems involving interaction with
    the physical world. Problem spaces
    do not provide sufficient flexibility to
    represent the problem-solving pro-
    cesses of communities because of the
    attempt to represent the problem
    solving of individual actors as a single
    global state. This limitation of prob-
    lem spaces is closely related to the in-
    adequacies of the l11ring machine as
    a model of asynchronous distributed
    systems. Problem solving in open sys-
    tems is more analogous to the ex-
    ploration of North America than the
    playing of games like chess.

    PLANNER
    Planner was one of the first AI pro-
    gramming languages to support goal-
    oriented problem solving without an
    externally specified problem space. It
    was based on the following principles
    (see reference 6):

    Inquiry 206 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 227


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    228 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    Inquiry 201
    OPEN SYSTEMS

    declaratives when used as data. selves they do not address the needs most of those who call themselves
    of open systems. logic programmers. In part. the con-
    Planner represented an advance
    over the "uniform proof procedures" fidence of logic programmers is
    LOGIC PROGRAMMING based on the fact that first-order logic
    of resolution theorem-proving sys-
    Logic programming has been pro- augmented with set theory has
    tems then current. The design for
    posed by some as the programming proved to be a good foundation for
    Planner was implemented by Suss-
    paradigm for the future (see reference mathematical semantics.
    man. Winograd. and Charniak (see
    12). Let's focus on limitations that are Omega-order logic is an extension
    references 5. 23). Winograd used it to
    inherent in the enterprise of attempt- to first-order logic that allows quan-
    implement his interactive natural-
    ing to use logic as a programming lan- tification over predicates and func-
    language program. SHRDLU. for a
    guage for dealing reliably with em- tions. It has advantages over first-
    world with simulated toy blocks (see
    pirical knowledge and interacting with order logic in that it includes the fldll
    reference 27).
    the physical world. The remarks in this lambda calculus as a sublanguage
    In order to understand how pro-
    section continue a debate that begins and has arbitrary powers of abstrac-
    cedural interpretation works. consider
    with the genesis of AL I recommend tion. When certain technical problems
    this logical statement:
    that interested readers consult the ap- having to do with Russell's Paradox
    (For Allx ((man x) implies (mortal x))) pendix to Marvin Minsky's frames have been dealt with. omega-order
    paper (see reference I 5) and the sub- logic may be the preferred logical lan-
    The implication has two parts: the
    sequent analysis of David Israel (see guage (see reference 19). Therefore.
    antecedent (man x) and the conse-
    reference 8). we should consider it to be in the
    quent (mortal x). It says: For every x. mainstream of logic programming.
    Logic programming must be based
    if x is a man. then x is mortal. Logical Experts have argued that the merits
    on logic. But what is logic? First-order
    rules of inference permit certain
    logic. with its well-defined semantics of other logics can be found in first-
    deductions from the above statement.
    and syntax. is the basis claimed by (continuedJ
    For instance. that Socrates is mortal
    can be derived from the premise that
    Socrates is a man as follows:
    (Man Socrates)

    (Mortal Socrates)
    I proposed that logical implications
    like "all men are mortal" could be in-
    terpreted as procedures in a program-
    ming language. One interpretation. the
    belief-invoked interpretation (called the
    "antecedent interpretation" in Planner).
    provides that when the belief that x
    is a man is held. then the belief that
    x is mortal can be logically derived.
    We can express this as follows:
    (when (belief (man x)) do
    (believe (mortal x)))
    Another interpretation. the goal-
    invoked interpretation (called the "con-
    sequent interpretation" in Planner).
    provides that from the goal that x is
    mortal. the subgoal that x is a man
    can be logically derived:
    (when (goal (mortal x)) do
    (show (man x)))
    The ideas in Planner have been
    generalized and perfected in subse-
    quent artificial-intelligence program-
    ming languages. However. by them-

    Inquiry 207 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 229


    OPEN SYSTEMS

    order logic (see references 14 and 26). ample. a diseased kidney is often The DEC System-20 is a good case
    so the analysis in this article is con- related to a diseased heart. Knowl- in point. In the first place. observe that
    fined to first-order logic without loss edge of the kidney cannot be sepa- the DEC System-20 is an extremely
    of generality. rated from knowledge of the heart. simple system in comparison with.
    • Spatiotemporal context: A physical sys- say. the human kidney. Furthermore.
    THE INCONSISTENCY PROBLEM tem is situated in space and time. the DEC System-20 is an artificial
    I make the following claim. which I call Knowledge of the physical system human construct that was designed to
    the Conjecture of Inconsistency: The comprises knowledge of its history be consistent with some simple re-
    axiomatizations of the human knowl- and mode of production. quirements. Nevertheless. despite the
    edge of all physical systems are • Terminological context: The predicates best efforts of software engineers. the
    uniformly inconsistent in practice. used in the axiomatization of the formal description (axiomatization of
    I've used the term conjecture because properties of a physical object are documentation and code) of the DEC
    the above claim is in principle impos- always somewhat problematic in prac- System-20 remains inconsistent.
    sible to prove rigorously. easy to tice. For example. specifying in prac- There are inconsistencies in the docu-
    disprove by counterexample. and has tice what it means for a physical table mentation as well as inconsistencies
    a preponderance of evidence in its to be flat raised many problematic between the documentation and the
    favor. The reasons for the inconsisten- issues. code. Although inconsistencies are
    cy have to do with the dispersed asyn- • Evidential context: It is impossible to continually being removed from the
    chronous nature of human knowl- separate what we know about a system. the experience is that more
    edge. including the following factors: physical object from how we came to inconsistencies are always found
    know it. Axiomatization of the immediately.
    • Environmental context: The physical sys- methods by which the axiomatized Suppose that we were given un-
    tem being axiomatized is related to knowledge came to be known further limited funding to undertake the ;ob
    various other physical systems. For ex- enlarges the axiomatization. (continued)

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    Inquiry I 4 3 for Dealers.
    Inquiry 144 for End Users.
    OPEN SYSTEMS

    of making the description of the DEC as the DEC System-20 is. in practice. spond to no possible world. The
    System-20 consistent. We would have inconsistent despite enormous efforts logical account of meaning is too
    to control the process by which the made to achieve consistency. stringent for nontrivial empirical
    system grows and evolves. In par- A second claim I make is that the systems because inconsistent beliefs
    ticular. we would have to handle all axiomatizations of the human knowl- and descriptions are not meaningless.
    changes to the documentation and edge about any physical systems will Inconsistency is inherent in the enter-
    code in face of the following external forever be inconsistent. I call it the prise of expressing the human knowl-
    requirements: Conjecture of Perpetual Inconsisten- edge of physical systems. A theory of
    cy: Removing some inconsistencies meaning that maintains that inconsis-
    • Bugs in both the code and docu- from an axiomatization of the human tent descriptions are meaningless is
    mentation must be fixed knowledge about a physical system not directly applicable to problems of
    • New functions must be incor- leaves an axiomatization which is empirical knowledge.
    porated to meet the customers· nevertheless inconsistent. In model theory, the meaning of a
    changing needs sentence is determined by the models
    • The system must accept changing MESSAGE~ PASSING SEMANTICS that make it true (see reference 24).
    interfaces to other systems such as Consideration of the previous claim For example. the conjunction of two
    peripherals and networks suggests that we need to examine sentences is true exactly when both
    how logic treats inconsistency. Incon- of its conjuncts are true. Truth-
    There is no way to prove that the sistencies have some important im- theoretic semantics assumes that it is
    process by which the DEC System-20 plications of the utility of logic pro- possible to give an account of truth
    evolves will result in new releases with gramming as a foundation for intelli- in itself. free of interactional issues.
    consistent formal descriptions. An ax- gent systems. The logical view of in- and that the theory of meaning can
    iomatization of the code and docu- consistent theories is clear: They are be based on such a theory of truth.
    mentation of even a system as simple meaningless because they corre- (continued)

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    Inquiry 306 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 233


    OPEN SYSTEMS

    Message-passing semantics takes a by a recipient in terms of how it is pro- is open-ended and unfolds indefinite-
    different perspective on the meaning cessed (see reference 12). At a deep ly far into the future as other reci-
    of a sentence: It takes the meaning of level. understanding always involves pients process the message. Accord-
    a message to be the effect it has on categorization. which is a function of ing to message-passing semantics.
    the subsequent behavior of the sys- interactional (rather than inherent) meaning is communication-based. not
    tem. In other words. the meaning of properties using the perspective of in- logic-based.
    a message is determined by how it af- dividual viewpoints (see reference I 3).
    fects the recipients. Each partial Meaning is thus fundamentally inter- NEED FOR DUE-PROCESS
    meaning of a message is constructed actional. The meaning of a message REASONING
    In the presence of conflicting informa-
    tion and contradictory beliefs. logical
    proof is inadequate as a reasoning
    mechanism. Instead we need due-
    process reasoning that investigates dif-
    ferent sides of beliefs. goals. and
    hypotheses that arise.
    Consider the following hypothesis
    to illustrate due-process reasoning:
    "Nixon was guilty of destruction of
    evidence in the Watergate case by
    erasing a portion of a tape recording:·
    One possible approach in logic pro-
    gramming is to gather evidence in
    favor of the hypothesis and attempt
    to fashion the evidence into a logic
    proof (perhaps augmented with "cer-
    tainty factors" or "default assump-
    tions"). The other approach is to use
    "negation as failure" to conclude that
    the hypothesis is false because it can-
    not be proved from the available
    knowledge. Both of the approaches
    are inadequate in this case. No mat-
    Advllnced Logic Systems ter how much evidence is produced
    11r,I E¥1 AJ.11118" Ave. and analyzed. logical proof (either for
    Sunnyvale, 'QA ~
    (408) 730-0307. or against Nixon's guilt) is unbalanced
    because it presents only one side of
    the case in the form of a proof. Using
    "negation as failure" to draw conclu-
    sions from the inability to construct
    such a proof is equally limited. A
    balanced approach requires debate
    between differing positions and
    weighing presented evidence.
    Debates are not structured in the
    same way as logical proofs.
    Due-process reasoning is the pro-
    cess of collecting and analyzing the
    evidence and arguments presented
    by all interested parties. Advocates col-
    lect evidence and organize arguments
    in favor of the hypothesis. In parallel.
    skeptics collect evidence and organize
    arguments against the hypothesis.
    Then a debate is conducted on
    grounds for deciding the case in
    terms of motive and ability. The ques-

    234 B Y TE • APRIL 19 85 Inquiry 16


    OPEN SYSTEMS

    tion of motive is whether Nixon


    thought that he would benefit by eras-
    ing the tape. The question of ability
    HowDol
    Choose the
    is whether he could have erased the
    tape. Both advocates and skeptics
    recursively make use of due-process
    reasoning while investigating. organiz-
    ing. and presenting their cases. The
    advocates and skeptics operate inter-
    dependently in collecting evidence
    (through discovery processes and
    disclosure requirements) as well as in-
    Personal
    teracting by debating each others·
    cases in a decision-making process
    that is fundamentally different from
    logical proof.
    mputer
    PROWG
    Advocates of logic programming ini-
    tially developed a programming lan-
    guage called Prolog that was based
    Monitor?
    on the goal-invoked procedural inter-
    pretation of implication discussed
    earlier in the section on Planner (see
    reference I I). The example discussed
    earlier to the effect that "In order to
    show that x is mortal. establish a
    subgoal to show that x is a man" is
    written in Prolog as:
    mortal (x) :- man (x)
    The original Prolog was a much
    simpler language than Planner. which
    was a considerable advantage in
    terms of pedagogy and ease of imple-
    mentation. But now Prolog. like the
    Planner-like languages before it. has
    fissioned into incompatible dialects
    based on the procedural interpreta-
    tion of logic. pattern-directed invoca-
    tion. message-passing theory. and de-
    scription systems (see references 4. 9.
    and 12).
    In addition to the general limitations
    of logic programming discussed
    earlier. Prolog has some idiosyncratic
    weaknesses all its own. The closed-
    world assumption is the hypothesis
    that the locally available knowledge
    is complete; i.e.. if a proposition does
    not follow from the local knowledge
    base. then it is assumed to be false
    (see reference 18). Planner could
    make use of the closed-world assump-
    tion using its ability to conditionalize
    a plan (theorem) on the exhaustive
    (continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 235


    OPF.N SYSTF.MS

    failure to establish a goal. In fact.


    Winograd made strong use of thE
    capability in SHRDW. Influenced by
    Will It Worl<
    with My PC?
    Planner. Prolog went much further
    and adopted a very strong form of thE
    closed-world assumption as a basic
    postulate of the programming lan-
    guage in incorporating negation a~
    failure . (Relational database system~ Before you can experience the full
    make use of a similar strong hypothe-
    sis: If an entry is not found in a rela-
    capabilities a high performance
    tional table. then the relationship i~ monitor offers, it has to work with
    false.) The strong use of the closed-
    world assumption in Prolog is incom your personal computer. That's why
    patible with the need in open system~
    to allow for the open-ended in-
    Princeton Graphic Systems makes
    cremental introduction of new beliefs high resolution monitors compatible
    and objects.
    with most popular brands of personal
    INFORMATION-PROCESSING
    PRINCIPLES FOR THE FUTURE
    computers. IBM, Compaq, Corona,
    The term reflection has been much Apple and more. But we go one step
    discussed in the current Al literature
    (see references 2. 4, 7. 22. and 26).
    further. By paying close attention to
    It is universally conjectured that ergonomic detail, we make Princeton
    reflective problem capabilities will be
    important to improving machine Graphic Systems monitors compatible
    problem-solving capabilities. How-
    ever. a danger is developing that the
    with you, the computer system user.
    important problems will be neglected
    unless reflective problem solving is
    taken to encompass the following
    minimum capabilities:

    • History of its own behavior: What did


    you do then?
    • Representation of its own information-
    processing procedures: How do you make
    decisions?
    • Knowledge of the relationship between its
    previous behavior and current procedures:
    What would you do differently and
    why?
    • Representation of its procedures for inter-
    acting with the external world: How do you
    control things?

    The current state of the art in imple-


    menting reflective systems is extreme-

    -
    ly primitive. Many of the issues and • =-~~~~~~~~.-.,.-__,,...~

    questions itemized above have not


    yet been properly addressed.
    Besides reflective problem solving,
    other principles should be adopted in
    constructing reliable systems that
    meet the needs of open systems.
    [continued)

    - Inquiry 267 APR IL 1985 • B Y TE 237


    ---
    0 PEN SYSTEMS

    • Serendipity: It is not critical whether


    the system learns of a result before
    it can be used in a problem-solving
    Does It Give
    task or after work has commenced on
    the task.
    • Pluralism: There is no central arbiter
    of truth in the system.
    1Vle A Bright,
    • Accessibility: All knowledge of the sys-
    tem (including its own procedures)
    should be able to be applied to any
    problem.
    • Parallelism: The system should be
    Sharp Image?
    able to mobilize its full resources in
    parallel instantiations for different Take a close-up look at the display.
    aspects of large-scale problems.
    • Due-process reasoning: The system col-
    Bright, crisp characters and sharp,
    lects and debates alternatives to colorful graphics mean you' re getting
    decide among beliefs and goals.
    • Reflection in practice: Knowledge (in- a high-quality image. The kind of im-
    cluding self-knowledge) should inform
    practice. and practice should modify
    age that comes with every Princeton
    hypotheses. beliefs. and goals. Graphic Systems' monitor. Because
    • Reasonableness: The system should
    perform efficiently in the face of con-
    Princeton Graphic Systems combines
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    beliefs.
    pitch, and a non glare screen to give
    CONCWSIONS
    In practice. the human knowledge of
    you an image that PC World's World
    a physical system cannot be con- Class Survey rates number 1 ...
    sistently axiomatized. Every physical
    system is open in the sense that it is
    embedded in a larger physical en-
    vironment with which it interacts asyn-
    chronously. In general. open systems
    are not totally in control of their fate.
    In contrast. closed systems (like Peano
    arithmetic and point-set topology) are
    exactly characterized by rules and
    laws.
    Proponents of logic programming
    have maintained that it is a suitable
    basis for all programming and is the
    programming paradigm for the future.
    Logic programming has some funda-
    mental limitations that preclude its
    becoming a satisfactory programming
    methodology. It is inadequate for the
    needs of open systems because it is
    based on logical operations instead
    of communication primitives and
    logical reasoning instead of due-
    process reasoning. Decisions in open
    systems are justified by agreements to
    act in certain ways. Justification by
    agreement stands in contrast to justi-
    (continued)

    - Inquiry 342 AP RIL 1985 • B Y TE 239


    240 BYTE • APRIL 198 5
    Inquiry 385 for Dealers. Inquiry 386 for End Users.
    OPEN SYSTEMS

    fication by logical proof; interaction


    with the physical world involves deal-
    ing with conflicting and contradictory
    . How About
    Dependability?
    information in a way that does not fall
    within the scope of decision making .
    by logical proof. Prolog also suffers
    from the limitation of "negation as
    failure:· restricting it to a closed-world
    assumption that is incompatible with
    the nature of open systems. You rely on your personal computer
    We need foundations for intelligent
    systems based on principles of com- system to help get your work done.
    mutativity. pluralism. accessibility.
    reflection in practice. and due-process
    That's why it's important to choose a
    reasoning. Logical reasoning is a monitor built for reliability. Princeton
    useful module in the repertoire of an
    intelligent system. but it is not the Graphic Systems monitors are built
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    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    Many of the ideas in this paper have been
    dards, backed by a full one-year war-
    developed jointly with the members of the
    MIT Message Passing Semantics Group
    ranty and supported by a nationwide
    and the Trement Research Institute. I service network~ The result: monitors
    would especially like to express my ap-
    preciation to Gui Agha. Gerald Barber. that perform when you need them,
    Peter de Jong. Elihu M. Gerson. and Susan
    Leigh Star for their aid and the founda-
    day in and day out
    •Bell & Howell, Xerox, MAI Serbus Service and
    tional work on which this paper builds. Princeton Graphic Systems.
    Jonathan Amsterdam. Mike Brady. Mike
    Brooks. Toni Cohen. Peter de Jong. John
    Kam. Henry Lieberman. John Mallery.
    Fanya Montalvo. Karen Prendergast.
    Claudia Smith. and John 1eeter provided
    valuable comments and criticisms that
    helped greatly to improve on earlier drafts.
    Over many years I have benefited from ex-
    tensive interactions with Richard
    Weyhrauch. who has a profound under-
    stand ing of the issues discussed here.
    The content of this paper comes from
    talks I have given at Stanford University
    in June 1983. at panels for IFIP-83 in Paris.
    at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab-
    oratory in November 1983. at BBN. at MIT
    Sloan School. and at the AAAS in New
    York during June 1984 . Comments.
    criticisms. and arguments developed in
    these seminars have been invaluable in
    developing this paper. I would like to ex-
    press special appreciation to Bob Moore.
    Nils Nilsson. Steve Hardy, Richard
    Waldinger. and others for valuable feed-
    back during and after the Stanford
    seminar: Bob Kowalski and Doug Ross at
    the IFIP-83 panel: Jan Komorowski at the
    MIT seminar: David Israel at the BBN
    seminar: Tom Malone and Gerald Barber
    at the Sloan School seminar: as well as
    Victor Lesser. Jerry Hobbs. and Lucy
    (continued )

    APR IL 198 5 • BYTE 241


    Inquir y 29

    INCREDIBLE OPEN SYSTEMS

    DATABASE
    VALUE
    Suchman at the AAAS session. Allen SMC-I I. I. lanuary 1981.
    A multifile database Newell took the time to give me an over- 11 . Kowalski. R. A . "Predicate l.Dgic as Pro-
    with a view of some of the aspects of his recent gramming Language:· Proceedings of IF/P-74.
    programming work on foundations in luly 1984. IFIP. 1974.
    language- This paper describes research done at 12. Kowalski. R. A. In The SICA RT Special
    ata the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Issue on Knowledge Representation. R. Brachman
    Major support for the research reported and B. Smith. eds. SIGART. 1978.
    fantastic 13 . Lakoff. G.. and M. Johnson. Metaphors
    in this paper was provided by the System
    price! Development Foundation and Wang We Live BiJ. Chicago: University of Chicago
    Laboratories. Major support for other Press. 1980.
    VersaForm's new XL database isn't just
    promises-it's here now! lnfoWorld gave it a related work at the Artificial Intelligence 14. McCarthy. J. "First Order Theories of
    3-Star rating . .. same as dBASE 111· . Yet XL Laboratory is provided. in part. by the Ad- Individual Concepts and Propositions:·
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    you'd expect in a database costing 4 times as luly 1977.
    much!
    Department of Defense under Office of
    Accounting applications are XL's strength. Naval Research contract NOO 14- 15 . Minsky. M. "A Framework for Repre-
    Invoicing, purchasing, and shipping almost 80-C-0505. I would like to thank Charles senting Knowledge:· In The Ps1:1cholog1:1 of
    create themselves as you design the forms. Smith and Patrick H. Winston fortheir sup- Computer Vision. Winston. P.. ed. New York:
    A/R and inventory examples are included in
    port and encouragement. McGraw-Hill. 1975.
    the package.
    XL has over 50 built-in functions to control 16. Newell. Allen. "Reasoning. Problem
    file access, printing, and user dialogues. REFERENCES Solving. and Decision Processes: The
    Develop transaction-based applications I. Agha. Gui. "Semantic Considerations in Problem Space as a Fundamental
    faster than with any other database!
    the Actor Paradigm of Concurrent Com- Category:· Technical Report CMU-CS-79-133 .
    • Structured language accesses
    multiple files. putation:· Proceedings of the NSFISERC CMU. lune 1979.
    • Columns that scroll can be part Seminar on ConcurrenCIJ. New York: Springer- 17. Reddy. M . "The Conduit Metaphor:· In
    of any record. Verlag. 1984. Metaphor and Thought . Ortony. A .. ed. Cam-
    • Automatic calculations for 2. Batali. J. "Computational Introspection." bridge: Cambridge University Press. 1979.
    totals, taxes, etc. Al Memo 701. Cambridge. MA: MIT Ar- 18. Reiter. R. "On Closed World Data
    • Automatic entry checking prevents errors. tificial Intelligence Laboratory. February Bases." Logic and Data Bases. New York:
    • Prints on your existing pre-printed forms. 1983. Plenum Publishing Corp .. 1981.
    COMPARE THE BIG THREE 3. Clinger. W. D. "Foundations of Actor 19. Rudin. L. "Lambda-Logic:· Technical
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    y
    OAT A RECORDS
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    MUST WRITE 1981 . 20. Selfridge. 0. "Pandemonium: A
    FORMS OUTPUT BUILT -IN
    PROGRAM
    MUST WRITE
    PROGRAM
    MUST WRITE
    .
    4. Doyle. I. "A Model for Deliberation. Ac- Paradigm for Learning." Technical Report
    PROGRAM PROGRAM
    DATE ARITHMETIC Y Y N tion. and Introspection." Al-TR-581. Cam- JA-1140. Cambridge: MIT. 1958.
    DATA TYPES DYNAMIC FIXED FIXED
    COLUMN TOTAL OPERATOR Y N N bridge. MA: MIT Artificial Intelligence 21 . Shapiro. E. ''A Subset of Concurrent
    QUERY BY EXAMPLE Y N EXTRA
    MAX FILE SIZE 4 MB OPEN OPEN Laboratory. 1980. Prolog and Its Interpreter." Technical Report
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    5. Hewitt. C. "PLANNER: A Language for TR-003. !COT. lanuary 198 3.
    Try VersaForm XL for 30 days. If not fully Proving Theorems in Robots." Proceedings 22 . Smith. B. "Reflection and Semantics in
    satisfied, return it for your money back. of l/CAl-69. Washington. D.C.: llCAI. May a Procedural Language." !LS-TR-272.
    1969. Cambridge. MA: MIT Laboratory for
    Single-File 6. Hewitt. C. "Description and Theoretical
    version $69
    Computer Science. 198 2.
    Analysis (Using Schemata) of PLANNER: 23. Sussman. G. J.. T. Winograd. and E.
    A Language for Proving Theorems and Charniak. "MICROPLANNER Reference
    Toll-Free: 1-800-538-8157 ext. 880 Manipulating Models in a Robot." Manual." Al Memo 203. Cambridge. MA:
    In California, call: Al-TR-258. Cambridge. MA: MIT Artificial MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
    Toll-Free: 1-800-672-3470 ext. 880 Intelligence Laboratory. April 1972. 1970.
    Applled Sollware Technology (408) 370-2662 7. Hewitt. C.. and P. de long. "Analyzing 24 . 1arski. A. "The Semantic Conception
    1350 Dell Avenue. Sle. #206-xx. Campbell, CA the Roles of Descriptions and Actions in of Truth:· PhilosophlJ and Phenomenological
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    Yes! I wan!: Open Systems:· Proceedings of the National Research 4 (1944). pages 341-375 .
    _ _ VersaForm XL for IBM PC. XT. AT, etc. ($99) Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI. 25 . van Emden. M .. and R. Kowalski. ''The
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    _ _ Single-file VersaForm for IBM. etc. ($69)
    Needs 128K. 2 drives or hard disk. 8. Israel. D. ''A Short Companion to the gramming Language:· /ACM 23. No 4
    _ _ Single-file VersaForm for Apple II ($69) Naive Physics Manifesto:· In Formal Theories (1976). pages 733-742.
    Needs 64K , 2 drives . of the Common Sense World. J. Hobbs. ed. 26. Weyhrauch. R. "Prolegomena to a
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    PLEASE PRINT CLEAAL V
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    242 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 312 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 243


    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    VISION
    BY DANA H. BALLARD AND CHRISTOPHER M. BROWN

    Biology challenges technology


    VISION AND MOIDR CONTROL are ply grasping and removing parts that develops visual information in
    such common capabilities in the jumbled together in a bin. not laid out many intermediate stages to span the
    animal kingdom that we do not usual- flat on a special surface. gap from input signal to cognitive
    ly associate them with intelligence. Yet Thus. fast. reliable computer vision symbols. Computer-vision researchers
    vision has always been a paradigm is so hard that we can presently found the hierarchy to be a solution
    problem for artificial intelligence (Al). achieve it only in highly constrained to several technical problems of com-
    since it is mysteriously difficult. 'Tech- and simplified domains. This makes puting and storage efficiency. Current-
    nology has mounted many responses the fast and reliable vision performed ly. researchers in the neurosciences
    to the biological challenge of reliable. by biological systems all the more are studying the extent of such a func-
    versatile. real-time vision systems. but marvelous and mysterious. Somehow. tional and physiological hierarchy in
    so far the resulting industrial systems humans perform recognition. descrip- biological systems. and many signs
    only work in specialized settings (or tion. manipulation. and locomotion in point to biological versions of the
    domains). These systems are routinely a highly complex world of moving computer-vision hierarchy.
    used to inspect integrated circuits and solid objects. both rigid and nonrigid. The second idea is parallel com-
    manipulate parts but cannot be used with complex (textured. transparent. putation. Researchers have known for
    outside of these limited contexts. For glossy. etc.) surfaces and highly a long time that nervous systems com-
    example. the systems' image input is variable illumination conditions. pute in parallel. and they have made
    binary (black and white). not the full General-purpose vision systems. many attempts to model such com-
    gray-scale range provided by an input which can build descriptions of their putations. Recent work has provided
    device such as a TV camera. Attain- environment in general situations. re- new tools in these areas (see the ar-
    ing such an image calls for carefully main a research goal. Tuday, a consen- ticles in this issue "Learning in Parallel
    engineered lighting and imaging con- sus is emerging that such systems will Networks" by Geoffrey E. Hinton on
    ditions. Also. to attain the necessary be designed around two central ideas. page 265 and "Connections" by
    speed. the systems have simple algo- originating in biology and redis- Jerome A. Feldman on page 277) and
    rithms that will not tolerate events covered by researchers in technology. powerful parallel computing engines
    such as parts obscuring one another The embodiment of these ideas in vi- are now realizable. Jn the remainder
    or lying propped up at odd angles. A sion systems is a topic of much cur- (continued)
    seemingly simple but elusive in- rent concern and an area of rapidly Dana H. Ballard is an associate professor and
    dustrial vision task. beyond the capa- expanding technological achievement Christopher M. Brown is the chairman of the
    bility of all current systems. is the "bin- and biological insight. Department of Computer Science. University
    picking" problem. one regularly sur- The first idea is that vision systems of Rochester (Ray P. Hylan Building.
    mounted by humans: It involves sim- use a hierarchy of representations Rochester. NY 14627).

    - Inquiry 36 3 AP RIL 1985 • B YTE 245


    VISION

    of this article. we will explore the two enough to accommodate such data. or processed data. Thus. one vision
    themes of representational hierarchy After about a quarter of a century of program can have. for example. an ar-
    and parallelism in computational and development. computer vision is a ray of gray-level intensities from a
    biological vision. large subfield of Al. Like robotic con- television image as input. while an-
    trol and computer-speech analysis. other program may take a symbolic
    HISTORY AND BACKGROUND computer vision often uses '"real'" description of a line drawing as input.
    The digital analysis of visual input has data-that is. the raw output of The goals of computer vision are also
    been a research issue since the late sensors-as its input. However. com- diverse but may be characterized as
    1950s when computers became large puter vision also uses more symbolic seeking answers to '"what:· '"where.'"
    and '"why'" questions. '"What'" ques-
    tions concern the identification of ob-
    OB J ECT. SCENE. EVENT RECOGNITION jects in a scene: '"where'" questions in-
    volve the perception of the environ-
    ment in time and space: and '"why'"
    SCENE DATA STRUCTURES questions address causal relation-
    FACES. EDGES. VERTICES
    OBJECT BOUNDARIES
    ships between objects.
    VOLUMES 1rue computer vision. with the goal
    SPATIAL RELATIONS
    of understanding images of complex
    three-dimensional scenes. was first at-
    THREE -DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
    tempted in the early 1960s by Larry
    SEGMENTATION Roberts at MIT (see reference I) . His
    INTERPOLATION
    BOUNDARY AND OBJECT DETECTION goal was to '"understand'" a scene
    made up of polyhedral blocks. in the
    sense of being able to produce a line
    IMAGE DATA STRUCTURES PHYSICAL PROPERTY IMAGES drawing of the scene from any view-
    REGIONS SURFACE ORIENTATION
    LINES MOTION
    point. Roberts's system pioneered
    SPATIAL RELATIONS STEREO FUSION many fundamental techniques still in
    REFLECTANCE
    DEPTH use today. not just in computer vision.
    but also in computer graphics. In par-
    ticular. the system analyzed digitized
    TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS INTRINSIC IMAGE CALCULATION
    input images by identifying '"edge
    FEATURE -FINDING
    SIMPLE GROUPING
    elements" that might line up along the
    IMAGE SEGMENTATION polyhedral edges (see figure 3b for an
    illustration of this technique in
    another application). The system then
    IMAGE!Sl
    COLOR OR GRAYSCALE INFORMATION . fused these edge elements to pro-
    POSSIBLY TIME -VARYING duce longer lines that corresponded
    to the polyhedral edges (figure 3c
    again is similar) and matched the
    SCAL IN G AND CORRECTION
    IMAGE PREPROCESSING resulting line and polygon data struc-
    NOISE REMOVAL tures against three-dimensional
    CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT
    GAMMA CORRECTION models of primitive blocks. This pro-
    cess derived the scaling. rotation. and
    translation of the models needed to
    SENSING explain the image data. and this infor-
    TV INPUT
    DIGITIZATION mation allowed the system to produce
    REMOTE SENSING
    the final line drawings. using basic
    computer-graphics techniques-also
    first attempted by Roberts-such as
    Figure I: The processes (ellipses) and data representations (rectangles) of a general hidden-line removal.
    computer-vision system. Processing can proceed from input data to symbolic description Roberts's goal was ambitious even
    (a normal data-driven scheme) or in the reverse direction (where expectations guide by today's standards: No computer vi-
    processing). Control is most often thought to flow in both directions. Each stage of sion system will perform the task of
    processing includes assumptions about how the image information is related to the reliably identifying blocks on a table
    phenomena of interest in the world. In natural systems these assumptions may be in the presence of occlusion and
    innate or learned. noise. However. such early work
    (continued)
    Inqui ry 14 for Dealers.
    246 B Y TE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 15 for End Users. -
    l:t-:1 ~ . ,,- ,- -.
    ---------1 iiliil'...\ : . .·

    ~ :?:··· ·· · · ·
    VISION

    revealed the immense computational nary amount of computation. which Thus the field of computer vision is
    complexity of vision and the unreli- includes extracting physical informa- quite large. It includes the afore-
    ability and inadequacy of sequential tion from an image. labeling image mentioned industrial inspection sys-
    control structures to allocate process- regions that correspond to significant tems. as well as academic research ef-
    ing power. objects. and symbolically describing forts whose competence (what we
    Such a task requires an extraordi- objects in the image. must know to solve a problem) is
    often of more interest than their per-
    formance (how we actually solve the
    problem in real time) . See the biblio-
    graphy at the end of this article for
    more material on the field of com-
    puter vision.
    In the 1970s a cognitive approach
    to computer vision arose. which con-
    veniently minimized image-level com-
    putation and emphasized the sym-
    bolic manipulations to which com-
    puters are well adapted. In such
    "knowledge-directed" vision. process-
    ing uses facts about such phenomena
    as gravity, support. occlusion. or the
    likely spatial relations between ob-
    jects in the scene. Research turned
    toward representing and manipulating
    facts about a particular setting (or do-
    main. such as a grouping of polyhedral
    blocks or an office scene) and exploit-
    ing the domain-specific knowledge in
    vision.
    However. the representation and
    application of knowledge is a very dif-
    ficult branch of AL and the available
    techniques proved inadequate to
    bridge the gap between the input
    image and the desired symbolic de-
    scriptions of it. Thus in 197 4. starting
    with Marr at MIT and Barrow and
    1enenbaum at Stanford Research In-
    stitute. attention was directed toward
    a collection of intermediate represen-
    tations. termed intrinsic images. that
    would span the representation gap.
    Tuday, the consensus of the com-
    puter-vision community is that this
    gap is bridged by a set of visual data
    representations that are arranged in
    a hierarchy of increasing abstraction.

    VISION AND
    THE ABSTRACTION HIERARCHY
    Our vision is quite reliable-that is.
    there is a good correlation between
    Figure 2a: Optic flw images (retinal pattern velocities caused by scene motion) from our perceptions and things in the
    a rotating sphere and cylinder. world. Otherwise. we would not have
    survived as a species. How do we ig-
    nore irrelevant variations and concen-
    trate on those that mean something?

    248 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    VISION

    How do we achieve the constancies property images are part of "early vi- a broad range of natural circum-
    whereby we recognize objects under sion:· That is. they are not dependent stances. However. these processes
    varying illumination. or faces at dif- on the context of the scene being cannot be completely general and
    ferent ages? How do we perform so viewed. much less on conscious rea- reliable. since the two-dimensional in-
    fast and reliably? A partial answer to soning. but are robust general pro- put image does not capture three-
    these questions is that of abstraction cesses that produce reliable output in (continuedl
    hierarchies.
    Modern computer vision spans the
    gap between input image and object
    perception with a hierarchy of repre-
    sentations (the aforementioned intrin-
    sic images) operated on by powerful
    computational processes (as shown in
    figure I). These processes create
    representations that pass from image-
    like representations of physical
    parameters to symbolic descriptions.
    Constructing these intermediate
    descriptions is feasible and probably
    necessary. but it involves complex
    computations for a general vision sys-
    tem (as opposed to a highly spe-
    cialized system. such as an industrial
    system).
    At the earliest level (the input level).
    a general vision system derives a rep-
    resentation of image brightness
    changes that it uses for stereo dispari-
    ty calculations (the difference be-
    tween two views of the same setting).
    detecting changes in surface composi-
    tion. orientation. distance. reflectance.
    and so forth. Perceptual phenomena
    (e.g .. subjective contours. the ability
    to discern colinearity of dissimilar
    shapes) suggest components for the
    earliest image representations (e.g..
    locations. orientations. and endpoints
    of features). Feature detectors that
    derive these components may then
    be designed by humans.
    Much current research is centered
    around the production of physical
    property images. which are inter-
    mediate representations that the sys-
    tem forms before attempting object
    recognition. These image-like repre-
    sentations are registered with the in-
    put image and contain values of
    physical parameters of scene points
    such as the distance from a sensor to
    the point. the albedo (reflective
    power) of surfaces. the objects' direc- Figure 2b: Shapes causing the images as derived by a computational vision process.
    tion of motion. the location of Such processes use mathematical models of physical laws and assumptions about nature
    shadows and light sources. and so to recover physical information about scenes from input images. ICourtesy of John
    forth. Researchers generally assume Aloimonis. University of Rochester.I
    that the processes producing physical

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 249


    VISION

    dimensional information directly (it psychology and computer vision. from incoming data. The upper levels
    can only imply it). But the usual Researchers basically agree that the of abstraction hierarchy must support
    reliability of these processes in animal higher abstraction levels in a general information flow in both directions.
    vision implies that they rely on natural computer-vision system must contain and a bottleneck in current computer-
    constraints or assumptions about the data structures representing aspects vision research is achieving useful in-
    world to derive unambiguous output. of the domain from which the scene teraction between the lower. image-
    Identifying and using such constraints originates. The resulting problems in like representations and the higher.
    are important goals of modern com- knowledge representation are inter- symbolic ones.
    puter-vision research. This. in turn. esting in a wide variety of AI applica-
    calls for seeking out properties of the tions. For example. computer model- STATE·OF·THE·ART EXAMPLES
    physical work that could help a visual ing of three-dimensional rigid solids Two examples will illustrate the opera-
    process do useful work. making math· is by no means a solved problem ex- tion of computer vision in the sort of
    ematical models of their interaction cept for certain manufactured objects. abstraction hierarchy introduced in
    with visual phenomena. and imple- Also. representing naturally occurring the last section. The three-dimen-
    menting the mathematics in computer shapes and volumes so that they can sional MOSAIC system at Carnegie-
    programs. One such result that illus- be matched to their geometric Mellon University. developed by
    trates the kind of computations at this counterparts in intrinsic images is still Marty Herman and lakeo Kanade. can
    level is the computation of relative an open question. reconstruct three-dimensional repre-
    depth from optic flow (see figure 2). High abstraction levels pose several sentations of buildings from two aerial
    The step beyond intrinsic images is other difficulties. Perception goes on views-using stereo to provide depth
    a large one; although they contain through time. and yet representing information-or from a single view-
    physical information. they are still processes through time is an area of using advance knowledge about the
    image-like entities not yet described advanced Al research. nature of the input scene to provide
    in terms of objects. T\vo of the most The contribution of high-level depth information. Figures 3a through
    important visual phenomena are mo- knowledge and inferential procedures 3d show the operation of the mono-
    tion and texture. which transmit much to the vision process is still a mystery. cular version of the algorithm.
    information about the objects and It seems certain that information does The MOSAIC system uses an edge
    surfaces in a scene. One of the most not simply flow "bottoms up" (that is. operator to find intensity discon-
    active areas of computer-vision sequentially. from low-level to high- tinuities. which contain much image
    research is the extraction of informa- level) through the visual system. as it information in a single input image
    tion from motion or from optic flow did in Roberts's first system. Nor is vi- (see figure 3a). Because the image has
    of the visual field on our retina as an sion merely controlled hallucination. a baffling number of such "edge
    object or the viewer moves. It is also with the abstract representations dic- elements:· the system sends the out-
    a particularly good illustration of the tating our perceptions as they do in put to a post-processing routine that
    symbiosis that can take place between dreams. subject to minor corrections identifies edges that are likely to con-

    Figure 3a: Aerial view of a city park and buildings provided Figure 3b: Output of an edge-finding algorithm applied to the
    as a single input image to the MOSAIC (see text) system. image of figure }a.

    250 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    VISION

    tribute to interesting structures in the and identification of meaningful parts and VISIONS has a set of feature ex-
    image (see figure 3b). Several stages of an image. This process is called tractors and recognizers to allow
    of processing then link the edges into segmentation which is typified in the VI- reliable identification of foliage.
    two-dimensional structures using stan- SIONS (Visual Integration by Seman- despite its many different ap-
    dard edge-linking technology and in- tic Interpretation of Natural Scenes) pearances.
    formation about the way lines meet system at the University of Massachu- Figure 5 shows the final labeling of
    to form vertices in polyhedral scenes. setts. The VISIONS system's sophisti- another input scene. with regions
    And then the edges are linked into cated programs use models of a identified as sky. foliage. grass. wall.
    three-dimensional structures-using specific domain (rural. outdoor shutters. roof. and regions (in black)
    information about gravity. support. scenes of houses. trees. etc.) and that are uninterpreted due to the lack
    the perspective imaging process. and knowledge about that domain. of a symbolic model in the current
    other facts describing the physical In this work. the goal is to segment system or deviation of the scene's ap-
    scene domain and the optics of image a color image (as in figure 4a) into pearance from that predicted by the
    formation. Figure 3c shows the result regions that correspond to meaning- model. VISIONS currently models
    of this processing: a perspective view ful objects or substances in the image. some 20 major objects and object col-
    of a three-dimensional "wireframe" The process involves extracting lections such as "house" and "house
    representation of edges in the scene. straight lines (see figure 4b). and scene." and a larger number of object
    The next stage of processing relates regions of related color characteristics parts such as "roof" and "shutters:·
    the wireframes to stored representa- (see figure 4c) . The VISIONS system The two examples of current sys-
    tions of three-dimensional solid uses interpretation rules that incor- tems show the beginning of under-
    models. In a sense. the solid models porate knowledge about the scene standing the competence issues in vi-
    are the final output of the program. domain (for example. that a driveway sion : We know what kinds of entities
    with two important additions. First is not found silhouetted against the need to be computed. However. each
    the system can relate new image in- sky. or that a house's roof is above its of these examples requires huge
    formation to its existing model data walls) in cooperation with the image- amounts of computer time. Most re-
    structures. which it can refine as it ac- guided segmentation processes. searchers believe that the perfor-
    quires the new images. Second. the These interpretations make the mance problem in vision will only be
    system can. using standard computer- segmentation process more reliable. solved through parallel computation.
    graphics technology, map the flat by indicating. for example. when
    image onto the surfaces of the stored regions may be merged or should be CHALLENGES
    three-dimensional models. The sys- split. For example. in figure 4c the FROM ANIMAL VISION
    tem can then display three "painted" system has colored regions that it has One of the most promising directions
    models from another angle. as shown hypothesized. using interpretation for the study of parallel processing
    in figure 3d. rules. to be shutters. Foliage is an im- has centered around studies of
    Work continues on the extraction portant component of these scenes. [continued)

    Figure 3c: A "wireframe" of linked line segments in three Figure 3d: Computer-graphics techniques use the original photo
    dimensions resulting from several sorts of processing applied to and the three-dimensional models extracted by further processing
    the data of figure 3b. of the wireframe data of figure 3c. resulting in a convincing
    reconstruction of the scene. !Courtesy of Marty Herman and
    Takeo Kanade at Carnegie-Mellon University.I

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 251


    VISION

    human and animal v1s1on. Unlike vantages. animal systems succeed ad- typically have a wide range of cross-
    robot vision. where many of the com- mirably. Experiments with human disciplinary interests and are joining
    plexities of sensing the environment subjects show that they can make a to make progress in the separate
    can be manipulated by tailoring the variety of behavioral responses to fields of psychology, neuroscience.
    environment and using special imag- visual stimuli in a few hundred milli- and computer science. We shall
    ing techniques. animal vision must seconds. Thus. the biological system. describe some of the more interesting
    somehow analyze time-varying photo- somewhat embarrassingly. embodies of the many new results from these
    metric data in its full complexity in solutions to problems that still plague disciplines.
    real time. Furthermore. biological sys- vision researchers. This situation has Since humans are very good at
    tems use neural-processing elements lured researchers to tackle the prob- visual tasks. researchers were sur-
    that are six orders of magnitude lem of modeling the human visual sys- prised to find that. for some tasks. in-
    slower than silicon components. tem head-on. in the hopes of dis- formation can be processed in
    Despite all these apparent disad- covering its secrets. Such researchers parallel. but for rather modest in-
    creases in complexity. the processing
    became sequential (see reference 2).
    lreisman describes visual displays of
    letters about which subjects were
    asked questions of the form "Does
    the display contain a T?" (See figure
    6.) Most subjects can answer this
    question in a few hundred millisec-
    onds. independent of the number of
    letters displayed (see the lowest
    dashed lines of figure 6). However. if
    we change the question to "Does the
    display contain a red T?" the time
    taken to answer becomes linearly
    dependent on the number of letters
    displayed. From this we conclude that
    the brain processes certain primitive
    features in parallel but processes con-
    junctions of these features serially.
    We still lack a detailed explanation
    for this result. but one hypothesis is
    as follows. It may be uneconomical for
    (4a) the visual system to check stored pro-
    totypes against spatial positions. A
    faster way would be for the brain to
    build an abstract representation that
    is independent of the precise point in
    space where the feature is located.
    Thus. we hypothesize that the brain
    builds a representation for a T if there
    is one or more 1S anywhere in the
    visual field. In a similar process. the
    brain builds a representation for per-
    ceived color values. such as "red."
    Thus. the brain could answer ques-
    tions concerning these features direct-
    ly. In contrast. questions about con-
    junctions of features cannot be han-
    dled by this scheme. since informa-
    (4b) (4c) tion about spatial location is not pres-
    ent in the abstract representation.
    Figure 4: (a) An outdoor scene to be analyzed by the VISIONS computer-vision One idea. termed the searchlight hypo-
    system. (b) Straight lines extracted from the data of 4a. (c) Regions extracted from the thesis (see reference 3). is that the brain
    data of 4a. (continued)

    252 B Y TE • A PRIL 198 5


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    254 8 YT E • APRIL 1985


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    - Inquiry 35
    VISION

    following manner: and () as coordinate axes (see figure searchers have made progress in im-
    7c). The brightness of each cell in plementations of the accumulating
    h(x.y) = f(x+I. y-1) - f(x-1. y-1) figure 7c is proportional to the parameter space (described above)
    + 2 xf(x+ I. y) - 2 xf(x- I. y) number of edge elements voting for using hash tables or content-address-
    +f(x+I. y+I) - f(x-1. y+I) a line at that particular value of (e.0). able memories. which use less space.
    v(x.y) = f(x- I. y+I) - f(x-1 . y-1) That is. the brighter the cell. the more Finally. the Hough transform can be
    + 2xf(x. y+l) - 2xf(x. Y· l) likely the image actually has a line implemented in massively parallel
    + /(x+I. y+I) - f(x+I. y-1) with those values of (Q.{}). computing networks in which prewir·
    The edge finder reports an edge if 1b sum up. suppose the feature ing accomplishes all the voting in one
    the magnitude of the intensity dif- detector applied to a point (x.y) of the time step.
    ferences (m=-v'(h2+ v2)) is greater than image responds with a local edge The general notion of capturing
    a given threshold value. We will give orientation () and a measure of edge functionality in terms of connection
    the orientation of the edge as 0. contrast. Then one version of the patterns is known as connectionism and
    where O=arctan(h/v). algorithm is as follows. is sparking a great deal of interest in
    Next. we accumulate the local For each point (x.y) in the image. do different disciplines. One issue raised
    edges into straight lines. This ac- the following two steps: is computational. How is the com-
    cumulation is essentially a voting pro- putation carried out in very large net-
    cess. in which each edge element I) Apply the detector to get() at (x.y) works with complex constraints?
    2) If edge contrast exceeds some Recently. progress has been made by
    "votes" for the lines that could have
    threshold: several groups headed by Kirkpatrick.
    caused it. Thus. in figure 7b. the edge
    compute e=x cos ()+y sin o· Hopfield. Hinton. Sejnowski. Geman.
    element centered at the point (xo.Yol.
    with the orientation (), votes for a line increment LineParams le.OJ and Geman (see references 7 through
    that we can describe as (Q.{}). where Several implementations of the 10 and Geoffrey E. Hinton's article
    e=x cos ()+y sin 0. Hough transform are possible (see "Learning in Parallel Networks" on
    After each edge element votes for reference 6). We have just described page 265) . The thrust of this work is
    the lines that could have caused it. the a straightforward sequential computer that constraints can be cast as local
    line with the most votes is presumed implementation that represents changes in "energy" and that the
    to be an actual line of the image. parameter space in an array. This rep- computing units can be turned on or
    rather than an artifact or noise. resentation is costly for transforms off to minimize energy.
    1b facilitate this accumulation pro- with multiple parameters. since it The neural network also shows a
    cess. place all the values of (e.0) into demands space exponential to the general way of representing informa-
    another two-dimensional array, with e number of parameters-although re- [continuedl

    /
    p /
    /
    /
    /8\

    (7a) (7b) (7c)

    Figure 7: (a) Results of applying a computer-vision edge operator to the image of a Rubik's cube. (b) The geometrical constraint that
    relates a local edge element (xo.Yo.0). shown by a circle. to a line. denoted by e and 0. For every edge element in an image. a
    unique line can be determined. (c) Each edge element "votes" for the lines that may have caused it. as shown in this plot of e and ()
    values. The brightest accumulations of values for e and () indicate the most likely lines in the actual image.

    258 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    APRIL 1985 • BYT E 259
    Inquiry 395
    VISION

    tion known as value encoding. On a se- figure 7b as discrete intervals in figure 8a we assign a distinct pro-
    quential computer. a variable can centered at (x 1• y;). with a width of cessor for all the values of (x.y) that
    have only one value at a time. A (t.x.t.y) (see figure 8a). We can also fall within the boundaries (.1.x.t.y) and
    parallel computer. however. may need represent the line parameters of a specified range of 0. In figure 8b. we
    to simultaneously access many values figure 7c as discrete intervals centered assign a distinct processor for all the
    of a variable. In value encoding. we at (Q,.0,) . with a width of (t.g.t.0) (see values of (g.0) that fall within the
    represent the different possible figure 8b). This idea was suggested by boundaries (t.g.t.0) . Each processor
    values of a variable as discrete cells Horace Barlow at Cambridge and is can either be on or off. based on a
    or "intervals:· The number of cells being pursued by D. H. Ballard and modification of the algorithm we de-
    used determines the accuracy in the Jerome Feldman at the University of scribed earlier:
    represen ta ti on. Rochester. We can then hard-wire the
    accumulation (or voting) process from For each edge unit. turn it on if its in-
    For example. we can represent the
    figure 7 directly into hardware Thus. put exceeds some threshold For each
    parameters for the edge element of
    line unit (g .0) . turn it on if its input ex-
    ceeds some threshold. That is. if
    y
    enough colinear edge units are
    "turned on" (figure 8a). the line that
    ' encompasses all of those edges will
    LOCAL EDGE ELEMENTS be turned on (see figure 8b): that is.
    (INTENSITY DIFFERENCES l
    the system will draw a line with those
    parameters.
    This realization of the Hough trans-
    formation shows how complex wiring
    carrying simple excitation can replace
    (8a) the complex information flow of
    ' voting. Nets of fairly simple comput-
    ' ing units with highly structured con-
    HARDWARE nections carrying simple excitatory
    CONNECTIONS
    FROM
    and inhibitory levels can provide a
    CDLINEAR uniform architecture for computation
    EDGE UNITS
    at many levels of abstraction. from
    early vision to symbolic and cognitive
    levels.
    We have tried to highlight some of
    the various issues that arise in these
    kinds of parallel models. However. at
    this point the reader may still be
    wondering how applicable this kind of
    computation is to a general vision sys-
    tem. The first-order answer is that
    generality is achieved through hierar-
    D ·PARAMETER INTERVAL
    chies. The line computation can serve
    as a subnetwork in a much larger net-
    work that spans the vision abstraction
    (8b) e •PROCESSOR
    hierarchy (see figure 1) . Hierarchies
    may be a ubiquitous strategy for
    organizing information in animals.
    Figure 9 shows Kiel's ontological
    ("related to or based upon being or
    Figure 8: The "voting process" of figure 7 can be directly encoded in hardware using
    existence") hierarchy of children's
    interval encodings. (a) For each of a discrete number of (x.y) values with bounds
    preferences (see reference 11). Kiel's
    (.1.x ..1!/). we assign a specific processor. (b) For each of a discrete number of (g.0)
    hierarchy is also evident in eye-move-
    values with bounds (t.g.t.0). we assign a specific processor. If enough colinear edge
    ment experiments. during which adult
    units are "turned on:· the line that encompasses all of those edges will be turned on.
    subjects showed the same kind of at-
    This strategy may be impractical for VLSI (very-large-scale integration) designs. but it is
    tentional preferences. Hierarchical
    realizable in the brain. which has approximately I 0 10 neurons and approximately I 0 4
    organization may also be traceable to
    connections per neuron.
    brain anatomy. although data is only
    260 BYTE • APRIL 1985
    VISION

    available for the visual areas (see ref-


    ALL THINGS
    erence \2). Hierarchies may be a
    global organization feature of the
    cortex. ~-----
    THINGS WITH ABSTRACT - love
    SPATIAL LOCATION OBJECTS fear

    PHYSIC~
    CONCWSION
    The most important breakthrough in ',,,'story
    computer vision in the past decade
    has been a broad understanding of o~ ""~o
    what has to be computed and how
    the computations are organized. Cur- SOLID AGGREGATES INTENTIONAL NONINTENTIONAL

    rent research is shaped by the dis- OBK ',~v:NTS ' , ' EVE~:s
    covery that vision primitives (in- I ~ ' ;J,;1 k , ',thunder storm
    termediate images) form a natural .IVI NG FUNCTIONAL .. ~hi

    hierarchy and that the amount of fH~RTIFACTS'',, waler koss sunrose

    computation required , to build this


    hierarchy is enormous. Now that we ANIMALS PLANTS 'car
    have an understanding of what to ~ '-, ', refr1gerolor
    compute, the crucial issue is that of
    computing it in real time. Throughout SENTIENT NONSENTIENT '-flower
    BEINGS BEINGS tree
    the decade. there has been a close
    relationship between "pure" vision
    ' ' ''
    research. which ignores biological
    '' '·
    ' .... pig
    .
    'man
    constraints. and that which directly at- gi r I ro bbit

    tempts to explain how the animal vi-


    sion system works. The underlying in- Figure 9: Kiel's ontological ftierarcfty establisfted via testing of cftildren.
    tent of this article has been to show
    that ideas connected with animal vi-
    sion. contrary to many earlier expec- Academic Press. 1977. works:· Artificial Intelligence 2 2. 1984. pages
    tations. are playing an increasingly Marr. D. Vision San Francisco: W.H. 235-267.
    compelling role in shaping computer- Freeman and Co.. 1982. 7. Kirkpatrick. S.. C. D. Gelatt. and M. P
    Nevatia. R. Machine Perception. New York: Vecchi. "Optimization by Simulated An-
    vision research. The current notion of
    Prentice-Hall. 1982. nealing:· Science 220. 1983. pages 671-680.
    hierarchy of representations was de- 8. Hopfield. J. I. "Neural Networks and
    veloped without direct connections to Physical Systems with Emergent Collective
    animal research. but concurrent re- REFERENCES Computational Abilities." Proceedings of the
    search shows that animal brains I. Roberts. L. G.. in J. P Tippett et al.. eds. National Academy of Sciences USA 79. 1982.
    already incorporate hierarchical rep- Optical and Electro-Optical Interaction Processing. pages 2 554-2 5 58.
    resentations as a fundamental design Cambridge. MA: MIT Press. 1965. 9. Hinton. G. E.. and T. J. Sejnowski. "Op-
    principle. Furthermore. it seems like- 2.1reisman. A. M. "The Role of Attention timal Perceptual Inference." Proceedings.
    ly that the biological system has also in Object Perception:· In 0. J. Braddick and IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
    solved the parallel-computation prob- A. C. Sleigh. Physical and Biological Processing Conference. Washington. DC. June 1983.
    of Images. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1983. pages 448-453.
    lem that is emerging as the issue for 3. Crick. F. "The Function of the Thalamic I 0. Ceman. S.. and D. Ceman. "Stochastic
    formal vision studies. Thus we can an- Reticular Complex: The Searchlight Hy- Relaxation. Gibbs Distributions. and the
    ticipate a profusion of cross-dis- pothesis:· submitted to Proceedings of the Na- Bayesian Restoration of Images." TR.
    ciplinary research efforts in the tional Academy of Sciences. 1984. Brown University. September 198 3.
    decade ahead. in the drive to realize 4. Mishkin. M. L. G. Ungerleider. and K. A. 11. Kiel. F. C. Semantic and Conceptual Develop-
    practical. real-time visual per- Macko. "Object Vision and Spatial Vision: ment: An Ontological Perspective. Cambridge.
    ception.• 'l\vo Cortical Pathways:· 1rends in Neuro- MA: Harvard University Press. 1979.
    Sciences. October 198 3. 12. Van Essen. D. C.. and J. H. R. Maunsell.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY 5. Duda. R. 0.. and PE. Hart. "The Use of "Hierarchical Organization and Functional
    Ballard. D. H .. and C. M. Brown. Computer the Hough lransform to Detect Lines and Streams in the Visual Cortex:· lrends in
    Vision. New York: Prentice-Hall. 1982. Curves in Pictures." Communications of the NeuroSciences. September 1983.
    Barrow. H. G.. and J. M. 1enenbaum. Pro- ACM #15. vol. I. January 1972. pages
    ceedings. IEEE 69. 1981. pages 572-595 . 11-15. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    Brady. M. Computing Surveys 14. 1982. pages 6. Ballard. D. H. "Parameter Networks: Preparation of this paper was supported
    3-72. lbwards a Theory of l.Dw-Level Vision:· Pro- by the Defense Advanced Research Proj-
    Hanson .. A. R.. and E. M. Riseman. eds. ceedings. 7th I/CAI. Vancouver. B.C.. August ects Agency under Grant NOOOl 4-82-K-
    Computer Vision Systems. New York: 1981: also appeared as "Parameter Net- 0193 and NSF Grant MCS-8203028.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 261


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    262 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    26 4 B YTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 322


    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    LEARNING
    IN PARALLEL
    NETWORKS
    BY GEOFFREY E. HINTON

    Simulating learning in a probabilistic system


    THE BRAIN is an incredibly powerful a great deal of progress in reducing neurons and their patterns of connec-
    computer. The cortex alone contains our ignorance in these areas. tivity have revealed many interesting
    over I 0 10 neurons. each connected to Another possible explanation is that facts. but the underlying computa-
    thousands of others. All of your brains and computers work different- tional principles are still unclear. We
    knowledge is probably stored in the ly. Perhaps brains have evolved to be don't know. for example. how the
    strengths of these connections. which very good at a particular style of com- brain represents complex ideas. how
    somehow give you the effortless abil- putation that is necessary in everyday it searches for good matches between
    ity to understand English. to make life but hard to program on a conven- stored models of objects and the in-
    sensible plans. to recall relevant facts tional computer. Perhaps the fact that coming sensory data. or how it learns.
    from fragmentary cues. and to inter- brains store knowledge as connection In this issue. Jerome A. Feldman de-
    pret the patterns of light and dark on strengths makes them particularly scribes some current ideas about how
    the back of your eyeballs as real adept at weighing many conflicting parallel networks could recognize ob-
    three-dimensional scenes. By com- and cooperating considerations very jects (see "Connections" on page
    parison. modern computers do these rapidly to arrive at a common-sense 2 77). I will describe one old and one
    things very slowly. if at all. They ap- judgment or interpretation. Of course. new theory of how learning could oc-
    pear very smart when multiplying any style of computation whatsoever cur in these brain-like networks.
    long numbers or storing millions of ar- can be simulated by a digital computer. Please remember that these theories
    bitrary facts. but they are remarkably but when one kind of machine simu- are extreme idealizations: the real
    bad at doing what any five-year-old lates a very different kind it can be brain is much more complicated.
    can. very slow. To simulate all the neurons
    One possible explanation is that we in a human brain in real time would ASSOCIATING INPUTS
    don't program computers suitably. We take thousands of large computers. To WITH OUTPUTS
    are just so ignorant about what it simulate all the arithmetic operations Imagine a black box that has a set of
    takes to understand English or inter- occurring in a Cray would take billions input terminals and a set of output
    pret visual images that we don't know of people. (continued)
    the appropriate data structures and It is easy to speculate that the brain Geoffrey E. Hinton is an assistant professor
    procedures to put into the machine. uses quite different computational of computer science at Carnegie-Mellon
    This is what most people who study principles. but it is hard to discover University. He can be reached at the Com-
    artificial intelligence (Al) believe. and what those principles are. Empirical puter Science Department. Carnegie-Mellon
    over the last 20 years they have made studies of the behavior of single University. Pittsburgh. PA 15213.
    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 265
    RUN JC:
    The C Interpreter
    PARALLEL NETWORKS

    Available NOW for


    ldeall y, the black box
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    Clanguage. With RUN/C: The C Interpreter clamped into either of two states. ac-
    you can create and run C language programs in an tive or inactive (I or 0). We can show
    environment as easy to use as BASIC. the black box what we would like it
    RUN /C is C for the rest of us. It is a robust to do by repeatedly clamping a com-
    implementation of standard K&R. bination of Is and Os on the input ter-
    RUN/C is for both the beginner and professional. minals and another combination of Is
    FOR BEGINNERS . . . and Os on the output terminals (each
    RUN /C provides a BASIC-like user interface for C, making RUN /C combination is called a vector). When
    the easiest bridge to proficiency in this state-of-the-art language. This is we have done this for many 1/0 (input/
    an opportunity to learn a professional language using the immediate, output) pairs. we would like the black
    interactive programming environment that has made BASIC the world's box to automatically set its output ter-
    most widely used computer language. minals into the correct state when we
    FOR PROFESSIONALS - - - clamp a vector on the input terminals.
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    for writing and testing programs of real complexity and sophistication. to output vectors. we would like the
    black box to "capture" this regularity
    RUN /C includes full floating point. 8087 support. structures, unions.
    initializers. casts and more than 100 built-in C functions.
    in its internal connection strengths in
    order to give the "correct" output vec-
    With RUN /C you get all this with a command structure modeled after
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    BASIC's using familiar terms such as EDIT. RUN, LIST, LDAD. SAVE, TRON,
    SYSTEM. etc. before. This kind of black box would
    be a very useful module to have with-
    Since RUN /C is a true interpreter it means that C programs can be
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    connections from input terminals to
    Here's more good news ...
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    page. easy-to-read manual filled return to RUN /C with your simple learning procedure that ad-
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    • Array-index and pointer bounds • System Requirements: tions until every input vector causes
    IBM® PC or compatible with the appropriate output vector. The
    checking
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    • Variable-trace and dump learning procedure has two phases
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    • Nearly 100 sample C prog.rams that keep alternating. In phase 1. we
    program profiler on disk clamp an input vector on the input
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    produce. using the rule that an out-
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    weights on its connections from active
    input terminals is positive. We then

    266 B YT E • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 428


    PARALLEL NETWORKS
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    A PRIL 198 5 • B Y TE 267


    PARALLEL NETWORKS

    put bits is useless. The task can be what circumstances each of the inter- from later layers to earlier ones. It is
    done only if you consider combina- mediate units should be active. This generally very hard to analyze the
    tions of bits in one vector with bits in amounts to creating intermediate rep- behavior of such networks. but John
    the other. which requires intermediate resentations. Several more recent Hopfield at Cal Tech (reference I) has
    units that extract informative com- learning procedures can do this. I shown that there is an interesting
    binations. Figures I a and I b show a shall describe one that Terry special case that behaves in a very
    collection of useful intermediate fea- Sejnowski and I discovered. It is only useful way. In a Hopfield net. the units
    ture detectors that work well together guaranteed to work in networks of a make their decisions asynchronously.
    for performing this task rather special kind. which I will now the communication between units is
    When we try to extend the simple describe. instantaneous. and all the connections
    learning procedure to networks con- are symmetrical: the effect of unit ion
    taining intermediate units. more com- NETWORKS THAT MINIMIZE unit j is the same as the effect of unit
    plications arise because we do not THEIR ENERGY j on unit i. Given these restrictions. the
    know in advance how we want the in- The kind of network we have been various possible states of the whole
    termediate units to behave. So instead considering so far consists of layers network form a space like a bumpy
    of just fixing some weights that will of units in which units in one layer are surface and the current state of the
    make the output terminals behave in connected to units only in contiguous network behaves like a ball bearing
    the way that we specify, the learning layers. More complex networks have placed on this surface-it moves
    algorithm must also decide under cross-talk within a layer and feedback downhill into the nearest local minimum.
    Each point in the surface corresponds
    to a pattern of active and inactive
    units in the network. and the height
    of the surface at that point represents
    the "energy" of that pattern of activi-
    ty. where the energy of a pattern is
    defined as minus the sum of all the
    weights on connections between pairs
    of active units. Therefore. if two units
    have a big positive weight between
    them. patterns in which they are both
    active will have low energy: it is pat-
    terns like this into which the network
    will settle. Conversely. a negative
    weight between two units will make a
    big positive contribution to the
    energy when they are both on. so the
    network will tend to avoid such states.
    Figure 2 shows a small network
    whose lowest energy state is -8. Can
    you figure out which units are on and
    which are off in this state? You will
    always end up at an energy minimum
    if you start with a random state and
    then apply the following rule to each
    unit in turn (in any order): If the sum
    of the weights on the connections to
    other currently active units is positive.
    turn it on: otherwise. turn it off. If you
    Figure I a: A network with 16 input terminals. 12 intermediate units. and 2 output
    apply this procedure a few times. you
    terminals. The boldface units show which bits are on in a typical pair of input and
    will discover that there is another
    output vectors. The 8-bit vector at the bottom has been shifted one place to the left
    minimum with an energy of -3 and
    (with wraparound) to produce the 8-bit vector immediately above it. With these two
    vectors as the input. the correct output vector (shown at the top of the figure) has the that once the network has settled into
    this state it will just stay there.
    left unit active to represent a left shift. Each of the 12 intermediate units is connected
    Networks of this type can be used
    to all the input and output units. but only one set of connections is shown. The
    to associate input vectors with output
    intermediate units also have a fixed threshold, which is subtracted from their net input
    before the decision is made to turn them on or off. vectors. To provide the input. we
    clamp a subset of the units into their

    268 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    PARALLEL NETWORKS

    on or off states, and, once the rest of


    the network has settled into an energy ~ ~
    minimum with this input vector

    •• • =- **• • ••
    clamped we treat the states of an- •
    other subset of the units as the out-
    put. In figure 2. for example. we could
    clamp the three bottom units into the
    = IM I ::::m:::::

    ~
    ==-=-=
    ~
    - ::
    ::=IC

    active state to represent the input vec-


    tor (I. I. I); we would get the output
    • =-=
    ==-= •
    -.......- • • = • •
    :: :::::::c:
    •
    vector (I, 0) by letting the network set-
    tle and then reading the states of the
    top two units.
    = - - • =
    ~
    I :::a=-=

    :a:: =
    ==--
    To teach the network a particular set :a:: =
    of I/O pairs. we would need to create
    an appropriate energy landscape-we
    would need to choose weights so that
    for each clamped input vector the sys-
    tem had an energy minimum that
    ll:t:l·l·I· 1111·1·~-
    • I M = I M - :::c=..:=
    ::::ic::::a:= • • • ::::a:

    yielded the correct output vector.

    ••••
    Choosing such weights is not an easy
    task. and to make matters worse. we
    = I • •

    • • I I
    .-=-=
    . . . . . . . ------ ==-= :=
    ::::c:: •
    might end up with an energy land-
    scape in which there were many dif- Figure Ib: Tfie weigfits tfiat are learned b!J tfie 12 intermediate units. Tfie black and
    ferent local minima for each clamped wfiite rectangles in tfie bottom two rows of a unit represent tfie weigfits on its
    input; each input vector might give connections to tfie input terminals. Tfie sizes of tfie rectangles indicate tfie magnitudes of
    many different outputs depending on tfie weigfits. Black indicates a negative weigfit. Tfie two weigfits at tfie top of eacfi unit
    the energy minimum into which the sfiow fiow it affects tfie two output terminals. Tfie weigfits all start at 0 and cfiange b!J
    system happened to settle. In figure ver!J small steps. Notice tfiat all 12 units detect different combinations of active input
    2. for example, the input vector (0, 0. terminals and tfiat tfiese combinations are generall!J sensible predictors of tfie global sfiift
    0) can generate two different output for wfiicfi tfie unit "votes'.'
    vectors depending on the initial states
    of the middle units and the order in
    which decisions get made.
    -3
    A PROBABILISTIC NETWORK
    If the same input is going to produce
    different outpu ts on different occa-
    sions. we would at least like to have
    some control over the probabilities. - 1
    It would be nice. for example, if we
    could guarantee that deeper minima
    would be found more often than shal-
    lower ones. It would be even better - 3
    if we could guarantee that the relative
    probability of ending up in two dif-
    ferent minima depended onl!J on their -] -2
    relative depths. We could then control
    the probabilities of getting particular
    outputs by manipulating the energy
    landscape (i.e.. by changing the
    weights)
    Once again. a physical analogy is
    helpful: If we have a ball bearing on
    a bumpy surface and we shake the
    Figure 2: A simple network witfi tfiree input units at tfie bottom. two intermediate
    whole system up and down. the ball
    units in tfie middle. and two output units at tfie top. All tfie connections are
    bearing will be able to jump over the
    [continued)
    S!Jmmetrical.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 269


    PARALLEL NETWORKS

    barriers that separate shallow minima noise and gradually reduce it-a pro- Smolensky). and artificial intelligence
    from deep ones; the ball bearing will cess that he calls "simulated are now investigating networks of this
    spend most of its time in the deeper annealing" kind. Statisticians call them Markov
    minima. even though it will occasion- In our parallel networks it is easy to Random Fields. At Carnegie-Mellon
    ally sample higher energy states. If we introduce the analog of thermai noise. University we call our particular
    shake for a while in just the right way. We just modify the decision rule that version the Boltzmann Machine. in
    a useful simplification occurs: We ap- is used by the individual units. They honor of Ludwig Boltzmann. one
    proach a condition called "thermal still compute the sum of the weights of the founders of statistical
    equilibrium" in which the ball bearing on the connections coming from mechanics.
    is still moving from place to place. but other active units. but instead of
    the probabilit1,1 of finding it at any one always turning on when this sum is LEARNING AGAIN
    place on the surface is stable and positive and off when it is negative We can now return to the issue of
    depends only on the height of the sur- (which always reduces the energy of learning. First. we redefine the learn-
    f ace at that point-it doesn't depend the network). they behave prob- ing task in probabilistic terms. For
    on where the ball bearing started or abilistically. as shown in figure 3. each possible input vector. we want
    on the shape of the energy landscape. Using this probabilistic decision to produce each possible output vec-
    More precisely. the log of the prob- rule . we can run networks in the tor with a certain probability. (Gen-
    ability ratio of finding the ball bear- following way: Clamp an input vector. erally. most of these probabilities will
    ing in two different states is propor- let the remaining units turn on and off be close to 0 and a few will be close
    tional to the energy difference of probabilistically until the network has to I.) We can then train the network
    those two states. Scott Kirkpatrick at reached thermal equilibrium. and to behave in this way by alternating
    IBM introduced the idea of using then read the output vector. At between two phases that are very
    "thermal noise" to escape from local equilibrium the output units will con- similar to those used in the earlier
    minima and to increase the chances tinue to change states. but each out- learning rule.
    of finding the deeper minima (see ref- put vector will have a fixed probability In phase I we tell the network about
    erence 2). He has shown that for large that does not vary with time. the desired probabilities by clamping
    problems in which the cost of a solu- Research teams in fields as diverse pairs of input vectors and output vec-
    tion is the analog of energy. an effec- as statistics (Stuart and Donald tors with the corresponding frequen-
    tive method for finding low-cost solu- Geman). neuroscience (Terry cies. Each time a pair of input and
    tions is to start with a lot of thermal Sejnowski). psycholog y (Paul output vectors is clamped. we run the
    network until it is close to thermal
    equilibrium ; we then run then etwork
    1.0 /-------~-
    --=-~~~ for a little extra time. modifying the
    I
    I weights in the following way: For each
    I
    I unit of time during which two units are
    I
    both active. we increment the weight
    pk I
    I between them by o.
    .5 I In phase 2 we clamp input vectors
    and let the network decide for itself
    what output vector to give. Once it
    has approached equilibrium. we run
    a little longer. as before. and now decre-
    -b -4 -2 0
    o
    ment by the weights between pairs
    6 of active units. If we keep alternating
    between phase I and phase 2. show-
    ing the network all the various pairs
    of input and output vectors. the net
    Figure 3: Tl1is sFiows tFie probabilit1,1 pk witFi wFiicFi tFie ktFi unit is active. TFie
    change in the weight between any two
    quantit1,1 t:..Ek is tFie sum of tFie weigFits on connections between tFie ktFi unit and otFier units will be proportional to the dif-
    currentl1,1 active units. TFie equation is ference between the probability that
    the two units are both active in phase
    I and the probability that they are
    both active in phase 2 (averaged over
    T is tFie level of thermal noise in tFie network. TFie solid curve is for T = I and tFie all 1/0 pairs). It is remarkable that
    dotted curve is for T = 0.2 5. If tFie value of Tis decreased. tFie unit becomes less when these probabilities are mea-
    probabilistic. WFien T = 0. tFie curve becomes a deterministic step function sured at thermal equilibrium. their dif-
    (continuedJ

    270 BYTE • A PRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 159
    Authorized PARALLEL NETWORKS
    Fujitsu
    Distributors
    Algoram Computer Products (415) 969- ference is exactly the right quantity to of which has a copy of the entire net-
    4533, (714) 535-3630, (206) 453-1136, (916) use for changing the weights to make work. Each board runs with a different
    481-3466; Allen Edwards Associates the behavior of the network in phase input vector. and then all the boards
    Inc. (213) 328-9770; Four Comers Tech- 2 (when it is deciding for itself) mimic agree on how to change the weights.
    nology (602) 998-4440, (505) 345-5651; the behavior in phase I (when it is be- This helps. but ultimately we would
    Gentry Associates Inc. (305) 859-7450, ing forced to behave in the desired like to implement networks of these
    (305) 791-8405, (813) 886-0720, (404) 998- way) . Tu prove this it is necessary to probabilistic units directly in silicon.
    2828, (504) 367-3975, (205) 534-9771, define a measure of the difference Unlike current computers. these net-
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    8072, (615) 584-0281; Inland Associates,
    that is forced on the network in phase hardware failures or fabrication
    Inc. (913) 764-7977, (612) 343-3123, (314)
    391-6901; Logon Inc. (201) 646-9222, I and the probability distribution that errors: Carver Mead has pointed out
    (212) 594-8202, (516) 487-4949; Lowry it exhibits in phase 2. Once the cor- that an analog implementation of the
    Computer Products, Inc. (313) 229-7200, rect measure has been defined. it can processing elements would positive-
    (216) 398-9200, (614) 451-7494, (513) 435- be shown that the measure is de- ly thrive on the kind of thermal noise
    7684, (616) 363-9839, (412) 922-5110, creased by changing each weight ac- that comes from running transistors
    (502) 561-5629; MESA Technology Corp. cording to the above procedure. The at very low power. This might make
    (215) 644-3100, (301) 948-4350, (804) 872- proof can be found in reference 3. it possible to build much larger chips
    0974; NACO Electronics Corp. (315) Figure I shows what the learning than is currently feasible. However.
    699-2651, (518) 899-6246, (715) 223-4490; procedure can do when the task is to developments like this are still a long
    Peak Distributors, Inc. (An affiliate
    "recognize" the shift that was applied way off. and they do not remove the
    ofDytec/Central) (312) 394-3380, (414)
    to one 8-bit vector to produce a sec- need for more theoretical progress.
    784-9686, (317) 247-1316, (319) 363-9377;
    R2 Distributing, Inc. (801) 595-0631; ond 8-bit vector. If you think this is an Our current simulations are slow for
    R2 Distributing of Colorado, Inc. (303) easy problem. remember that the net- three reasons: It is inefficient to
    . 455-5360; Robec Distributors (215) 368- work starts off with no preconcep- simulate parallel networks with serial
    9300, (216) 757-0727, (703) 471-0995; tions. It has no idea that neighboring machines. it takes many decisions by
    S&S Electronics (617) 458-4100, (802) input bits will have anything to do each unit before a big network ap-
    658-0000, (203) 878-6800, (800) 243-2776; with each other. and it is not expect- proaches equilibrium. and it takes an
    The Computer Center (907) 456-2281, ing this task any more than it is ex- inordinate number of examples of I/O
    (907) 561-2134, (907) 789-5411; USDATA pecting any other. If the very same pairs before a network can figure out
    (214) 680-9700, (512) 454-3579, (713) 681-
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    0200, (918) 622-87 40. In Canada, Micos
    Computer Systems, Inc. (416) 624-0320,
    ly different combination of input and units. Better hardware might solve the
    (613) 230-4290, (514) 332-1930, (204) 943- output vectors. it will create a different first problem. but more theoretical
    3813; SGV Marketing, Inc. (416) 673- set of feature detectors that are ap- progress is needed on the other two.
    2323, (1-800) 387-3860 (outside Ontario); propriate for the different task. Only then will we be able to apply this
    Systerm Inc. (514) 332-5581. kind of learning network to more
    MAKING IT f ASTER realistic problems. •
    Additional Ribbon Distributors The first learning algorithm I de-
    scribed just changes weights to make REFERENCES
    Altel Data (403) 259-7814; EKM Associ- units behave in prespecified ways. It 1. Hopfield. John J. "Neural Networks and
    ates, Inc. (416) 497-0605; Metropolitan Physical Systems with Emergent Collection
    cannot figure out what to do with in-
    Ribbon & Carbon (703) 451-9072, (800) Computational Abilities:· Proceedings of the
    368-4041; The Very Last Word (415) 552- ternal units whose required behavior
    is not specified from outside. The sec- National Academ!} of Sciences. 1982. vol. 79.
    0900, (800) 652-1532 CA, (800) 227-3993 pages 2 5 54-2 5 58.
    USA. In Canada, Tri-Media, Inc. (514) ond learning algorithm is potentially
    2. Kirkpatrick. S.. C. D. Gellatt. and M. D.
    731-6815. much more powerful because it is Vecchi. "Optimization by Simulated An-
    able to decide how to use the inter- nealing;· Science. 1983. vol. 220. pages
    nal units to help achieve the required 671-680.
    1/0 mapping. It actually constructs 3. Ackley. D. H. G. E. Hinton. and T J.
    simple internal representations. Un- Sejnowski. "A Learning Algorithm for
    fortunately. there is a heavy price to Boltzmann Machines." Cognitive Science.
    pay for this added power. The algo- 1985 . vol. 9. pages 147-169.
    rithm is currently extremely slow; the
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    example in figure I requires hours of
    Fujitsu Printers
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    1erry Sejnowski and 1 performed the
    research described here while we were
    supported by grants from the System
    graduate student at Carnegie-Mellon. Development Foundation. 1 thank the
    has built a parallel machine contain- members of the Boltzmann Group at
    FUJITSU ing six Omnibyte 68000 boards. each Carnegie-Mellon for helpful comments.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 273


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    Inquiry 388 APR IL 1985 • BYTE 275


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    276 BY TE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 269


    i\..·~·T·I·~·I·C::·I·i\..·L I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C::·E

    CONNECTIONS
    BY JEROME A. FELDMAN

    Massive parallelism
    in natural and artificial intelligence
    A FUNDAMENTAL PREMISE of arti- onds). or about I 00 steps. The best struction of parallel algorithms for
    ficial intelligence (Al) is that intelligent Al programs for these tasks are not various problems.
    behavior can be simulated on digital nearly as general and require millions In addition to the I 00-step restric-
    computers. Great progress has been of computational time steps. Of tion. using the brain as a model has
    made in AI. with far-reaching practical course. the brain is a parallel device. other computational consequences.
    and scientific consequences. Despite while essentially all of our existing For one thing. the timing constraints
    successes with quite specific prob- machines are sequential. executing limit to a few bits the information that
    lems. however. many researchers feel one instruction at a time. But what are can be sent from one neuron to an-
    that the general questions of intelli- the algorithms used in this massively other. This means that units cannot
    gence have barely been touched. The parallel natural computer? pass the large symbolic structures
    field of Al is nowhere near possess- The exploration of possible algo- common in AI and that the computa-
    ing the ability to simulate the natural rithms for this radically different ar- tional richness must lie in the connec-
    intelligence of a small child or even chitecture forms the cornerstone of a tions among units; this has led to the
    a simple animal. Yet the basic com- promising new branch of artificial in- use of the term "connectionist"" to
    puting speed of modern computers is telligence. Workers in the field use an characterize these models.
    about a million times faster than the abstract computer that is as similar as Using the brain as a model does
    firing rate of a neuron. which is in the possible to the brain in structure and allow for quite a lot of connections.
    millisecond range. performance. This approach permits up to about 10.000 per unit. The total
    The situation becomes even more AI researchers to collaborate closely number of neurons (about 100 billion)
    striking when we consider the speed with colleagues in the brain and seems large but is actually a major
    of human responses on simple tasks. behavioral sciences; a good algorithm limitation. Since vision has a million
    When asked to carry out a wide range for some task on a computational parallel inputs. any algorithm requir-
    of tasks. such as naming a picture or model can also serve as a prototype ing n2 units would not fit. Also. the
    deciding if some sound is an English theory for the mechanisms the brain brain grows no new units and essen-
    noun. people can respond correctly uses on the same problem. Some psy- (continued)
    in about half a second. This means chologists have found that construct- Jerome A Feldman (University of Rochester.
    that the brain. a device composed of ing massively parallel computational Rochester. NY 1462 7) is a professor of com-
    neural elements with a basic com- models to fit their data is far easier puter science and holds a doctorate from
    puting speed of a few milliseconds. than constructing models based on Carnegie-Mellon University. His research in-
    can solve difficult problems of vision sequential machines. The cycle is terests include programming languages and
    and language in a few hundred milli- complete when AI researchers use ex- systems. AI. and the problems of parallel
    seconds (0 5 second = 500 millisec- perimental results to guide the con- algorithms and biological computation.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 277


    · CONNECTIONS

    tially no new connections. placing object descriptions. The edges and very sensitive to the exact choice of
    severe constraints on models of learn- lines are the same for both the A- unit computation rules: this is one of
    ing. Even with all these constraints. closer and G-closer cubes. but many the reasons for their attractiveness.
    connectionist models are increasing- other visual features are seen dif- Units that are all mutually connected
    ly popular in Al research. ferently in the two views. A few of by negative links are said to comprise
    these are given in figure 2. Remark- a "winner-take-all" network. Such net-
    A VISUAL MODEL ably. our visual system simultaneously works are one of the main decision
    A simple example can capture some flips all these perceptual decisions mechanisms in connectionist models
    of the flavor of connectionist com- from one mutually consistent reading and have known neurophysiological
    putation. The cube shown in figure I of the cube to the other. This il- analogs.
    is a famous optical illusion attributed lustrates the key cooperative property Much of the effort in massively
    to the Swiss naturalist L. A Necker of massively parallel computation and parallel Al is dedicated to using com-
    (1832). Most people initially see the why it is conceptually different from putational frameworks like that in
    cube with the corner G closer to von Neumann computation on stan- figure 2 to build models of intelligent
    them. but you can also see it as a dard machines. activity. Advantages of this approach
    cube with vertex A closest to you. If The Necker cube also illustrates include its link to natural intelligence.
    you focus on vertex A and imagine it some of the details of the connec- increased noise resistance. and ease
    coming out of the paper toward you. tionist paradigm. as shown in figure of implementation on parallel hard-
    the picture will flip to the A-closer 2. In our models each item of interest ware. But the main advantage of the
    cube. Notice that the flip takes Jess is represented as a computational connectionist approach is that it pro-
    than a second. The Necker cube is in- unit. with connections to many other vides a much better way of specify-
    teresting to psychologists because it units. Each unit has a level of activity ing some computations. I know of no
    will flip spontaneously between the (say between - I 0 and +I 0) and other way to describe the Necker-
    two views if you keep looking at it. It automatically sends the value of this cube phenomenon that is as clear and
    is interesting to artificial-intelligence activity along all its outgoing connec- concise as the model in figure 2.
    researchers because of what it tells us tions. In the network of figure 2. units
    about parallel computation. that are mutually consistent (for ex- A NATURAL~LANGUAGE
    You have observed how quickly the ample. "H closer than G" and "G hid- APPLICATION
    Necker cube flips. and you know how den") have connections to each other. Researchers in Al and related areas
    slow the underlying human com- Units that are mutually exclusive. such of cognitive science are using connec-
    puting elements are. A sequential pro- as "G hidden" and "G showing" are tionist models to study a variety of
    gram running on such a slow device connected with circle-tipped links tasks. Vision is an area where massive
    could probably not perform this task. denoting negative connections. The parallelism fits naturally. Ballard and
    But the situation is much more com- only other information needed for a Brown's article describes some of the
    plex. Both human and computer vi- complete model is the rule by which success in that area. The methodolo-
    sion require several levels of process- a unit computes its new activity from gy is also effective in natural-language
    ing (see "Vision" by Dana H. Ballard its inputs and its old activity. We can research. Although it is a Jess obvious
    and Christopher M. Brown on page assume that the units compute the application. researchers have had
    24 5). 'fypical levels include edge average of their positive and negative some very nice results in that domain.
    segments. lines. vertices. faces. and inputs. Networks like figure 2 are not (continued)

    I
    I
    I
    I
    I I
    H I
    I I
    I I
    I I
    I I
    F G
    I I
    I I
    I I
    A D I I
    I I
    I I
    B c I I
    I I I
    I I I
    I I I

    Figure I: The opticalllJ illusive Necker Figure 2: A connectionist model illustrating the process of understanding the
    cube. Is point A closer to IJOU than point cube in figure I.
    G. or vice versa?

    278 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    280 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    charity" will activate the "dance" edge representation and inference? up the routine are assumed to be ac-
    meaning of ball. This will weaken the Researchers have completed much tivated in sequence from left to right
    "sphere" meaning. which will in turn less work along these lines but have just like a standard program. The
    reduce the activity of "propel" made some promising starts. The ex- routine sends a question to the knowl-
    because the sentence no longer has ample in figure 4 should convey the edge network by activating the ap-
    a suitable object. Thus. an alternative flavor of this work. propriate units: figure 4 shows this as
    stable coalition develops and sup- The standard way to explore the links. for example. from the hexagonal
    presses the original interpretation. issue of knowledge representation node to the nodes for "has-taste" and
    The two alternative coalitions are and inference is in terms of programs "ham:· The key to the operation of
    quite similar to the two readings of that can answer questions. AI ap- this network is the operation of the
    the Necker cube. This is no accident- proaches to the development of triangular-shaped nodes. such as "bl:·
    the idea of a cooperative-competitive question-answering systems are We define such a triangular unit to
    network pervades parallel models. numerous (Roger Schank and Larry become active when two of its inputs
    Work on language problems such as Hunter present one in 'The Quest to are simultaneously active. In this case
    disambiguation is quite advanced and Understand Thinking" on page 143). "ham" and "has-taste" are both on. so
    offers simple explanations of many but the approaches all have the same "b I" becomes active and activates
    phenomena. For example. a context basic requirements: You need a way "salty:· Now the "salty" node in the
    that biased us toward the "dance" to store the knowledge. to pose ques- knowledge network spreads activa-
    sense of ball would be modeled as tions. and to compute and register the tion to the response "r-salty" back in
    providing that meaning with a head answers. In a connectionist model. all the routine and the question is
    start in its competition with "sphere." of these aspects must be expressed answered. The same network can
    Again. the massively parallel in terms of activity spreading among answer questions such as "Name a
    paradigm is the simplest way to ex- simple units like those in the previous salty meat" when activated appro-
    press this idea. examples. priately. The answers returned by such
    It is easiest to start with the record- a network will depend on context. just
    KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION ing of answers. In figure 4. the possi- as people's answers do; contextual
    The Necker-cube and disambiguation ble tastes of foods form a winner-take- bias is again modeled by activation.
    examples are both instances of what all network. where each unit inhibits The examples of cube perception.
    Al researchers call recognition prob- the others so only one answer will be word disambiguation. and question
    lems. Several other problems are like active. The answer network is as- answering are typical of the current
    this. but many are not. Can we apply sumed to be part of a routine that applications of massively parallel
    massively parallel models to other also poses the questions and acts computational models in Al. The ex-
    traditional AI issues such as know!- upon the answer. The units that make amples are condensed and they omit
    many important considerations. but
    they are representative of the current
    level of attainment. In no case are the
    connectionist programs as sophisti-
    cated as conventional AI systems for
    similar tasks. The general notion of
    massively parallel models in Al is
    quite new. and we do not yet under-
    stand where its ultimate strengths and
    weaknesses will lie. We do know that
    the development of highly parallel
    computers will have a marked effect
    on the practicality of connectionist ap-
    proaches to Al.
    Even if we had discovered parallel
    algorithms for vision and language
    tasks and could run them efficiently
    on parallel hardware. we would be
    missing a crucial element of intelli-
    gence-learning. No system that can-
    not incorporate new knowledge and
    change its behavior could be called
    Figure 4: Interaction between a knowledge network and a routine. intelligent. This is an important issue
    [continued)

    282 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    CONNECTIONS

    for all of AI but is especially critical going connections. Our hypothesis is works" (page 265). describes a related
    for connectionist models. If we model that most of these connections are but different learning scheme based
    our system as a set of rules. we'll have only potentially important and that on the assumption that concepts are
    no conceptual difficulty in adding learning involves strengthening the represented diffusely as the activity
    more rules. although the question of appropriate connections. Suppose. of many. many units. All of the con-
    which rules to add remains unsolved. for example. the network of figure 4 nectionist Al efforts badly need more
    For connectionist models. the intelli- needed to learn that spinach was a theoretical and experimental work.
    gence is in the connections-but we salty vegetable. Our model suggests which leads us to an active interest in
    know that the brain grows essentially that there are uncommitted triangular parallel computers.
    no new connections. How could such nodes that are weakly connected to
    a system. even in principle. incor- many combinations of objects. prop- PARALLEL COMPUTERS
    porate new knowledge? erties. and values. In an ideal case. Clearly. massively parallel Al models
    The neural substrate of memory one of them will be linked to have a natural fit to parallel com-
    and learning is one of the great un- "spinach." "has-taste." and "salty." puters. The speed of our current
    solved scientific questions for which among other things. This unit will simulations on sequential machines is
    we certainly have no definitive an- become highly activated by the simul- slow enough to be a major bottle-
    swers. But connectionist theories of taneous activation of three of its neck. While some kinds of programs
    learning are compatible with current neighbors and. by strengthening its are hard to transfer to parallel com-
    brain research and are computational- active connections. can become ded- puters. connectionist simulations are
    ly feasible. The key idea is that while icated to the new association. This ex- straightforward to move. If we have
    new connections are rare. weight change ample omits many important issues: I 00 processors and a network of
    in connections appears to be com- the whole learning theory is in a very 20.000 units to simulate. we just
    mon. We also know that each unit can primitive stage. Geoffrey Hinton. in assign 200 units to each processor.
    have thousands of incoming and out- the article "Learning in Parallel Net- There are technical questions about
    the best way to partition the network.
    but the basic idea is simple. It is less
    clear how to monitor and modify the
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    0 Send more information
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    I problem into 2 56 equal pieces is dif-
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    284 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 195 for Dealers. Inquiry 196 for End Users.
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    Photo I: A scanning electron micrograpn of brain cells grown in tissue culture on a Motorola 68000. Tfie center clump of balls is a
    group of somas. and tne tnin lines radiating outward from tne clump are tne neural processes.
    Tne IC traces are 2 to 5 microns across. and tne traces on tne nerve processes taper to less tnan 0. 2 micron across.

    286 BYTE • APR IL 1985 MICROGRAPH TAKEN BY JUDY TROGAD IS. FOR MORE DETA ILS SEE PAGE 299 .
    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    REVERSE
    ENGINEERING
    THE BRAIN
    BY JOHN K. STEVENS

    Chipping away at the brain


    COULD WE DEVELOP more efficient tremely impressive, it is clear that the Nerve cells come in many different
    "sixth-generation" artificial-intelli- human retina's real-time performance shapes and sizes. but they can be
    gence (Al) computers using circuitry goes unchallenged (table I). Actually, placed into two broad categories-
    copied directly from the brain, per- to simulate 10 milliseconds (ms) of the local processing "interneuron"cells
    haps using radical new architecture. complete processing of even a single and output cells. The local processing
    new hardware, and an entirely new nerve cell from the retina would re- cells have all of their inputs and out-
    logic? This question seems to have quire the solution of about 500 puts limited to a very small region
    been raised about once a year for the simultaneous nonlinear differential (usually a few hundred microns), while
    last two decades. The answer con- equations JOO times and would take the output cells communicate from
    tinues to be "Probably not right away:· at least several minutes of processing one part of the brain to another. from
    but as our understanding of principles time on a Cray supercomputer. Keep- the brain to muscle, or from sensory
    used in neural processing evolves, it ing in mind that there are I 0 million organs to the brain.
    is a possibility that must be taken or more such cells interacting with The nerve cell. or neuron. can be
    seriously. Moreover. some new digital each other in complex ways, it would thought of as a stand-alone analog-
    designs such as the Boltzmann take a minimum of JOO years of Cray logical processing unit. Each cell has
    machines (see "Learning in Parallel time to simulate what takes place in an inside and an outside separated by
    Networks" by Geoffrey E. Hinton on your eye many times every second. a plasma membrane. The inside of the
    page 265) closely parallel the overall How does this impressive piece of cell and the fluid surrounding the cell
    architecture of the brain. "bio-ware" work? have different concentrations of
    First we will review what might be (continued)
    called the device physics of the brain, A BRIEF INTRODUCTION Jolin K. Stevens. Pli.D .. is an associate pro-
    focusing on the physical and electrical TO NERVE CELLS fessor of physiology and biomedical engineer-
    principles that optical nerve cells use The retina's nerve cells function as ing at tlie Playfair Neuroscience Unit (Univer-
    to process information. Then we will complex analog processors. The con- sity of Toronto. Toronto Western Hospital. 399
    discuss how silicon-based designs nections between these cells. the Bathurst St., Toronto. Ontario MST 2S8,
    might be adapted to make use of the characteristics of their connections, Canada). He is also co founder of a company
    brain's approach and how such and the shape of the cells themselves called Telepanel, wliicli develops hardware and
    designs might be used in some high- all seem to play a major role in deter- software for tlie retail sales industry, and is
    speed processing applications. mining the basic parameters of the a member of tlie Canadian Institute of Ad-
    While today's digital hardware is ex- analog processing "program." vanced Research.
    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 287
    THE BRAIN

    charged ions. which creates a poten- cell's membrane and kidneys are
    tial difference across the membrane. analogous to a battery charger. but in-
    SYNAPTIC OUTPUT The concentration of the inside ions stead of using a 110-volt wall plug.
    is controlled by many "ion pumps" they use glucose or other nutrients as
    located in the membrane itself. The the power source.
    rDENORITE ion concentration of the fluid sur-
    rounding the cell is just filtered blood THE SOMA
    and is regulated by special ion pumps Each cell has a large round central
    SOMA l'"f found in the kidneys. These differen-
    tial ion concentrations provide the
    body called a soma (photos I and 2.
    figure I) that contains the genetic and
    SYNAPTIC INPUT--1 .I electrical energy for all nerve cells and metabolic machinery necessary to
    are exactly analogous to a battery. keep the cell alive. The soma takes the
    The full circuit requires a resistor in glucose found in the surrounding fluid
    series with the battery to represent and converts it to a more usable form
    Figure I : A summary overview of a
    the ion leakage across the plasma of energy called ATP (adenosine
    typical nerve cell. triphosphate). The ATP drives the ac-
    membrane. The active pumps in the
    tive pumps directly. The soma also
    synthesizes lipids and proteins that
    Tuble I: A comparison of specifications for a hypothetical image-processing are used to maintain the cell's mem-
    system using state-of-the-art integrated circuitry and the human retina. brane. synapses. gates. and the nerve-
    process skeleton (cytoskeleton).
    Specification Typical IC Product Retina THE PASSIVE DENDRITE
    circuit layout two-dimensional three-dimensional
    Attached to the soma are long. irreg-
    IC line width 1-3 microns 0.1-1.0 micron
    number of gates approx. 1,000,000 approx. 25,000,000,000 ularly shaped nerve processes (hair-
    resolution (pixels) 2048 x 2048 10,000 x 10,000 like projections) called dendrites. These
    PC board trace width 250 microns 0.2-3.0 microns dendrites often have diameters under
    power consumption 200-300 watts 0.001 watts I micron and extremely complex
    system volume approx. 10,000 cu.in. approx ..0003 cu.in. branching shapes. Dendrites are elec-
    total weight 20,000-50,000 g <1 g,
    trically passive and can be repre-
    sented as a series of capacitors and
    resistors. Their primary function is to
    receive inputs from other cells via
    specialized contacts called synapses or
    to connect other dendrites to synap-
    tic outputs. One very important point
    that we will discuss in some detail is
    that the shape of a dendrite can have
    a dramatic effect upon the time
    course and final potential of any
    synaptic input. Thus. the same synap-
    tic input on two differently shaped
    dendrites can have dramatically dif-
    ferent effects. Synaptic inputs on a
    dendrite can either be summed and
    passively conducted to local synaptic
    outputs located on the same dendrite
    (in interneurons) or passively con-
    ducted back to the soma. where an
    l-'noto L: An electron micrograph of a cross-section of retina about O. I micron thick action potential may be initiated in
    and about 200 microns by 500 microns across. The light would activate the receptors output cells.
    (located at the bottom of the picture), and the final output would come from the top at
    the ganglion cells. The large round objects are somas. or cell bodies. and the very small THE ACTIVE AXON
    profiles layered between the cells are nerve processes that make synaptic contacts with A second type of nerve process also
    each other. Sequential series of the micrographs are used to reconstruct cells similar to attached to the soma is called an axon.
    those seen in figure 7. The axon differs from the dendrite in
    that it is electrically active and can

    288 B ·Y T E • APRIL 1985


    THE BRAIN

    serve as the final output channel of gates raise the axonal potential again an axon . However. the output
    the cell. Axons are always found on and activate even more distant gates. synapses from in terneurons are
    the output cells but often do not ap- and so on. for the entire length of the located on the passive dendrites near
    pear on interneurons. particularly on axon. up to many feet in total length. the input synapses. Since the action
    interneurons that have both inputs potential has a fixed waveform. the
    and outputs on dendrites. The axon SYNAPTIC INPUTS synaptic outputs from the axon of an
    is a nonlinear threshold device that AND OUTPUTS output cell will also have a fixed
    produces a rapid. all-or-none voltage Axons terminate in specialized con- waveform. In contrast. since the
    increase and decrease of about I-ms tacts. called synapses. on other nerve potentials inside a dendrite are
    duration. This voltage pulse. which is cells. Synapses make contact with the graded analog signals (due to analog
    called an action potential. has a fixed dendrites of other cells and are summation of many different synap-
    amplitude and occurs when the capable of changing a dendrite's local tic inputs). the interneuron synaptic
    resting potential within the soma rises potential in a positive or negative outputs may also be graded. Thus.
    above a critical threshold. The rapid direction. When the potential on the output cells have graded analog in-
    changes in potential associated with axonal side (the presynaptic side) is puts with digital. all-or-none final out-
    the action potential are due to raised. special compounds called puts: interneurons have graded
    specialized proteins contained in the neurotransmitters are released. Their analog inputs but also have graded
    axon's membrane that selectively release seems to be graded as a func- analog outputs.
    allow sodium and potassium ions to tion of the presynaptic voltage wave-
    flow across the membrane. down their form. Neurotransmitters are capable THE METHODS
    concentration gradients. You might of opening gates similar to those Advanced recording methods that de-
    think of these action potential gates described above for the action poten- pend upon submicron electrodes
    as simply a series of interconnected tial. except that these gates are placed near individual cells in living
    one-shots. located on the dendritic membrane brains and in tissue culture have
    Anatomically. the gates begin on and are activated chemically. When a taught us a great deal about the func-
    the soma just before the actual axon synaptic gate is open. it selectively tion or what could be called the soft-
    leaves the cell. When the synaptic in- allows charged ions to flow across the ware and hardware of brain cells
    puts located on the dendrite of a cell membrane. either into or out of the These electrodes make it possible to
    are activated. the potential may be cell. This in turn changes the internal record action potentials and in many
    passively conducted to the soma near dendritic potential. The total number cases penetrate the soma and record
    the axon. If the sum total of all of of gates opened depends upon the intracellular potentials from synapses
    these inputs as seen by the soma or total number of transmitter molecules that have been activated on a
    axon is above the threshold of these released. A given synapse may excite peripheral dendrite. It has also been
    gates. they will be activated and pro- or inhibit a cell. A single cell will possible through other methods to
    duce an action potential. Once this always have many synaptic inputs on measure the physical characteristics
    first group of gates has been ac- its dendrites and may have many and properties of nerve cells. in-
    tivated. they change the internal ax- synaptic outputs on its axons or den- dividual portions of cells. and even
    onal potential even more and activate drites to many different cells. the properties of membranes and
    the next set of gates located farther The output synapses from output proteins embedded in the mem-
    down the axon. These more distant cells are always located on the end of (continued)

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    A PRIL 1985 • BYTE 289
    Inquiry 245

    magnum THE BRAIN


    p.c.
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    branes. Until recently. it has been dif-


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    be removed from their circuit in the
    brain and placed on a special flat
    5965 PEACHTREE CORNERS E, 8·2,NORCROSS, GA 30071
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    model of submicron device physics. directly on the substrate.
    or what we call the design rules of the Thus. scanning microscopes cannot
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    AST SIX PAC PLUS (64K) I MP MINI. ... 259/NEW As I mentioned. the shape of nerve- dimensional circuits of the brain. The
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    Figure 2: Electron microscopic reconstruction of an axon. Tfie internal structure of a


    dendrite would be similar. Tfie long tubes (microtubules) and round green objects
    (organelles) play a role in controlling tfie local geometry of tfie nerve process. Tfiis
    process. reconstructed by M. Greenberg (Playfair). fias a diameter of about I micron
    Reprinted by permission of Academic Press from Advances in Cellular Neuro-
    biology (see Bibliograpny). ·

    290 BY TE • A PRIL 1985


    THE BRAIN

    is now possible to study the structures to represent leakage out of the mem-
    inside the cells that control shape and 1• •1• .10 MICRON brane. while the resistor labeled R1 is
    thus control the device physics of the the resistance offered by the internal

    (])lM"'°NS
    cells. gel or cytoplasm. Finally. Cm is the
    capacitive component of the mem-
    CREATING EQUIVALENT brane. These values are calculated
    CIRCUITS from specific resistivities that have
    SECTION FROM DENDRITIC PROCESS
    Each of the various nerve-cell com- been experimentally measured for
    ponents described above has an elec- different cell types and by measuring
    trical circuit equivalent. If you com- the detailed geometry of the cell
    bine this electrical equivalent with the itself. The computation is virtually
    submicron three-dimensional geom- identical to that now used by IC (inte-
    etry of the cell. it is possible to create grated-circuit) designers in calculating
    reasonably accurate models of nerve- ELECTRICAL EQUIVALENT resistances and capacitances on a
    cell processing. In what follows I will chip. IC designers know the specific
    illustrate the principles used by nerve r; =LENGTH* ( R; /AREA) resistivity of polysilicon. silicon. and
    rm= Rm/S. AREA
    cells for processing signals by describ- cm=Cm* S. AREA
    metal layers. When given the geo-
    ing the electrical equivalents for a R; =75Si-cm metry of a pad they can compute its
    Rm= 2.000!i-cm2
    dendrite. the power supply. and the Cm= l p.F/cmZ
    total resistance and capacitance.
    synaptic contact. I will also show how The specific capacitance of the
    the shape of a cell's processes can Figure 3: Electrical equivalent of a phospholipids that make up the den-
    alter inputs and outputs and how the dendritic circuit. The dendrite segment is drite's membrane is about I micro-
    cell's internal skeleton can alter pro- about 0.1 micron in diameter. S.area= farad per square centimeter. Thus. we
    cess shape. It is also possible to surface area of the cylinder and area= measure the surface area of one small
    create an equivalent circuit for the ax- cross-sectional area. region of the process and multiply it
    on. but for the sake of simplicity I will by the specific membrane capacity
    limit myself to the passive portions of
    the nerve cell and will not discuss the
    ':.- - The dendritic portion in figure 3
    would have a total capacitance of I. 57

    O)
    electrical properties of the axon. - 87 mV x 10- 9 microfarad. a membrane
    ¥11 RESTING
    POTENTIAL resistance of 1.2 7 x I 0 12 ohms. and
    THE FORM AND ELECTRICAL an axial resistance of 9. 5 5 x 10 4
    CIRCUITS OF THE PASSIVE ohms.
    DENDRITE
    Brain-cell dendrites have a skeleton THE NERVE-CELL
    that controls the shape and. to some POWER-SUPPLY CIRCUIT
    extent. the branching patterns of the The power supply for a cell can be
    POWER
    process. As I will discuss below. this SUPPLY
    represented as a series of batteries in
    skeleton is particularly important in series with a resistor (figure 4). Each
    controlling how a brain cell processes battery represents the differential
    information. The dendrite has an concentration across the cell's mem-
    outer skin. or membrane. that consists
    of a very thin layer of oil-like sub-
    stances called phospholipids. Phospho-
    lipids have high specific resistivity and
    LL L-90 -87 mV Cl-
    +40 mV Na+
    mV K+ brane of a specific ion. The voltage of
    the battery for a specific ion is deter-
    mined directly by its Nernst
    equilibrium constant. which is given
    capacitance and can be thought of as Figure 4: Electrical equivalent of the as
    insulators. The inside of the nerve-cell power supply of a nerve cell. The millivoltage = 61 x Log(IOUTl/IINIJ
    process is filled with a highly conduc-
    differences in voltages between this figure
    tive gel. or axoplasm. that for our pur- and the text reflect normal ranges of cell The concentration of the positively
    poses can be thought of as a conduct- charged ion Na• is much higher out-
    potentials.
    ing wire. Thus. a nerve-cell dendrite in side the cell than it is inside the cell
    the most simple electrical terms is a by a ratio of about I 0: I. Its Nernst
    conducting wire. the axoplasm. with A simple model of a portion of a equilibrium potential is therefore +61
    an outer insulating layer. the mem- dendrite is shown in figure 3. Below millivolts (mV). Other ions typically
    brane. The nerve process can be rep- the model is the equivalent ladder found around cells in warm-blooded
    . resented with simple electrical equiv- network of resistors and capacitors animals are K•. with a Nernst
    alents consisting of a ladder network that represent that model. The equilibrium potential of about -90
    of passive resistors and capacitors. resistor labeled rm is the resistor used (continued)

    292 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 359 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 293
    THE BRAIN

    mV (minus because the concentration synapse increases. neurotransmitters amacrine cell is of particular interest
    of K+ is greater on the inside of the are released. These neurotransmitters because it has a complex geometry
    cell). and Cl -. with a potential of - 87 selectively (depending upon their that includes highly irregular and
    mV. The series resistors shown in chemical composition) alter the varicose dendrites that attach to the
    figure 4 represent leakage of these permeability of one or more ions. In soma. It is a classic interneuron with
    ions across the membrane to charge effect. these neurotransmitters many synaptic inputs and outputs
    the capacitor to its final value. Using change the value of the resistor con- over the entire cell 's surface. and no
    special recording methods. it is possi- nected to an ionic battery that in turn axon.
    ble to determine the value of each leads to a change in the resting poten- Once the surface area and volumes
    leakage resistor. Once that is known. tial of the cell. A typical gate might have been computed. the cell is
    we can quickly compute that the have 5.0 x I0 12 ohms resting value reduced to a simple geometric sche-
    potential difference across the mem- and 5.0 x I0 8 ohms during activation. matic that approximates the original
    brane will be about - 87 mV. One important point is that a shape using cylinders similar to those
    Since this "resting potential" is synapse cannot be modeled as a shown in figure 7. You can then easily
    relatively constant throughout the simple voltage input to the dendrite. reduce this schematic to an equiva-
    cell. it is usually not explicitly included nor can it be safely represented as a lent circuit by using a membrane
    in the models or computations. How- simple injection of current. Rather. it resistor. axial resistor. and membrane
    ever. the principle of using ionic gra- is a complex conductance change capacitor to create a large RC ladder
    dients and membrane resistance to within a complex passive RC (resis- network similar to that seen in figure
    create potential differences is impor- tance-capacitance) network. The final 6. This network can be simulated
    tant and will be used below in the time course and potential seen across using conventional linear circuit
    description of synapses. the cell's membrane will therefore not analysis (see October 1978 BYTE) on
    be just a function of the synaptic bat- almost any small computer.
    THE SYNAPSE OR NEURAL tery and resistor but also of the mem- I have simulated the cell shown in
    GATE CIRCUIT brane resistor (rm), axial resistor (r;). figure 7 using two identical synapses
    You might think of synaptic inputs as and membrane capacitor (cm). Since placed on different parts of the cell
    voltage-controlled changes in the these components are controlled to (A and B in figure 8). I have not in-
    membrane resistor connected to an some extent by the shape of the cell. cluded the batteries and resting
    ionic battery. In some cases the bat- the geometry of the cell can be used potential resistors since they would all
    tery may be positive and thus pro- to control synaptic strength. This prin- be equal in this circuit. The synaptic
    duce a net excitatory change inside ciple is illustrated below. inputs consist of a resistor and a
    the dendrites. and in other cases the 100-mV battery as shown in figure 5.
    battery may be negative and thus pro- THE RETINAL AMACRINE CELL A synaptic input is modeled as a rapid
    duce net inhibition inside the cell. ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT decrease in the value of the synaptic
    Figure 5 illustrates a schematic Figure 7 illustrates a retinal amacrine resistor for 50 ms and then a return
    synapse making contact with a den- cell . reconstructed by the computer to a very high resting value. The lower
    drite. When the voltage inside the from serial electron micrographs. The (continued)

    0
    '°"''[:o
    SYNAPTIC

    r DE NDRITE

    SYNAPTIC
    GATES-- -

    +100 mV
    SYNAPTIC LUMPED CIRCUl·T
    POTENTIAL-------=-

    Figure 5: Electrical equivalent of a Figure 6: Tfie circuits sfiown in otfier figures may be cascaded to create wfiole cell
    synaptic gate. We use an arbitrary battery models.
    of I 00 mV in our models of nerve cells.

    294 BYTE • A PRI L 1985


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    THE BRAIN

    100.0 1-

    90.0 -

    80.0 -

    70.0 -
    en
    ...J 60.0 -
    0
    >
    50.0 -
    ...J
    :i 40.0 -

    30.0 -
    ~
    20.0 - A

    10.0 I
    Figure 7: A computer-reconstructed nerve 1 _ _ 1 _ 1 _ _ 1_ _ 1_ _ 1 _ _ , _ _ , _ _, _ _ L

    cell from serial electron micrographs 5.12 10.24 15.36 20.48 25.60 30.72 35.84 40 .96 46.08 51.20
    similar to those seen in photo 2. The MICRONS
    soma diameter is about I 0 microns. This
    amacrine cell from a retinal circuit was Figure 8: Electrical model of the cell shown in figure 7. Some of the software used to
    reconstructed by R. Jacobs. Play/air. using compute these plots was developed by Dr. S. Ellias. Massachusetts General Hospital.
    micrographs collected by B. McGuire. Harvard Medical School.

    part of figure 8 shows the maximum nerve cell itself. One can imagine of pull-up or pull-down resistors by
    peak of this response inside the cell other effects when both synapses are changing the size and shape of the
    on the graph. Each line represents the simultaneously activated or when etched area. While the constants for
    peak voltage along the dark portion other synaptic inputs are activated far- resistances and capacitances are
    of the cell during activation of the ther out on the dendrite. Thus. the several orders of magnitude different
    synapse. specific analog-logical functions of a from brain constants. it is interesting
    Since this cell is an interneuron. it nerve cell can be controlled by the that the circuits in figures 3 and 6 are
    does not have an axon (amacrine cell's geometry. This manipulation of exact equivalents of those used to
    means "without axon"). nor does it cell form can be thought of as the simulate an interconnection within a
    have an action potential. It does. how- device physics the brain uses to con- silicon chip. The equations and soft-
    ever. have many synaptic outputs to trol logical functions. ware used to simulate the nerve cell
    other adjacent cells. two of which are above are almost identical to the soft-
    illustrated by large arrows pointing up CAN WE ADAPT THE DEVICE ware used to simulate a full IC during
    in figure 8. Keep in mind that the A PHYSICS OF THE BRAIN design.
    and B synaptic inputs are identical. Yet TO SILICON-BASED CIRCUITS? Projects to create these silicon-
    the effects they have on the intra- The tantalizing question raised by based neurons. called silicrons. are just
    cellular voltage for the outputs near these observations is "Can we adapt now getting under way. Conceptual-
    A and B are dramatically different. this simple principle of changing ly. the shape of the cell is simply
    The B input has a much greater effect three-dimensional geometry to sili- etched into silicon in place of the con-
    on the A output. as compared to the con-based circuits that could simulate ventional linear interconnections.
    effect of the A input on the B output. brain circuits?" The answer is "Yes. Gates are placed at locations where
    Thus. while the B synapse can activate quite easily:· Jack Kilby of Texas In- synaptic inputs and outputs might be
    both the A and B outputs. the A struments. whose important insight located. and for output silicrons we
    synapse can activate only the A · led to the first IC 2 5 years ago. made can simulate an axon with a simple
    output. us realize that it was possible to con- Schmitt trigger circuit or one-shot.
    This simple function was created trol many important silicon-based Unfortunately. silicrons will be only
    and controlled by geometry of the passive parameters such as the value (continued)

    296 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 2 3 3

    THE BRAIN

    a laboratory curiosity until one final


    problem has been resolved-how do
    we create new and arbitrary pro-
    grams? There is no simple way to
    change or modify the strength of con-
    nections from one silicron to another.
    Since researchers do not really have
    a clear understanding of how the
    brain modifies its own circuits (the
    device physics of learning). any
    silicon-based solutions will be non-
    biological. Ongoing biological work is
    encouraging and suggests that in
    some cells active shape change of
    dendrites may lead to changes in
    synaptic strength. Nevertheless. it is
    safe to say that it will be some time
    before we will have a full understand-
    ing of perhaps the most impressive
    feature of neural circuits: their ability
    to program themselves. In the mean-
    time. it will certainly be possible to
    create very fast neuronlike devices
    with well-defined. prewired functions
    such as CCD (charge-coupled device)
    image processing However. it will be
    quite some time before we can create
    what could legitimately be called a
    sixth-generation computer based on
    a neurological model. •

    The micrograph of brain cells grown in


    tissue culture by Judy Trogadis (see page
    2 86) is available as a museum-quality
    poster for $7 (U.S.) plus $3 for postage
    and handling. Phone (71 3) 664- 74 57 or
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    Alexander St .. Brampton. Ontario L6V
    I H6. Canada (VISA and MasterCard
    accepted). All proceeds fram the sale of
    the poster will support the research
    described in this article. Copyright l 98 3.
    l 98 5. J. Trogadis and J. Stevens.

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    I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C·E

    THE
    TECHNOLOGY OF
    EXPERT SYSTEMS
    BY ROBERT H. MICHAELSEN, DONALD MICHIE, AND ALBERT BOULANGER

    Transplanting expert knowledge to machines


    THE PURPOSE OF this article is to in- analysis is successful. the computer ferentiate. pursue and test hypothesis.
    troduce expert systems. Initially. we'll program based on this analysis will be explore and refine. ask general ques-
    define these systems. Next. we'll able to solve the narrowly defined tions. and make a decision (see ref-
    discuss methods for building them. in- problems as well as an expert. (For a erence 11).
    cluding the advantages and disadvan- discussion of successful expert sys- Experts are capable of
    tages of each method. Finally. we'll tems. see reference 2.)
    review the computer resources Experts typically solve problems • Applying their expertise to the solu-
    needed to build and run expert that are unstructured and ill-defined. tion of problems in an efficient man-
    systems. usually in a setting that involves ner. They are able to employ plausi-
    diagnosis or planning. They cope with ble inference and reasoning from in-
    DEFINITION this lack of structure by employing complete or uncertain data.
    Expert systems are a class of com- heuristics. which are the rules of • Explaining and justifying what they
    puter programs that can advise. thumb that people use to solve prob- do.
    analyze. categorize. communic_ate. lems when a lack of time or under- •Communicating well with other ex-
    consult. design. diagnose. explain. ex- standing prevents an analysis of all the (continuedJ
    plore. forecast. form concepts. iden- parameters involved. Likewise. expert Robert H Michaelsen is an assistant professor
    tify. interpret. justify. learn. manage. systems employ programmed heuris- of accounting at the University of Nebraska
    monitor. plan. present. retrieve. tics to solve problems. Figure I is an (Lincoln. NE 68 588-0488 ). He received fiis
    schedule. test. and tutor. They ad- example of a complex heuristic used Pfi.D. in accountancy from tfie University of
    dress problems normally thought to by TAXADVISOR. an expert system Illinois. Donald Micfiie is Director of Researcfi
    require human specialists for their that gives estate-planning advice (see at the 1l~ring Institute (36 North Hanover
    solution. Some of these programs reference I 7). St.. Glasgow GI 2AD. Scotland). Formerly
    have achieved expert levels of perfor- Experts engage in several different a professor at tfie University of Edinburgh.
    mance on the problems for which problem-solving activities. For in- fie is tfie autfior of numerous books and ar-
    they were designed (see reference 6). stance. the following problem-solving ticles on artificial intelligence. Albert
    Expert systems are usually devel- activities have been identified in Boulanger is a scientist for Bolt Beranek and
    oped with the help of human experts MYCIN (see figure 2): identify the Newman Inc. (10 Moulton St.. Cambridge.
    who solve specific problems and problem. process data. generate MA 02238). He fias a master's degree in
    reveal their thought processes as they questions. collect information. estab- computer science from tfie University of Illinois
    proceed. If this process of protocol lish hypothesis space. group and dif- at Urbana-Cfiampaign.

    APRIL 19 85 • B Y TE 303
    EXPERT TECHNOLOGY

    perts and acquiring new knowledge. such cases. we try to represent an distinguishing meaningful hypotheses
    • Restructuring and reorganizing understanding of structure and func - from coincidences in the data. It is
    knowledge. tion. Surface representations are also likely that deep representation
    • Breaking rules. They have almost as often empirical associations but are will enhance the incorporation of the
    many exceptions as they have rules. sometimes "compiled" from an un- last four previously listed expert capa-
    They understand both the spirit and derstanding of structure and function. bilities into expert systems. Surface
    the letter of a rule. In the former case. the association representations have offered little in
    • Determining relevance. They know between premises and conclusions of this regard.
    when a problem is outside their ex- rules is based on empirical observa- However. surface representations
    pertise and when to make referrals. tion of past association. Causality is have their advantages if the only con-
    • Degrading gracefull y. At the boun- implicit in the rule. rather than explicit. cern is problem-solving performance.
    daries of their expertise. they become Deep representations enhance the empirical associations. or compiled
    gradually less proficient at solving explanatory powers of expert sys- understanding. They should be less
    problems. rather than suddenly incap- tems. With surface representations. all costly to formulate than causal
    able (see reference 4). the system knows is that an empirical models. This lower cost can provide
    association exists; it is unable to ex- a reasonable level of explanation
    Expert systems have modeled only plain why. beyond repeating the as- along with a primitive form of knowl-
    the first three expert capabilities to sociation. Where more fundamental edge acquisition If a domain's exper-
    any extent. and even explanation and insight is available. deep representa- tise is based on empirical association.
    knowledge acquisition have just tion will enable the system to respond as in many areas of medicine. surface
    begun. more substantively. If computer induc- representations are the onl y kind
    Expert systems. like human experts. tion is used for knowledge acquisi- available (see reference 4).
    can have both deep and surface rep- tion. a model for understanding The best approach to expert-system
    resentations of knowledge. Deep rep- events in the domain (a deep repre- building is probably to use deep rep-
    resentations are causal models. cate- sentation) often guides the induction ' resentations when they are cost-effec-
    gories. abstractions. and analogies. In of rules from examples by tive and surface representations for
    the rest of the system. This approach
    RULE 216
    has already been explicated in a
    (This rule applies to clients and is tried to find out whether a short-term trust should paper by Hart (reference 12) and im-
    be recommended .) plemented in Digitalis Advisor. a sys-
    tem that provided advice on digitalis
    II: 1) The client and/or spouse do wish to shift property income to, another (not dosages for cardiac patients (see ref-
    tor legal support), etc., for at least 10 years or until the death of the
    erence 29) .
    beneficiary,
    2) The client and/or spouse do desire to eventually reclaim control of this
    property (for retirement, estate liquidity, etc.), BUILDING EXPERT SYSTEMS
    3) The client and/or spouse are in a higher income bracket than the An expert system is able to make
    beneficiary, decisions on a par with an expert pri-
    4) The client and/or spouse are willing to relinquish control of the beneficial marily because its structure reflects
    enjoyment of the property, the manner in which human special-
    5) The client and/or spouse are able to provide for their I ·ing needs without
    this income, even in the event of disability or unemployment,
    ists arrange and make inferences from
    6) The client and/or spouse do not plan to have the trust income used to their knowledge of the subject. The
    pay life-insurance premiums on his/her life without the consent of an system is driven by a database of in-
    adverse party, exact and judgmental knowledge that
    7) The client and/or spouse do not plan to use the trust for a leaseback of is typically made up of if-then rules
    assets, and when surface representation is used
    8) A: The client and/or spouse have a person (e.g., a parent) they are
    supporting without legal obligation with this prop income (will lose
    or frames and semantic nets when
    a dependent ii trust is formed). deep representation is used (see ''A
    B: The client and/or spouse have a child, not a minor, that they will be Glossary of Artificial Intelligence
    putting through college with this property income (can set up early Terms" on page 138). Domain knowl-
    and accumulate income without tax problems), or edge is processed in a strict order of
    C: The client and/or spouse are using some of their alter-tax income for deductive inference and is invoked by
    the benefit of some other taxpayer (child's marriage and/or home
    a pattern match with specified fea-
    purchase, etc.),
    Then: It is definite (1 .0) that client should TRANSFER ASSETS TO HORT-TERM tures of the task environment. Figure
    TRUST 3 is an example of pattern matching
    by TAXADVISOR. Because uncertain-
    Figure I: An example of a TAXADVISOR rule. ty is usually involved in expert judg-
    ments. expert systems must allow

    304 BY T E • APRIL 1985


    EXPERT TECHNOLOGY

    conclusions to be reached with less CONSULT


    than certainty. Figure 4 illustrates how
    TAXADVlSOR copes with uncertain- I
    MAKE DIAGNOS I S -
    ty during a consultation. (For more in-
    formation on uncertainty mechanisms IOENTIFY REVIEW
    I ~------
    COLLECT MAKE
    PROB L EM
    ---DIFFERENTIAL
    -- INFORMATION DECISION
    in expert systems. see reference 32.)
    The type of computer program that
    PROCESS
    / \
    GENERATE ESTABLISH
    / \
    GENERATE
    ','-
    PROCESS
    is used to develop an expert system DATA QUESTIONS HYPOTHESIS QUESTIONS HARD

    ,//T~"
    cannot have its flow of control and
    data utilization rigidly fixed because
    such a structure is ill-adapted for 1. .\
    simulating a human·s responses to a PROCESS GROUP EXPLORE EXPLORE ASK
    DATUM AND AND AND GENERA L
    complex. rapidly changing. and un-

    i'"\"~\'"\'
    REFINE
    (/AD\HEl QUE\IONS
    familiar environment. Instead. such a
    program must examine the state of
    the world at each step of the decision
    process and react appropriately
    Q 2 Q 3
    TEST TEST PURSUE
    I.~ Ql7

    HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS


    because new stimuli continually arise.

    'T.\'" ,,:;;[.
    (INFECTION)
    The type of program that has been
    developed to cope with this constant Q4
    / I
    PROC ESS
    DATA
    change is a loosely organized collec- (VIRUS l
    tion of pattern-directed modules
    (PDMs) that detect situations and re-
    I
    PROCESS . ~QIO
    DATUM Q9
    spond to them (see reference 31 ). The (FEBRILE l
    rule in figure I is a PDM from TAX-
    ADVISOR. QS
    / \ Q6
    Each PDM examines and modifies
    data structures that model critical Figure 2: Tfie MYCIN problem-solving fiierarcfil}. Question numbers (02. etc.)
    aspects of the external environment. correspond to questions asked in tfie consultation. Solid lines sfiow tasks actualll} done.
    In TAXADVISOR. the client's financial- dasfied lines tfiose tfiat Wligfit be done. (Figure used witfi permission: see reference 11 .)
    planning situation and objectives con-
    stitute the environment. A PDM
    should be written as a single and Prestored Client's
    separate unit that is independently Necessary Attributes for Short-Term Trust Value Value
    meaningful within the task domain of 1) Does client wish to shift property income to
    another (not for legal support) for at least 10
    the program. This aids incremental years or until the death of the beneficiary? yes yes
    program growth and debugging. since 2) Does client desire to eventually reclaim
    revision of one PDM does not affect control of the property? yes yes
    the others. It also provides explana- 3) Is client in a higher income-tax bracket than
    tion power: a single PDM can be used the beneficiary? yes yes
    to explain a recommendation by the 4) Is client willing to relinquish control of the
    beneficial enjoyment of the property? yes yes
    system.
    5) Is client able to provide for his living needs
    Any system composed of several without this income even if disabled or
    PDMs. one or more data structures unemployed? yes yes
    that may be examined and modified 6) Does client plan to have trust income pay life-
    by the PDMs. and an executive pro- insurance premiums on his life without
    gram to schedule and run the PDMs consent of an adverse party? no no
    7) Does client plan to use the trust for a
    is called a pattern-directed inference
    leaseback of assets? no no
    system (PDIS). In effect. a PDIS factors 8) Does client have a person he is supporting
    complex problems into manageable. without legal obligation? yes yes
    largely independent subproblems.
    Figure 3: An example of pattern matcfiing done bl} TAXADVISOR. performed to
    SURFACE REPRESENTATIONS determine if tfie client sfiould be forming a sfiort-term trust. Tfie Prestored Value column
    Rule-based systems (RBSs) were sfiows tfie pattern of attribute values tfiat a client must fiave before TAXADVISOR
    originally used in cognitive modeling · will recommend a transfer of assets to a sfiort-term trust. Since tfie client's pattern
    of short-term memory. Since expert matcfies tfie prestored one. tfie trust will be recommended.
    (continued )

    APRI L 19 85 • B Y TE 305
    EXPERT TECHNOLOGY

    (begin) systems attempt to imitate people. it


    -Formation of a Temporary Trust- was natural that RBSs would also be
    used in their development. To date.
    1) Does client wish to shift property income to another (not for legal support) for at RBSs are by far the most common
    least 10 years or until the death of the beneficiary?
    ••YES structure for expert systems. Among
    2) D.oes client desire to eventually reclaim control of the property? the successful rule-based expert sys-
    .. YES tems that have been developed are
    3) Is client in a higher income-tax bracket than the beneficiary? the following:
    .. YES
    4) Is client willing to relinquish control of the beneficial enjoyment of the property? • MYCIN-diagnoses infections (ref-
    ..WHY erence 26)
    • HEURISTIC DENDRAL-identifies
    This will aid in determining whether client should form a temporary trust. It has organic compounds (reference 8)
    already been established that
    • PROSPECTOR-aids geologists in
    1) Client wishes to shift property income to another (not for legal support) for at evaluating mineral sites (reference 5)
    least n years or until the death of the beneficiary, •PUFF-analyzes pulmonary function
    2) desires to eventually reclaim control of the property, and tests (reference I 5)
    3) is in a higher income-tax bracket than the beneficiary. •INTERNIST-performs diagnosis in
    internal medicine (reference 22)
    Therefore, if
    • XCON (formerly RI )-configures the
    1) client is willing to relinquish control of the beneficial enjoyment of the property,
    VAX- I I /780 computer system
    2) is able to provide for his living needs without this income, even if disabled or (reference 16)
    unemployed, • SACON-provides engineers with
    3) does not plan to have trust income pay life-insurance premiums on his life advice on structural analysis (ref-
    without the consent of an adverse party, erence I)
    4) does not plan to use the trust for a leaseback of assets, and
    5) A: has a person (e.g., a parent) he is supporting ·without legal obligation with Because of the popularity of RBSs.
    this property income, several domain-independent systems
    B: has a child, not a mino( that he will be putting through college with this have been developed to make it much
    property income, or
    easier to build rule-based expert
    C: is using some of his after-tax income for the benefit of some other
    taxpayer, systems in many fields. The following
    is a partial list of domain-independent
    then systems:

    client should form a temporary trust • EMYCIN (reference 30)


    (back to question 4 . . . ) • AGE (reference 21)
    • OPS5 (reference 16)
    .. YES • ADVISE (reference 18)
    • Hearsay-3 (reference 7)
    5) Is client able to provide for his living needs without this income, even if disabled
    • ALIX (reference 2 3)
    or unemployed?
    .. YES (8) [Whenever a response is made with less than certainty, the system user • Expert-Ease (Human Edge Software
    enters a number betwen 1 and 9 indicating his degree of ::ertainty in that response.] Corp.. Palo Alto. California)
    6) Does client plan to have trust income pay life-insurance premiums on his life • KS 300 (Revamped EMYCIN; from
    without consent of an adverse party? Teknowledge Inc .. Palo Alto. Califor-
    .. NO
    nia)
    7) Does client plan to use the trust for a leaseback of assets?
    .. NO
    • KES (lntelligenetics Inc .. Palo Alto.
    8) Does client have a person he is supportinri without IE' -:~' obligation'? California)
    .. YES • Personal Consultant (Texas Instru-
    I recommend that the client form a short-term trust. ments Inc .. Dallas. Texas)
    [The degree of certainty that the system has in this recommendation is .8. This
    certainty factor (CF) was calculated as follows. The temporary trust rule's action CF An RBS is composed of PDMs
    was 1.0 and it had an '1>.ND" premise. In such a case, the rule's CF is the minimum called rules. each with a left-hand side
    CF used in the responses, or .8. Since the system's threshold CF is .2, the (the antecedent. a logical combina-
    recommendation was made.] tion of propositions about the data-
    (end) base) and a separate right-hand side
    (the consequent. a collection of ac-
    Figure 4: A partial interactive consultation with TAX.ADVISOR. The user's input is tions). An RBS separates data ex-
    in uppercase. amination (done by the left-hand side)
    from data modification (done by the

    306 BY TE • APRIL 1985


    Inquiry 168

    EXPERT TECHNOLOGY Why do major


    hardware
    vendors
    right-hand side of the rule). be found. To satisfy each antecedent.
    endorse
    Most RBSs are production systems which represents a subgoal. the sys- GOLDEN
    (PSs). in which matching and schedul- tem collects those rules whose con-
    ing are explicitly defined by the oper- sequents satisfy its value. The process COMMON IJSP?
    ation of the executive (control) pro- of working backward through the
    "Wang Laboratories sees the
    gram. The control schema can be rules from consequents to anteced- COMMON LISP Standard as an
    characterized as having four basic ents to consequents in search of a important element ofits strategy
    parts: causal chain that will satisfy the goal for advanced Office Automation.
    is called backward chaining. (For a Wang Laboratories and Gold
    I. Selection: select relevant rules and simple backward-chaining program Hill Computers are both com-
    mitted to bringing Artifidal
    data elements. Selection may be written in BASIC. see "Knowledge- Intelligence technology to Office
    trivial (e.g.. on each cycle all rules and Based Expert Systems Come of Age" Automation and see COMMON
    all data elements can be considered) by Richard 0. Duda and John G. LISP on the Wangproductfami~y
    or quite complex (e.g .. special filters Gaschnig, September 1981 BYTE. as a vital step."
    can be designed to eliminate from page 238.) Leo Chan
    Vice President, R&D
    consideration many rules that could With antecedent-driven (forward- Wang Laboratories
    not possibly match the current data). chaining) systems. program execution
    In TAXADVISOR. rules are organized consists solely of a continuous se- "Ideal for entry1-levelAJ opera-
    in a hierarchy to narrow the rules quence of cycles terminating when a tions, the program package was
    designed to provide training/or
    considered. rule's action dictates a halt. At each programmers as well as/or .
    2. Matching: compare active rules cycle. the system scans the anteced- program development. As a
    against active data elements. looking ents and determines all rules with subset of COMMON LISP, it is
    for patterns that match. i.e.. rules antecedents that are satisfied by the compatible with Digital's
    whose conditions are satisfied. Figure contents of the database. If there is recently announced VAX LISP."
    Arnold Kraft
    3 is an example of pattern matching. more than one such rule. select one AI Marketing
    3. Scheduling: decide which "satis- by means of a conflict-resolution Digital Equipment Corporation
    fied" rule should be "fired." "Firing" strategy. Perform all actions asso-
    consists of accessing and executing ciated with the selected rule and "With the availability of these
    packages, the DATA GENERAL/
    the procedures associated with the change the database accordingly. For One gives engineering users a
    pattern elements that matched the example. with RI (XCON). you enter personal expert system' with
    current data. If more than one rule is all the information on the problem both a standalone software
    satisfied. conflict-resolution heuristics into the database. and the system development workstation and a
    distributed development tool in
    are used to decide which rule to fire. then applies the rules to reason for- a single, portable computer."
    4. Execution: fire the rule chosen dur- ward from the data to the conclusions. Don McDougall, Vice President
    ing the scheduling process. The result In summary. forward chaining consists and General Manager
    of execution is a modification of data of putting the rules in a queue and Technical Products Division
    elements or structure. With TAXAD- then using a recognize-act cycle on Data General
    VISOR. execution results in an estate- them. "GOWEN COMMON LISP is the
    planning recommendation for a client Some forward-chaining systems try best Al delivery environment
    This is illustrated in the test consulta- to control the search for rules in the available on a PC. Networks
    tion in Figure 4 (see reference 3 1). recognize cycle by grouping rules into ofPCs can be connected to
    Symbolics LISP machines to
    packets. These rule groupings are ap- provide powerful distributed
    PSs are either consequent-driven pealing conceptual structures. since Al applications at affordable
    systems or antecedent-driven systems. they group rules according to the sub- prices."
    A consequent-driven (backward- topic that they deal with. Object- Bruce M. Gras
    chaining) system. which is the type oriented programming can also be Vice President, Marketing
    Symbolics, Inc.
    used in TAXADVISOR. uses rule con- used to organize collections of rules.
    sequents (which represent goals) to In object-oriented programming. we
    guide the search for rules to fire (with give objects behavior. and thus we
    TAX ADVISOR. · estate-planning ac- can distribute the control of rules into
    tions to recommend). The system col- rule. rule-packet. and domain objects
    lects those rules that can satisfy the This approach. which has been taken
    goal in question and tries to satisfy in WOPS. a domain-independent sys-
    the consequents of those rules. which tem (see reference 27). also allows Al Solutions/or Personal Computing
    usually represent the values of vari- multiple instantiations of the same set 163 Harvard Street, Cambridge
    ables. In order to find these values. of rules to solve subproblems of the Massachusetts 02139 (617) 492-2071
    the values of the rule antecedent must (continued) See our ad on page 129

    APRIL 1985 • BY T E 307


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    308 BYTE • A PRI L 1985 Inqu iry 53
    Inqu iry 169

    EXPERT TECHNOLOGY Why do large


    corporations
    purchase
    GoLDEN
    same type within one session. resented by networks o r frames. A
    The primary difference between semantic network is a graph of the CoMMON LISP?
    backward and fo rward chaining is a relations. A frame or script system "I'm not a programmer. Having
    top-down versus bottom-up style of (see references 20 and 24) organize completed the Gold Hill tutorial,
    linking rul es together. Tho ugh the the ob jects and their rela tions into en- I feel comfortable in starting to
    most common . these are not the only tities (recogni zable collections of ob- write useful Al programs. We
    co ntrol structures fo r ru le-based jects) . Frame systems also provide a hope to build friendlier user
    interfaces using expert systems.
    systems. For example. rules are rep- system to inherit attributes from a tax- This product should help us to
    resented as an "inference" network in onomy of entities. Thus. a frame develop the in-house expertise
    PROSPEClDR (see reference 5) . system implements th e semantics of in a cost-effective manner."
    some of the relation s between ob- H.M . Seeburg
    DEEP REPRESENTATIONS jects. With a semantic-net or fram e Program Management Systems
    Hughes Aircraft Company
    Frame- and network-based ap- system you can represent objects of
    proaches allow the implementation of the domain of expertise as well as the "The AI Group at Arthur
    "deeper-level " reasoning such as process. strategies. etc .. that are also Andersen & Company is intend-
    abstractio n and analogy. Reasoning part of the do main . The contro l of ing to use GOLDEN COMMON
    LISP as a delivery environment
    by abstractio n and analogy is an im- frame or semantic-net systems is for a major internal application.
    portant expert activi ty. You can also usually much more involved than with We are also using it as a vehicle
    represent th e objects (e.g.. " pump" in surface systems and is implemented for training a large base offirm
    figure 5) and processes (e.g .. the "start" in a way that an explanation facility personnel in Al technology."
    instructions in figure 5) of the domain ca n't get at. But surface systems are Bruce B.Johnson
    Partner in charge of the AI Group
    of experti se at thi s level. What is im- "shallow"; a surface system may be Arthur Andersen & Company
    portant are the relations between objects. viewed as a pro jection of deep-level
    Deep-representation expert system s kn owledge of a domain for a specifi c ~primary concern for Litton

    perform inference using relations rep-


    Industries has been finding an
    lconlinued) appropriate delivery vehicle for
    Al applications. The availability
    ISOLATED TWO-PORT DEVICE of this product opens up new
    avenues ofpotential for us."
    TO ALIGN: Sy Schoen
    •OPEN INLET VALVE
    •OPEN OUTLET VALVE Program Manager for AI

    0
    Litton Industries
    MOTOR-OR/VEN PUMP "GOWEN COMMON LISP
    provides a powerful LISP envi-
    TO I. START
    ALIGN : PUMP M
    ronment that allows even a
    2. START MOTOR novice to create meaningful
    LISPprograms. With the On-line
    Help facilities and tutorial, the
    product is an inexpensive entry-
    point for companies ofall sizes
    into this critical technology.n
    Brad Millman
    Member of AI Core Group
    Arthur D. Little
    CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

    WHEN START :
    "GOWEN COMMON LISP is
    •OPEN SUCTION VALVE exciting! It will do for AI what
    BEFORE START MOTOR Wang Laboratories did for word
    •OPEN DI SC HARGE VALVE processing-popularize it.n
    AFTER START MOTOR
    Dan Corwin
    Software Architect
    Wang Laboratories
    MAIN CONDENSATE PUMP

    TO START :
    I. OPEN SUCTION VALV E
    2. ST ART MOT OR
    3. OPEN DI SC HAR GE VALVE

    Al Solutions for Personal Computing


    Figure 5: Procedure steps are obtained from the subcomponents and abstractions of an
    163 Harvard Street, Cambridge
    object. here a main condensate pump. This example comes from Steamer. a tutorial Massachusetts 02139 (617) 492 -2071
    system designed to teach operating procedures of shipboard steam plants. See our ad on page 129

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 309


    EXPERT TECHNOLOGY

    Some systems have •being told


    •analogy
    with a single associated file of ex-
    amples Instead. first break it down
    •example into a main problem and a set of sub-
    a built--in capability • observation. discovery. and experi- problems. even going further (to the
    mentation level of sub-subproblems) if the com-
    for taking a file • reasoning from deep structure plexity of the problem domain seems
    to call for it. The originators of this
    The manual acquisition of knowledge style. which is known as "structured
    of expert decisions from human experts is a very labor- induction," are Ors. Shapiro and
    intensive process. There is an ac- Niblett (reference 2 5). Corporations
    and generalizing knowledged need to have aids for enjoying the use of powerful inductive
    knowledge acquisition as part of the generators such as ITL'.s FORTRAN-
    from this knowledge system.
    Methods to speed knowledge ac-
    based EX~RAN system or Radian Cor-
    poration's C-coded RuleMaster have
    quisition are now becoming available applied the approach to the building
    an executable rule. in the form of machine learning of of complex systems for trouble-
    rules from examples. Systems such as shooting large transformers. severe-
    expert activity. Expert-Ease have a built-in capabili- storm warning, circuit-board fault
    One type of expertise that has been ty for taking a file of expert decisions diagnosis. and user-friendly guidance
    represented with a deep-level ap- from you and generalizing from these to set up numerical batch jobs in
    proach is tutoring (see "The LISP an executable rule. In a sense. you are seismic analysis in the oil industry.
    1L1tor" by John R. Anderson and Brian able to transplant chunks of decision- Rates of production of compact in-
    J. Reiser on page 159). Here we want making skill from your own brain to stalled code in excess of 100 lines per
    to convey to the pupil domain knowl- the personal computer. a possibility worker day are now commonly re-
    edge that is best represented at the foreseen as early as 1966 by Earl ported.
    deep level : concepts. abstractions. Hunt and his colleagues. Any robust expert system takes a
    analogies. and problem-solving strat- The machine procedure that allows tremendous amount of resources to
    egies. this skill transplant was developed develop. Once developed. the knowl-
    Steamer is a training aid developed from a Pascal-coded program called edge along with the control structure
    jointly by Bolt Beranek and Newman 103 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) due to can be "compiled out": that is. the
    Inc. and the Navy Personnel Research Professor Ross Quinlan of the New system of rules is rewritten into a
    and Development Center. Its goal is South Wales Institute of Science and piece of code that performs the same
    to teach operating procedures of Technology. function on a personal computer. For
    shipboard steam plants. These pro- A number of conclusions follow example. some expert systems (AD-
    cedures consist of a series of steps on from Quinlan's work: VISE. EMYCIN. OPS5-see reference
    subcomponents of the plant. The 10) can generate code or other
    I. It is possible. using such a program.
    components and procedures are rep- primitive forms of the knowledge for
    to generate machine-executable solu-
    resented as frames in Steamer. as are use on a personal computer. (Systems
    tions for complex decision problems
    the abstractions of components and run on a personal computer are usual-
    in a fraction of the time a program-
    procedures that experts use in ly referred to as "delivery systems:')
    mer would need for developing a
    teaching steam-plant operations. The
    solution by conventional hand coding. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
    steps of a procedure come from the
    2. The resulting solutions are super-
    abstractions and subcomponents of As Al researchers point out. a robust
    efficient as compared with those ob-
    the device the procedure applies to. expert system that can explain. justify.
    tainable by the old hand methods.
    The ordering of the steps comes from acquire new knowledge. adapt. break
    3. It is important to make up your
    a third represented entity: operating rules. determine relevance. and
    mind in advance whether super-
    principles. These principles are culled degrade gracefully will have to use a
    efficiency is all you demand of a
    from experienced operators and multitude of knowledge representa-
    machine-executable solution. or
    represent "compiled" knowledge of tions that lie in a space whose dimen-
    whether you also want the resulting
    steam-plant operation (although they sions include deep/surface. qualita-
    rule base to be understandable on
    are not represented as rules but tive/quantitative. approximate (uncer-
    inspection.
    frames). tain)/exact (certain). specific/general.
    If the answer to the third statement and descriptive/prescriptive. Systems
    KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION above is that user transparency of in- that use knowledge represented in
    The following are ways of acquiring duced rules is desired, then (unless it different forms have been termed
    knowledge in a form that can be used is a very small one) do not treat your multilevel systems. Steamer is an exam-
    by an expert system (reference 19): problem as one big superproblem ple of one such expert system.

    310 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    Inquiry 170

    EXPERT TECHNOLOGY Why do the


    AI experts
    recommend
    GoLDEN
    Steamer uses the following represen- plex expert system using an existing
    tations: domain-independent system or if the COMMON LISP?
    system has a rule-compilation facility
    I. A graphical (icon) representation of "\Ve are excited about this
    that allows applications to be run on product and its potential to
    the objects of the Steamer domain.
    personal computers. then a personal optimize the method by which
    such as valves. pumps. tanks. and sys- people leam. Included in our
    computer (preferably with 512 K bytes)
    tems composed of these. forthcoming book on Automatic
    is sufficient. If all you need are
    2. A frame representation of Steamer Deduction and 1beorem Prov-
    resources to run an existing expert ing will be software written in
    objects. procedures. and operating
    system. a large personal computer GOWEN COMMON LISP. This
    principles. This is used for describing.
    should nearly always be sufficient. will give students first-hand
    explaining. categorizing. abstracting. experience with advanced pro-
    There is no obvious line of demar-
    and referring. grams written in the standard
    cation for a given project. However.
    3. An assertional database where LISP dialect on their own PC."
    certain barriers make personal com- Woody Bledsoe, President
    assertions about Steamer entities can
    puter use less desirable as system size American Association for
    be made and retracted.
    and complexity increase. Artificial Intelligence
    4. A quantitative numerical simulation
    Michael Ballantyne
    of the steam plant that is used in il- University of Texas, Austin
    SYSTEM BARRIERS
    lustrating cause and effect and rami-
    Many high-level languages do not of- "I'm used to working on a
    fications of the application (or misap-
    fer the right primitives (i.e .. program- Symbolics 3600, yet I am quite
    plication~ of procedures. comfortable moving to the PC
    ming-language statements) for devel-
    oping expert systems. Among the de-
    using GOLDEN COMMON LISP.
    Work is just beginning in building GCLISP is a Ve1JI respectable
    such multilevel systems. and they will sirable primitives are subset of the COMMON LISP
    be a major research topic for this dialect. . . . In summary: this is
    •A parser or interpreter that parses a superb product. It puts state-
    decade. Work needs to be done in
    statements during program run time. of-the-art LISP programming
    studying and representing in a
    Without this. you have to write a technology into the hands of
    general way the different problem- anyone who can afford a PC."
    parser for the rules.
    solving activities an expert does (see David Touretzky
    • List and nonnumeric processing
    reference 3). When you build expert Computer Science Department
    primitives. Carnegie Mellon University
    systems. you realize that the power
    • A language design that allows in-
    behind them is that they provide a "Gold Hill has an enormous
    cremental compilation and other fast
    regimen for experts to crystallize and competitive advantage in the
    prototyping facilities. Incremental Al game. It is located next door
    codify their knowledge. and in the
    compilation enables you to recompile to MIT, and has direct access to
    knowledge lies the power.
    a function or other portion of a file the students and faculty of the
    without recomp iling the entire file. MIT Al Lab. The people at Gold
    RESOURCES NEEDED Hill have done some highly orig-
    Before resource needs are discussed. The view that many people in the inal thinking about how to dra-
    you must precisely define the type of field are adopting is that high-level matically increase the amount
    ofcomputing power available
    expert system you want to build. If languages like Pascal. Ada. and C are to personal computer users."
    you wish to build a large. "custom" acceptable for the delivery system. Howard Austin, President,
    model expert system (i.e.. it is not but for prototyping. a language like Knowledge Anafysis Inc.
    feasible to use many of the smaller LISP or Prolog is preferred. Program- 'There are a lot ofpeople
    domain-independent systems that are generation tools are then used to eager to get their hands on this
    available). you will need substantial write the system in the delivery stuff. I think this will bring Al
    resources: large memory. good lan- language. to the masses."
    guage support. and fast execution of The knowledge-intensive approach Patrick H. Winston
    Director of the Al Lab, MIT
    the code. You may need to develop to expert systems implies that the President-elect, American
    such a system in LISP on hardware memory will be highly utilized in all Association for Artificial
    specialized to processing the lan- but the most nontrivial applications. Intelligence ·
    guage. or on time-sharing machines ALIX is one example that ran on a
    with a large address space. Such 64Kcbyte machine. but it was a small
    "custom" systems are usually referred expert-system shell. Since memory
    to as "prototype" or "development" prices have gone down and many G 0 L D H I L L
    systems. They can either be devel- small machines have broken the 64K-
    r c 0 MPU-TERS 1

    oped for a specific domain (e.g .. byte barrier. we can expect that more A I Solutions for Personal Computing
    MYCIN) or be domain-independent expert systems can be developed. at 163 Harvard Street. Cambridge
    Massachusetts 02139 (617) 492-2071
    (e.g .. ADVISE). least for the delivery system. on per-
    If you are able to build a less com- (continued) Seeouradonpage 129

    A PRI L 1985 • BYT E 311


    EXPERT TECHNOLOGY

    ed. London and New York Gordon and Tlie International Journal of Knowledge Engineer-
    Some researchers Breach. 1982. ing. October. 1984. page 149.
    3. Chandrasekaran. B.. and Sanjay Mittal. 18. Michalski. R. S.. A. B. Baskin. A.
    predict that memory "Deep Versus Compiled Knowledge Ap-
    proaches to Diagnostic Problem-Solving:·
    Boulanger. R. Reinke. L. Rodewald. M.
    Seyler. K. Spachman. and C. Uhrik. "A
    International Journal of Man-Macliine Studies. Technical Description of the ADVISE Meta
    needs of advanced #19. 1983. page 425. Expert System:· Department of Computer
    4. Davis. R. "Expert Systems: Where Are Science. University of Illinois at Urbana-
    expert systems will We? and Where Do We Go From Here?"
    Al Magazine. Spring 1982. page 3.
    Champaign. 198 3.
    19. Michalski. R. S.. J. Carbonell. and T
    5. Duda. R.. J. Gaschnig. and P. Hart. Mitchell. eds. Macliine Learning: An Artificial
    drive development of "Model Design in PROSPEC1DR Consul-
    tant System for Mineral Exploration."
    Intelligence Approach Los Altos. CA: Tioga
    Publishing Company. 1983.
    ESMA. 1979. page 153. 20. Minsky. M. "A Framework for
    encyclopedic memories. 6. Duda. R. 0 .. and E. H. Shortliffe. "Expert Representing Knowledge.'' Tlie Psycliology of
    Systems Research." Science. April 1983. Computer Vision. P. Winston. ed. New York:
    page 261. McGraw-Hill. 1975.
    sonal computers. Some researchers 7. Erman. L. D.. P. E. London. and S. F. 21. Nii. H.P.. and N. Aiello. "AGE (Attempt
    predict that the memory needs of ad- Fickas. "The Design and Example Use of to Generalize): A Knowledge-Based Pro-
    vanced expert systems will drive the Hearsay 3.'' Proceedings of I/CA no. 7. 1981. gram for Building Knowledge-Based Pro-
    page 409. grams.'' I/CA. 179. 1979. page 645.
    development of encyclopedic memo-
    8. Feigenbaum. E. A. B. G. Buchanan. and 22. Pople. H. E.. J. D. Myers. and R. A.
    ries for personal computers. J. Lederberg. "On Generality and Problem Miller. "Dialog: A Model of Diagnostic
    Solving: A Case Study Using the Logic for Internal Medicine." I/CA. 175.
    CONCWSION DENDRAL Program:· Macliine Intelligence 6. 197 5. page 848.
    Expert systems can be built in many B. Meltzer and D. Michie. eds. New York: 23. Reiter. ). "ALIX: An Expert System
    ways. involving rules. networks. Edinburgh University Press and Halsted Using Plausible Inference:· Intelligent
    frames. and combinations thereof. Press (Wiley). 1971. page 165. Terminals Ltd .. University of Edinburgh.
    with all sorts of variations within these 9. Forbus. Kenneth D. "Qualitative Process 1980.
    categories with respect to knowledge Theory" MIT Teclinical Report 789. MIT Al 24. Schank. R. C.. and R. P. Abelson. Scripts.
    representation and control. We could Laboratory. May 1984. Plans. Goals. and Understanding. Hillsdale. NJ:
    not begin to cover all possible ap- 10. Forgey. C. L. "Rete: A Fast Algorithm Larrence Er Iba um Associates. 1977.
    for the Many Pattern/Many Object Match 2 5. Shapiro. A .. and T. Niblett. 'Automatic
    proaches to building expert systems.
    Problem." Artificial Intelligence. September Induction of Classification Rules for a
    since new ones are being developed
    1982. Chess Endgame.'' Advances in Computer C~ess
    almost daily. 11. Hasling. Diane Warner. William J. 3. M. R. B. Clarke. ed. Oxford: Pergamon.
    Even if the most efficient approach Clancey, and Glenn Rennels. "Strategic Ex- 1982.
    has been ascertained for the domain planations for a Diagnostic Consultation 26. Shortliffe. E. H. Computer-Based Medical
    in question. the most cost-effective System." International Journal of Man-Macliine Consultations: MYC/N. New York: American
    computer resource must still be deter- Studies. January 1984. page 3. Elsevier/North-Holland. 1976.
    mined. In most cases. approach selec- 12. Hart. P. "Direction for A I in the 80's." 27. Stefik. Mark. Daniel G. Bobrow. San-
    tion at least narrows the choice for SICART Newsletter. November 1981. page 11. jay Mittal. and Lynn Conway. "Knowledge
    resources; in some cases. approach 13. Hollan James. Edwin Hutcliins. and L. Weitz- Programming in WOPS: Report on an Ex-
    and resources can be selected to- man "Steamer: An Interactive lnspectable perimental Course.'' Al Magazine. Fall 1983.
    Simulation-Based Training System." Al Magazine. 28. Stevens. Albert. and Bruce Roberts.
    gether. However. this hardly reduces
    Summer 1984. page 15. "Quantitative and Qualitative Simulation
    the complexity of the choice. To make 14. Hutchins. Edwin. Terry Roe. and James in Computer Base Training.' ' Journal of Com-
    matters worse. computer resources Hollan. "Project STEAMER: Vil. A puter Based Instruction. volume 10. numbers
    are changing as rapidly as the new Computer-Based System for Monitoring I and 2. Summer 1983. page 16.
    system-building approaches are being the Boiler Light-Off Procedure for a 29. Swartout. W. R. "A Digitalis Therapy
    developed. The best we can .hope to 1078-Class Frigate." NPRDC Teclinical Note Advisor with Explanations." Teclinical Report
    convey is an awareness of the oppor- 82-85. August 1982. 176. MIT Lab for Computer Science.
    tunities and complexities involved in 15. Kunz. J.- C.. et al. "A Physiological Rule- February 1977.
    the development of expert systems. • Based System for Interpreting Pulmonary 30. Van Melle. W. 'A Domain-Independent
    Function Tests:· Heuristic Programm ing Production Rule System for Consultation
    REFERENCES Project. Memo HPP-78-19. Stanford Programs:· I/CA. 179. 1979. page 92 3.
    J. Bennett. J. S.. and R. S. Englemore. University, 1978. 31. Waterman. D. A .. and F. Hayes-Roth.
    'SACON: A Knowledge-Based Consultant 16. McDermott. J. "RI: A Rule-Based Con- eds. Pattern-Directed Inference Systems. New
    for Structural Analysis." I/CA. 179. 1979. figuror of Computer Systems." Computer York: Academic Press. 1978.
    page 47. Science Department. Carnegie-Mellon 32. Whalen. Thomas. and Brian Schott.
    2. Bramer. M.A. "A Survey and Critical University. 1980. "Issues in Fuzzy Production Systems:· In-
    Review of Expert Systems Research." In- 17. Michaelsen. R. H. "An Expert System ternational Journal of Man-Macliine Studies. # 19.
    troductory Readings in Expert Systems. D. Michie. for Federal ·rax Planning." Expert Systems: 1983. page 57.

    312 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    l\.·~·T·J·i;·J·C:·I·l\.·L I·N·T·E·L·L·I·G·E·N·C:·E

    INSIDE AN
    EXPERT SYSTEM
    BY BEVERLY A. THOMPSON AND WILLIAM A. THOMPSON

    From index cards to Pascal program


    AN EXPERT SYSTEM will allow anyone with some exper- possible decision procedure that can complete the pos-
    tise to create an outline of the process used to solve a sibilities in this case. In table I. rules I through 4. you can
    particular problem. This outline can be used to generate see how the diagram shown in figure I is represented as
    a series of questions that lead a nonexpert through the rules using IF... THEN statements. The set of rules in table
    solution of similar problems. Many different techniques I and the information in table 2 comprise an incomplete
    are used to represent an outline of expert knowledge. One botanical knowledge base that we will use to answer ques-
    method currently employed is the use of IF .. .THEN tions about plant type (herb. vine. shrub. or tree). class
    sentences. called rules. to make factual statements about of tree (angiosperm or gymnosperm). and family of gym-
    the problem area. nosperm (cypress. bald cypress. or pine). Because we are
    In this article we will describe one way that an expert using an incomplete knowledge base. we can ask well-
    system can use a set of rules to conduct a consultation formed questions that the system cannot answer (e.g.,
    session. We will describe the mechanics of how an expert family membership of a vine). Nonetheless. we believe that
    system operates by creating a "cardboard inference our simple example will give you some insight into what
    engine:· and we'll then examine some of the programming an expert system is and how it works.
    considerations for translating the cardboard system into
    Pascal. THE KNOWLEDGE BASE
    Before we begin describing how rules are used in an It is important to understand that knowledge is not a ran-
    expert system. we should get a clearer idea of where the dom collection of facts but a collection of facts related
    rules come from and the structure that they represent. by some overall structure. In the example above. the
    Imagine for a moment that you are an expert in the field IF ... THEN rules provide that structure. The collection of
    of botany, and you have just received a phone call from facts used to capture all of the information in a problem
    a woman who wants your help in identifying the botanical area is called the knowledge base. In the system we will
    family of a plant that she has found. Since you can't see present. the knowledge base consists of three main ele-
    the specimen. you must rely on information supplied by ments-rules. prompts. and translations.
    the caller. However. since she is not an expert. it is very Each rule in table I is made up of a conditional part.
    difficult for her to know what information will help you which is preceded by the word "IF." and a conclusion part.
    to make the identification. You will have to ask questions (continued)
    in order to get the caller to supply the facts you need to Beverly and William Thompson (RD 2. Box 430. Nassau. NY
    solve the problem. 1212 3) are the founders of MicroExpert Systems. a company specializ-
    Let's assume that you have asked enough questions to ing in artificial-intelligence tools for microcomputers. In addition to
    determine that the plant in question is a tree that belongs writing the MicroExpert System program. they are writing a book
    to the botanical class gymnosperm. Figure I shows one on expert systems that will be available soon.
    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 315
    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    which is preceded by the word "THEN ." Each clause within FLAT JS YES THEN CLASS JS ANGIOSPERM .
    these parts is made up of an attribute, which is a keyword Rule with translation: If the type of plant is tree and the shape
    or phrase that is some quality about which we are seek- of the leaves is broad and flat. then the class of the tree
    ing information: a value. which is assigned to an attribute is angiosperm.
    either as a response to a question or a conclusion to a
    If the value had been NO the clause would have read "the
    rule: and a predicate (the word "IS" in our system). which
    shape of the leaves is not broad and flat:' Since the
    relates the two.
    predicate and value are already contained in the transla-
    Since one of the tasks of the system is to ask the caller
    tion. they are not restated after the translation.
    to supply information about some of the attributes. the
    questions to be asked (the prompts) will have to be stored THE CARDBOARD INFERENCE ENGINE
    in the knowledge base. The attributes TYPE. FAMILY. and Now that we have described all of the items in the
    CLASS do not have questions associated with them knowledge base. we are ready to construct our cardboard
    because the user is never expected to supply any infor- inference engine. To make it easy to manipulate the in-
    mation about them. dividual items in the knowledge base. let's think of each
    Another item associated with the attribute is the transla- rule as being placed on a separate index card. Since both
    tion. This is used to expand the keyword to make the rules prompts and translations are associated with the in-
    more readable. There are two different ways to form trans- dividual attributes, we can also make an index card for
    lations. The following example illustrates the first of these: each attribute that lists the keyword, the translation. and
    Attribute: STEM the prompt. if there is one. The rules in our knowledge
    Translation : The stem of the plant base are shown in table I: the complete set of attribute
    Attribute: TYPE cards is shown in table 2. At this point it may be helpful
    Translation: The type of the plant to actually make this set of cards. The step numbers listed
    Rule without translation: IF STEM IS GREEN THEN TYPE JS in the description that follows refer to the sample session
    HERB. shown in table 3.
    Rule with translation: If the stem of the plant is green, then THE GOAL STACK
    the type of the plant is herb.
    With our knowledge base completed we can use our cards
    When forming a translation of this type. you must keep to guide us through a consultation. The first step in any
    in mind that whatever phrase is chosen will be directly consultation is to choose a goal for the session (step I).
    substituted for the attribute. The predicate and value will In this example we will make FAMILY the final goal of our
    remain exactly as they appear in the untranslated rule. consultation. To begin we should set aside the attribute
    If the method above is used when the value of an attri- card for FAMILY on a separate pile called the goal stack.
    bute is YES or NO. the resulting phrase is very unnatural. The attribute that appears on the top of the goal stack
    We can get around this problem as follows : is called the current goal.

    Attribute: BROAD AND FLAT THE CONTEXT STACK


    Translation: The shape of the leaves is /not/ broad and flat As we proceed in the consultation. we must keep track
    Rule without translation: IF TYPE IS TREE AND BROAD AND of all the facts that we discover. When an attribute is as-

    The family of the


    scalelike ::::> plant is cypress
    The class of Is the leaf / The family of the
    the tree is ' - - shape needlelike / random
    gymnosperm · or scalelike ? \ What / The fam ily of
    needlelike _.. pattern do the no ==> the plant is
    needles form · bald cypress,
    on the branch?~ two Is there
    even - a silver /
    lines band u nder~ '
    the needle? The family of
    yes ===> the plant is
    pine.

    Figure I: A flow diagram for determining the family of a gymnosperm tree.

    316 B 'IT E • APRIL 1985


    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    Table I: The rules for the sample botany expert system. lab le 2: The set of attribute cards for the botany expert
    system. The attributes are in wpital letters. followed by
    IF CLASS IS GYMNOSPERM their translations and the appropriate prompt.
    AND LEAF SHAPE IS SCALELIKE
    THEN FAMILY IS CYPRESS .
    CARD 1 STEM
    2 IF CLASS IS GYMNOSPERM
    the stem of the plant
    AND LEAF SHAPE IS NEEDLELIKE
    Is the stem of the plant woody or green?
    AND PATTERN IS RANDOM
    FAMILY IS PINE . CARD 2 POSITION
    THEN
    the position of the stem
    3 IF CLASS IS GYMNOSPERM Is the position of the stem upright or creeping ?
    AND LEAF SHAPE IS NEEDLELIKE CARD 3 ONE MAIN TRUNK
    AND PATTERN IS 2 EVEN LINES the plant does /not/ have one main trunk.
    AND SILVERY BAND IS YES Does the plant have one main trunk?
    THEN FAMILY IS PINE . CARD 4 TYPE OF PLANT
    4 IF CLASS IS GYMNOSPERM The type of plant
    AND LEAF SHAPE IS NEEDLELIKE CARD 5 BROAD AND FLAT
    AND PATTERN IS 2 EVEN LINES the shape of the leaves is /natl broad and flat
    AND SILVERY BAND IS NO Is the shape of the leaves broad and flat ?
    THEN FAMILY IS BALD CYPRESS. CARD 6 CLASS
    5 lF TYPE IS TREE The class of the tree
    AND BROAD AND FLAT IS YES CARD 7 LEAF SHAPE
    THEN CLASS IS ANGIOSPERM . the leaf shape
    6 IF TYPE IS TREE Is the leaf shape needlelike or scalelike ?
    AND BROAD AND FLAT IS NO CARD 8 NEEDLE PATTERN
    THEN CLASS IS GYMNOSPERM . the pattern the needles form along the branch
    7 IF STEM IS GREEN Is the pattern that the needles form along the
    THEN TYPE IS HERB . branch a random one or are the needles in 2
    even lines?
    8 IF STEM IS WOODY
    CARD 9 SILVER BANDS
    AND POSITION IS CREEPING there is /not/ a silver band under each needle
    THEN TYPE IS VINE . Is there a silver band under each needle ?
    9 IF STEM IS woorx CARD 10 FAMILY
    AND POSITION IS UPRIGHT the famil y of the plant
    AND ONE MAIN TRUNK IS YES
    THEN TYPE IS TREE .
    10 IF STEM IS WOODY
    AND POSITION IS UPRIGHT
    AND ONE MAIN TRUNK IS NO
    THEN TYPE IS SHRUB .

    signed a value we will take its attribute card and place goal-driven inference or consequent reasoning). If you find
    it on a pile called the context stack. Since we must also a rule that contains the attributes of the current goal in
    save the value that is assigned to the attribute. a card con- its conclusion. you can go on to "Evaluating the Rule";
    taining the value of the attribute must be placed along otherwise. you will have to resort to the procedure de-
    with the attribute card. We will also need a discard pile scribed in the section "Asking the Caller for Information:·
    for rules that we want to remove from the knowledge base.
    We are now ready to see how these pieces can be put EVAWATING THE RULE
    together to form an inference engine. An inference engine Once we have chosen a rule to evaluate. we must com-
    is a method of systematically choosing goals. evaluating pare the statements in the condition part of the rule. one
    rules. and interacting with the user in order to obtain a by one. with the facts that are already known. These facts
    value for the final goal. are contained on the context stack. As we make this com-
    parison we will discover that one of three possibilities can
    CHOOSING A RULE TO EVAWATE occur:
    First try to find a rule card that gives some information
    about the current goal attribute in its conclusion part (the I. Evaluating an unknown rule: The value of a rule is unknown
    statements following the word "THEN" in the rule) . This when one or more condition clauses in the current rule
    process of searching through the conclusions of rules to do not appear on the context stack (as with rule I in step
    solve goals is referred to as backward chaining (also called (continued!

    APRIL 198 5 • B Y TE 317


    INSIDE A N EXPERT SYSTEM

    2 of our example shown in table 3). Before this rule can solved. If there are goals remaining. return to "Choosing
    be successfully evaluated the unknown information must a Rule to Evaluate."
    be discovered. so the attribute card listing the first
    unknown attribute (CLASS in our example) will be placed ASKING THE CALLER FOR INFORMATION
    on the goal list along with the rule card containing the In the event that no rule can be found that can provide
    unknown rule. The goals that go on the goal list after the information about the current goal. you must turn to the
    final goal are sometimes referred to as subgoals. Return caller to help provide the necessary information (in step
    to "Choosing a Rule to Evaluate" and try to find a rule 5. we ask the caller for information because none of the
    with CLASS in its conclusion . rules have STEM in their conclusion) . This is where we
    2. Evaluating a false rule: A rule is false when one of the state- make use of the prompts that have been placed on the
    ments on the card has a clause that is contradicted by attribute cards. Unfortunately. if no prompt appears on
    a fact on the context stack (in step 6. rule 7 has the value the card it means that the caller can provide no informa-
    GREEN for the attribute STEM. which was contradicted tion about the attribute in question . In this case. we have
    by the user input). Jn this case. the current rule card is reached a dead end and will have to end the consulta-
    placed on the discard pile. and you must return to "Choos- tion without finding a solution to the problem. If this oc-
    ing a Rule to Evaluate." curs. there is either some problem with our rules or this
    3. Evaluating true rules: A rule is said to be true when each branch of the knowledge base was left unresolved.
    of the clauses in the condition part of the rule matches When a prompt does appear on the current goal card.
    an item on the context stack (rule 9 was established as we use it to question the caller. Once the caller has sup-
    true in step I 2). When all of the clauses in the condition plied the missing information. we can remove the current
    part are true. the statements in the conclusion part must goal card from the goal stack and place it on the context
    also be true. Since this rule was chosen to be evaluated stack. If there is a rule card with this goal. it should be
    because it contained the current goal as its conclusion. placed on the top of the pile of rule cards. You will also
    you should remove the current goal from the top of the have to make a card that lists the value and place it on
    goal stack and place it on the context list. The rule card the context stack with the attribute card. Once this has
    left behind on the goal stack (rule 5 in our example) should been done we can return to "Choosing a Rule to Evaluate:·
    be returned to the top of the rule card pile so it can be
    reevaluated. The rule card we have just evaluated (rule 9) WHY AND How
    is kept with the attribute card on the context list to show In the course of a consultation it is not uncommon for
    the value of the attribute and how it was reached. This the caller to want to know why you are asking a certain
    rule card will also be used to answer questions that the question . In table 3. step 13. we were unable to find a rule
    caller may later ask about this conclusion. If there are no that gave any information about BROAD AND FLAT so
    other goals on the goal stack. the problem has been (continued)

    Tuble 3: A step-b~-step illustration of a cardboard-inference-engine consultation. showing stack volatilities.


    goal stack context stack
    step evaluate value response discard
    rule# of rule to prompt attribute rule# attribute value rule# rule#

    1 FAMILY
    2 1 unknown CLASS 1
    3 5 unknown TYPE 5
    4 7 unknown STEM 7
    5 no WOODY TYPE 5 STEM WOODY
    6 7 false 7
    7 8 unknown POSITION 8
    8 no UPRIGHT TYPE 5 POSITION UPRIGHT
    9 8 false 8
    10 9 unknown MAIN TRUNK 9
    11 no YES TYPE 5 MAIN TRUNK YES
    12 9 true CLASS 1 TYPE TREE 9
    13 5 unknown BROAD+ FLAT 5
    14 no NO CLASS 1 BROAD+ FLAT NO
    15 5 false 5
    16 6 true FAMILY CLASS GYMNOSPERM 6
    17 1 unknown LEAF SHAPE
    18 no SCALELIKE FAMILY LEAF SHAPE SCALE LIKE
    19 1 true FAMILY CYPRESS

    31 8 B Y TE• APRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 343 APRIL 1985 • B Y TE 319


    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    we have just asked the caller the prompt for BROAD AND ing where that attribute appears on the context stack. If
    FLAT. Before answering. the caller asks why we have asked there is a rule card with the attribute card. the rule on
    this particular question. To find the reason we need look that card caused the value to be placed on the context
    no further than the top rule on the goal stack. The reason stack. To answer the question. we would use the informa-
    we are trying to find a value for BROAD AND FLAT is to tion in the rule to form our response:
    get one of the pieces of information needed to solve the
    the type of the plant is tree
    goal CLASS in rule 5. By fitting the information from the
    goal stack into the following form we will answer the ques-
    was proven using rule 9
    tion "Why?": ·
    This rule states that:
    If the stem of the plant is woody
    We are trying to find a value for the class of the tree. and the position of the stem is upright
    We already know that the type of the plant is tree. and the plant does have one main trunk
    If we can show that the leaf shape is not broad and flat then the type of the plant is tree.
    then we will know that the class of the tree is gymnosperm.
    When no rule card is placed with the attribute card on
    Notice that we have substituted the translation for each the context stack. we can inform the caller that he or she
    attribute to make the information more readable. must have supplied the fact in response to a prompt.
    lf the caller now wants to know "Why is CLASS impor- Allowing a caller to interrupt a consultation to ask how
    tant?" the process is repeated. moving back another item and why makes the process more understandable and
    in the goal stack. This can continue until all of the subgoals more educational to both consultant and caller.
    on the stack are exhausted. Now that we have made a mechanical model that con-
    Returning to the example above. the caller may now be tains all of the pieces of our expert system. it is a fairly
    satisfied with why you have asked about BROAD AND straightforward task to lay out program structures to
    FLAT but may ask. "How do you know that the type of automate the process. We can now introduce some Pascal
    the plant is tree?" This question can be answered by find- (continued)

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    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    structures to aid in the construction of an expert system. The first step in programming a parser is to completely
    Conceptually. we can separate the knowledge-base rules describe the language that the parser will recognize. The
    and attributes from the inference engine. which employs Backus-Naur diagram in table 4 describes the grammar
    the knowledge base to reach conclusions. Of course. we that the program must recognize. Backus-Naur form (BNF)
    could hard-wire the knowledge base into the expert-system is a shorthand for describing syntax. It uses two special
    program. but then the program would be inflexible. If we symbols: "::="(read as "is defined to be") and "I" (read
    wanted to expand the knowledge base to include family- as "or"). For example. the first line of table 4.
    of-vines data or to create a different expert system for in-
    sect identification. we would have to rewrite the program.
    sentence ::= rule I prompt I translation
    Alternatively. we can make it one of the program's duties is read "a sentence is defined to be a rule. a prompt. or
    to read the rules. prompts. and translations from a file and a translation." Names enclosed in quotes must appear
    transform them into a form that can be operated on by exactly as shown. Other symbols are syntactical categories
    the inference engine. This is the approach we will take. and are defined in the grammar. The phrase
    The translation is accomplished by means of a parser. A
    rule::= rule_number 'IF' condition THEN' conclusion· .·
    parser is a routine that reads statements in a given
    language and determines whether the statements are legal tells us that a rule is made up of a rule number followed
    in that language. As a by-product of its activity. a parser by the keyword "IF" This is followed by a condition (to
    may also produce a transformed representation of the be defined elsewhere in the grammar). the word "THEN.''
    statement for use by other parts of the program. The and a conclusion. Finally a " ... terminates the rule. The
    parser we will discuss is available for downloading from definition of a condition.
    BYTEnet Listings (telephone: (603) 924-9820).
    One of the decisions that must be made early in the
    condition :: = clause I clause 'AN o· condition
    design of an expert system is the method of entry and tells us that a condition is made up of a clause or a series
    storage for the knowledge base. One convenient method of clauses connected by the word "AND:' A definition such
    is the use of a standard text editor to enter and store the as this is called right-recursive. since it contains the ob-
    rules. prompts. and translations as ASCII (American Stan- ject being defined on the right-hand end of the definition.
    dard Code for Information Interchange) text files. This can The recursion in such a definition doesn't necessarily ter-
    lead to difficulties in maintaining the integrity of the minate. A condition could legally consist of an infinite
    knowledge base. but it greatly simplifies the overall pro- number of clauses. Obviously, any program trying to parse
    gram design. since it will not be necessary to write any such an object would run into problems of time and mem-
    data-entry routines. In our text file. the rules should have ory constraints. The BNF gives a good theoretical defini-
    the same form as on our index cards. tion of the grammar but doesn't necessarily contain in-
    formation about the practical limitations imposed by im-
    THE PARSER plementing the grammar on a real computer.
    The language the parser recognizes is described by a The advantage of using the BNF definition is that it is
    grammar. A grammar is a set of definitions that specify relatively straightforward to implement a parser for a
    how the basic symbols of the language. called tokens. may grammar that has been defined in this manner. The defini-
    be legally combined. In this case. a token is any string of tion provides a guide for the top-down design of the pro-
    characters surrounded by blanks. We can think of the rules. gram. You start by assuming the existence of a routine.
    prompts. and translations as statements in a rule language. (continued)

    Table 4: The grammar for the expert system's rules. prompts. and translations expressed in BNF.
    sentence :: = rule I prompt I translation
    rule :: = rule_no 'IF' condition 'THEN' conclusion ·.·
    rule_no :: = digit I digit rule_no
    condition :: = clause I clause 'AND' condition
    clause :: = attribute predicate value
    attribute :: = token I token attribute (max 30 characters)
    predicate :: = 'IS'
    value :: = token I token value (max 30 characters)
    digit :: = 'O' .. '9'
    token :: = (any string, up to 30 characters, surrounded by blanks)
    prompt :: = '@PROMPT' attribute end_of_line text end_of_line '@'
    end_of_line : : = ( < RET> for UCSD, < RET > < LF> for TURBO)
    text :: = (any string, up to 80 characters)
    translation :: = '@TRANS' attribute end_of_line text end_of_line '@'

    322 8 Y T E • APRIL 1985


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    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    Many of the procedures that will


    make up the parser are recursive
    because their definitions are
    LIGHTNING recursive. This technique is called
    SPONGE recursive--descent parsing.
    MODEL 22 which we will call scant. that will read tokens from the in-
    • Prevents damage to modems, converters put file.
    and terminals from direct strikes To write the parser. start at the first line of the grammar
    • Triple stage protection and write a procedure that can accept a token from a file
    • Fast response time and decide if it is the starting token of rule. a prompt. or
    • Supports 4 circuits a translation. read the next token. and call the appropriate
    • Available with lugs or modular jacks, RJ-11
    routine to analyze the rest of the sentence. The procedure
    --z-~u-- sentence in the BYTEnet program does that. The pro-
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    the token having the value " IF." If this is true. it calls con-
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    The definition of value uses ':AND" as a terminating
    token. so that attempting to use values such as "hard and
    woody" will cause the parser to terminate in an error. We
    could resolve this problem by modifying the definition of
    rule in the grammar to use some other keyword in place
    of "AND" or by building some sort of backtracking into
    the parser. Backtracking would allow the parser to back
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    • Inter-task messages
    such as condition and attribute. are recursive because their
    Options:
    • C, Pascal, PUM, Fortran definitions are recursive. This type of top-down recursive
    Interlaces technique is called recursive-descent parsing.
    • CP/M-80 BOOS interface Using this grammar we can mix rules. prompts. and
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    324 BY TE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 217


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    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    Tu change the kind of rules recognized by the program. for the goal of the consultation. The rest of the program
    modify the grammar and then. using the new grammar must be designed to support this function.
    as a guide. rewrite the routines that process the grammar. Along with parsing the rules. the program must allocate
    A cross-reference program that uses the parser routines storage for prompts. translations. and rules. For rules it
    described in this article can be downloaded from BYTEnet. will be necessary not only to store attributes and values
    The source code is available in a UCSD or Apple Pascal but also to represent the overall structure of the rules in
    version and a 1l1rbo Pascal version. The set of rules used a compact manner. Prompt and translation strings must
    in this article is also available as a text file as well as a be stored in a way that will allow them to be associated
    more complete knowledge base that identifies the genera easily with their respective attributes.
    of conifers in the northeast U.S. The cross-reference pro- There are numerous methods of accomplishing this as-
    gram will read a knowledge base from a text file and pro- sociation. In our system. MicroExpert. we used linked lists
    duce an alphabetized list of the attributes along with their of records called items to store most of the data elements
    translations. prompts. and values. The numbers of the necessary for the operation of the inference engine. This
    rules containing each value will also be displayed. is slightly wasteful of storage. but it simplifies the overall
    While the cross-reference program represents about 16K program design. Listing I shows an item as it would be
    bytes of source code. it is only part of an expert system. defined in Pascal.
    In the rest of this article. we will present the specifications There are two basic kinds of items. The rule item con-
    for a full-blown program to implement the cardboard in- tains the attribute. the value, the rule number. and the kind
    ference engine in Pascal. The specifications are based on of item (condition or conclusion). Since in the rule descrip-
    a program we wrote called MicroExpert System. which is tion we have allowed only one kind of predicate. "Is;· we
    available on disk from McGraw-Hill for IBM and Apple have not included the predicate in the item. For each
    computers for $39.95 . The package includes full documen- clause in the rule. an item is created. The items making
    tation and source code and is a straightforward realiza- up the clauses in a rule are linked together by means of
    tion of the complete cardboard inference engine. (Micro- a pointer. Finally. another pointer is inserted into an ar-
    Expert is a trademark of MicroExpert Systems.) The cross- ray that points to the first item in the rule. This structure
    ref erence program on BYTEnet can be used with the is represented in figure 2. Each rule is thus stored in
    MicroExpert program without modification. memory as a pair of linked lists. one for the condition and
    one for the conclusion of the rule.
    DATA STRUCTURES Prompts and translations are also stored by means of
    Parsing ensures that the rules in the file are well formed. a linked-list organization. When the parser reading the
    but this is only part of an expert system. The major func- knowledge-base file encounters a prompt or translation.
    tion of the system is to interpret the rules and find a value an item is created for the attribute. if one does not already
    exist. The item is inserted into a linked list of attribute
    items and. as prompt and translation lines are read. they
    Listing I: Pascal code to describe an item and related are also linked together and pointed to by fields in the
    data types. attribute list. This structure is diagramed in figure 3.
    Linked lists are a useful programming mechanism for
    TYPE manipulating symbolic structures such as rules. Unfor-
    string80 = string[80l ;
    word = string[word...:...sizel ;
    tunately. languages like Pascal provide few intrinsic
    counter = 0 . . maxint ; routines for handling lists. In order to implement an ex-
    item_type = (cond,concld) ; pert system in Pascal. routines for manipulating lists and
    item_ptr = "item; managing storage must be designed. Pascal provides in-
    string_ptr = "string_rec ; trinsic procedures for manipulating dynamic storage. Un-
    string_rec = RECORD fortunately. these routines vary somewhat among different
    info : string80 ;
    versions of Pascal. Most versions provide a new procedure
    nexLline : string_ptr ;
    END; to allocate storage. but the method of releasing dynamic
    item = RECORD data when it is no longer needed differs slightly among
    next : item_ptr ; the versions of Pascal that we wished to use.
    attr: word; Since we wanted MicroExpert to run under Apple and
    CASE boolean OF 1lirbo Pascal with only minor modifications. we chose not
    TRUE : ( val : word ;
    to use the Pascal intrinsic dispose. which is not included
    kind : item_type ;
    rule_no : counter ) ; in the Apple version. Instead we maintain another list of
    FALSE : ( prompLptr : string_ptr ; items. When a request is made for a new item. the pro-
    trans_ptr : string_ptr ; gram first checks this list. If the list is empty. it calls the
    vaLptr : item_ptr) ; intrinsic function new to get space for the item. If the list
    END; is not empty, the top item of the list is returned and the
    (continued)

    326 BYTE • APRIL 1985 •


    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    COND CONCLD

    I I I ITEMS
    I I I I NIL

    STEM POSITION

    WOODY CREEPING
    7

    COND COND
    8
    8 8

    I I NIL

    TYPE

    VINE

    CONCLD

    Figure 2: The linked-list representation of rule 8.

    ITEMS

    - -
    STEM POSITION

    - -
    - - -

    I I I
    I - IS THE POSITION OF THE STEM UPRIGHT OR CREEPING?
    I I
    NIL

    - THE POSITION OF THE STEM :: NIL

    Figure 3: The linkages between the attribute list and the prompt and translation lists are illustrated for the POSITION attribute.

    APRIL 1985 • B Y TE 327


    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    list pointer is set to point to the next item on the list. previously referred to as stacks. we have implemented
    Similarly, an item can be released by making its next them as linked lists. Since a stack is just a linked list that
    pointer point to the top of the list and the list pointer point is always accessed at its first element. we will use the terms
    to the just-released item. "list" and "stack·· interchangeably.
    Several other list-handling routines will also be neces- In the description of the cardboard inference engine we
    sary. A routine must be included to check to see if a par- mentioned a discard pile upon which rules were placed
    ticular attribute is on a given list and. if found. return a when they were no longer active. In the program. it is con-
    pointer to the location on the list. A routine to create a venient to use an array of Booleans to perform the same
    new item. put it on the front of a list. and fill in values function. Each element is initially set to the value TRUE.
    for the fields in the item record will be needed. Similar As the rule becomes inactive by being discovered to be
    routines will be needed to insert items at the end of a true or false depending upon the current context. the cor-
    list and to insert an item in a list in alphabetical order. responding element in the active-rule array is set to
    Besides using these routines. the program builds several FALSE.
    other lists that correspond to structures described in the
    cardboard inference engine. We must build a goal list of THE INFERENCE ENGINE
    items that contains the main goal and subgoals generated The inference engine can be implemented by following
    by the inference engine. The context is also a linked list the pseudocode of table 5. This is illustrated by routine
    of items that is used to keep track of facts derived during infer. shown in listing 2. which begins by calling
    processing. Although both of these structures were geLmain_goal to ask the user for the final goal of the
    consultation. It stores this in the global variable
    main_goal and also creates an item containing
    Table 5: Pseudocode for the inference-engine procedure. main_goal and puts it on the goal_list.
    The program then begins to loop until the Boolean
    BEGIN variable done becomes TRUE . It first uses the Boolean
    put the final goal on the goal stack.
    done := false. function found_rule to determine if a rule is available to
    WHILE NOT done DO be evaluated This function implements the backward-
    IF a rule can be found to evaluate chaining feature of the program and works by searching
    THEN the conclusion parts of each active rule to see if there is
    CASE value of rule OF a match for the goal on the top of the goal stack. If it finds
    true : BEGIN a match. the function returns a value of TRUE and a
    put attribute card from goal stack
    and the rule card being evaluated
    pointer to the item in the rule that gave the match.
    on the context stack. If a rule containing the current goal could be found the
    IF there was a rule card with the goal function rule_value is called to determine the logical
    put it on top of the pile of rule value of the rule with respect to the current state of the
    cards. context. MicroExpert uses a tri-valued logic. A rule can
    IF the goal stack is empty be determined to be true. false. or unknown. A rule can
    THEN done := true. be true. symbolized by T in the listing. if all its conditions
    END.
    false : put the rule card on the discard pile.
    match items on the context list. A rule is false. symbolized
    unknown : put the first unknown attribute on the by F. if any attribute has a different value in the rule's con-
    goal stack along with the rule card. dition part than it has on the context. Finally. a rule is said
    END. to be unknown. symbolically U. if a value cannot be found
    ELSE on the context for one of the attributes in the rule's con-
    IF there is a prompt associated with current goal dition. The function also returns a pointer to the context
    THEN
    item that caused the rule to be evaluated as T. F. or U.
    BEGIN
    ask prompt. If the value returned by rule_value is F. the rule is.
    put answer on context stack along with goal marked as inactive by setting the corresponding element
    card. of active_rule to FALSE. If the value returned is U. the
    IF there was a rule card with the goal card attribute of the first item in the rule whose value could
    place the rule card on top of the rule pile. not be determined is put on the front of the goal list.
    END. If the value returned is T. true_rule is called to put the
    ELSE done:= true.
    IF final goal is on context stack
    rule's conclusions on the context: true_rule also removes
    THEN the answer is the value associated with the final the top item from goal_list and sets the rule's element
    goal attribute. to FALSE in the active_rule table. The procedure also
    ELSE no answer could be found. checks to see if the goal_list is empty. setting the done
    END. indicator to TRUE if it is.
    If no rule can be found by found_rule. the program calls
    (continued)

    328 BYTE • A PRIL 1985


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    Inquiry 429 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 329


    INSIDE AN EXPERT SYSTEM

    When a rule is printed, each clause is given a number,


    Listing 2: Tlie procedure infer is a Pascal realization of and an item for the clause is added to a list. This list is
    tlie pseudocode in table 8. used in conjunction with the response "how:· The user
    PROCEDURE infer ;
    may respond to the prompt by typing "how" followed by
    BEGIN a number. The number is the number of a line printed
    geLmain_goal ; in response to the last "why:·
    =
    done : false ; For example, the phrase "how 3" is interpreted as "How
    WHILE NOT done DO was or can the phrase on line 3 be proven?" In response
    IF found_rule(ptr) to this phrase, the program searches the context list for
    THEN
    CASE rule_value(ptr- .rule_no,reason) OF
    a match for the attribute of the phrase in question. If a
    T : true_rule ; match is found, the value in the phrase is compared to
    F: active_rule[ptr-.rule_no] := FALSE; the corresponding value on the context. If these values
    U : puLon_goal(reason) ; match, the program prints the rule that placed the item
    END on the context. If this rule number is 0, the program prints
    ELSE that the phrase was proven by user input.
    IF found_prompt(attr_list,prmpLptr)
    Not finding the attribute from the phrase on the con-
    THEN
    BEGIN text indicates the logical value of the phrase has not yet
    why _ptr : = goal_list ; been determined. In this case. the conclusion parts of the
    geLanswer; rules are searched for a match for the attribute in the
    ENO phrase. If a match is found. the rule number of the match-
    ELSE done := TRUE ; ing rule is printed. If no match can be found, a message
    what; is printed indicating that the phrase can be determined
    IF NOT on_list(main_goal,context,ptr)
    THEN writeln('No value could be found for :main_goal) ;
    only by user input.
    END ; (* infer *)
    VARIATIONS ON A THEME
    The system we have described and our MicroExpert pro-
    the function found_prompt to search the attribute list for gram are both designed for people who want to experi-
    a question to ask the user in order to get a value for the ment with expert systems. What we have tried to provide
    goal. The function returns a value of TRUE and a pointer is the bare bones of an expert system. with enough
    to the matching element in the attribute list if the attribute modularity and openness of design to encourage modifi-
    has a prompt associated with it. cation and experimentation. As a conclusion to our arti-
    If a prompt cannot be found. the done indicator is set cle. we would like to suggest some possible directions for
    to TRUE and the loop terminates. This usually indicates variation in the design that we have presented.
    some kind of inconsistency in the rule base. and the in- As we mentioned. the structure of inference on the card-
    terpreter will terminate without finding a value for the main board system is backward chaining. An equally valid
    goal. If a prompt was returned. geLanswer is called to method of inference is the forward-chaining or data-driven
    display the prompt and get a value for the goal attribute engine. In this method. at ·any point during the consulta-
    from the user. tion, the system searches the condition parts of the rules
    The program continues in this manner. searching for for any rule that may be true and performs their conclu-
    rules to evaluate and. when necessary, asking the user for sion part. This adds new information to the context. and
    information. until either the goal list is exhausted or no the process is repeated.
    prompt can be found. The program then calls what to print Methods can also be designed that are combinations
    out the contents of the context and finally checks the con- of the two types of inference. As described. we put only
    text list and prints a message if the main goal is not ori the conclusion of the current rule on the context. i.e.. the
    the context. rule that produced the current goal. Finding a value for
    this goal may cause other rules to become true. but the
    IMPLEMENTING WHY AND How system will ignore them. A relatively simple modification
    In response to the user query "why," the program prints would be to search the rule base for all rules that have
    out the goal pointed to by why_ptr. which infer initially the current goal in their conditions and evaluate them.
    set to point to the current goal. It also prints the translated If any of these rules add items to the context. repeat the
    rule that caused the goal to be placed on the goal list. process until no new items are added.
    The rule number for this rule was stored in the goal item Another useful modification to the inference engine
    when the item was created by puLon_goal; why_ptr would be the inclusion of new predicates such as "IS NOf"
    is then updated to point to the next goal on the list. so and numerical operators such as "+," " - ." "*." and "/...
    that successive responses of "why" will print the contents These predicates would allow more complex relationships
    of goal_list and the rules examined by the system in among attributes but will also increase the complexity of
    establishing the goals. the function that evaluates the rules. •

    330 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    tRENT BEFORE YOU BUY- Members are eligible to join The NETWORK's Business and Game Soflware
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    Copyright © 1984, PC NETWORK, INC
    ~idJ~~RNW~~~~·~L~n/;'kf~~rW'ea;:;t7J:tsv~ra~.8hhoe~;~,\~~f: \r.~!~1 f~'1'~~15r.P°P~~1~JA~o~,n~ Fci7~
    332 BY T E • APR IL 19 85 Formats.
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    YOU WILL ONLY PAY THE LOWER AMOUNT!!
    Inquiry 295 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 333
    ~'1TE

    REVIEWER'S NOTEBOOK ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. The phrase seems randomly applied in a wide
    by Glenn Hartwig ... . ... . ... . . ... .. 33 7 variety of contexts by a growing number of people from diverse backgrounds.
    THE ITT XTRA This month's theme section gives you the theories and the potential as viewed
    by John D. Unger ..... . . . .. . ... .... 338 by some of the world's most astute observers. "But." you ask yourself. "what
    INSIGHT-A KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM can I do with it?" And in order to answer that question satisfactorily you have
    by Bruce o· Ambrosio ................ 34 5 to know what products are available now. what they can do. and their specific
    REVIEW FEEDBA.CK . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... 348 approach to Al. One point you couldn't really get away from until now was
    the fact that most Al products were specialized and expensive. Building your
    own knowledge base and using the computer to help you arrive at a solution
    that neither you nor it knew in advance depended on custom databases and
    large amounts of computing power. With our first review this month. we see
    that things may be starting to change.
    Insight. from Level 5 Research. sells for $95. is designed for IBM Personal
    Computers (PCs) and compatibles. and lets you build your own expert system
    through goal-outlining procedures and probabilistic reasoning. Reviewer Bruce
    D'Ambrosia doesn't give it high marks for completeness. but he notes that
    some of the basic tools are there. For example. while Insight gives you Boolean
    and numeric data types. it does not give you character data or the capability
    to structure variables into records or frames. Still. its inability to structure data
    isn't a major handicap as long as the problems are simple and you use a single
    kind of data. Mr. D'Ambrosia gives Insight a nod as a possible AI learning
    aid. Expert-system development tools are beginning to work their way down
    to the microcomputer level. and Insight is an example of something you can
    use right now. It's not fully realized in some respects. but it's not a game either.
    John Unger takes a look at ITT's entry in the IBM PC-compatible sweepstakes.
    the XTRA. Mr. Unger notes that while the XTRA may be attractive in a lot
    of home or office situations. it breaks no technological ground. It uses an
    8088 microprocessor at a 5-MHz clock rate. just slightly faster than the IBM
    PC's 4.77 MHz but not so fast that it can't run most IBM PC applications soft-
    ware. ITT bundles a communications package with the XTRA. which is logical
    enough when you think about it. Except that not every communications com-
    pany thought about it. The A1&T 6300. for example. is bereft of communica-
    tions software. It's an indication that the XTRA's designers and packagers used
    some forethought. Mr. Unger reports that the XTRA features a number of
    these design touches. which seem to indicate that the company made an ef-
    fort to provide a product that can complement. as well as compete with, the
    IBM PC.
    -Glenn Hartwig. Technical E.ditor. Reviews

    APRIL 19 85 • BYTE 335


    THE LARGEST CAPACI1Y DISK EMULATOR So remember tllisc b iDisk Systems has been buildi
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    Another thing about disk emulators. Unless they're from
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    •
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    336 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 346


    N·O·T·E·B·O·O·K

    ygnet Technologies lnc~s Com- BYTE readers. but I wouldn't be sur-


    C munication CoSystem is a com- prised if I saw one in use at a car-
    bination of hardware and software for rental agency.
    looking forward to seeing how well it
    performs.

    integrating the telephone with your e've been running the Ericsson
    IBM Personal Computer (PC) or com-
    patible. For example. you can use it G eneral Computer Company.
    Cambridge. Massachusetts.
    W PC for the past few weeks as a
    sort of common-property IBM-com-
    to store a 400-listing telephone direc- showed us its Hyperdrive. an internal- patible for those of us who need only
    tory-each number of which you can ly mounted IO-megabyte hard disk for occasional access to the 5 Y-1-inch MS-
    access by category. alphabetical the Macintosh. The expansion pack- DOS/PC-DOS format. It has a very
    order. frequency of use. or with a age also grows the RAM to 512 K nice amber-on-brown display. and the
    special speed-dialing code. Each bytes. What the company does is line little stand for elevating the monitor
    desktop unit gives you one or two up a dealer. You go to the dealer. who is one of those features whose merits
    telephone lines that you can mix be- takes your Mac. opens it up. installs become increasingly appreciated. It's
    tween tone dialing or rotary dialing or the hard disk and new RAM. closes supposed to have an ergonomically
    both. You get three-party conference it up. gives it back. and charges you enhanced keyboard. and on the desk
    calling. You can dial with the phone $2795 . Simple. except that it voids the it does seem quite comfortable: for
    still on the hook: this is actually more Apple warranty. To get around this. laptop typing. however. I found it too
    useful than it sounds because you can General Computer issues you a new light and the cord too short. Hardly
    listen with half an ear to a volume- warranty for your Mac as well as for major complaints. being subjective as
    controllable speaker for the other par- whatever the dealer installs (you can they are. Too. I thought it curious but
    ty to pick up before you have to give get the Hyperdrive without the 5I 2K- not horribly distressing that. while
    it your complete attention. You also byte expansion package for $2 I 9 5 if compatible with all of the application
    get the option of connecting a you already have a Fat Mac. but one programs we have put into it. it will
    microphone and using the unit for way or another. you have to have boot only its own version of DOS. The
    general conference calling. 512 K bytes on your machine). General MS-DOS we've used for other IBM PC-
    If you have two or more CoSystems Computer also installs a fan with a compatibles simply won't work. It's
    you get attended or unattended elec- temperature-sensor circuit that kicks not that the disk just spins forever in
    tronic mail. You can also exchange into high when the temperature rises. the drive-the screen goes dead. the
    screens and send and receive files to By mounting the hard disk internal- drive unit goes dead. and you can't
    disk. An electronic calendar lets you ly and using a direct logic board in- restart it with a Ctrl-Alt-Del. However.
    store your appointments. and it beeps terface to connect it to the Mac's main seeing as how you get Ericsson DOS
    when it's time to be somewhere. call circuit. General Computer has left the with the system. this particular curiosi-
    someone. or do something. serial port alone. You still get to use ty is simply a curiosity and nothing
    What it won't do is let you use one the standard connections for the more.
    telephone line simultaneously for modem. printer. or Applebus. The Ericsson PC looks intriguing
    both voice and data. I've heard about Hyperdrive comes also with exten- from a number of aspects. It does
    exotic systems that provide this kind sions to the Macintosh system soft- seem generally compatible with most
    of line sharing. and I thought CoSys- ware. You can partition the hard disk standard software. and it gives the ap-
    tem-priced at about $1800-was ex- into 32 file drawers or "virtual disks" pearance of being well planned in
    pensive enough to be that exotic. that automatically resize themselves terms of those features the user will
    Still. for an office where individuals whenever you add or remove data. have the most contact with. i.e.. the
    do a lot of telephone work along with You can add password protection at keyboard and the screen. It has a nice
    a lot of noncommunicating work on the file level. and you can also encrypt small footprint for a desktop. and the
    an IBM PC. the CoSystem offers a lot your files and applications. The icon- evaluation unit sent to us came with
    of useful features. Because of the oriented user interface stays the same. a rack for housing it on edge on the
    price tag. I doubt if it will displace a except that you get new icons for the floor. This is another unit I'm looking
    pop-up menu program combined new functions. forward to reviewing .
    with a regular push-button-phone/ we· re supposed to get one of these
    modem-within-arm's-reach for most megaMacs for evaluation. and I'm -Glenn Hartwig, Technical Editor. Reviews
    APRIL 1985 • BY T E 337
    S·Y·S·T·E·M

    The ITT XTRA


    T
    he IBM Personal Computer (PC) is the standard attributes-reverse video.
    It's an easy mark for improvement. and blinking. half- and high-intensity. and under-
    compatible almost every compatible today lining-in various combinations and per-
    does many things faster or better than the mutations. I cannot say much about the
    with-and it PC. The ITT XTRA is no exception: it com- graphics capability of the system since I did
    bines compatibility with a number of im- not have a graphics board to test in the
    improves provements on the IBM PC and some of the XTRA. However. I did note that the BIOS
    clones. There are. however. no important (basic input/output system) ROM (read-only
    upon-the hardware innovations to differentiate it from memory) routines included interrupt-driven
    compatible microcomputers. Rather. some functions that appear identical to those
    IBM PC other. more subtle reasons may form the used in creating medium- and high-resolu-
    basis for choosing the XTRA. tion graphics on the IBM PC. and graphics
    It appears that ITT is aiming the machine video RAM is located at the same memory
    BY JOHN D. UNGER at business users who have an IBM or addresses as in the IBM PC.
    similar computer at the office and want a
    compatible machine at home The commu- STORAGE
    nications software bundled with the XTRA The XTRA uses half-height double-sided
    suits this purpose. double-density disk drives. each with a
    A color/graphics board also allows the storage capacity of 360K bytes. The drives
    computer to run IBM PC game software. I operate quietly. However. the slot for the
    reviewed an XTRA with 2 56K bytes of RAM lower or B: drive sits only 2%inches above
    (random-access read/write memory). two the table top. If the keyboard is less than
    double-sided double-density floppy-disk 6 or 7 inches from the front of the main unit.
    drives. and a monochrome monitor and . it is difficult to insert disks into the drive
    monochrome display board. This standard without flexing them somewhat to clear the
    configuration has a list price of $2395 . keyboard
    The user's guide contains complete and
    HARDWARE easy-to-follow instructions for installing a
    The XTRA (see photo I) has the conven- half-height I 0-megabyte hard-disk drive.
    tional three-piece grouping: a main unit that This is a modification that requires an
    contains the processor and disk drives. the expansion card with a controller for the
    monitor. and a detached keyboard. hard disk.
    The ASCII (American Standard Code for
    Information Interchange) keyboard differs INTERNALS
    slightly from the IBM PC/XT keyboard (see To lift the cover off the main unit and gain
    photo 2). Both the Caps LDck and Num LDck access to the IBM-compatible expansion
    keys have light-emitting diodes (LEDs) . All slots. the disk drives. and the motherboard.
    of the keys repeat after about half a second you need only remove two screws from the
    The keycodes are identical to those for the rear panel. The XTRA uses an 8088 micro-
    IBM PC. processor at 5 MHz. a nominally faster
    John D. Unger (POB 95.
    Hamilton. VA 22068) is a geo-
    The amber monitor measures 12 inches clock rate than the IBM PC's 4. 77 MHz. Next
    physicist studying earthquakes and diagonally and produces crisp. high-quality to the 8088 is a socket for installing an 8087
    the crustal structure of earthquake- characters in a font style that is easy to read arithmetic coprocessor. The motherboard
    prone regions for the U.S. govern- (see photo 3) The characters. formed from can hold 2 56K bytes of RAM (the XTRA
    ment. He has a B.S. and an MS. a 7- by 9-pixel matrix in a 9- by 12-pixel cell. uses standard 4164 64K-bit RAM chips in
    from MIT and a Ph.D. from Dart-
    mouth. He enjoys running. skiing. are displayed on an 80 by 25 screen. There its memory): expansion cards can bring ad-
    and keeping a family of five is no blurring or distortion as the screen ditional memory to a total of 640K bytes.
    organized. scrolls. The monochrome mode includes Because the XTRA performs a parity check

    338 BYTE • APRIL 1985

    ;
    on its RAM. nine 64K-bit chips have to be DOS 2.11) and Advanced BASIC ITT's
    installed for every additional 64K bytes of BASIC-language interpreter. As might be ex-
    memory When powered up. the system pected from a communications company
    takes about 32 seconds to check the RAM like ITT. the ITT-DOS disk contains an asyn-
    with 2 56K bytes installed. To disable the chronous communications program that
    check. you can open the case and easily set enables you to access on-line telecom-
    I position on one of two 8-position DIP munications services as soon as you con-
    (dual-inline package) switches. The switches nect your modem. Or you can access a
    also set the amount of motherboard nearby computer by running a cable direct-
    memory. the type of monitor. the number ly from the RS-2 32C communications port
    of floppy-disk drives. a screen time-out on the XTRA. The communications pro-
    feature. and the presence or absence of the gram includes options to choose param-
    808 7 coprocessor. eters. to upload or download ASCII files.
    The XTRA comes with 32K bytes of ROM. and to exit to the operating system without
    most of which holds the BIOS. but the ROM disconnecting. It is a simple. straightforward
    also provides a set of system diagnostics. communications program. but it lacks many
    These routines are mentioned only briefly of the features-like providing a directory of
    in the documentation I received. but the op- (continued)
    tional technical reference manual describes
    them in more detail. Pressing the Esc. Ctrl.
    and Alt keys at the same time runs the pro-
    gram. 'fyping H at the = > prompt gives you
    a menu with options for running diagnostics
    of the system hardware. memory. disk
    drives. video display. and keyboard. The
    menu also provides access to powerful util-
    ities that read and modify disk sectors and
    memory.

    INTERFACES
    The main unit's back panel contains two
    2 5-pin DB-2 5 connectors. One. labeled
    "Printer." is a female Centronics-compatible
    printer port: the other. marked "Comm.
    Line." is an RS-232C male asynchronous
    serial port for communications or a serial
    printer. An ITT-supplied communications
    program can configure the serial port from
    110 to 9600 bps (bits per second). Both
    ports are "hard-wired" into the mother-
    board and therefore do not use the expan-
    sion slots. The optional Combo expansion
    board includes a second parallel printer
    port.

    SOFTWARE
    Advertisements I have seen offer the XTRA Photo I: An ITT XTRA with two 3601<-byte disk drives.
    only with the standard ITT-DOS 2.11 (MS-

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 339

    \
    REVIEW: ITT XTRA

    phone numbers-of PC-lalk Ill. McGraw-Hill. 1983). Improvements in ten for the IBM PC to run the bench-
    ITT describes Advanced BASIC as the BASIC benchmarks over those for mark tests for the XTRA; both pack~
    Microsoft MS-BASIC with GW-BASIC the IBM PC must be owing to en- ages ran perfectly.
    extensions. The full-screen editor and hancements in the BASIC interpreter
    command syntax will be familiar to because the processor clock speeds DOCUMENTATION
    users of either BASICA or GW-BASIC. are nearly identical. The user's guide The user's guide provides simple.
    The graphics and music commands suggests that the disk with the BASIC easy-to-follow instructions for setting
    are identical to those of BASICA; in interpreter includes a number of sam- up peripherals and the computer
    fact. the two chapters in the ITT BASIC ple BASIC programs. but the disk I re- hardware; it also describes the MS-
    manual describing these features are ceived with my system did not con- DOS functions that run the system
    taken directly from Lyle J. Graham's tain these files. software. The BASIC manual is well
    Your IBM PC (Berkeley. CA: Osborne/ I used WordStar and Multiplan writ- organized. with separate sections on
    file 1/0 (input/output) and the more
    complex graphics and sound com-
    mands. The third manual explains the
    MS-DOS commands and the more
    elaborate programs like EDLIN and
    DEBUG. The manual is quite com-
    plete and includes the DOS functions
    available through BIOS ROM inter-
    rupts. of considerable interest to pro-
    grammers writing software for the
    XTRA.

    COMPATIBILITY
    I tested a few crucial pieces of IBM
    software. including WordStar. Multi-
    plan. and the DeSmet C Compiler; all
    of them ran without problems.
    Photo 2: The ITT XTRA keyboard has LEDs on the Caps 1.JJck and Num 1.JJck keys Perhaps more important. I examined
    the BIOS ROM interrupt structure and
    and a layout that resembles the IBM Selectric . .
    memory model. There is little to pre-
    vent almost complete compatibility
    with the IBM PC. The biggest dif-
    ference between the XTRA and the
    111111 HELP 111tt1 IBM is that the IBM has part of its
    BASIC interpreter in ROM. Software
    1.Function keys are used as follows
    that uses this feature directly will not
    F1 = !Nit and return to ITT-DOS run on the X TRA.
    F2 = Dllplay and change par11eters There is excellent compatibility be-
    F3 = Upload the ITT PC file to the host co11puter
    F4 = Download the host co11puter file to the ITT PC tween IBM BASIC and ITTs Advanced
    F5 = Display sorted file directory BASIC. Virtually all programs written
    F6 = Dtsplay help 11essage
    F7 = Re11ave or display function key line in BASIC for the IBM should run on
    F8 = Send break signal to the host computer the XTRA with little modification.
    (Also use for aborting file transfer)
    Control p = Toggle for printer OH10FF The five IBM-compatible expansion
    slots on the XTRA enable you to add
    - Hint for File transfer between ITT PC and UNIX syste111 - many optional features and functions.
    1. To send file to the LllIX sys tu Of course. the only sure compatibili-
    enter 'cat >f ilenue' end hit F3 key in the TER!'tINAL 111ode ty test for software and hardware is
    and enter f ilenue of the ITT PC on bot to• line
    2.To receive file fro• the LllIX syst11 to try it on the XTRA.
    enter 'cat <f ilena1111' and hit F4 key in the TERMINAL 111ode
    end enter f ilena1111 of the ITT PC on bot to• line
    SALES AND SUPPORT
    Preas enw key to return _ The first XTRA advertisements I saw
    proclaimed a nationwide sales and
    service network through the Com-
    Photo 3: A sample screen display on the ITT XTRA's amber monitor. puterLand franchise. I visited a near-
    [continued)

    340 BYTE • APRIL 19 85

    I
    AT A GLANCE

    Name
    ITT XTRA

    Manufacturer
    ITT Information Systems
    POB 52016
    Phoenix, AZ 85072
    (800) 321-9872

    Components
    Processor: 8088 at 5 MHz;
    socket for 8087 coprocessor -::.. :-. -=-~ - -- ..:.::=-
    Memory: 128K dynamic RAM
    (standard) expandable in
    ~-±:~-=~\ s;~~
    .......-m~d':~~~- ~£.-
    128K increments to 640K;
    32K ROM (BIOS, bootstrap,
    and self-test) expandable to
    64K; 4K text video RAM on
    monochrome board, 16K
    graphics video RAM on
    color/graphics board
    Display: monochrome is 80
    columns by 25 lines MEMORY SIZE ( K BYTES) DISK STORAGE ( K BYTES)
    Monitor: monochrome, 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

    12-inch diagonal, 640- by


    400-pixel resolution
    Keyboard: detached QWERTY
    with 84 keys including 10
    function keys, numeric
    keypad, and cursor keys

    Software
    MS-DOS 2.11, Advanced
    BASIC, asynchronous
    communications

    Expansion Capability BUNDLED SOFTWARE PACKAGES PRICE ($ 1000)


    Five card slots (IBM PC bus) 0 2 4 6 10 0 2 10

    Documentation
    User's guide, 218 pages;
    Advanced BASIC manual, 505
    pages; ITT-DOS manual, 410
    pages

    Prices
    Model I
    (128K, single 360K
    drive, monochrome) $1895
    Model II
    (256K, two drives,
    monochrome) $2395
    ITT XTRA h}:/J IBM PC ~APPLE II E

    Model Ill
    (256K, single drive,
    10-megabyte hard
    disk, monochrome) $4395
    Monochrome units include The Memory Size graph shows the standard price of a system with two high-capacity floppy-
    monochrome monitor and and optional memory available for the three disk drives, a monochrome monitor, a printer
    computers under comparison. The Disk port and a serial port, 256K bytes of memory
    monochrome expansion
    Storage graph shows the highest capacity of (64K bytes for 8-bit systems), and the standard
    board
    a single floppy-disk drive for each system. The operating system and BASIC interpreter for
    Bundled Software Packages graph shows the each system. Note that the price of the ITT
    number of software packages included with XTRA does not include the cost of the col-
    each system. The Price graph shows the list or/graphics board.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 341

    \
    The rear panel has a Centronics-compatible printer port, an Inside the XTRA. The disk drive extends toward the front of the
    RS-232C port, and five IBM-compatible expansion slots. unit. The five expansion slots and fan are evident.

    DISK ACCESS IN BASIC (SEC) BASIC PERFORMANCE (SEC)


    250 250

    200 200

    150 150

    100 100

    56
    so 50

    0 0
    WRITE READ SIEVE CALCULATIONS

    SYSTEM UTILITIES (SEC) SPREADSHEET (SEC)


    50 25

    40 20

    30 15

    20 10

    10 5

    0 0
    40K FORMAT/DISK COPY 40K FILE COPY LOAD RECALCULATE

    ITT XTRA k""'.'~d IBM PC ~APPLE IIE

    The graph for Disk Access in BASIC shows how long it takes to write graph shows how long it takes to format and copy a disk (adjusted
    and to read a 64K-byte sequential text file to a blank floppy disk. time for 40K bytes of disk data) and to transfer a 40K-byte file using
    (For the program listings see June 1984 BYTE, page 327, and Oc- the system utilities. The Spreadsheet graph shows how long the com-
    tober, page 33.) In the BASIC Performance graph, the Sieve results puters take to load and recalculate a 25- by 25-cell spreadsheet
    show how long it takes to run one iteration of the Sieve of Eratosthenes where each cell equals 1.001 times the cell to its left. Microsoft
    prime-number benchmark. In the same graph, the Calculations col- Multiplan was the spreadsheet used. The tests for the XTRA used
    umn shows how long it takes to do 10,000 multiplication and divi- MS-DOS 2.11 and ITI Advanced BASIC. Tests for the Apple lie were
    sion operations using single-precision numbers. The System Utilities done with ProDOS. The IBM PC was tested with PC-DOS 2.0.

    342 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    REVIEW: ITT XTRA

    by outlet to get some background ble with it. And if something goes you should consider ITT's relationship
    pricing and technical information and wrong. the built-in diagnostics should with Computerl.and and where you
    to see what kind of support an owner help pinpoint problems. The docu- would go for sales and support. ITT's
    of an XTRA might receive. I didn't mentation lets even novice computer toll-free telephone number ((800) 321-
    mention that I was writing a review of users set up the hardware and get the . 7661) for technical information com-
    the XTRA. A prominently displayed system running smoothly. The XTRA pensates somewhat for the problem.
    XTRA with a large ''40% OFF" sign im- should run most of the software avail- ITT's low price. especially considering
    mediately caught my eye. A salesman able for the PC. and it is easy to add the discounts I encountered. makes
    told me that I was indeed a lucky PC-style expansion boards. However. the XTRA an attractive value. •
    fellow if I wanted an XTRA because
    the store had two hard-disk models
    in stock at a sale price of $2 99 5.
    marked down from the list price of
    $4995 . When I asked about the sale.

    Learn the
    he told me that the computer had not
    "moved" very well. and that they were
    no longer going to stock it.
    I telephoned two other stores. At
    the first store. someone said they had
    never sold the XTRA. When I men-

    Clanguage*
    tioned ITT's claim that Computerl.and
    franchises are selling the machine. the
    person said that individual store
    managers could decide whether to
    carry a given computer. A salesman
    at the third store said that they had
    stocked the XTRA for a few months
    but discontinued it due to poor sales.
    I still needed information on the
    price and on the availability of hard-
    ware and software options. so I called
    the toll-free phone number that ITT
    provides. A very helpful woman de-
    scribed the available options but said
    /rrtfOi
    c
    that she "wasn't allowed" to give out
    prices. ITT was running a promotional
    rebate program for the XTRA. and
    each dealership could set its own
    price for the microcomputer in order
    to compete for prizes. She then gave
    me the phone numbers for the stores C LANGUAGE TRAINING SOFTWARE
    I had already contacted: when I ex- IBM PC-DOS 2.0 +
    plained my experience with these
    stores. she gave me the phone INTRODUCING C is a C language interpreter and learning guide
    that teaches the fundamentals of C programming . You 'll learn pro-
    number of ITT's sales representative gram structure, syntax, and all about libraries - QUICKLY and
    for my area. whom I then called. He EASILY Join the C revolution with INTRODUCING C - from
    informed me that he worked for the Computer Innovations. Introductory price $95.
    part of the ITT sales force that deals For further information or to order call 800-922-0169.
    with large purchases. Nonetheless. he r~ cOMPUTER
    gave me price information and told U INNOVATIONS, INC.
    me that he could sell at list price to 980 Shrewsbury A""nue, Tinton Falls. NJ 07724 • (201) 542·5920
    individuals if they couldn't otherwise
    find what they wanted.

    CONCWSION
    The machine appears to be well made
    *As Fast As You Can Learn BASIC
    and sturdy; I had absolutely no trou-

    Inquiry 84 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 343

    \
    ADoy Computer Products Inc., 100 Pennsylvania Avenue, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701. 'N; (61?) 8.75-4100,
    In Europe: Alloy Computer Products (Europe), Ltd., Cirencester, Cloacestershire,Eaglaiut 'l\!J: 028Sl68709t T

    344 B YT E • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 20


    S·O· F·T·W·A· R· E R·E·\T·I·E·W

    Insight--
    A Knowledge System
    I
    nsight. an artificial-intelligence (Al) sys- IF the animal has hair
    An expert tem developed by Level 5 Research for THEN the animal is a mammal
    system with IBM PCs and compatibles. lets users
    develop expert systems at reasonable cost. This looks less impressive if you know that
    limited Insight is a user-friendly. rule-based. knowl- the animal has hair is simply a variable
    edge system. combining If ... Then rules name and could just as easily have been
    potential with goal outlining and probabilistic reason- written the-animal-has-hair.
    ing. It needs 128K bytes of RAM (random- This lack of data-structuring capability is
    access read/write memory) and one disk not important for simple problems in which
    drive. and it sells for $95. Upon close ex- you never need to consider more than one
    BY
    amination Insight is limited and lacks many of any kind of data. Imagine. however. a
    BRUCE D'AMBROSIO
    facilities required for developing practical problem in which you need to consider
    knowledge-based programs. It might be several pieces of data of the same type. For
    best suited for educational purposes. example. you might need to gather infor-
    Insight is a member of a growing class of mation about all of an individual's bank ac-
    programming systems that are rule-based. counts to advise him on banking services.
    These programming systems include an "in- Or you might have a diagnostic program
    ference engine" capable of flexibly intercon- that needs to gather information about
    necting facts the programmer (knowledge several occurrences of failure before reach-
    engineer) provides specific to the problem. ing a diagnosis. Rule-based systems do exist
    This frees you from concern about the flow that offer the ability to structure basic data
    of control in the program and lets you con- into more complex units that can be re-
    centrate on the knowledge necessary to ferred to independently. (EMYCIN. the first
    solve the problem. Key aspects of such sys- general-purpose mainframe system de-
    tems are the facilities for structuring data. signed for expert-system development. has
    the flexibility of the rule language. the effi- such a facility called "contexts.'')
    ciency of the inference engine. and the For example. you might gather all the facts
    program-development environment (avail- about a bank account into a context called
    ability of an editor. debugger. etc.). "bank account." You would then be able to
    write a rule in the form
    DATA STRUCTURING
    Al systems are designed for complex prob- IF there is a bank account with
    lems that are not amenable to normal pro- deposits > $10,000
    gramming techniques. and they have AND that same bank account has
    generally provided highly sophisticated stable months > 6
    facilities for structuring data. Although In- THEN ....
    sight has two basic data types. Boolean and
    numeric. neither character data nor the You could achieve the same effect in Insight
    simplest structuring of variables into only by laboriously reproducing each rule
    records or frames is available. Also. vari- and data item and adding an extra variable
    ables reside in a single global context. to record the number of accounts:
    analogous to early compilers in which no
    local variables existed within subroutines. IF number of accounts ~ 1
    Variable names in Insight can have AND bank account 1 deposit amount
    Bruce D'Ambrosia [55 5 1ulsa St.. embedded spaces; this permits writing > $10,000
    San Lorenw. CA 94580) is AND bank account 1 stable months >6
    studying for his Ph.D. in computer
    rules that look very advanced but have an
    THEN ...
    science at the University of underlying simplicity. For example. in In-
    California at Berkeley. sight you can write [continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 345


    REVIEW: INSIGHT

    IF number of accounts ~ 2 As an example. consider the follow-


    AT A GLANCE AND bank account 2 deposit ing rule:
    amount > $10,000 IF liquid assets + equity >
    Name AND bank account 2 stable $100,000
    Insight months > 6 THEN client is wealthy
    THEN ...
    Type Insight has no way to express this rule.
    Knowledge system You have to hope that no one has except for the trivial interpretation
    more accounts than you allowed for. that liquid assets + equity is a single
    Manufacturer
    Level 5 Research While you could use this technique variable.
    4980 South A-1-A for simple situations. you're in trou-
    Melbourne Beach, FL 32951 ble if you need to nest such constructs INFERENCE ENGINE
    (305) 676-5810 (for example. if you wish to record a The inference engine in Insight. like
    series of deposits for each bank that in many rule-based systems. is a
    Format simple backward-chaining engine. In·
    account).
    5V4·inch floppy disk
    sight also has a structured goal
    Computer RULE LANGUAGE mechanism that provides some ex-
    IBM PC or compatible, DEC Rainbow, Like the data-structuring facility. In- plicit measure of control over the run-
    Victor 9000 sight's rule language is the minimum ning knowledge program. This facili-
    for a rule-based system. Unlike the ty lets you specify which problem
    Features areas in a particular Insight knowl-
    data facility. however. there is no way
    Rule compiler, inference engine, and
    sample knowledge bases
    around the limitations. The only oper- edge base interest you. And it allows
    ations available in Insight's rule lan- construction of large multifaceted
    Documentation guage are testing a Boolean variable's knowledge bases. I found this of
    44-page users guide truth value. comparison of a numeric limited utility.
    variable's value to a constant. and Other facilities provided by the in-
    Price display of recorded text. Insight pro- ference component of some knowl-
    $95
    vides no facilities for assigning values edge systems include "why" ques-
    Audience to numeric variables (other than by tions that display the currently active
    Those interested in Al technology and asking the user). performing even the rule. display of text that further
    expert systems most limited forms of arithmetic com- describes the information requested.
    putation. or modifying text in any way and justifications of conclusions
    Comments before display (for example. by insert- reached. Although Insight always dis·
    A simple system of limited utility-best as
    ing the user name or the name of the plays the most immediate conclusion
    an educational tool
    current context). being sought. it does not provide any
    Perhaps the language's most limit- facility to display the entire rule or any
    ing feature is that it does not provide way to display the chain of reasoning
    any underlying general-purpose lan- that led it to consider that rule.
    guage into which the knowledge engi- One nice feature is the ability to at-
    neer can escape. It has been esti- tach text explanations to variables.
    mated that as much as 30 to 50 per- When a value is requested for a vari·
    cent of the knowledge in a typical able. say ·"liquid assets." you can
    EMYCIN system is not in rules but is press function key 4 to get an explana-
    coded directly in LISP. Personal Con- tion of the term "liquid assets."
    sultant. a 'Texas Instruments knowl- And finally, Insight has an optional
    edge-engineering tool for its TI PC. report that you can produce at the
    provides this facility with an escape end of a consultation and direct to the
    into IOLISP. the underlying language. console or the printer; the report
    And M.I. a knowledge system from serves some of the purposes of justi-
    leknowledge (Palo Alto. California) for fication. However. this report appears
    the IBM PC has extended the rule lan- to be a randomly ordered listing of all
    guage into a complete symbolic-pro- rules considered and the conclusion
    gramming system. so that any ar- reached. For one simple problem I
    bitrary knowledge can be incorpo- presented (using the I 5 rules for
    rated. Insight has provided neither of determining an animal species). In-
    these alternatives. and this seems to sight produced a five-page justifica-
    be a serious limitation. tion listing. A justification should be

    346 B Y T E • A PRIL 198 5

    I
    Inquiry 313

    REVIEW: INSIGHT
    Save big on the
    world's largest
    selection of
    a more reasoned argument. limited to between rules when building a knowl- computer printers
    those rules that directly apply to the edge base and would help the user
    conclusions. This report feature might understand why a rule-based program
    be useful for debugging, but it is not is asking a particular question. Also. With 189 brands and 630 models,
    of much use as an end-user facility. as is usual with compiler-based sys- we make printers our only business!
    tems. you cannot interrupt a running • Printerland doesn't raise prices-only
    ENVIRONMENT lowers them .
    program and inquire about the values
    • By the time you read this, prices here have
    The user interacts with Insight through of program variables (actually, sym- probably been lowered again!
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    F·E·E·D·B·A·C·K

    MORE ON MULTIMATE only at the left margin. For a word pro- these problems. Software that depends on
    cessor that normally starts text in column the features normally available on the IBM
    C J Puotinen did not stress enough nine. the left margin default must be ad- PC now works correctly.
    MultiMate's problems with repagination justed to zero. Several times. Mr. Jennings alludes to
    and virtual paging in "Leading Edge and SHEL KAGAN having to perform a two-step operation for
    .MultiMate" (November 1984. page 287) Bristol, RI formatting and copying a disk: Disk Copy
    The product is a nightmare for anyone on the IBM PC does both. He must have
    who writes more than one-page docu- THE TANDY 2000 missed the COMPDUPE utility. which not
    ments. M ultiMate was geared toward a only does both but also performs a verify
    secretarial staff. but it's being recom- I read with pleasure the articles in BYTE and a disk byte-for-byte comparison.
    mended by salespeople as a Wang clone. concerning 1andy's computer products- Mr. Jennings correctly identifies an area
    There is no comparison; Wang's dedicated particularly the review "The 1andy Model that has pained us all: Color update on
    word processor works without a hitch. and 2000" by Mark S. Jennings (December the monitor was terribly slow. The BIOS
    professional writers can use it comfortably 1984. page 239). As an alternative to the "error" that caused this has been cor-
    for composition. IBM PC or PC XT the 1andy 2000 is a truly rected with the new release of MS-DOS.
    MultiMate is so unreliable that you exceptional machine. I would like to make Also. Mr. Jennings is not entirely correct
    shouldn't trust it for important documents. some comments about Mr. Jennings's fine in saying that you cannot generate text in
    It is also unbearably slow for final editing review. the color-graphics mode. If you are mix-
    when you are switching between pages. Mr. Jennings does not adequately ex- ing text and graphics. this is true. If you
    MultiMate works so poorly that I'm plain the speed advantage of the 80186 want only color text. you can program the
    reluctant to spend money on a replace- microprocessor. Simply stating that it has monochrome attribute ports (beginning
    ment in case that doesn't work either. Suf- a higher clock rate is not enough-the with 0198 hexadecimal) to provide full-
    fice it to say. I've learned to take the time 80186 was completely re-engineered and color attributes for your application at
    to make backup copies so I can recover the microcode was overhauled. An 80186 black-and-white speed. You can use this
    the parts of text I lose when repagination running at 4.77 MHz (standard IBM speed) technique within BASIC by setting the
    doesn't work. And Ms. Puotinen doesn't is almost twice as fast as the 8088. By screen into the black-and-white text mode
    even mention how inconvenient it is to almost doubling the clock rate from 4.77 with a SCREEN 0,0,0 statement and using
    make a backup copy or the time it takes to 8.0 MHz. the Tundy 2000 can operate Out to set the port values.
    to proofread documents for MultiMate's as much as four times faster than the IBM I find that the Format command does
    errors. Before switching to a 1andy 2000 PC: some operations are even faster. In ad- not have extra options; in fact. several op-
    and MultiMate. I used Microsoft Word and dition. the 2000 is not hampered by tions available on the IBM PC are missing.
    an IBM PC: I have regretted my switch transferring data from the processor to Specifically. the options for formatting a
    since I made it. memory over an 8-bit data bus-it has a single-sided disk. formatting with eight
    MAUREEN FLEMING true 16-bit data bus. sectors. and allocating system file space
    Stamford. CT I must take exception to the claim that are not available. While the first two op-
    the Model 2000 does not achieve overall tions are not really meaningful with the
    SPIRIT 80 increased performance. I agree that the 96-tpi (tracks per inch) drives. the latter op-
    greatest improvement is achieved when tion is a loss. You cannot build a distribu-
    I consider BYTE to be among the best running a processor-intensive application: tion disk with the space allocated for
    computer magazines published today. however. the corollary is not necessarily system files.
    However. one problem undermines your true. Disk-based applications run faster for On the issue of software compatibility.
    good editorial and journalistic intentions: two reasons: ability to use the 16-bit data I find that many generic MS-DOS pro-
    your reviews. and those of other maga- path and a much faster disk drive than the grams will run with no changes. Unfor-
    zines. are simply not to be trusted. Teac drives used in the IBM PC. Mr. tunately, most IBM PC programs go direct-
    I have a Mannesmann 1ally Spirit 80 Jennings states that there is no significant ly to the hardware or ROM (read-only
    printer. and I have just finished reading difference in disk 110 (input/output) speed. memory) firmware to bypass the system's
    Mark Welch's review (November 1984. yet the published benchmark times in- slow speed. This is particularly true in
    page 33 5). Mr. Welch makes much of dicate approximately a 50 percent im- most BASIC applications and I find these
    paper jamming but fails to point out two provement. most incompatible with the MS-DOS
    vital characteristics of the machine that Mr. Jennings was not nearly critical machines.
    prospective buyers need to know about. enough concerning 1andy's manipulations Mr. Jennings alludes to the generic
    First. the Spirit offers only elite type. of the basic input/output system (BIOS) for nature of the software available through
    Also. only its right tractor slides: the left this machine. Fortunately. since his article 1andy's Express Order Software. This is in-
    one is fixed. Should you wish to run labels. was written. 1andy has released MS-DOS correct: Each package available through
    you cannot run them in the center. but version 02.11.xx. which fixes many of [continued)

    348 BYTE • APRIL 1985

    1
    True Dual Trace• 10 MHz Real Time Bandwidth• 3 Input Channels• 1/0 Port
    Digital Waveform Storage• Boolean Waveform Operations• Audio Functions
    8.0 (L) x 4.5 (D) x 1. 75 (H) Inches • 1.25 Pounds • 9 Volt Battery/AC Operation
    Consider t he LogicScope 136 Consider its Engineering & Field Service Applications:
    • The LogicScope 136 is the next logical step in test instru- • On microprocessor-based systems, check the timing rela-
    mentation for you. It combines many of the features and capa- tionship of various parameters relative to the system clock and
    bilities of sophisticated logic analyzers and oscilloscopes .. . other key events. Its storage capability allows visual and logi-
    and it fits in your hand. Never before has so much technology cal comparison of non-repetitive waveforms to known refer-
    been available in so small an instrument, at such a low price. ence signals. Output in the start-up of the digital device can be
    • The pocket-sized LogicScope 136 is made possible by a compared to reference signals to determine the operating state
    patented breakthrough in display technology. The conven- of the device. Questionable waveforms can be stored for analysis.
    tional CRT has been replaced by a unique array of 400 LED's • Its light weight and small size make the LogicScope conven-
    that permits simultaneous display of two digital waveforms. ient to take on every service call. The 136 provides much more
    • The 136 can be used for viewing single shot events, or information for trouble shooting a digital system or peripheral
    repetitive waveforms. It can be operated in real time mode, or than a logic probe or digital counter without having to lug an
    in memory mode which permits acquisition and storage of up to oscilloscope or logic analyzer along.
    50-100 bit waveforms. These can be recalled, logically com- Contact us for the name of your local distributor
    pared (AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR) to other input waveforms,
    or output to an external device via an 1/0 port. This 1/0 port
    will also accept future add-on 136 Modules. r-occc;: i:cc1-noLOet, inc.
    • Its very low cost, convenience and ease-of-use make the 7320 Parkway Drive, Ha nover, MD 21076 U.S.A.
    LogicScope the ideal instrument, for designing, troubleshooting 301-796-3300 TELEX 908207
    or repairing digital systems. Made in U.S.A. Division of Renaissance Technology Corp.
    Inquiry 303 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 349
    REVIEW FEEDBACK

    this service is completely compatible with pare pure disk-access speed because a grams available from the Express Order
    the 2000 and generally will not work with significant amount of time is spent by System were generic MS-DOS. I meant
    any other I BM-type machine. Most have BASIC interpreting the code. Please note that most of them were fairly standard
    been fine-tuned to make use of the 2000-s that the 2000 is actually 41 percent MS-DOS programs that the vendor could
    superior capabilities and are hardware- slower than the IBM PC in the 40K File easily port over to the 2000. I did not
    specific. Copy benchmark: this benchmark is a mean to imply that they were somehow
    Mr. Jennings comments that the 2000 better measure of how quickly the com- incompatible with the 2000. As to the
    must be able to read IBM disks to run the puter can simply read and write to disk. comment that Express Order software
    software. The 2000 can read any IBM- It might be true that the 2000 is faster will not work on an IBM-type machine.
    format disk. either single- or double-sided in seeking random data on disk: I don't I think that this is usually due to copy-
    and either eight or nine sectors per track. know because I haven't seen any bench- protection schemes and the fact that the
    Many of the software packages I have marks. In any rase. the average 2000 user 80-track 2000 disks ran't be read by a
    received are generic I BM PC/Model 2000 is unlikely to notice improved disk per· standard IBM PC. None of the Express
    and come on single-sided disks compati- formance over an IBM PC: my overall im- Order System programs that I have seen
    ble with PC-DOS I .X or 2.X. Because of pression is that maybe it is a tad slower. running seem to have any special fine-
    the narrow disk head required for 96 tpi. By the way. to my knowledge no IBM tuning.
    the 2000 cannot write understandable PC has come from the factory with Teac Your clarifiration of the 2000's capabil-
    data to an IBM PC disk unless it has just drives. although they are commonly fit- ities to read and write IBM PC disks
    been formatted. ted in the aftermarket. 7andon seems to matches my understanding. However. I
    JOHN B. HARRELL III be the most common IBM PC drive. think that the article is fairly clear already
    Washington, DC You are entirely correct about the in this regard.
    COMPDUPE command. I knew about this - MARK S. JENNINGS
    In regard to the 20005 processor. my ar- command, but the benchmarks had been Durham, NC
    tide mentions that the 80186 has a 16-bit previously run by a BYTE staffer who did
    data bus and that it has a number of not know about it. This is the reason for MACFORTH AND THE SIEVE
    functions on the chip rather than in the reference to separate commands at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ill!

    separate chips as does the IBM PCs the bottom of the benchmark com- I wish to submit a correction to "The First
    8088. I don't know about any overhauls parisons. Look at FORTH on the Mac" by Gregg
    of microcode. In any case. I have run a I think it is still correct to state that the Williams (December 1984. page Al 15). In
    large number of programs on both ma- 2000 rannot generate high-speed text in table I you list the time for the Sieve of
    chines and have yet to see any program the co/or-graphics mode. The key point Eratosthenes in MacFORTH at 36.2 sec-
    perform more than three times faster on is that if you have a program that mixes onds. The FORTH text in listing I at left
    the 2000. color graphics and text on the same is from block 7 of FORTH blocks includ-
    The lead to the article dearly states screen. you should be prepared for very ed with MacFORTH 1.1. If you load it. you'll
    that the 2000 has better overall perfor- slow text display. find that it runs IO iterations of the Sieve
    mance than the IBM PC. I correcdy state It would have been more accurate if I in 20 seconds.
    that increases in performance depend on had said that the Format command has I assume the times listed in table I are
    the program. Programs that are pro- different options rather than extra op- for one iteration with an array size of 8199.
    cessor-intensive will show the most tions. It does have one extra option (for DAVID R. MCDONALD
    improvement. setting skew and interleave factors) and Pittsburgh. PA
    You overstate any disk-access speed it is missing several others. I agree that
    advantage that the 2000 might have over Jandy should have included the options The Sieve program you sent does in fact
    the IBM PC. The Disk Access in BASIC for different disk formats. run in 20 seconds. But you miss the point
    benchmark is a poor benchmark to com- When I stated that most of the pro- of a benchmark: to run the same code
    (as closely as possible) under different
    circumstances. If you had typed in the
    Listing I: Alternative Sieve benchmark for MacFORTH. benchmark referenced in my artide. your
    results would be close to mine. I retimed
    8192 constant size create flags size allot the benchmark and got times of 36.4 and
    3 7.0. I hope this explains the difference
    :primes flags size 0 1 fill ( empty array) you found.
    0 ( prime counter ) size 0 ( range ) - GREGG WILLIAMS
    do flags i+ c@ Senior Technira/ Editor
    if 3 i+ i+ dup i+ size < ( avoid known nonprimes)
    do O ic! dup ( flick mod prime flags)
    + loop
    then drop 1+ ( another prime )
    then REVIEW FEEDBACK is a column of readers·
    loop letters. We welcome responses that support or
    .."primes"; challenge BYTE reviews. Send letters to Review
    Feedback. BYTE Publications. POB 372 .
    : 10times 1 sysbeep 10 O do primes loop 1 sysbeep; Hancock. NH 03449. Name and address must
    be on all letters.

    350 BYTE• APRIL 1985

    1
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    •} GOULO
    inquiry 112 Electronics
    \
    RENOVATION AT CHAOS MANOR created a surprise: a
    trench full of rainwater in front of Jerry Poumelle's front door..
    But. as Jerry points out. this obstacle didn't seem to slow
    down the flow of new products.
    John Markoff and Phillip Robinson also write about a flood
    of new products from their Palo Alto perspective in BYTE
    West Coast.
    In BYTE U.K.. Dick Pountain describes l.D.E.A.S. (Inference
    Driven Evolutionary Applications Software). a database
    generator that employs Al frame theory.
    Bill Raike reports on activities at the International Con-
    ference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems and other
    happenings in BYTE Japan.
    This month. Steve Ciarcia again answers readers· ques-
    tions in Circuit Cellar Feedback.
    COMPUTING AT CHAOS MANOR: OVER THE MOAT
    by Ierry Pournelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 5 5
    CHAOS MANOR MAIL
    conducted by Jerry Pournelle .. . . ............ .... ... 373
    BYTE WEST COAST:
    LASERS. OFFICE PUBLISHING. AND MORE
    by Jolin Markoff and Pliillip Robinson .. ...... .. .. .. . . 379
    BYTE U.K.: NEW DATABASE IDEAS
    by Dick Pountain . . . . .. .... ..... . .... ... .. . . .... 389
    BYTE JAPAN: THE FIFTH GENERATION IN JAPAN
    by William M. Raike . .. . : .. .. . ... . .. .... . ... . . . . 401
    CIRCUIT CELLAR FEEDBACK
    conducted by Steve Ciarda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
    roducts. Strai ht answers for serious
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    BetterSASIC • 640K PCOOS 185 PANEL -many lang. term MSDOS 265 Multilink -Multrtasking PCOOS 265
    CB-86-0AI CPM86 419 ProScree11 - windows. source PCUOS 4 l!J PCtFORTH + -wellliked MSDOS 219
    Prol. BASIC Compiler PCOOS 89 Windows for C MSDO~ 175 PFIX-86 Debugger MSOOS 169
    Oataburst - screens MSDOS 215 PUl-86 8086 495
    SCREEN SCULPTOR PCOOS 115 Polylibrarian - thorough MSDOS 95
    A.<:Jt. about ISAM. other addons for BASIC Call for acatalog, literature, and solid value PolyMAKE
    PROFILER -flexible
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    Prolog-86-Learn. Experiment MSDOS 125
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    SYMD debugger-symbols PCDOS 119
    All PRODUCTS· We carry 700 products TAACE86debuggerASM MSOOS 115
    lor MSDOS. CP M 86. CP M 80. Mac-
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    Visa Mass: 800-442-8070 or 617·826-7531 MasterCard 8517 Ask about COD and POs. All formats available.

    354 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 317

    I
    C·O·M·P·U·T·I·N·G
    A·T C·H·A·O·S M·A·N·O·R

    Over the Moat


    I
    Golem Crashes t's Christmastime at Chaos Manor. but 8/16-with some differences.
    you'd hardly notice it: there's a moat My old CompuPro System 8/16. the
    The Name Game around my house. The City of Los Golem. had Oume DT-8 8-inch floppy disks.
    Copy-Protection Blues Angeles has (finally!) come through with the I may be one of the last people in the world
    building permit that lets us add a music to use 8-inch floppies. but I prefer them;
    The Elusive SI room where the grapefruit tree used to be they're noisy, but they're far more reliable
    and a new library/office/workshop suite up- than 5!4-inch. and each floppy holds l. l
    Network Confusion
    stairs. The architects and contractors lost no megabytes, enough for a whole novel. My
    Great Software Purge time in breaking ground. My front door now Oumes worked fine. and I'd just taken them
    opens on a four-foot trench. Of course. no out to Xerox for routine servicing-some-
    CP/M Bargains sooner was the trench dug than we had the thing I recommend you do every couple of
    worst rainstorm in four years. years. For $60 (the minimum charge) they'll
    Amazingly, the mailman and other check the alignment. clean everything, and
    BY JERRY POURNELLE delivery people have braved the moat give you a complete report on any pending
    monsters, so there's plenty to write about. problems. Anyway, my disks had just re-
    turned when the CompuPro boxes arrived.
    ONCE MORE INTO THE BREACH Oume no: longer makes the DT-8 drives.
    One of the first people to find his way CompuPro now sends half-height Mitsubishi
    across the moat was someone from Federal double-sided double-density drives. They're
    Express: three enormous boxes from Com- just a little slower-4-millisecond (ms) step-
    puPro-and on a Saturday yet. ping rate rather than the 3-ms rate of the
    It seems I had an interesting failure. Com- Oumes-and you notice the difference. par-
    puPro has had a small number of hard-disk ticularly when doing a Copy or Format
    drives crash. It was rare. and fixable by operation . On the other hand, their major
    reformatting; but it annoyed Dr. Godbout purpose is safety and backup, since the 45-
    because his people couldn't make it hap- megabyte hard disk is the major storage
    pen in the engineering labs. system for the 8/16.
    · Then it happened to me. I'd backed up all The new Mitsubishi 8-inch floppies are in-
    the files-I'm very paranoid about that sort credibly quiet. CompuPro is using new and
    of thing-so all I really needed to do was different fans. too; the result is that the new
    reformat. but I thought I'd call CompuPro System 8/16. even with hard disk. makes less
    first. since I had a couple of other things noise than Zeke II. the CompuPro Z80
    to talk about. I describea my symptoms and (Oume 8-inch floppies. no hard disk) that
    lamented that I'd have to reformat. I'm- writing this on.
    "Don't touch it!" Bill Godbout com- There were a couple of other surprises:
    manded. instead of the three half-megabyte M-Drive/
    "Eh?" H RAM (random-access read/write memory)
    "We've been trying to get that bug to bite boards I used to have, there is now a single
    something we ha .~ a complete history of. 2-megabyte RAM-disk board-and instead
    Box up the whole system. disk drives. com- of two 5!4 -inch disk drives. there's one
    puter. the whole works. and ship it up. Don't 5!4-inch and one cartridge-tape backup. The
    even turn it on again:· cartridge will back up an incredible pile of
    "Well. okay-....:.· files in a short time. If that seems vague. it's
    'Tll swap you a new-well. nearly new- because I haven't read the specs; we sim-
    Jerry Pournelle holds a doctorate in system." ply turned it on and let fly, and as I write
    psychology and is a science-fiction
    writer who also earns a comfortable That was an offer I couldn't refuse. so up this it's backing up the main system track
    living writing about computers it went. and on Saturday, a week before for my hard disk: the operation took about
    present and future. Christmas. there arrived a new System [continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 355


    CHAOS MANOR

    four minutes to store 2. I megabytes


    of commands and data. a full 191 files.
    Before I got the hard disk. I didn't
    think I needed one; now I can't imag·
    ine how I got along without it. I
    suspect the same will be true of the
    tape backup unit.
    The new system came with yet an·
    other revision of the CP/M 8/16 BIOS
    (basic input/output system) software.
    which gets more sophisticated all the
    time. I guarantee you there will be at
    least one more change before you
    read this: just at the moment. if you
    try to get a "DIR L:" of the tape back-
    up cartridge. the machine locks up so
    thoroughly that not even Reset will
    COMPUTERS save it we had to turn it off and back
    IBM CORONA
    256KPCw · 2 Oe•klop w/2- 256K _. !989 on again. That's going to be fixed.
    Porooblo w/2- 256K _ . 1795
    WRITE. the text editor I use. can auto·
    Ribbons ~w / pu rchasel OKl 92MAC - - .. . . . . 449
    APPLE TOSHIBA OKI 93 MAC ... ..... 729 matically recover any text still in mem·
    P 1351 PmS . . . . _. 1259 84P. - . .CALL
    P 1340Pot S . . . . ... 749 02P .. . .. ... .. . .. CALL ory or on the RAM disk; but nothing
    QUAD KAM 2350 . . .. .. . . CALL unsaved will survive power-down .
    Quodjel _ . . . __ . 695 24 10 . . . . . . .. CA LL
    IBM kit . . . . 19 All Models . . . .. . 01'1 SALE Understand. there is software for
    getting the tape's directory: and I
    1660 don't expect it to take them long to
    319
    487
    come up with a way to recover from
    109 "DIR L:' '. . .
    159
    597
    134
    NAMES, NAMES, NAMES
    CompuPro has a problem: every now
    and again someone looks up the com-
    pany's financial rating and mistaken-
    ly finds the entry for CompuCorp.
    CompuCorp is almost out of business
    and didn't do very well in the last year
    it got rated. CompuPro has actually
    lost sales because of this. The tele-
    phone receptionist is also getting
    weary of calls for "CompuPoo:·
    Thus began the great name hunt.
    CompuPro engaged consultants and
    did market research. Eventually they
    selected a name and kept it secret
    until they completed all the legal work
    to protect the trademark.
    "It used to be." Bill Godbout said.
    "that you'd consult soothsayers and
    examine chicken entrails before
    undertaking something new like get·
    ting married or changing the com-
    pany name:·
    "You're doing both....'..'
    " Yes. and now you consult lawyers.
    They told me I'd be crazy to marry
    this year. Something about taxes.
    Next year. They've also approved tell-
    CHAOS MANOR

    ing you the new name. CompuPro is


    now Viasyn :·
    "Viasyn?" I asked. I didn't say it
    sounded like a medicine. "Why?"
    "Everyone can spell it. You studied
    Latin. Via for way. syn for synthe-
    sis .. :·
    CompuPro began as CompuKit
    back in the days when kit sales were
    usual in the micro business. {Ezekial.
    my first friend who happened to be
    a Z80. began life as Cromemco kits.)
    When Godbout began to sell assem-
    bled and tested gear. the company
    name was changed to reflect that.
    'Why not Godbout Computers?" I
    •·. ::
    :-: ."'
    ___ I Jc=-,
    ·:-~- .
    '

    asked. .~
    "Market research says some cus-
    tomers think it's blasphemous:·
    "It's your name.....:.·
    "Yeah. I know. Anyway, it's Viasyn:·
    Oh. well. I suppose f"ll get used to it.
    Meanwhile. I suppose I must have
    collected. over the years. about a
    dozen letters complaining about my
    practice of naming my machines.
    Some readers are mildly annoyed.
    particularly if they tuned in late and
    can't figure out which machine I'm
    writing about-a legitimate complaint.
    and I'll try to do better in future.
    Others are actually furious. One
    poison-pen letter-unsigned. of A trustworthy guide to whafs new in electronics and computers.
    course-invited me to do obscene For many years the illustrated Heathkit Catalog has been a guide to new
    things with Adeline and dared me to and exciting kit products for people like you to build. To enjoy and learn
    print the letter. from them, while saving money in the process. What sets the Heathkit
    My new 8/16 hasn't told me its name Catalog apart is its range of high quality products and accurate informa-
    yet. I expect I'll learn pretty soon. tion to help make your buying decisions easy. If you've never tried kit-
    building, you have an absorbing new experience in store as you create
    products you'll take pride in.
    WHO CARES?
    Suddenly everyone is talking about Send for free catalog If coupon is missing, write Heath Company,
    Framework vs. Symphony; which is Dept. 334-282, Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022
    better? It's the great software face-off.
    and every magazine I pick up has an
    article on the subject. The Ashton;Jate .-----------------------,
    I Mall to: Heath Company, Dept. 334-282
    and Lotus PR people must have been
    1 Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022
    working overtime to gin up all this
    interest. I Please send me my FREE HEATHKIT CATALOG.
    As for me. I couldn't care less. I'm Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
    not likely to use either one. Or see
    below : if I do. I'm illegal. I
    I Address---------------
    1
    THE COPY·PROTECTION PLAGUE • Heathkitlll II c ity state zip _ __
    Both Symphony and Framework are Heath
    HealhkU producla are also dtsr,tayed, sold and serviced al 64 HeathkJt Electronlo
    II Centers nationwide. Consu lt 18 ephone dlreclory white pages for locatlon. operated
    ~ Verltachnology Electronics Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary o Zenith
    copy-protected. I'm not about to en- Company ·
    trust anything vital to a copy-pro- L-~~~~~~~-------------~~~J
    (continued)

    Inquiry 182 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 357


    Inquiry 316

    PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMER'S BULLETIN:


    CHAOS MANOR

    Be Productive, Be
    tected program, since, if I do. sure as
    anything the master disk . will get
    lunched just after 5:00 p.m. on the Fri-
    day prior to April I 5th.
    I'm not familiar with Symphony's
    scheme; for some reason. I don't at
    the moment have a copy. I do have
    Ashton.:rate's new programs: Frame-
    The Programmer's Editor work and dBASE Ill. They both use
    the Prolok copy-protection system .
    BRIEF's power and flexibility provide AVAILABLE FOR PC-DOS, IBM-AT. The company that provides it is the
    dramatic increases in programming AND COMPATIBLE SYSTEMS Vault Corporation. which is owned in
    productivity. BRIEF's ergonomically designed
    part by Ashton.:rate.
    human interface becomes a natural extension
    of your mind, allowing you to eliminate
    ONLY $195. The dBASE Ill documents come
    DEMO AVAILABLE FOR ONLY $10
    tedium and concentrate on creativity. (applicable to future purchase) with an errata sheet that tells you:
    •WINDOWS • Multiple Illes, "You have been provided with two
    • Full UNDO (N Times)
    unlimited size CALL TOLL FREE original system diskettes in your
    • Compile within
    • "Regular 800-821-2492 dBASE Ill package. Your SYSTEM
    Expression" search for "Technical Description" or to order.
    BRIEF
    • Reconfigure diskette and its backup are not iden-
    • Keystroke Macros keyboard tical to each other. Each diskette has
    • Exit to DOS Inside • Language sensitive Solution a unique identity just like a human
    BRIEF
    • Programmable Macro
    user controllable
    features (such as
    S ystems··
    4l fingerprint. Therefore. a backup copy
    Language Auto-Indent for C)
    BRIEF 1s a 1radema1 k ot UnderWare.
    335-8 Washington St.. Norwell. MA 02061 from one original diskette will not boot
    617-659-1571
    So1u1jon SYsremt rs a tril<l11tmarli! nt :::;,,1ut1on S vstem~ up a copy you make of the other original
    SYSTEM diskette.
    "When you boot up your system. be
    sure that you are using the same
    original diskette from which you made
    your backup copy:·
    There's also a warning: "Never use
    the D!SKCOPY command to copy the
    dBASE Ill files to the new diskettes:
    use the COPY command instead. Use
    of Dl~KCOPY will result in permanent
    damage to your master diskette."
    It does. too. You are urged by
    Ashton.:rate to make a "backup" copy
    of your dBASE Ill system disk; you can
    then use the "backup" for everything.
    except that when you start up dBASE
    111 you have to have the original sys-
    tem disk in Drive B until the program
    is satisfied. If you use Diskcopy to
    copy the original system disk. then
    when you try to invoke the program
    your efforts are met with the message
    "unauthorized copy," and failure-
    even though you're using the original
    system disk. I'm not sure how Ashton-
    Tute's people have managed that
    result: one would think that a Copy
    utility couldn't be induced to write on-
    to a source disk-but apparently
    they've done it.
    This makes me wonder: presumably
    they've come up with some way to
    alter the Diskcopy utility; do they then

    358 BYTE • AP RIL 1985 Inquiry 98


    Inquiry 60

    CHAOS MANOR

    restore it when they're done mucking Is this a copyright infringement?


    about with it? Or have they some IBM has certainly taken action against
    crazy file that ought not be copied. other companies making free with its
    and copying it moves it to a different ROM BIOS code.
    location? I suppose I could figure out There's a more serious problem.
    how they do it. but I can't make myself Ashton;late has sent a notice that it
    care enough. expects to have a copy-protection
    Incidentally. a number of sources scheme that lets you put its copy-
    tell me that in PC-DOS the Copy utili- protected software onto your hard An IEEE-488 interface for all
    ty is much more reliable than Disk- disk.
    copy. Again. I don't know why. I find I know of no way to "protect" code IBM-PC's and COMPATIBLES
    some of the "features" of PC-DOS in- on a hard disk without reformatting one
    comprehensible anyway. and I've or more sectors of that hard disk; or VERSATILE
    never understood why they don't have doing something equally drastic. like
    an obvious equivalent of CP/M's hiding deleted data address markers Easy-to-use commands for all
    SYSGEN utility. which puts the oper- or some such. The scheme would in- IEEE-488 (GP-18, HP-18) functions.
    ating system onto otherwise blank volve doing "secret" things to your Resident firmware supports
    disks. disk that only the program knows BASIC, Pascal, C, and FORTRAN.
    In any event. the copy-protection about.
    nonsense has kept me from experi- Anyone who lets Ashton-Tute. or Emulates Hewlett-Packard control-
    menting with either Framework or Vault. do that to their hard disk has ler functions and graphics lan-
    dBASE III. One of these days. I'll get got to be out of their ever-loving blue- guage statements.
    a Copy utility that will let me make eyed mind!
    backups and put dBASE Ill on a hard Actually. I'm not sure we wouldn't Supports Tektronix® Standard
    disk. after which I'll take it seriously. be better off if all users took the Codes and Formats.
    or else I'll get around to installing pledge: except for games. we will not
    demons to defeat the Prolok scheme. buy copy-protected software. If a Print listings, plot graphs, and use
    A demon is a small program that significant number of us do that. and Lotus 123™ with IEEE-488
    sits in high memory. watches what the we can get the other writers to push peripherals.
    Prolok scheme wants. remembers it. this stand. we can exorcise the copy-
    and later intercepts the Prolok disk protection devil once and for all. FAST
    calls to give Prolok what it wants to Even if you're not prepared to go
    hear. Demons are not particularly that far. Lotus 1-2-3 plus Borland In- Direct memory transfer rates to
    hard to write. and they'll do a good ternational's Sidekick (the $79.95 ver- SOOK bytes/second.
    job on many copy-protection sion that isn't copy-protected) has
    schemes. most of the features of Symphony PROFESSIONAL
    Until I get the copy protection and nearly as many as Framework;
    defeated. though. those programs go and if you already have Lotus 1-2-3. Clear and concise documentation
    back on the shelf; I'll review them it's a lot cheaper. includes a complete tutorial, prog-
    some time when things are slow. ramming examples, and applica-
    UNWCK IT
    FASCINATING
    tion programs.
    There's another solution to the copy-
    One of my correspondents tells me protection plague: programs that $395.00 complete. There are no
    that Prolok works in mysterious ways. enable you to back up copy-protected additional software charges.
    It tries to conceal itself: 99 percent of disks. The best general-purpose back-
    the Prolok code doesn't exist until the up utility we've found for the PC is Find out why PC¢l)488 is the first
    program is loaded and running. at System Backup from Norell Data Sys- choice of over 500 companies.
    which time it goes through a complex tems. Be sure to get the latest version;
    process of decryption that's designed
    to be difficult to trace.
    the utility changes with the times.
    However. no general-purpose Copy ~
    My correspondent. using PC 'Irace scheme will defeat all the different CAPITAL EQUIPMENT CORP.
    hardware. was able to follow what was copy-protection schemes. and the 10 Evergreen Avenue
    going on-and discovered that Prolok latest version of System Backup will Burlington, MA. 01803
    has pulled in about 700 bytes. nearly not copy dBASE Ill.
    (617) 273-1818
    JO percent. of the I BM PC's ROM However. a number of Copy utilities.
    IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corp.
    (read-only memory) BIOS code per- including one for dBASE Ill. have ap- Lotus 123 is a trademark of Lotus Development.
    .taining to disk-control functions. (continuedl Tektronix is a trademark of Tektronix, Inc.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 359


    CHAOS MANOR

    peared on pubiic-service electronic His CP/M Disk Six contains over Do understand that most of these
    bulletin boards. If you have a modem. 200K bytes of stuff. One program. Ed- programs are available free if you look
    time. and patience. you can collect a file. is worth the price of the whole lot. hard enough for them.
    fair number of them for free (except Edfile allows you to edit disk files; you
    for the phone bills). You could also can go in and change things. such as A Z80 MODULA-2
    buy these from user groups. except long. boring messages. (It is probably Workman has recently concluded an
    that user groups put out their free illegal. and certainly unethical. to use agreement whereby he will be dealer
    software more or less in the chrono- Edfile to remove copyright notices for a Zurich programmer who has de-
    logical order they received it. so that and serial numbers.) Edfile combines veloped a native-code Modula-2 com-
    you'll have to buy a number of disks the best features of Spat and Duu piler for Z80 CP/M machines.
    in order to collect all the different (earlier disk~file editing programs) with It is a four-pass compiler: that is. it's
    copy-protection breakers. If you do some of the good features of DDT pretty slow. At present it has no float-
    buy a lot of user-group disks. be and Ed. I'd think anyone with an 8-bit ing point. open arrays. or built-in error
    warned: an awful lot of "free" software (or 8/I6) CP/M system would want this procedures (that is: when an error is
    doesn't work very well or do anything one. detected. an error-message file has to
    rationally useful. Workman's MS-DOS Disk One con- be called in to tell you what hap-
    Another alternative is to buy one of tains all the copy-protection informa- pened). There's no procedure type-
    Workman's utility disks. Barry Work- tion he has found recently: some ex- i.e.. you cannot pass a procedure
    man collects public-domain software. ecutable programs and some docu- name as a parameter in a procedure
    tests it (but not extensively). edits the mentary files that suggest patches to call.
    documents. and collects the stuff he remove copy protection. About half If you're not a programmer. you 'll
    thinks useful onto one disk. At last the programs on the disk are specific hate the manual; but all the informa-
    count he had six disks of CP/M utilities to the IBM PC and 100 percent com- tion you really need is in there. if you
    and at least one disk of MS-DOS stuff. patibles; the rest are generic MS-DOS. know what to look for.

    HARMONY VIDEO & COMPUTERS


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    Compupro®, LOMAS, EARTH, TELETEK, Macrotech $149.95 $889.95
    S-100 CIRCUIT BOARDS ?;) APPLE 2E w/DRIVE GEMINI SG 10
    Com~uPro 286 CPU•• $695. Lomas286 Macrotech 286/ZBOH
    $839.95 $215.95
    $821. $995.
    CompuProSPU Z '•BMHZ 261. Lomas BOBS 420. Lomas 1OM Hz 8086 520. " PRINTER SPECIALS"
    CompuPro 8085188 •• 327. Lomas OctapOft '• 320. Lomas 4 serial 200. Anade x 1034 Epson FX 100 + 583 OJdmlltB1 10 127
    CompuPro Disk 1A" 459. Lomas LOP'• 206. Macrolech 256K Dram 499. BrolherHA15Xl 349 Epson LO 1500 998 Olympiaro 304
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    CompuPro Ram 22 •• 995. Lomas512KDram 821. Macrotech 512K static 1699. Brother Keyboard 129 Gem iniSG 15 352 Panasonic KXP 1090 169
    CompuPro Ram 23 •• 308. Lomas Ram 67 "' 725. Macrotech 256K static 995.
    Citi.ten MSP 10 329 HP LaserJet 2678 Panasonic KXP 1092 379
    Cllizen MSP 15 488 Juki 6100 Te1ev1deo 371 Panasonic KXP 1093 562
    CampuPro Ram23 128 555. LomasHazilall"" 244. LomasCotorMagic'• 1sK 476. Corona Laser 2369 Jukl 6300 739 Panasonic KXP 3151 450
    CompuProCPU z••s4K 215. Thunder 1es•· 1095. LomasMSDOS'M 2.11 225. Oalsywriter 739 Powertype
    Mannes man Spirit 80 183 279
    CompuProCPUIM*816fll 250. Lomas CCP/M«86 1 • 280. CompuPro MDrive HC512K 495. Delta SO 10 352 Mannesman 160L 529 Quad jet 720
    System Support One·• 297. CompuProl/04 297. CompuProl/038 port 459. Della SO 15 431 Mannesman 180L 739 Radix SR 10 461
    TeletekHO! CTC 525. T eletekSBC 1 525. TeletekSBC 16MHz128 699. Dlab lo620API 678 NEC 2050 639 Radix SR 15 570
    T eletekSystemastere 557. Systemaster II* 899. TurbodosAforTeletek 650. Oynax OX 15XL 342 NEC3550 1297 Alleman Blue + 226
    Epson RX 80 FT + 285 NEC 7730 1629 Silver Reed Exp550 378
    Epson AX80 226 NEC8850 1679 Silver Reed Exp 500 286
    Epson AX 100 374
    Earth Computer TURBO SLAVE I 8MHz 128K $395. E"pson FXBO 394
    Okidata92
    Okidala93
    349
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    Sliver Reed Exp 770
    Toshiba 1340
    704
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    Turbo Slave I runs with Teletek, NOfth Star Horizon, Advanced Digital and Olhers. Toshlba1351 1213

    SYSTEMS
    CompuPro 286, SS1, 110 4, Disk 1A, Disk 3, 40MB HD. 512K, 15 Slot 5~ CCPM 5495.
    Lomas 286, Hazitall, LOP 72, 512K, 40 MB, 1-5· Flp, 4 port, 15 Slot, CCPM 5495.
    Lomas Thunder 186, 512K, 4 Stat, 10 MB HD, 4 Serial, CCPM, 1.5· Floppy 3995.
    CompuPro 8085188, 1/0 4, Disk 1A, Ram 23. 10 Slot, 2-8· Drives CP/M 2.2 2895.
    CompuPro CPU Z, 110 4, Disk 1A, Ram 23, 10 Slot, 2-8" Ors, CPIM 2.2 2795.
    Te1etek Systemaster II. SHMz ZSO, 12~K. 10 Slot 2·8M Single Turbodos 2695. APPLE IBM MONITORS
    2E w/Dlsk Drh1e 834 PC w/Orlve 1449 Amdek300Green 114
    Tetetek Systemaster, 4MHz Z80, 64K, 10 Slol, 2-8" CP/M 2.2 2095.
    Macinlosh 1679 PC XT 3089 Amdek 300 Amber 121
    Systemaster II, 10MB HO, 1-8", 10 Slol, 4 Hi Speed 128K Slaves 4995. Apple2C PC Portable w/Orlve CALL
    887 310 Amber 142
    CABINETS lmagewri!er
    Addi. Drives
    473
    lrom114
    AST Six Pack
    Tail grass 20 Meg
    Quad Board
    239
    2374
    224
    Color 300
    Color500
    221
    324
    Color600 384
    Para Dynamics 20 Slot Pronto $1195. Par a Dynamics 23000 Flpy HD CAB $395. Keytronics 159 Color700 452
    Para Dynamics Mini Pronto 795. Para Dynamics 2200 Rack Drive CAB 495. Hercules Cotor 153 Color710 519
    Hercules Monochrome 294 Taxan 210 199
    CompuPro Enclosure 2 Desk Cab 611 . CompuPro Enclosure 2 Rack 645. ATARI Persyst Color Card 148 Prlncton HX12 449
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    360 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 73 Inquiry 179
    CHAOS MANOR

    This is a programmer's Modula-2. would be marketed by Multi Solutions thing. and you don't even get Arpege.
    Unless you're a fanatic, it's not some- Inc. (MS!) of Lawrenceville. New Jersey. After five minutes with him. I was sure
    thing to learn the language from . Frankly. it sounded like a scam. and it was all a scam. Just to be safe. I sent
    However. it is Modula-2 for the Z80. my views weren't changed when I a message through the net asking if
    and it does compile executable pro- found an MS! booth at a show last anyone had ever seen SI in operation.
    grams. The Zurich people are working year and was told they didn't have a None had. but some had met the
    on adding the floats. error proce- demonstration because their com- sales chap who so negatively . im-
    dures. and procedure types (in that puter was lost on a truck or some- pressed me; and everyone who had
    order). thing. They've since told me they met him. including ser.ior CompuPro
    Recommended for hackers only. don't really like to ship computers officials. came to the same conclu-
    around to shows because the ma- sion. SI was vaporware and likely to
    SJ EXISTS chines often don'.t do well after trans- remain so.
    For over a year I've heard stories portation: but that wasn't what I heard We were wrong. SI exists.
    about the SI operating system. It is at the time. The SI operating system was dis-
    supposed to be totally portable. multi- Also. MSl's literature seemed out- played in a small booth down at the
    tasking and multiuser. and better and rageous. They claim: "Only SI Ven- far end of the main hall at COMDEX.
    friendlier than UNIX. It will contain the dors and Users will survive the next The instant I came around I was
    perfect programming language. en- revolution:· They offer a ftuge range of seized; Robert Knight. formerly of
    able but not require virtual memory products. languages. and compilers Princeton's computer laboratories. is
    and memory management. control that I am certain do not exist. Then an old fan of my books and columns
    any computer. right any wrong. dream I met one of the company's represen- as well as the creator of SI. which he
    the impossible dream ... tatives. He's one of those chaps who _ had running on an IBM Instruments
    SI was said to have been created by gets too close to you and talks 50 CS9000 (the processor is a 68000);
    a Princeton faculty member and miles a second. He promises any- (continued)

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    Inquiry 42 Inquiry 358 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 361


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    362 BYTE • A PRIL 19 85 Inquiry 402


    CHAOS MANOR

    that's a machine I'm not familiar with. the moment. the up-and-coming
    There was also a Stride 440 (former- operating system seems to be Con- The world is
    ly Sage rv.
    also a 68000 machine), and current DOS. and I don't know when
    I'm told they have a CompuPro 68000 they'll have that for 68000-based ready for another
    back in New Jersey. machines.
    I got a demonstration. Of course.
    you can't see much at a show; there
    Knight claims a lot for SI. The MSI
    ad sheet gives prices for FORTRAN.
    operating system.
    are constant interruptions. Thus. I still C. Pascal. BASIC. etc.. etc.. but they
    don't know a lot about SI. It certainly didn't have them at COMDEX; MSI running here at Chaos Manor.
    runs. It has features not present in claims Pascal. FORTRAN. and C by Knight claims to have SI 90 percent
    CP/M 68000; features I'd very much the spring of 1985. but the only lan- finished. I suspect the rest will take
    like to have. It's said to be highly por- guage they have so far is MSl's own longer to hack than he thinks. (Alex
    table. and thus soon able to run on SL. a kind of stripped-down Pascal. repeats an old motto: the first 90 per-
    the 80286 and 32016 chips as well as Until they have languages. SI isn't go- cent of the work takes 50 percent of
    the 68000. I'd like to see Knight get ing anywhere. the time. and the last I 0 percent takes
    together with a good hardware house I liked Robert Knight. He was the other 50 percent of the time.)
    that produces machines running with perfectly honest with me on every However. Knight just might be able to
    a wide variety of processor chips and question I asked made no claims he bring it off. If he does. the potential
    implement this properly. It just might wasn't ready to demonstrate. and is high. The world is obviously ready
    be the wave of the future. Lord knows thoroughly understood my skep- for another operating system; UNIX
    I'd be glad to learn one multitasking ticism. They're going to send a copy isn't going to do the job (it's a Thurs-
    multiuser operating system that I they claim will run on my CompuPro day night so I can say that). Digital
    could use on a lot of different ma- 68000 system. When I have it. we'll Research is in the doldrums. MS-DOS
    chines. I'm not very keen on UNIX; at see. I don't do reviews until I have it (continued)

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    Inquiry 80 APRIL 19 85 • BYTE 363


    CHAOS MANOR

    is boring. The Modula-2 operating sys- that will support Jots of languages. money people have confidence in
    tem is exciting. but it's taking forever I reached the MSI booth just as they them. Meanwhile. they're supposed to
    to get the operating system (as op- were announcing a very large ($40 send me a copy, and Knight is work-
    posed to the language) implemented million or so) development deal with ing on a Modula-2 compiler to run
    on anything but Lilith (a machine de- a Japanese software consortium; that under SI. I'm not holding my breath
    signed especially to run Modula-2). surely ought to be enough to keep until MSI delivers. but I wish Knight
    Whether SI can win market share is Knight and his former student John well.
    open to question. but the market is Little working until they get things
    wide open for something portable perfected. and it shows that some big- THE NETWORK JUNGLE
    If you want computers to talk to each
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    Here are 70 reasons Save 300/o to 430/o because there are so many different
    networking systems. Corvus has
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    Other Amdek Monitors . CALL
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    If there's anything like a hardware
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    46. MD2
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    Multifunction Board. OK 210
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    52. 3M3DS
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    total of I 6 different computers. net-
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    2nd ser. port . 400
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    (continued)
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    Inqu ir y 8 5
    CHAOS MANOR

    of net and one brand of computer: if and books I wrote a dozen years ago. out if it does anything interesting.
    you have to connect a number of dif- Tu make it worse. the downstairs is More on that in a moment; but the
    ferent kinds of machines. gulp hard now filled with more stuff that would bottom line is that if it doesn't look
    and hire an expert. have been put in the attic if there were particularly interesting it goes into a
    any room for it. holding file that tends to work like a
    THE GREAT SOFTWARE PURGE It all has to go somewhere else. · first-innast-out queue. It's supposed to
    They haven't begun tearing off the top Fortunately. I have a small pickup be first-in/first-out. and it is as long as
    of my house. but they'll start when the truck. and it doesn't cost that much there's shelf space available: but even-
    rain stops. That means the attic must to rent a large (20 by 30) public tually the shelves fill. the piles start.
    be emptied. Which means grief. I've storage locker: a couple of frantic and we never reach the bottom of the
    lived here in Chaos Manor for 20 weekends filled the local school's pile.
    years. and it's a big house. Whenever paper drive bins and half-filled the Clearly. what's needed is more soft-
    we accumulated too much junk. I locker: and then came the moment of ware shelf space-so I made some.
    would go up and floor another sec- truth. Ruthlessly. I went through the Great
    tion of the attic. briefly creating lots Software flows in here like a river. Software Dumps: shelves. piles. every-
    and lots of room; but eventually that Understand. I'm not complaining. I'd where. If it's dated prior to the spring
    would fill and I'd have it to do again. have nothing to write about without of I 984 and I don't use it. it went. That
    Last time there was nothing left to it. and I'm still excited when I open a wasn't universally true. I found a few
    floor. We have managed to fill 2 500 package with something new and neat things that looked sufficiently interest-
    square feet to a depth of three to four and different in it. Moreover. I feel ing to warrant keeping; but the rest
    feet with every conceivable kind of some obligation to the people who went. The disks were stripped out and
    stuff from wedding pictures to old sent it. particularly to the small out- thrown into a box with a large
    textbooks to unpublished manu- fits that can't afford advertising. When magnet. and the documents were
    scripts to research notes on articles software first comes in. I try to figure (continued)

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    366 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 192


    \ !!
    cl 1
    I NT 1 ll J l Jll ,
    _, T

    ICIUREWlll
    FACIT 6-PEI PLORERS
    Multicolour graphics on paper and
    overhead transparency film are now a
    Business graphics, CAD, CAE,
    science and engineering plottings are
    Symphony, Fast Graphs, DR Draw/
    Graph, BPS, etc.
    reality at a price every computer owner handled with a character resolution as Got the picture? Get it at your
    can afford - with the new Facit 4550 and high as 10x10 elements per character. nearest Facit representative!
    Facit 4551 Pen Plotters. Facit 4550 accepts media sizes ISO A4
    The 6-pen cassette design provides or 8 1h x 11'', while Facit 4551 takes
    instant colour changes with a multitude media up to ISO A3 or 11x17".
    of colour set-ups. Longlife ballpoint for
    paper, oil-based fiber-tip for transparen- FRIENDS WITH
    cies and water-based ceramic pens for ALL MAJOR COMPUTERS
    high-quality CAD drawings are available With HP-Graphic Language emu-
    with 8 to 12 different colours. Two pen- lation and serial/parallel interfaces, the
    cassettes can be stored in pockets on plotters easily make friends with all ma-
    top of the casing. The pens are securely jor computer models on the market.
    sealed to prevent drying. Software packages include Lotus 1-2-3,

    FACIT Inquiry 51

    Head Office: Facit AB, S-17291 Sundbyberg. Sweden. Phone: (8) 7643000. USA: Facit Inc. P.O. Box 334, Merrimack. NH 03054. Phone: (603) 424-8000
    CHAOS MANOR

    bagged for the paper drive. The hun- There were programs dating back to they can't afford to advertise. 1b them
    dreds of disks that are involved will 1979 in there. Some was from com- I apologize.
    eventuall y be bulk-erased and panies no longer in business: those
    donated to a school. deserving their fate gave me no pains. WHAT To Do Now
    Understand. I didn't like doing this. Throwing out other stuff created emo- The upshot is that if you have soft·
    Some of the stuff was nothing more tional storms. There were programs ware you want me to look at and you
    than early versions and presented no that represented a lot of work and haven't sent anything since. say. July
    problems-how many copies of Word- hope for small would-be publishers: of 1984, you'd do well to send your
    Star l .6 do you really need. anyway? people who need reviews because latest copies. Whether I do anything
    with it will depend on a number of
    factors. many of them out of your con-
    trol: if your program is Yet Another
    Example of a program I just received
    five versions of. you'd better have a
    What do you get when you cross snappy cover letter explaining why
    1200 baud, free on-line time, yours is best.
    If you have the address of Chaos
    and extra features at a price Hayes
    Manor. you can try sending it here
    can't match? and hope the moat monsters don't
    get at it. Otherwise. send review
    materials to BYTE. but be sure to mark
    it to my attention: and understand
    Data Rate? that sending it to me does not get your
    The MultiModem software to the BYTE New Products
    gives you a choice-
    either 1200 or 300 bits
    per second. So you can
    MultiModem. Review Editor. You must send two
    copies. one to me. one to the editorial
    go on-line with the
    information utilities.
    people. if you want to be considered
    Check out bulletin for both my column and a review in
    boards. Dial into corpo- the magazine. BYTE selects what will
    rate mainframes. Swap
    files with friends. be reviewed in the rest of the book
    But Better?
    Yes . The Multi- by rules unknown to me; one thing is
    On-Line Time? Modem gives you fea· certain. they don't consult me about
    With the Multi- tures the Hayes
    Modem you get Smartmodem 1200 '" what they choose. Once in a while the
    CompuServe's can't match. Features editors in Peterborough will direct my
    DemoPak, a free two- like dial-tone and busy· attention to something interesting
    hour demonstration of signal detection for
    their service, and up to more accurate dialing that I haven't seen. but otherwise I
    seven more free hours and redialing. Like a don't consult them either.
    if you subscribe. You battery-backed mem·
    also get a $50 credit ory for six phone num-
    BYTE returns unreviewed software.
    towards NewsNet's bers. All at a retail price I'd go broke doing that. so I don't. If
    business newsletter of just $549-com- I like a program and it does some-
    service. pared to $699 for the
    Smartmodem. thing I need done. I'll use it until
    Features & Price? something better comes along. If I like
    Of course, the What do you get? it but don't have any need for that
    MultiModem gives you The new MultiModem,
    automatic dial, answer, from Multi· Tech Sys· capability. I'll sometimes ask the pub-
    and disconnect. Gives terns. Isn't this the lisher if I can send it along to some-
    you the Hayes- answer you've been one who does have a need for it.
    compatibility you need looking for?
    to support popular Otherwise. it goes into The System.
    communications soft· sometimes to emerge when I'm stuck
    ware programs like For the name of
    Crosstalk , Data Cap- your local distributor, for something to write about. some-
    ture, our own MultiCom write Multi-Tech Sys- times to molder until the next Great
    PC, and dozens of tems, Inc., 82 Second Purge.
    others. Gives you a Avenue S.E., New ·
    two-year warranty, Brighton, MN 55112.
    tops in the industry. Or call us at So LONG HAS IT BEEN?
    (612) 631-3550. Before I get to what I think is inter-
    Inquir y 274 .esting software. I need to attack a

    Multi1~~-
    complaint.
    Tra demarks - MullrModem. Mult1Com
    PC: Multi· Tech Systems. Inc. - Com pu. (continued)
    Serve: Comp u$e1velnlormar1on Setvices,
    an H & R Block. company- NewsNer:
    NewsNe/, lnc .-C10sstalk.: M1c10Sluf,
    Inc -Data Capture: Southeastern Sof/· Inquiry 27-
    wate-Smartmodem: Hayes Mictocom·
    pu/er Ptoducts. Inc.
    The right answer every time.
    CHAOS MANOR

    I have several-well. no more than for the micro industry"; while nearly A good Z80 CP/M system can do an
    four-recent letters taking me to task all the people associated with Kaypro awful lot; indeed. I'm writing this on
    for concentrating on big. expensive credit me as having given a big sales a Z80. My accounting system (which
    machines to the neglect of smaller boost to their "Chevrolet" (I com- I wrote in Compiling CBASIC); The
    and more affordable ones. "You're pared the Osborne to the VW. Kaypro Word Plus. still the best spelling
    too snooty to write about Kaypro. to the Chevrolet. and Otrona Attache checker on the market bar none:
    which must be beneath your notice:· to the BMW); while I am to this day WRITE. the word-processing program
    one letter says. Another reader one of the very few columnists in non- I use to create nearly everything I do
    believes I ignore CP/M systems. Atari magazines to review Vincent from books to these columns to my
    "which are really the machines for Cate's little Atari Connection that lets business and personal correspon-
    'the rest of us· who can't afford the you run CP/M on an Atari 800; and I dence: the logbook program. and the
    Macintosh:· I haven't. he says. re- regularly recommend an Atari 800 (or index program I use to organize my
    viewed a new CP/M program for years. 800-compatible machine). Rana disk log: Calendar/I. which organizes my
    My first reaction was a smile. but drives. and Wico joystick as a good schedule: every one of these pro-
    then I looked back through recent col- youngster's system they won't grow grams runs on an 8-bit CP/M machine.
    umns. and by gollies I have tended to out of too fast. There are many bargains in good
    write mostly about Mac. and my Com- It's true that I don't much care for CP/M machines. and the Kaypro. with
    puPro (oops. Viasyn) 8/16. and the the Commodore machines (even its bundled software. is certainly one
    Sage (oops. Stride Micro) 68000 sys- though there are. I guess. more of of them. Three writing partners: John
    tems. Not exclusively. but I suppose them than anything else except the F. Carr. Dean Ing. and Roland Green
    a CP/M enthusiast could accuse me of doorstop Sinclair): but that's because have recently started using Kaypro
    neglecting 8080 and Z80 stuff. That's I do a lot of writing. and I don't much systems. and a fourth. David Gerrald.
    ironic: it was only a few years ago that care for any system that uses a tele- now writes a column for the Kaypro
    InfoWorld and other computer vision screen or otherwise displays magazine Profiles. They're all quite
    magazines were quoting me as hav- fuzzy and shaky letters. happy. Norman Spinrad loves his
    ing "pronounced CP/M the standard CP/M systems are a different matter. Kaypro 10.
    I've never had a Morrow. but I hear
    good things about it. Barry Workman
    is very fond of his Lobo. The Epson
    ITEMS DISCUSSED OX-I 0 remains overpriced. but it is
    probably the cheapest machine you
    CALENDAR/I . . . . . . . . . . .. .... $ J50 SI OPERATING SYSTEM .. $2 50-$950 can sit down and begin using with lit-
    Clear Systems Multi Solutions Inc. one-time fee tle to no instruction. and if you add
    607 Ashland Ave.. Suite A 660 Whitehead Rd. SemiDisk's RAM-disk board to the
    Santa Monica. CA 90401 Lawrenceville. NJ 08648 OX-IO it takes a lot of the sting out of
    (213) 394-7740 (609) 695-1337 its slow disk operations. I still use the
    wonderful little Otrona Attache on
    CP/M UTILITIES .. . ...... . .. $32.50 SYMPHONY .. .... ... ... . .. .. $695
    WRITE ....... . ............ $239 Lotus Development Corp. trips. but. alas. the Otrona company
    Workman and Associates 161 First St. seems to have made some serious
    112 Marion Ave. Cambridge. MA 02142 mistakes. If they'd worked as hard to
    Pasadena. CA 91106 (617) 492-7171 promote the Attache as the BMW of
    (818) 796-4401 8-bit systems and continued to add
    SYSTEM BACKUP . . . . . . . . . . . $49.95 bundled software to their already im-
    DBASE Ill ........ ........ . $69 5 Norell Data Systems pressive package of programs. they
    FRAMEWORK . . ........ .. . ... $69 5 POB 70127 might well have made themselves a
    Ashton-Tute Los Angeles. CA 90010 profitable niche.
    10150 West Jefferson Blvd. (213) 257-2026
    Culver City. CA 90230
    When all is said and done. though.
    (213) 204-5570 THE WORD Pws ........ . . .. . $150 there isn't very much exciting new soft-
    Oasis Systems Inc. ware being written for Z80 machines.
    PROLOK .... .. ..... ... ..... $8.49 7907 Ostrow St .. Suite F The reason is easy enough to see. The
    Vault Corp. San Diego. CA 92111 Z80 has the inherent limitation that it
    2649 Tuwnsgate Rd .. Suite 500 (619) 279-5 711 cannot directly address more than
    Westlake Village. CA 91361 64K bytes of memory. You can come
    (800) 445-0193 up with ways to get at more memory.
    (800) 821-8638 (California) but. alas. there never developed a
    standard way to do that the result is
    that nearly everyone tried a different

    370 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    CHAOS MANOR

    method. big-memory software devel-


    oped for one kind of hardware
    the very last of the boards from the
    days of Lee Felsenstein and the Sol
    There's solid progress
    wouldn't run on anything else. debug- computer. His video output goes onto
    ging was costly. The market base isn't a 15-inch white-on-black Hitachi high- being made: every
    large enough. not compared to the resolution monitor that sits about 30
    IBM PC or the Apple II (although
    many Apple lls do a splendid job of
    inches from my schnoz. The letters
    are big enough to read from across
    now and then
    running CP/M programs: it only re-
    quires the right hardware addition.
    the room.
    The keyboard is an ancient Archive
    really good CP/M
    something like an Applicard or the keyboard. Archive has so thoroughly
    Digital Research Gold Card). vanished that I can't find even a for- programs appear.
    There's still some solid progress be- warding address-but Larry Niven and
    ing made. Every now and then. really I have about four spare copies of their able lately: we've had some problems
    good CP/M programs appear. Some. Hall-effect keyboards (no switch con- with the local New Hampshire phone
    like WRITE. are really excellent-but tacts: the keys may last forever). and system). accounting, check writing.
    they're seldom marketed by big con- except for the new Wico Smartline and such like are done on larger sys-
    cerns willing to spend lots of money keyboard with its wonderful trackball. tems. particularly the new (not yet
    on promotion. Many CP/M programs I haven't seen any keyboard anywhere named) Viasyn 8/16.
    hang around for a couple of years. that I'd even consider trading the WRITE will. of course. work on a
    some never to be seen again. others Archive for. System 8/16. and if need be I can
    to reappear in the public domain. The text editor is WRITE. which probably hack up a BIOS that lets the
    CP/M systems are adequate for works only under 8-bit CP/M. Again. Viasyn 8/16 or its companion Shirley
    many purposes and will be for years: I have nearly every text editor known (CompuPro I 0. now I suppose the
    but. alas. the micro industry is mov- to humanity, and I have never found Viasyn 10) communicate through the
    ing toward new standards of ade- one better for just wailing away when VDM (video-display module) memory-
    quacy that will. eventually. relegate you want to create lots of text-which map video board and the Archive key-
    8-bit CP/M computers to low-cost is. after all. what I do for a living. board. It wouldn't be easy. Maybe I
    entry-level systems-or relics. like my There are lots of better programming can talk someone else into doing it.
    neighbor's 1957 Studebaker. editors. including WordStar (sort of Failing that. I can keep Zeke II and use
    everyone's second-choice editor. isn't the new Viasyn networking system to
    So WHAT Is INTERESTING it?). WordMaster (nearly neglected by connect up. Either way, I'll get to keep
    SOFTWARE? MicroPro). Superwriter. and the WRITE and my big screen.
    Just at the moment I'm in a dilemma. EMACS-like editors sold by Mark of Alas. that's no longer quite good
    I have yet to see any computer sys- the Unicorn: but for just turning out enough.
    tem whatever that I would rather sit I 0.000 words of text in a couple of It isn't that there's a better program
    in front of for days on end than Zeke days. I've never heard of anything bet- for text creation than WRITE. It's that
    II. my CompuPro letter-series Z80. ter than WRITE. WRITE doesn't do a lot of the fancier
    The reason is simple. Zeke II doesn't All my printing. spelling checking, things that technical books demand.
    have a terminal. Instead. he has a communications with BYTE (hurrah! The spelling checker is external: not
    memory-mapped video board. one of the BYTEnet for authors seems reli- [continued)

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    Inquiry 315

    CHAOS MANOR

    wasted. That may be one big inte-


    I don't really grated program-but I doubt it. More
    likely. it's going to be a whole set of
    systems.
    Wallz Lisp is a very powerful and complete
    care to be small utilities.
    UNIX. of course. has a whole set of
    implementation of Lisp. It is similar to Franz (the
    Lisp running under Unix). and is substantially
    compatible with MacLisp and other mainframe
    tied to the such utilities built into the operating
    system. The UNIX editor is lousy. but
    Lisps. how long will it take a good program-
    Ultra fast ) In independent tests: Waltz Lisp
    (-·---
    future of UNIX. mer to do the functional equivalent of
    ·~. was up to twenty(! )times faster WRITE in C? A long time. if it's done
    than competing microcomputer Lisps. as cleverly as Tony Pietsch did it in
    Easu to use )The interpreter can directly a fatal flaw. because Word Plus is fast. 8080 assembler; he kept the code
    ('-·---''---·__,. load program files created but minorly inconvenient. There's no amazingly compact. However. the
    with any ASC 11 text editor. Full debugging and good bibliography or footnote capa-
    error handling facilities are available at all times.
    8088 and upwards family of chips can
    No debuggers to link or load. bility. The index capability that Peter directly address plenty of memory:
    has worked out is all right. but it is there's no need to keep the code so
    Practical ) Random file access. binary file
    (-·---·~. support. and extensive stnng pretty slow and hard for me to use. small.
    operations make Waltz Lisp suitable for general There's no on-board sort facility. no I don't really care to be tied to the
    programming. A text-file difference program and calculation. no spreadsheet. No future of UNIX.
    other utilities are included in the package.
    graphics and no graphs. No explicit We'll see. Anyway. that's some of
    Full Lisp ) Functions of type lambda (expr).
    (-·---·~. outline (idea processor) system. al- what I find interesting just now. I sup-
    nlambda (fexpr). lexpr. macro.
    Splicing and non-splicing character macros. Full though WRITE does have features pose it will change one day . ..
    suite of mappers. iterators. etc. Long integers(up that. coupled with SOOK bytes of RAM
    to 611 digits). Fast list sorting using user defined disk. work about as well. WRITE is WINDING DOWN
    comparison predicates. Built-in prettyprinting and great for letters and manuscripts; it I'm fading fast. Roberta tells me she
    formatting facilities. Over 250 functions in all.
    will do a fair job on documents. but has the bug. and worse. so does the
    Flexible ) Transparent (yet programmable)
    ('-·_ not a superb one. housekeeper. It promises to be an in-
    _ _·__,. handling of undefined function
    references allows large programs to reside partially Worse. there's nothing like Sidekick teresting week.
    on disk at run time. Optional automatic loading of on Zeke II. and I have just got to have The · books of the month have
    initialization file . User control over aII aspects of that program before my little green nothing to do with computers. I read
    the system. Assembly language interface. telephone index completely disinte- The Roman Empire by Colin Wells (Stan-
    Superbly documented
    (-· _ _ _ _ _ _•
    J
    Each aspect of the
    interpreter 1s des-
    grates. Sidekick lets me keep notes on
    line. calculate. look up phone num-
    ford University Press) . He disputes
    several of Gibbons's conclusions. Sec-
    cribed in detail. The 300+ page manual includes
    an exhaustive index and hundreds of illustrative
    bers-not all the word-mashing things ond. The Great Siege. Malta 1565 by
    examples. I want to do. but some of them. Ernie Bradford (Penguin). Finally. Sky-
    Meanwhile. Tony Pietsch's Viasyn walking. The Life and Films of GEORGE
    S- I 00 PCompatible video board. LUCAS by Dave Pollock. If you like the
    which lets you fool the System 8/16 subjects. those are good books.
    into thinking it's a 98 percent compati- Otherwise. forget it.
    ble PClone (and has a jack on the I've recently received three ex-
    back into which you can plug the amples of the new Osborne Paper-
    16-bi t versions require DOS 2.x or CP/M- 86 and 90K
    RAM (more recommended) . Wico Smartline keyboard) is now in back Software Library. all for the PC
    Z-80 version requires CP/M engineering test I'll probably have and "close compatibles": alas. no time
    2.x or 3.x and 48K RAM one about the time you read this. I'll even to open them. I was somewhat

    "
    .. minimum. Waltz Lisp runs on
    also have. probably. an extremely fast
    hundreds of different com· impressed with the packaging .
    .
    "II: putermodels and is available 802 86 processor running the system Now to collapse. •
    WALTZ USP in all disk formats.
    _ ..,_,_ II and Z80 slave (SPUZ) boards.
    ..£~~'
    Iii
    S169* I've no trouble translating WRITE
    files into WordStar (or any other kind) Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers· com-
    t- 'Manual only: '30 (refund
    able with order). Foreign orders: add •s for surface mail. of files; thus I can. for as long as I ments and opinions. Send a self-
    '20 for airmail. COD add '3. Apple CP/M. hard sector. addressed. stamped envelope to Jerry
    and 3" formats add '15. MC/Visa accepted. want. continue to use WRITE to create
    [-..:c..j For further lnlormatlon or to order call ~ text. pass it to some other text editor. Pournelle. do BYTE Publications. POB
    . 1-800-LIP-4000 DEPT. 20 · and do extensive word processing 372. Hancock. NH 03449 . Please put
    your address on the letter as well as on

    e
    In Oregon and outside USA call 1-503-684-3000 there. I'll hang on for a while. But I am
    15930 SW Colony Pl .. looking for some generic solutions; the envelope. Due to the high volume of
    Portland. OR 97224 something I can begin to learn in the letters. Jerry cannot guarantee a personal
    0 ODE reply.
    -1NTERNA TIONAL
    expectation that my time won't be .•.•.•.•..•..............•....•••••••
    372 B YT E • AP RIL 1985
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    C·H·A·O·S M·A·N·O·R M·A·I·L

    useless to me. I can't use it. and I can't It was being run 24 hours a day. seven
    I get a lot of letters. for which I thank
    even take it to my office and copy it onto days a week. in an attempt to make it fail
    I you all. Please don't stop writing. How-
    single-sided disks. (it did. numerous times. and fixes were in-
    ever: I can't answer all the letters I
    Why does Borland International add a corporated in the design). Although I was
    receive. either in the column or in-
    $I 5 charge for foreign orders? And why one of the engineers on the design team,
    dividually. I can't even answer all the
    won't they accept credit-card orders from fortunately I didn't draw late-shift test duty.
    interesting letters. Moreover. even if I them? Other software houses accept Therefore. I was among those who
    select a letter for a reply. there may not
    credit-card orders on foreign orders and chuckled one morning when we read in
    be room in BYTE. I have tried in past
    either add a small charge for the extra the logbook that the guys on the grave-
    times to send a copy of the proposed
    postage or don't even bother to do that. yard shift had spent some time dodging
    reply to everyone whose letter I
    For example.' Laboratory Microsystems a bat flitting around the machine room.
    selected. whether or not a self- treats foreign customers exactly the same
    I We figured they hadn't been getting
    addressed. stamped envelope was as domestic. I actually purchased my enough sleep.
    enclosed. Borland programs from Micro-Way Inc .. Their reputations were restored several
    I can't do that any longer. If you can't which added a small postage charge. weeks later when the machine was being
    send postage. then you can't but ad- You have often written about absurd
    I dressing envelopes is eating up too dismantled for shipment to the manufac-
    software licenses. There is none worse turing plant or someplace. Inside the
    much time. Please? than Borland's. which claims it is "illegal" power supply. where it had apparently
    to use their software without returning the been electrocuted. was the rapidly decom-
    BORLAND COMPLAINTS license agreement. I have no intention of posing corpse of a bat.
    .•..................................... returning it under that kind of threat. On WALLACE B. RILEY
    Dear Jerry. the other hand. I do feel bound not to give San Francisco, CA
    I am writing because. although I believe copies away.
    that the phenomenon represented by MICHAEL BARR I have heard Grace Hopper tell the
    'l\Jrbo Pascal and Borland is all to the Montreal. Quebec. Canada story of the first bug-they actually
    good. I don't think the euphoria spread Scotch-taped the moth into the log-
    by you. among others. is altogether Well. the "license agreement" is a bit book-but I have never heard of bats in
    justified. My complaints follow: sj//y; /'ve commented before about the the computer before!
    The installation program for Turbo absurdity of trying to cover your flanks When I was an undergraduate. a small
    Pascal is enough to drive people like my- with both license and copyright. since the bat flew into my room and made a home
    self with a graphics card and green screen rights conflict. Oh well. inside an old Zenith mahogany high-arch
    blind. The program tries to write in color /'ve had other outlanders complain vacuum-tube radio my landlady fur-
    and succeeds only in being illegible. There about the extra $15: Philippe Kahn of nished with the room. He-I think he. al-
    appears to be no way to turn this off. The Borland tells me that it costs him that though with bats it's hard to tell-lived
    installation program is a nuisance to use much to fill out all the paperwork in order there all winter. eating mosdy milk and
    anyway. If you want to change the twenty- to export this high-tech item: and he can't table scraps and sometimes flying out the
    third item. you have to go through the afford to pay that himself. I doubt that window, presumably to hunt insects.
    previous 22. The defaults on Borland's makes you feel better. but I have no Come spring he left me.
    editor make you use WordStar-type con- remedy. · If my bat would live in a radio, I sup-
    trols and I detest WordStar. so the installa- I still think 1!Jrbo Pascal is one of the pose another might find a computer
    tion was a fairly lengthy and unpleasant best bargains in the business.-Jerry quite cozy ... -Jerry
    procedure.
    The spreadsheet supplied as a sample MAYBE IT WAS DRACULA MAC AND LISA
    program is useless. There appears to be .......................................
    no way to change a cell into a formula cell. Dear Jerry. Dear Jerry.
    which is the whole point of a spreadsheet. Your comments about the origin of bug I just have to add my two cents to the
    There is certainly no way documented. and le cafard in the October BYTE (page MacDebate. As a computer user who is
    and after reading the code for a half hour. 330) were very interesting. a systems engineer. a systems program-
    I still could see no way. I suppose it is I've often heard the story about the mer. and a student of psychology (in par-
    churlish to complain about a free pro- dead moth in the relay. It could have hap- ticular ergonomics). I feel well qualified to
    gram. but anyway it is worth no more than pened! But I've also wondered why faulty comment on the subject of user-friendli-
    I paid for it. computers couldn't be "debatted:' ness. However. the problem with the Mac
    Nowhere is it mentioned in the ads that In late 1962 or early 1963 the IBM 7010 (and with Lisa for that matter) is mostly
    Sidekick is supplied on a double-sided computer was undergoing engineering one of nomenclature.
    copy-protected disk. So my copy of it is tests before being released to production. (continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 373


    CHAOS MANOR MAIL

    It would be stretching the common the issue of friendliness. however. by a Z-100. etc.)? Thanks and keep up the
    definition of computer to call a Wang word My hands-on use of these machines has good work; I always enjoy your column.
    processor or an arcade video game a been limited to a demo. but it is enough CHRISTOPHER NELSON
    computer. but they sure do need to com- to convince me that Apple will never make Croton-on-Hudson. NY
    pute to do their jobs. So it is with Mac and a decent keyboard. I can hear them now.
    Lisa; they compute. but they are not com- "But with the mouse ...." Unfortunately. UNIX AND S· I 00
    puters. Perhaps we should call them my experience with Apple mice has con- ····~··································
    productivity-enhancement tools. vinced me that I can generalize my last Dear Jerry.
    As a programmer and engineer. I expect comment to include all physical input It may seem to you that there is a future
    a lot of my machines. I expect them to do devices. A touch-typist keeps track of eight for the computer hobbyist. but I fear rm
    exactly what I want in exactly the way I fingers and two thumbs on 50 keys on a destined to join the dinosaurs even before
    want them to. Give me a twelfth-genera- typewriter. more on a terminal or other I get my machine built. Because rm not
    tion computer that reads my mind and for- keyboard device. Does Apple really think rich. and actually enjo~ configuring a sys-
    mats output to my liking and I'll be happy. that two buttons and two fingers would tem on a board-by-board basis. that's the
    Until then. I'll probably program my own be confusing? It would also be nice if the way I'm buying it. My interests lean toward
    applications when I have the time. That is mouse had enough mass to let you know artificial intelligence. and I want a machine
    the main reason I don't like Mac and Lisa. it was there; it's justtoocheapformy taste. with some horsepower on which I can run
    They are not programmable devices. They That's all I have to say that I haven't seen UNIX. (Yes. I know. UNIX is easy for new-
    don't seem to be designed for that. in print already. '!Wo things in parting. First. comers to get lost in; I'll be naming my
    If one accepts that these instances of the you might be interested to know that this machine '!Wilight Zone.) Now's the dilem-
    class electronica are not computers. then is being composed on my HP I IO using ma: CompuPro. Dual. and others make ter-
    many of the complaints about them Memomaker and will be printed at my of- rific 80286- and 68000-based boards; I've
    become moot. After all. I don't often fice in the morning using an IBM PC XT yet to find a manufacturer or dealer that
    worry that.my secretary's word processor as a print spooler; I love this machine! Sec- will bundle UNIX with an S-100 processor
    doesn't run BASIC or that my phone- ond. I came in during the second act; board. I even went so far as to call Micro-
    answering machine doesn't understand could you print a Cast of Characters on soft to hear about the fabled XENIX. only
    the CP/M operating system . There is still occasion (e.g .. the part of Zorro is played [continued)

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    to be told that it was sold to hardware a mediocre design and turn it into the stan- "You may not attempt to discern any of
    manufacturers and vendors only and that dard for PCs. It could have done a much the software concepts or architecture from
    I should contact a dealer with my needs. better job: I'd rather build my own.) the software:·
    Sigh. I haven't found a dealer who will sell I could go on ad nauseam. but I'm sure MICHAEL E. MACMILLAN
    UNIX with a processor only. you get the drift: we're a dying entity be-
    I can't accept that my interests are so ing replaced by the bundlers of PCs. Lo tus Ye gods: ifthe goal of Why Systems Inc.
    strict and narrow as to completely cut me and such. There is much being published is to get people to ask ·'why?" on the
    out of the mainstream of the micro on computing. but much on these products. theory that it will make their name mem-
    marketplace-there are just too many whole rather than the internals of the machines orable. they've succeeded. Herewith they
    systems (68000 or 80286 running UNIX) themselves. It comes down to a definition receive my annual crumpled floppy
    available as business systems for those of hobbyist award for the silliest license agreement
    with the money to spend. What I can ac- MARK PILON yet. The rest of the agreement is stan-
    cept is that the market for do-it-yourself POB 105 dardly stupid; this provision is what wins
    systems integrators is dwindling; people Golden. CO 80402 for them.
    are buying more prepackaged systems Thanks.- Jerry
    and doing their own less. It is also far more You have quite a problem; I expect that
    lucrative to sell prepackaged systems and Steve Ciarcia would be more help than COMPUTER STORES
    unbelievably easier to support the same. I can be. Or maybe one of the readers
    It would be possible for me to finance can he/p.-Jerry Dear Jerry.
    the purchase of a PC AT and find UNIX Your sympathy for full-price computer
    for it. but I've no way of knowing what AWARD WINNER store owners is misplaced. As long as
    compromises were designed into it. nor computer stores hire teenage techno-
    would I know if the UNIX was just trans- Dear Jerry. babblers. reject shoe salesmen. ham-
    ported 8086 code or an honest rewrite to This gem accompanied the Pro-Digicalc handed repairmen. and other incom-
    take advantage of the new features in the spreadsheet program we recently bought. petents. and as long as it is cheaper and
    80286. {My feelings on the PC are quite It's one of the more interesting software more cost-effective to get unassembled
    strong-the only thing IBM did was take license provisions I've seen. components in boxes via UPS than to lug

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    376 B Y TE • A PRIL 19 85 Inquiry 13


    CHAOS MANOR MAIL

    them home from a full-price computer Perhaps you're correct: I may have exag- hyphenation. I have patched my WordStar ·
    store. they deserve to fail. gerated the problem. I hope so.-Jerry working copies to default to hyphen-help
    Other types of consumer businesses off to avoid this.) Global reformatting is still
    long ago developed into effective mer- MORE ON COPY PROTECTION not blindingly fast because of the screen
    chandisers. The result is that discounters. rewrites after many -Bs. But since Word-
    mail-order houses. and full-service re- Dear Jerry. Star can handle a large document in a
    tailers successfully coexist. When we pay People discussing the justifications of single file. no operator attention is
    full price for a stereo at Deluxe Sound. copy protection often compare software needed. So when I need a global refor-
    it is because we receive value that Curb- to books. Proponents of copy protection mat. I just take a break while the computer
    stone Discount does not offer. and it was argue that book owners hardly expect does what it's best at! If you haven't tried
    worth the price difference. Often that dif- unlimited copying privileges or expect the speed adjustment on the -o-o-B. you
    ference is simply the knowledge that our free replacements. for lost or destroyed may be in for a pleasant surprise.
    needs were met by an effective product books. so why should software owners ex- KIRK A. MATHEWS
    combination in an appropriate price range pect these privileges? What they say has
    backed by a reputation of quality service. an element of truth but misses an impor- Thanks for the tips. WordStar is a pretty
    and that the transaction was accomplished tant point: books are rugged. and floppy good editor: at feast. WordStar 3.3 with
    treating us as intelligent human beings disks are fragile. If you were to leave a Orchid's PCturbo 186 board really zings.
    rather than suckers to be bilked. book on the dashboard of your car in the I still use WRITE on 8-bit for most of my
    I am a consumer who has too often hot sun for four hours. then take it out. work, but when I do need to use the
    found that Compu-Bilk and their ilk fail to drive over it once or twice. then dribble PCturbo 186 I've actually got sort of fond
    provide the services they accuse the dis- a little coffee on it. you could still curl up of WordStar. Thanks.-Jerry •
    count stores of not providing. Often the with it that night and have yourself a good
    discount stores and mail-order houses read. A floppy disk would hardly fare as
    provide a level of service that I earnestly well under such abuse. Furthermore. if a USERS GROUP CORNER
    wish I could get at my local full-price store! word or two of a book were somehow
    As a long-term computer professional. who smudged or made illegible. the remaining CANADIAN SANYO USER GROUP
    for a variety of reasons shops in camou- information in the book would scarcely be do Ryte Data
    flage. I can usually tell when computer compromised. but a garbled byte or a bad Box 210 Mountain St.
    store salespeople are simply trying to ex- sector on a disk could render the whole Haliburton. Ontario KOM ISO
    tort. The average consumer feels this too. disk unreadable or ruin the program. Copy Canada
    no doubt. in an undirected uneasiness that protection may or may not be defensible.
    translates into the behavior your commen- but I don't think that the justification can MAC STREET JOURNAL
    tary discusses and store owners deplore. be based on a comparison between flop- NY MacUsers' Group
    When full-price computer stores make py disks and books. POB 6686 Yorkville Station
    it clear to consumers what they get for GARTH WARE New York. NY 10128
    their money. and if that something is of Encinitas, CA
    value to the consumer. the full-price com- NULl:BABEL
    puter stores will survive. 1bo many com- Well said. I agree. Thanks. -Jerry Independent Newsletter for CBASIC
    puter-savvy people think that consumer Users
    marketing is easy and they can make a kill- WORDSTAR TIPS do Ric Allen
    ing selling them. Evidence of this attitude ...••.••........................••••••• 799 Converse Dr.
    is your own lament in the same article Dear Jerry. Cincinnati. OH 4 5240
    about product pricing. Add the observa- You have mentioned that WordStar's
    tion that the inexpensive Borland products global reformat command is grossly slow. CENTRAL KENTUCKY
    were available only by mail order. in spite There is no explicit global reformat com- COMPUTER SOCIETY
    of strong marketing. until they became hot mand in WordStar (that I know of). so I Suite I 00, Security Trust Bldg.
    items and the verdict is guilty. If they fail presume you are using -o-o-B to repeat Lexington. KY 40507
    to repent. they will continue to go out of the -B (paragraph reform) command until
    business. ' interrupted by an < ESC > (or other key- TIP.C USERS GROUP (Tl Professional)
    The halt. lame. and starving of the world stroke). This is indeed quite slow. but part 4212 San Felipe Rd .. #287
    need our sympathy and good works. Let's of the reason is that -o-o <key> pauses Houston. TX 77027
    not waste them on the smug and greedy between each execution of <key> to
    who don't! allow the user to observe the effects so PSU INTERNATIONAL (Victor 9000)
    RICHARD L. SWANSON far and decide whether/when to interrupt Joe and Ann Reid
    North Bend. WA the repetition. If there are many short POB 3244
    paragraphs. -o-o-B spends much more Scottsdale. AZ 852 57
    It depends on the store, of course: I've time pausing than reforming.
    written my share of diatribes against the However. a digit keystroke (1-9) follow- WASHINGTON AREA RAINBOW
    smooth-talking imbedfes who don't know ing -o-o-B adjusts the duration of the USER GROUP (DEC Rainbow)
    a ROM from a cable designation. How- pause. A "I" gives no perceptible pause 6415 Adelphi Rd.
    ever. when good stores do hire knowl- and speeds global reformatting quite a bit. University Park. MD 20782
    edgeable salespeople and try to provide (-OH is also needed to prevent hyphen-
    full service, I'd like to see them succeed. help from stopping the reformatting for

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 377


    B·Y·T·E W·E·S·T C·O·A·S·T

    Lasers, Office Publishing,


    and More
    I
    Interleaf's f you want to be "in." introduce some- puter Products back east (responsible for
    thing that uses both a microcomputer the famous reading machine). but there's
    OPS-2000 and
    and the Canon laser-printer engine. even a connection there. Xerox bought
    TPS-2000 That inexpensive. high-resolution. fast. and Kurzweil. Finally, we're fascinated by the
    FastFlnder silent descendant of the copying machine competition that is shaping up between the
    is popping up everywhere. Last spring Star clones: both inexpensive machines like
    Hewlett-Packard introduced its LaserJet the Macintosh and expensive machines like
    printer-based on the Canon engine. In these Interleaf systems.
    BY JOHN MARKOFF January Apple unveiled the Macintosh Of- Interleaf introduced the OPS-2000 system
    AND fice (see our article "The Macintosh Office" in the summer of 1984 and is now showing
    PHILLIP ROBINSON in the February BYTE. page 120) and its off the new. more powerful TPS-2000 sys-
    LaserWriter printer-based on the Canon tem. The TPS-2000 is built around the same
    engine. In the meantime. several other com- hardware as the OPS-2000 but it has im-
    panies have announced laser printers for proved software. It features new I/O (in-
    the IBM Personal Computer (PC) market put/output) support: an optional optical
    based on-you guessed it. Plenty of peo- scanner (to convert images into bit-map
    ple are betting that the laser printer will take displays for editing and printing) and a
    a huge bite out of the daisy-wheel market. phototypesetter interface. Either system lets
    Another. more expensive. way to be "in" you create text and graphics. combine them
    is to find an application for the Sun Micro- into documents. and print them on a laser
    systems workstation. As we mentioned in printer.
    the January BYTE West Coast ("Light In general. the idea behind both the In-
    Touches." page 4I 5). that powerful 680IO- terleaf and Apple systems is that you won't
    based microcomputer has impressive have to take office documents outside the
    graphics. windows. and speed. office to typeset them. The print quality
    So what would be the ultimate "in"? Right from the laser is high enough that you can
    again-combine the Canon laser printer and use its output for forms. reports. proposals.
    the Sun workstation. Interleaf's Office and manuals. (Besides. the printer can pro-
    Publishing System (OPS-2000) and 'Technical duce eight pages a minute.) The Sun
    Publishing System (TPS-2000) do just that. workstation screen displays 7 5 dots per
    Interleaf. based in Cambridge. Massachu- inch; the laser printer prints 300 dots per
    setts. is . . . Wait a minute. Did someone inch; and a phototypesetter produces I 000
    say, "Cambridge isn't West Coast?" Well. we dots per inch or more.
    anticipated some such opportunistic heck- Does office publishing sound like a nar-
    ling. and we have some answers. row. specialized field? Interleaf believes that
    Much of the Interleaf publishing package office publishing is a billion-dollar industry
    comes from right here in Silicon Valley. that will grow to 8 billion dollars by 1988.
    Ideas and col'T}ponents derive from Xerox
    Corporation-particularly its famous Palo HARDWARE
    Alto Research Center (PARC). Alto and Star The Sun workstation with the Sun 2 pro-
    features. such as icons. windows. and cessor card runs the Interleaf shell (which
    object-action processes. are fundamental to is written in CJ under Berkeley 4.2 UNIX.
    BYTE West Coast is prepared the lnterleaf software. And we weren't the The shell has its own windows and doesn't
    monthly by BYTE's editors and staff only ones to notice: at the Interleaf system let you run other applications concurrent-
    in San Francisw and Palo Alto. demonstration in Menlo Park. we heard a ly. However. to run another program all you
    Correspondence should be addressed
    to BYTE West Coast. BYTE potential customer muttering. "This looks have to do is get back to UNIX. That's easy.
    Magazine. 4 25 Battery St.. San more like Xerox than Xerox." Some of the In fact. even without any help. the ·system
    Francisco. CA 9 4111. folks at Interleaf came from Kurzweil Com- (continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 379


    BYTE WEST COAST

    did it several times during the demon- with a superb, expensive machine like 42-megabyte system aren't enough.
    stration. this and then have to go home to a buy the 130-megabyte disk: then you
    A three-button optical mouse is bare-bones Kaypro. can attach as many as 15 terminals (if
    used to control most of the work on The basic Sun workstation has 2 you can afford them). Each Sun work~
    the 19-inch diagonal screen. The 900- megabytes of RAM (random-access station costs about $22.000. The
    by 1152-pixel screen yields the high read/write memory) and ROM (read- OPS-2000 system with software. one
    (75 dots per inch) resolution and a only memory) and is accompanied by workstation. printer driver. printer.
    high spoilage factor. What's spoilage? a 42-megabyte hard disk. If the two and lots of support and instruction
    That's what you feel when you play terminals you can attach to the runs about $52 .000. The scanner and
    scanned-image editing option costs
    $40.000. The digital-typesetter inter-
    face that sets type and produces
    camera-ready pages (supporting
    Monotype. Compugraphic. Autologic.
    and Information International typeset-
    ters) begins at $7500. the laser printer
    Communications Hardware and Software that's at $14.500.
    Although Interleaf specializes in
    lnovnont'iuo -=~('" tn I lt'o ~nrl r.11~ranteed. turnkey systems. the compan'!{ \s hap-
    py to discuss other deals-particularly
    if you already have a Sun workstation.
    If you want to use other computers.
    a simplified version of the OPS-2000
    software is available now for Apollo
    systems-both the bit-slice and the
    68000 versions. According to lnterleaf
    ·· 1 ne Amazing Sp1derNet . an
    .. ·-·edible amount ol 11flf1ty available to
    software engineer Roch Skelton. ports
    afmoSl any snlilll-sized application.·· to other systems are in the works.
    Ron Exner, 12184 Hardcopy
    The Imagen printer controller ac-
    SNARE' " -SpiderNet's Callback Security System cepts fonts. bit maps. and ASCII
    • Protects ANY dialup computer system from unauthorized intruders
    • Authorized users are called back at specific locations (American Standard Code for Infor-
    • SNARE secures three modem lines at less than $200/line
    • Up to three separate computers can use SNARE simultaneously mation Interchange) characters from
    • Uses Hayes-compatible modems or others like DEC's DF03
    • Stores 70 authorized users. expands to 150 (300+ soon)
    the Sun workstation and rasterizes
    them. That is. it converts them into
    SpiderNet-Printer/Plotter Sharing Unit
    • Shares expensive RS-232 plo11ers. daisy wheel or laser printers
    one big bit map for the Canon printer.
    • Makes laser printe rs affordable fo r your office or department
    • Two to five micros or minis can share a peripheral
    s495 Skelton notes that the rasterization
    • Connect and use-no softwa re modificalions required' software is Imagen's, but "We're help-
    • Optional 64K buffer for spooling
    ing them develop and fix their soft-
    SpiderNet-Computer and Peripheral Networking
    • Six port. intelligent software-controlled RS -232 switch
    s495 ware:· Imagen. by the way, is another
    • Share mulliple peripherals between systems one of the many companies popu- ·
    • Interconnect computers to share data and files
    • Three pairs of ports can be connected simultaneously
    lated by refugees from Xerox.
    • Links ports at different baud rates The Imagen printer-controller box
    • Programmable: perfect for custom RS-232 control application
    has about the same volume as the
    SpiderNet-Multiplexer, Terminal Concentrator and more
    • Five to one RS-232 mu lt iplexer/demult iplexer s495 Canon printer but is shorter and
    • SX1 o r 4X2 concentrato r for exp an ding te rminal po rts longer. Inside it is a 68000-based
    ENVOY'" -Telecommunications Software
    computer and I. 2 5 megabytes of
    • Access to elec troni c ma il, rem ote sy stems and da ta networks
    • Error free, tex t and binary file transfers via XMO DEM or ANSI X3.28
    s49 95•
    memory. It .also interfaces with the
    • Smart terminal mode with capture buffer, autodial and autologin
    new Ricoh Corporation laser-printer
    • Easy to use, menu driven. compact and high speed engine. Its specifications are about
    • Ut ilit ies menu for copy, type, print, erase and rename files
    • For IBM PC, PCjr. PC compatib le s. Sanyo MBC-55X. equivalent to the Canon's, but. ac-
    CPIM-80 or -86 cording to lnterleaf. Ricoh has a
    30-day money-back guarantee on all product s
    stronger market in Europe.
    By summer 198 5 we should see
    laser printers capable of 600- to
    800-dot-per-inch resolution. lnterleaf
    Bo x 41436, Tucson, Ar izona 85717
    (602) 327-4305 is using such a printer with its own sys-
    tems. This resolution approaches that
    Inquiry 32 for Dealers.
    Inquiry 33 for End Users.
    BYTE WEST COAST

    at the low end of typesetting. Inter- special optical scanner that Interleaf because the software doesn't
    leaf will use a Tushiba printer engine sells). simple created graphics (boxes. recognize the edges of the figures as
    with a Dataproducts controller to pro- lines. circles). and Calcomp 960 plot- continuous. The Adobe Postscript/
    duce up to 24 pages a minute by next ter graphics. Eventually. all of these Apple LaserWriter combination and
    year. Interleaf hopes to create its own will be interchangeable. However. the the Interleaf OPS-2000 are clearly dif-
    printer controller. which it calls RIP. for older version of the OPS-2000 has ferent in that the former can print
    Rasterizing Image Processor. · limitations for each. For example. anything you draw on the screen. the
    scanned images can't be rotated and latter cannot.
    SOFTWARE Calcomp 960 plots can't be filled (continued)
    Both the OPS-2000 and the TPS-2000
    accept text from IBM PCs. Wang word
    processors. WordStar. Scribe. Nroff.
    and TI"Off-in fact. just about any ASCII
    file. Interleaf has filter programs to
    massage text that doesn't arrive in
    usable condition. Documents within
    the Interleaf systems are saved as
    standard UNIX files and you can
    transfer them between UNIX systems
    using standard utilities. The attributes
    that dictate the document's format
    are stored in a separate dot file. Except
    for a leading period. the dot file has
    the same name as the ASCII file. The
    OPS-2000 also directly accepts Lotus
    1-2-3 spreadsheet data via a special
    RS-232C connection and a communi-
    cations program that are available
    from Interleaf.
    The fonts occupy 2. 5 megabytes of
    disk space and the software occupies
    another 5 megabytes. The basic
    OPS-2000 shell takes up 600K bytes
    of the internal memory; having it in
    RAM speeds up document format-
    ting. Even 2.5 megabytes of font
    storage contains only two fonts: a
    serif style (called Classic) and a sans-
    serif style (Modern). And the font
    sizes only go up to 24 point. Future
    versions will include 36- and 72-point
    sizes. light and condensed fonts. and
    other improvements.
    Interleaf claims to be ready to sup-
    port color when the workstation and
    printer hardware can handle it. "It's an
    evolving product" was a sentence we
    heard repeatedly. Skelton kept refer-
    ring to the many new features in the
    March software release-more fonts.
    new paint capacities. section number-
    ing. document indexing. etc.
    The OPS-2000 discriminates be-
    tween four types of graphics: business
    graphics (charts and graphs that the
    OPS-2000 software produces).
    scanned images (input through the

    Inquiry I 52 for Dealers. Inquiry I 53 for End Users. APRIL 1985 • BYTE 381
    BYTE WEST COAST

    The OPS-2000 includes clip art and The OPS-2000 lets you size. dupli- objects. Scanned images can be posi-
    a wish book. The clip art is a library cate. move. fill. and rotate images. It tioned. cropped. sized. rotated.
    of diagrams. mathematical symbols. uses the same cut-and-paste scheme shaded. blended. merged, air-
    and graphics that you can use direct- that the Macintosh employs. The brushed. silhouetted. textured. or
    ly or modify. The wish book contains TPS-2000 adds features for type- overlaid with text.
    examples of 50 types of business setting such as multiple-column capa- The lnterleaf system uses a series of
    charts that the system can use as a bility and scaling. 1\vo of the fonts are fixed and floating rectangular win-
    model for your own graphics. You can vector fonts that can be rotated and dows called frames. [Editor's note: These
    add your own chart types to it. sized along with other diagramming frames should not be con[ used with
    artificial-intelligence frames.I A fixed frame
    is tied to a particular spot in the text
    stream and moves on the page when
    the text is edited. A floating frame is
    tied to a particular location on the

    GIVEYOURPC page called an anchor. This frame


    stays put and the text flows around it.
    The user interface depends on object-

    THE GIFf OF SIGHT. Once installed, our elec-


    action processes: you select an
    object-text or graphics-and use the
    pop-up menus to manipulate it.

    tronic digitizing scanner WE'RE NOT DONE YET


    allows you to capture Will lnterleaf's expensive. powerful
    ~.['-(f~."~-;?;:1"~:
    images in high resolution. system win the hearts of office pub-
    ~::_:·¥·-=.~- ~
    These can then be manipu-
    lishers? You can have many but not all
    !:~,~- .>~. :._
    lated, stored, retrieved,
    and even printed. of its special features· for much less
    But what's truly amaz- money in the Apple Macintosh Office.
    ~{r:iid. ing is the range of applica-
    tions for the Datacopy 700.
    To some extent you can even
    duplicate the scanner with peripherals
    Such as generating complex such as the Thunderware image
    documents including text, digfrizer described in our February
    drawings and pictures. BYTE West Coast ("What's Next?"
    Until now, your PC was telling only Technical manuals. Catalogs. Personnel or page 371). Still. for now the Interleaf
    half the story. Because no matter how document files. Orwhateveryou decide. systems are more complete and much
    you look at it, words and numbers are The result is a visionary achievement:
    faster than anything based on the
    simply that: words and numbers. the power to give words and numbers far
    Mac. What happens when the Macin-
    But the Datacopy 700 changes all that. more meaning. To publish information,
    not just data. And to extend the possibili- tosh gets some publishing software
    TURN YOUR WORD PROCESSOR
    INTO AN IMAGE PROCESSOR. ties of your PC. All for a surprisingly more powerful than MacWrite? We'll
    low cost. wrestle with that question in next
    This remarkable peripheral enables
    you to combine photos, diagrams, even For more details, call toll-free 1-800- month's BYTE West Coast when we
    3-D objects with word processing, data 821-2898 or in California 415-965-7900. look at Aldus Corporation's electronic
    base, CAD and communications applica- Or write to Datacopy Corporation, 1215 paste-up and composition program.
    tions using standard software. Terra Bella Avenue, Page Maker.
    All you need to get _ _ _..,. Mountain View,
    the picture is an IBM CA 94043. Telex: FAST FINDER: A MACINTOSH
    XT, AT, or compatible. 701994 DATA-
    PROGRAMMERS' WORKSHOP
    Our friendly, yet COPYUD.
    The Apple Macintosh software archi-
    powerful, Word tecture is based on the concept of a
    Image Processing
    visual shell that insulates you from
    System'" software
    is included in your many of the nuts and bolts of a tradi-
    purchase. tional operating system. Most people
    are no1 familiar with the widely
    DATA COPY copied. mouse-driven. bit-mapped
    The Eye of the Computer
    desktop display that Apple claims of-
    fers "radical ease of use:· However.
    much of the criticism of the Macin-
    (continued)

    382 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 110


    VERSA
    LEDGER

    -,_...... ~ ':l LI ' · ···

    VHISAUOG(R HAS BU:N CR£llTE.D


    Wl1H nu rfA..~T TIM( COM,.UlfR
    USfR ,-. MltiO
    1111 •• ·: ••

    The VERSABUSINESSTll Series


    Each VERSABUSINESS module can be purchased and used independently,
    or can be linked in any combination to form a complete, coordinated business system.

    VERSARECEIVABLES™ $99.95 VERSALEDGER 1r• $149.95


    VERSA RECEIVABLES,. is a complete menu-driven accounts receivable, invoicing, and VERSA LEDGER Ir" is a complete accounting system that grows as your business
    monthly statement·generating system. It keeps track of all information related to who grows. VERSA LEDGER Jr• can be used asa simple personalcheckbook register,
    owes you or your company money, and can provide automatic billing for past due ac·
    counts. \IERsARECEIVABlES~ prints all necessary statements, invoices, and summary e x panded to a small business bookkeeping system or developed into a large
    reports and can be linked with VERsAlEDGER II'" and VERSAINVENTORV'". corporate general ledger system without a n y additional software.
    • VERSAl.EDGER Ir" gives you almost u nlim ited storage capacity
    VERSAPAYABLEs•• $99.95 (300 to 10,000 entries per month, depending on the system),
    VERSAPAVABlES" is designed to keep track of current and aged payables, keeping you • stores all check and general ledger information forever ,
    in touch with all information regarding how much money your company owes, and to • prints tractor-feed checks,
    whom \/ERsAPAVABLES~ maintains a complete record on each vendor, prints checks,
    check registers, vouchers, transaction reports. aged payables reports, vendor reports, • handles multiple checkbooks and general ledgers,
    and more. With VERsAPAVABLES'", you can even let your computer automatically select • prints 17 customized accounting reports including check registers,
    which vouchers are to be paid. balance sheets, income statements, transaction reports, account
    listings, etc.
    VERSAPAYROLL'" $99.95
    VERSAPAVROLL'" is a powerful and sophisticated, but easy to use payroll sys tem that VERSALEDGER Ir" comes with a professionally·written 160 page manual de-
    keeps track ol all government-required payroll information. Complete employee records signed for first-time users. The VERSALEDGER Ir" manual will help you become
    are maintained, and all necessary payroll calculations are performed automatically, with quickly familiar with VERSALEDGER Jr", using complete sample data files
    totals displayed on screen for operator approval A payroll can be run totally, automati·
    cally, o r the operator can intervene to prevent a check from being printed, or to alter supplied on diskette and more than. 50 pages of sample printouts.
    information on it. If desired, totals may be posted to the VERSAlEDGER If" system.
    VERSAINVENTORY'" $99.95
    VERsAINVENTORV'" is a complete inventory control system that gives you instant access
    to data on any ttem \ltRSAINvENTORr keeps track of all information related to what
    SATISFACTION GUARANTEED!
    items are in stock, out of stock, on backorder, etc., stores sales and pricing data, alerts Every VERSA BUS INE SS'• module is guaranteed to outperform all other competit ive systems,
    you when an item falls below a preset reorder point, and allows you to enter and print and al a fraction of their cost Uyou are nol satisfied with any VERSABUSINESS '• module, you
    may return it within 30 days for a refund. Manuals for any VERSABUSINESS'• module may be
    invoices directly or to link with the \ltRSARECE!VABLES'" system. VERSAINVENTORV" prints purc hased for $25 each, credited toward a later purchase of that module.
    a~ needed inventory listings, reports of items below reorder point, inventory value re·
    ports, period and year-to·date sales reports, price lists, inventory checklists, etc. To Order:
    Write or call Toll-free (800) 431-2818
    (N .Y .S. residents call 914-425-1535)

    -- -
    • add $3 for shipping in UPS areas • add $5 to CANADA or MEXICO
    • add $4 for C.0 .0. or non·UPS areas • add proper postage else\·1here
    ~
    ~
    Inquiry 177
    DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME
    50 N. PASCACK ROAD, SPRING VALLEY, N.Y.10977 All prices and specifications subject to change I Delivery subject to availabi lity.
    • TRS·SO is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Co rp.• •APPLE is a trademark of Apple C o rp. · •tBM 1s a trademark of IBM C orp.· -OSBORNE ls a trademark of Osborne Corp.
    •cp / M is a tradema rk of Digital Research · •XEROX is a trademark of Xerox C orp.
    BYTE WEST COAST

    tosh design has focused on this visual an alternative. Michael Lehman has operations in the process of program
    interface. While it protects you from developed FastFinder. another desk~ development. it also should appeal to
    operating-system complexities. it also top for the Macintosh. which is text- anyone who wants a faster Macintosh.
    strips away some powerful features. oriented rather than graphics- or icon- Lehman claims that FastFinder runs
    such as batch operations and macros. oriented. Lehman is a software devel- "up to five times faster" than Apple's
    All of this might be forgiven if the oper and the author of Pascal/MT+. Finder and that it adds a number of
    visual shell were faster than it is; His company. MT Microsystems. was features such as fast disk ejection.
    however. to date. lack of speed ap- purchased a number of years ago by FastFinder's greater speed is evident
    pears to be the Macintosh Achilles' Digital Research. Lehman worked in its ability to both load programs
    heel. If the Macintosh has a design there for three years until leaving last slightly faster and reload several times
    flaw. it is that the goal of user/com- year to once again form his own com- faster after exiting a program. Addi-
    puter interactivity is often thwarted by pany. Turdis Software. tionally. Lehman will soon release a
    performanae bottlenecks that force Lehman wrote FastFinder out of desk accessory called Fastlauncher to
    long waits for certain operations. frustration with the Finder while be installed with FastFinder. Fast-
    The Finder. a system program that developing an application for the Launcher lets you select a new pro-
    controls the Macintosh desktop. Macintosh. gram while still operating in ·another
    mediates user interaction with the Written in Mac C from Consulair one and then lets you go directly to
    system and displays a visual. icon- Corporation. FastFinder includes the new program without returning to
    based version of files and folders. The some Mac C run-time libraries that the desktop.
    Finder launches a program when you Lehman has specially tweaked. It offers To use FastFinder you must do
    point at it and double-click the mouse a standard Macintosh display with a without the Macintosh graphical inter-
    button. Its lack of speed comes. in series of windows and a menu bar face. (Lehman says he has a graphical
    part. from not being coresident: each across the top of the screen. Within version in mind.) FastFinder direc-
    time you exit an application. the each window you have access to a tories appear as text-only in a list of
    Finder must be reloaded. It also line-oriented command processor those files that you can scroll in their
    spends a lot of time recalculating the that you can access either by typing individual windows. You can install
    location of documents on the desk- at the keyboard or by selecting op- programs as special menu items and
    top each time it displays. These com- tions from the pull-down menus. then launch them by dragging the
    bine to make the process of switch- Although Lehman refers to Fast- mouse down and clicking on menus;
    ing between applications cumber- Finder as an "expert's alternative" and however. you must also give up the
    some on the Macintosh. includes with it a number of features Macintosh document and folder
    Although Apple hasn't chosen to oriented toward Macintosh program- metaphor for organizing files.
    improve the Finder yet. there is now mers who want to automatically link If you are doing program develop-
    ment on the Macintosh. FastFinder
    has a series of UNIX-like utilities that
    you can access from the menu or
    COMPANIES MENTIONED command line. Many of these com-
    mands are already available as small
    CANON U.S.A. INC. RICOH CORP. utility programs for the Macintosh:
    One Canon Plaza 5 Dedrick Place however. FastFinder makes them
    Lake Success. NY 11042 West Caldwell. NJ 07006 easier to use because you don't have
    (516) 488-6700 (201) 575-9550
    to leave the desktop to use them.
    Others. such as combine. compare.
    IMAGEN INC. SUN MICROSYSTEMS !NC.
    2660 Marine Way 2 4 7 5 Garcia Ave. and list. are not currently available.
    Mountain View. CA 9404 3 Mountain View. CA 94043 FastFinder includes a scripting capa-
    (415) 960-0714 (415) 960-1300 bility that you can call with the do
    command. The do command ex-
    INTERLEAF INC. TARDIS SOFTWARE ecutes a series of FastFinder com-
    1100 Massachusetts Ave. 2817 Sloat Rd. mands that can be created with a text
    Cambridge. MA 0213 8 Pebble Beach. CA 93953 editor or a special record command
    (617) 497-5570 (408) 372-1722 and then stored in a text file.
    FastFinder can also link applications
    KURZWEIL COMPUTER PRODUCTS INC. XEROX CORP.
    under script control.
    185 Albany St. POB 1600
    Cambridge, MA 02139 Stamford. CT 06904 Now that he has finished FastFinder.
    (617) 864-4700 (203) 329-8700 Lehman is writing a Macintosh ap-
    plication generator for novice and ex-
    pert programmers. •

    384 BYTE • APRIL 1985

    ;
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    * SA455 * Slimline 360K * Full HT, 360K
    * 1 /2 HT. PC Compatible * PC Compatible * PC Compatible
    $99 $119 $139

    MPI ccu Apple Drives 8" Siemens


    8-52, 360K Full Height* * Slimline * FDD100-8
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    IBM Compatible * Fully Apple Compatible * Shugart compatible .
    $100 $140 $129
    Apple compatible Drives 5%" Disk Drives 8" Disk Drives
    QUANTITY QUANTITY QUANTITY
    1 2 10 1 2 10 1 2 10
    Micro Sci Teac Siemens
    A·20rA-20FullHT . . 5175 5169 5159 FD55A, 160K . . . . . . .. .... 5110 5110 5110 FDD-100·8 5129 5120 5111
    controller . ... 65 60 50 FD55B, 360K 119 115 109 FDD·200·8 180 170 160
    FD55F,Quad Density . . ' ' ' ' ' ' 159 150 140
    R< ns All TeaC'S are Half Heights
    Elite I . . . . . . . . . . 5210 5205 5200 801R, 5gl/Dbl. .. 5160 5150 5140
    Elite II, Dbl. Head . . . 335 330 325 851 R, Dbl.I Dbl. 480 470 460
    Elite Ill, Quad Density . . . . . 395 445 435 Tandon Tandon
    controllerControls4 Dr' 75 70 70 TM100-1. 160K . 5150 5140 5130
    TM848-1 E, 5gl.I Dbl.•;, Ht. . . . 5270 5265 5260
    CCU Half t lht TM100·2, 360K . . . . 139 135 129
    TM848·2E, Dbl. / Dbl. 1/ 2Ht. . . . 370 360 350
    FD525A51imlinew/cable . .. .. . 5140 5135 5130 TM101-4, Quad Density 280 270 260
    FD525C for lie . . . . . . 169 169 169 TM65-2, 360K 1h Height 195 190 185 Mitsui hi
    M2894-63, Dbl./ Dbl. . 5400 5390 5380
    cc 1ht
    MP M2896·63, Dbl./Dbl. 'h Ht. 400 390 380
    FD555Aw / cable 5160 5150 5140
    B-52. 360K PC compatible . 5100 5 95 5 90
    Har 51/4" & 8"
    call Call call
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    Inquiry 218
    B·Y·T·E U.K.
    ......
    ••••• •• •• •••• ••
    .•••••••••••
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    :
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    • • • • • • ••••
    .••.••••..•• •.•••••
    • •• • • •

    New Database Ideas


    A
    11 the research done so far in arti- At a higher level of sophistication are the
    Frame theory ficial intelligence (Al) points to the relational and hierarchical types. In a relational
    used in a conclusion that if computers are to
    even begin to approach the capabilities of
    database. you can relate records from dif-
    ferent files assuming that they have at least
    database the human brain. they must store and one field in common. If you have one file
    retrieve huge amounts of context data. In of customer names and addresses and
    generator humans this data appears to be a combina- another file with their names and credit
    tion of innate and learned knowledge. balances. you can combine the information
    No one seriously suggests any longer that using Name as the common field and ex-
    BY DICK POUNTAIN an intelligent computer can be realized tract records containing name. address. and
    purely algorithmically· Rather. the process credit balance for a particular person. In
    will be a long and painstaking one that in- other words. the links between different sets
    volves stuffing more and more facts into a of data are made via the contents of the
    machine. Some of these will be facts about files. and you can define new relations while
    the world we live in. while others will be you're using the database by using the com-
    rules about those facts. In short. the em- mand JOIN.
    phasis will be at least as much on smart In a hierarchical database. you can
    data storage and retrieval as it is on com- predefine a tree-like structure of relation-
    putation and calculation. ships between different files that doesn't de-
    These ruminations are prompted by a re- pend at all on the record contents. For in-
    cent encounter with l.D.E.A.S. (Inference stance. a file called Customers could own
    Driven Evolutionary Applications Software) subfiles called Address and Credit Balance.
    from AI Software Ltd .. a commercial data- A more complex form of this database
    base-generator package that uses a novel allows any file to own any other. so the
    approach influenced by Marvin Minsky's result looks more like a network than a sim-
    theory of frames. It runs on mainframes. ple tree.
    minicomputers. and microcomputers such The l.D.E.A.S. program doesn't fit comfort-
    as the Sage IV and the TD! Pinnacle. You ably into any of these categories. Data is
    can use it to create accounting. payroll. related neither by the contents of data fields
    costing. stock control. and other commer- nor by a predefined file structure. but by a
    cial applications that use a shared database. system of coordinates abstracted from the
    structure of the real world.
    FRAMES l.D.E.A.S. was conceived about five years
    In the article "Database 'fypes" by Rich Kra- ago by a group of commercial programmers
    jewski (October 1984 BYTE. page 13 7) there who happened upon Minsky's I 97 4 paper
    is a summary of six main categories of exist- "A Framework for Representing
    ing database software. Here's a recap of the Knowledge." dealing with the Al problem
    three main types: A simple file-management of computer vision. Impressed by the
    system enables you to build files out of methods expounded there. the group de-
    records. Records are self-contained parcels cided to try to set up such a framework for
    of data structured into fields that are the the world of commerce and manufacturing.
    same for every record. In an address-book In a nutshell. Minsky's frame is a data struc-
    application each record would contain a ture for representing a state of affairs or an
    complete name and address. with fields activity. The frame has slots that are filled
    Dick Pountain is a technical author called Name. Street. City. and Phone with specific instances. while the frame itself
    and software consultant living in
    Lnndon. England. He can be Number. for example. However. information represents the archetypal state. For exam-
    contacted do BYTE. POB 372 . held in different files is totally separated and ple. a frame describing a house might have
    Hancock. NH 03449. can't be related. (continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 389


    BYTE U.K.

    payroll. and other programs to see if


    lable I: The prime dimensions used by l.D.E.A.S. to distinguish one piece of they could create a frame that would
    data from another. describe all the various kinds of data
    1) Time. A date or time of day. used. Through trial and error they
    2) Financial. A relationship to the accounting system. identified a set of seven dimensions that
    3) External trading. A relationship with someone or something outside the they claim effectively define any piece
    enterprise.
    of data used in a commercial/manu-
    4) Batch identity. An identifier for a particular batch of products.
    5) Commodity. An identifier of a particular product type. facturing enterprise. Define in this
    6) Internal organization. An identifier of a particular department or other subgroup sense means that a set (between one
    inside the enterprise. and seven) of these types (or dimen-
    7) Personnel. The people involved. sions) is sufficient to distinguish one
    piece of data from another. The prime
    dimensions are shown in table I.
    slots called Living Room. Bathroom. absence of complete information. To see how this works let's look at
    Kitchen. Garage. etc. The contents of Groups of frames can share slots. thus some examples. You can uniquely
    these slots might also be frames: the relating different classes of objects (as define a product's list price using only
    Kitchen frame could have slots Stove. in the relational database): as an ex- the commodity dimension (the prod-
    Sink. Waste Disposal. and Freezer. Tu ample. an Office frame might share uct code). However. if you have dif-
    describe a particular house you fill in the slots lable and Chair with the ferent price lists for different kinds of
    these slots with specific makes of ap- House frame. customers. you need to specify both
    pliances and furniture. Equally impor- the external and the commodity di-
    tant. slots can have default values. so PRIME DIMENSIONS mensions (customer name or code
    partial descriptions can be allowed The authors of I.D.E.A.S. studied their and product number). If prices change
    and reasonable guesses made in the previous accounting. stock control. (wntinued)

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    390 BY T E • APR IL 19 85 Inquiry 174


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    Inquiry 374 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 391


    BYTE U.K.

    frequently. you might want to date is the date of dispatch?) dimensions. because you can organize them into
    price lists. adding the time dimension. In a large company the department hierarchical sets. For example.
    too. (internal) could be relevant. too. Customer codes can be made a sub-
    lake another example. The value of Prime elements are those data ele- set of County codes. which are them-
    an item dispatched could involve the ments for which only one dimension selves a subset of Region codes. So
    external (who is the customer?). finan- is relevant (e.g.. a customer code. a Fred Bloggs can be situated in Yorke
    cial (how is it accounted for?). com- product code). They behave more or shire. which is situated in Northern
    modity (what product?). batch id less like keys in a conventional England. More than one superset can
    (what order number?). and time (what database. but they are special also exist; Customer code can come
    under Industry code as well. allowing
    Fred Bloggs to belong in Heavy
    Chemicals.
    When you create a new data ele-
    ment (e.g.. Value of Item) in the

    or I.D.E.A.S. data dictionary. you must fill


    in a primitive frame that identifies
    which prime dimensions are relevant
    for this element. In addition you must
    specify whether the dimension is
    fixed-constant data that goes into
    the dictionary-or floating-data pro-
    vided at run time. For instance. the
    name of the department that makes
    widgets is fixed (unless there's a major
    company reorganization). but the
    customer's name is floating (you want
    FEDERAL 1040(REGULAR 2561<)$35 FEDERAL 1040 (PRO 3201<)$95 to search for customers at run time).
    1040 0 SE(SJ 1040 C F SE 2106 3468 4797 Once you define such a frame. then
    A
    B
    G
    SE
    W
    6251
    A
    B
    0
    E
    G
    R
    SE(S)
    W
    2210
    2441
    3903
    4562
    4952
    5695
    I.D.E.A.S. knows where to store that
    Plus worksheets for wages.IRAs. Soc.Sec. & EiC.
    6251
    C.F.& 4562 are standalone for multiples type of item. In other words. you can
    Automatic supporting statements for Sched.A
    represent every different kind of data
    object by a point in seven-dimen-
    sional space. or if you prefer. you can
    map individual records into eight-
    dimensional space-the eighth being
    an implicit record number. In physical
    terms. I.D.E.A.S. uses a multitude of
    single-key indexed-sequential files to
    represent this multidimensional
    space. but these files are completely
    hidden: indeed. the concept of a file-
    name doesn't exist in I.D.E.A.S. The
    advantage of this sort of organization
    is that relationships between data
    items follow automatically; only data
    items that share at least one prime
    dimension can be related at all. and
    the relationship is forged as soon as
    the items are defined.
    When the database is in use. the
    slots in the frames are filled with real
    instances of customer names. product
    numbers. etc .. just as the fields of a
    record would be in a more conven-
    tional database.
    This approach seems to me to have
    (continued)

    392 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 36 Inquiry 389 -


    11111111111111111
    .. ~
    BYTE U.K.

    tremendous virtues. The structure of easily adapt the concept to another to usurp the role of philosophy? How
    the database is formed by factors domain. In fact. if you study the about a database manager called
    relating to the real-world domain be- l.D.E.A.S. prime dimensions carefully, K.A.N.T.?
    ing dealt with. not by machine- or you'll find that. renamed to be more
    program-related constraints of the general in scope. they apply rather PROCEDURE FRAMES
    computer. Though l.D.E.A.S. was de- well to other activities already. Could If you want to actually do something
    signed to reflect only the world of a computer scientist prove theorems with the data stored in l.D.E.A.S.. you
    commerce and manufacturing, a dif· about the number of dimensions must define some elements called pro-
    ferent set of prime dimensions could needed for a given domain. or is that cedural frames. They are equivalent to
    programs written in a command lan-
    guage but are produced by an integral
    program generator after an interactive
    v v v question-and-answer session.
    1b produce. for example. an invoic-
    ing or stock-control system. you need
    a collection of data elements and a
    collection of procedural frames to
    v v
    work on those elements. 'fypical pro-
    cedures might be Add Customer
    Orders or Update Stock Levels. The
    primitive operations available for use
    in procedural frames are all prefixed
    by a $ sign and called $commands.
    v v They include commands for format-
    ting input and output screens. repeti·
    tion and branching. conditionals and
    subroutine calls-in fact all the ele-
    Screen Displays. Fast and Easy! ments you'd expect to find in a data-
    Blaise Computing presents • Ability to create on-line help
    v
    base command language.
    " VIEW MANAGER'" -a screen
    programming system forthe IBM
    files as part of the screen
    system; The most important $commands
    personal computer and hardware
    compatibles. VIEW MANAGER'"
    • Automatic generation of
    screen documentation files,
    are $LOCATE and $SCAN. These are
    speeds the creation, documen- including details of formats the high-level instructions that actually
    talion, and incorporation of for data entry fields, screen traverse the complex network of data-
    screens into programs developed images, and names and sizes
    in high level languages. Versions of all existing screens; base relationships and retrieve items
    "
    for C (Lattice, Microsoft, or
    Computer Innovations) and
    • A comprehensive library of
    routines to include in your
    v for you. Let's say that we have defined
    Pascal (IBM or Microsoft) are programs allowing full ma- a data element called Customer Order
    now available. nipulation of screens and the that requires a customer code (exter-
    VIEW MANAGER'" lets you data that they display or cap-
    create input/output scree ns by tu re; nal). an order number (batch id). and
    providing an integrated system
    of programs carefully construe-
    • Royalty-free distribution of
    your commercial or in-house
    a product code (commodity). If you
    ted to make your screen develop- applications developed using give $LOCATE those three con-
    v v
    ment easy and fast. It features: VIEW MANAGER'". straints. it will find a unique order. If
    • Quick creation of new
    screens and editing of exist·
    A II this adds up to a produc-
    tivity tool no system developer in
    you give it only a product code, it will
    ing ones usi ng an interactive the C and Pascal environment find the first order by any customer
    painter efficiently storing should be without. that includes this product. and
    screens in a screen database;
    $SCAN will then retrieve all orders by
    • Extensive control over the for-
    mat of data written to and read
    $275 (Source code available
    for routine library-an addi- v all customers that include that prod-
    " from data capture fields; tiona l $150)
    uct. $LOCATE and $SCAN issued
    VIEW MANAG E R'" is pan of the TOOLS 2 ·· -A library or routines for without any constraints at all simply
    Blaise Computing Productivity access 10 operating services of DOS
    Series. Other producls to speed your 2.0+ from within your program- retrieve all customer orders.
    development projects in C and
    Pascal include:
    includes memory allocation, program
    chaining. file and buff er handling $100
    $LOCATE really emphasizes the
    power of the prime-dimensions con-
    ..., TOOLS'" -A library ofroutinesforad- EXEC'" -A program chaining dis-
    vanced string handling, forms utilities,
    screen handling or more Sl25
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    supporting a common da1a area $95
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    [continued)
    "'
    394 tJ Y I I:. • Al,KIL !'/~ ) Inquiry 46 Inquiry 3 55 -

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    pened on that day. An Order system terminals. It's like having a mainframe have different terms for talking about
    with parts explosion is merely a matter on your desk. which is just as well batches. The system keeps track of
    of a couple of $LOCATE and $SCAN since I.D.E.A.S. was born on a main- such aliases and prevents them from
    commands in a loop. frame and needs plenty of memory clashing with the names or aliases of
    The $NEWLVL and $0LDLVL com- and disk space. The version I tested other data items.
    mands allow you to move up and runs under the alternative multiuser You can define a data item as
    down between children and parents BOS (basic operating system) and is numeric. text. or date type. and you
    in a hierarchical set. $CALL allows written in RM COBOL. You can port can give it a class. The classes are
    one procedure to call another. and it to any operating system that com- Journal. Ledger. Property. and 'frans-
    control returns automatically when piles RM COBOL. which includes MS- action. and they determine what you
    the called procedure finishes. Calls DOS and CP/M. can do to such an item. For instance.
    can be nested in up to nine levels. The system consists of three if you declare an item as Journal class
    And calculation is possible in a pro- modules. the data dictionary. solution then you can never delete or alter it.
    cedure. although it's currently re- generator. and run-time interpreter. all but you can annul it by a later entry.
    stricted to four-function arithmetic on of which are menu-driven. These thus preserving a coherent audit trail.
    I I-digit floating-point numbers. modules are entered from a main You can add to or subtract from
    Since I.D.E.A.S. is an interactive sys- menu so you never need to exit to the Ledger entries but you cannot over-
    tem. you can create new procedures operating system. write them. Properties are ordinary
    at any time. or modify existing ones. In the dictionary you create new data items with no use restrictions.
    without necessarily altering any data data elements or inspect existing In the generator you create pro-
    element definitions at all. This makes ones. When you enter a new name. cedural frames by first naming them
    testing and maintenance a fairly the system presents you with a blank and then roughing them .out in the
    straightforward proposition. Built-in frame. dimension by dimension. to fill form of comments using an integral
    utilities provide cross-referencing of in with float. fix. or irrelevant. And you editor. When given the generate com-
    both procedure calls and data- can list all the elements that use a par- mand. the generator goes through
    element references by procedures. ticular combination of prime dimen- this script. line by line. asking for the
    sions with a menu selection called details of the $commands and their
    THE l.D.E.A.S. SYSTEM frame analysis. When searching for parameters. labels. jump destinations.
    I tested l.D.E.A.S. running on a TOI existing data elements in the dic- and so on. When this is done. it
    Pinnacle microcomputer with a Wyse tionary, you can type part of a name generates the code.
    WY-50 terminal. This new machine is and the system will show you all the The run-time module is the inter-
    similar in many ways to the Sage IV- entries containing that part. preter from which you use an
    it's a single-box 68000-based machine Data names can consist of up to 20 I.D.E.A.S. application. You run pro-
    with 512K bytes of memory. one characters (including spaces). which cedures by typing in their names.
    8001<-byte floppy-disk drive. and a allows you to use readable English. I'd like to report that the implemen-
    21-megabyte Winchester. It runs its You may also have several names for tation is as advanced as the principle
    68000 at I2 MHz with no wait states one object (aliases) so different upon which it's based. but it's not. The
    and is normally supplied with a multi- departments can employ their own program betrays its mainframe origins
    user version of the UCSD p-System uses; for example. the machine shop in a user interface that is decidedly
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    BYTE U.K.

    modem microcomputer software. being explored in declarative pro- known or accepted yet in commercial
    In addition to trivial but irritating gramming languages. programming circles for such an ex-
    details like its refusal to accept menu It would be very interesting to see periment to be attractive. •
    selections in lowercase. I.D.E.A.S. is how well the l.D.E.A.S. concept would FOR MORE INFORMATION
    designed around a Tuletypewriter- translate into Prolog; I suspect that it l.D.E.A.S.
    style terminal. with a crude line editor would go rather simply. since equiva- Al Software Ltd.
    for procedural frame construction and lents of $LOCATE and $SCAN are Park Lome
    no support for modem terminal facil- built-in functions of Prolog. I doubt. Ill Park Rd.
    ities like cursor addressing or screen however. that Prolog is sufficiently London NW8. England
    highlighting. Much of this is probably
    due to COBOL:s limitations. . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -·
    The difficulties I had using the pro-
    gram had more to do with this spartan
    user interface than with the system's
    underlying concepts. On-line help is
    minimal and the menus tend to be
    phrased in I.D.E.A.S. jargon. which is
    less than clear to a first-time user. And
    the documentation had few examples.
    although it is being revised.
    There are also some gaps in the
    specification at the moment. most
    notably in the area of sorting. There
    is no provision for lexical or numeric
    sorting in the procedure generation
    module. This is not as big a problem
    as it might appear because l.D.E.A.S.
    holds and retrieves data already
    sorted on the prime dimensions.
    However. it would be better if you Who says basic transportation
    could override this with an explicitly for data can't boast sports car
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    The Fifth Generation


    in Japan
    tear
    T
    he International Conference on more direct role in "improving management
    The Hitachi S-810 Fifth Generation Computer Systems decision making" as opposed to "mere data
    was held in Tokyo in early processing," providing more "user-friendly
    supercomputer
    November 1984. Over 900 participants. interfaces" (including natural-language pro-
    Software representing 32 countries. each paid about cessing). and "automating software devel-
    development $400 for the privilege of attending. Re- opment:' etc. They stress the importance of
    searchers from all over the world presented office automation (word processing. filing.
    62 research papers. and there were a cou- etc.). in which Japan lags behind the U.S. by
    BY WILLIAM M. RAIKE ple of interesting panel discussions in ad- several years (despite its first-class. inexpen-
    dition to a highly informative nontechnical sive hardware). and would like to see ap-
    lecture by Ezra Vogel ("The Changing plications of computers in the medical field.
    Nature of Information Societies" ). which are nearly unheard of here in Japan.
    The objectives of the conference were These worthy objectives are not tied ex-
    twofold: to provide an international forum clusively to the Fifth Generation Project. but
    for the exchange of information. ideas. and it is important to note that they have been
    research in areas related to "new-generation pursued actively outside Japan for years
    computing:· and to present to the world a (and not just by computer scientists). Oper-
    summary of the achievements of the ations-research specialists and "quantita-
    Japanese government-sponsored Institute tive-management" people were emphasiz-
    for New Generation Computer 'Technology ing these themes as far back as the I 960s.
    (ICOf) at the end of the first of its three The Japanese computer industry seems re-
    phases. The second phase of the I 0-year markably oblivious to the progress that's
    project will last four years and the third been made in such areas. principally in soft-
    phase. three years. ware. over the last I 5 years: I'll say more
    1b gain perspective on what the Japanese about this observation later.
    have thus far accomplished in their fifth- Dr. Fuchi's views on the priorities of !Car
    generation efforts. you first have to look at are more illustrative of what is actually go-
    the objectives for the project. Note that the ing on at the Institute. He insists that the
    buzzwords "fifth-generation computing" Fifth Generation Project is not intended to
    and "new-generation computing" are recent produce commercial benefits-a claim that
    additions to computer jargon: they're catch- is met with skepticism by just about every-
    all terms that include such topics as parallel one. In his opinion. !Car's focus is on basic
    computer-hardware architectures. artificial technological research and development
    intelligence. so-called "expert systems:· and over the long range- I 0 to 20 years. He
    "logic programming':._..a term used to refer doesn't deny that individual companies
    to programming languages such as Prolog. might spin off segments of the technology
    Started by the Ministry of International before then. but he disavows that as a goal.
    William M. Raike. who holds a 1tade and Industry three years ago. ICOr He says that !Car has "no intention of get-
    Ph.D. in applied mathematics from is headed by soft-spoken but intense Dr. ting involved in the artificial-intelligence
    Northwestern University, has taught Kazuhiro Fuchi. He provides something of business." although !Car's close relationship
    operations research and computer
    science in Austin. Tems. and
    a bridge between ICOf's highly technically to Al and expert systems is clearly the basis
    Monterey. California. He holds a oriented people. who live in abstract worlds for the choice of a language like Prolog, a
    patent on a voice scrambler and was of "parallel data-flow architectures" and so-called "logic programming" language. as
    formerly an officer of Cryptext "OR~parallel functions of the KU kernel the point of departure for the "kernel lan-
    Corporation in the United States. In language," and the bureaucrats in the guage" of the Fifth Generation Project.
    1980. he went to Japan looking for
    64K-bit RAMs. He has been there Ministry who fund 1cor·s research. The kernel language. which is not sup-
    ever since as a technical translator Members of the Ministry support such posed to be viewed as a user language. pro-
    and a software developer. general objectives as giving computers a [continued)

    AP RIL 1985 • BYTE 401


    BYTE JAPAN

    vides both the theoretical and prac- complete. although enough exists to as static. In fact. one of the outcomes
    tical interface between the fifth- provide a practical demonstration and of the research so far has been to
    generation hardware and software. research tool. point out areas in which Prolog needs
    For the first of ICOf's three phases. Interestingly enough. although the to be extended and modified. ESP is
    the kernel language (called KLO) is im- PSI machines (six of them exist now.. one of the results of that process.
    plemented as a macro language and another dozen or so are sched- When I asked Dr. Fuchi whether he
    called ESP (extended self-contained uled to be completed) are also in- felt ICOf's commitment to Prolog-like
    Prolog). On one hand. it provides a tended to be used as primary soft- languages might have been too nar-
    specific machine language used to ware-development tools for the row and whether there would be any
    define the capabilities of specific fifth- parallel inference machine (which will changes in that commitment in the
    generation hardware. On the other be the focus of ICOf's second phase). future. he replied that. if anything.
    hand. ESP. best described as a macro software development to date has there would be an expanded effort in
    assembly language for KLO. has been been done on a DEC 2060 and as- that direction. The kernel language for
    used to write the operating system for sorted VAX-I I machines. the "parallel inference machine"
    the "sequential inference machines" Dr. Fuchi is concerned about wide- under development in the second and
    (dubbed PSI machines. for "personal spread misunderstanding of the role third phases of I COT is called KL!; it's
    sequential inference machines") that of Prolog (versus LISP) as the basis for going to be based on Concurrent
    the ICOf researchers will use as basic the kernel language; he emphasizes Prolog.
    building blocks to experiment with that the concept of a kernel language It's never easy to evaluate the results
    parallel machine architectures during is distinct from that of a user lan- of basic research and development
    the second phase of the project. The guage. and that. while he feels the projects. By the time the dust settles.
    operating system. called SIMPOS (se- decision to go with Prolog has been it's hard to remember what was new.
    quential inference machine program- justified by the first-phase results. what was useful. and what just
    ming and operating system). is still in- there is no need to view that choice (continued)

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    Back,
    by popular didn't work. I can see two notable suc-
    cesses. though. for the first phase of
    participants at its headquarters in
    Mita. in central Tokyo. The atmo-
    demand. ICOf's efforts. No matter where the
    research goes from here. it's plain that
    sphere at the open house was much
    less formal than the conference ses-
    Just a few years ago, illegal hunting
    and encroaching civilization had all but a lot of new hardware. a new operat- sions. We were able to ask the 1cor
    destroyed the alligator population in the ing system. and some demonstration staff about specific details in their
    south. They were added to the official applications are up and running to- specialties. although we had a few lan-
    list of endangered species in the United
    States. gether. all based on logic program- guage problems because of the low
    Now alligators have made a ming. Even though the demonstra- skill level of the Japanese-English in-
    comeback. tions seemed a bit lame to me- terpreters who were available.
    mostly rehashed versions of various During the open house one of the
    puzzles. textbook problems. and very- demonstrations of the PSI machine
    small-scale expert systems-no one revealed an interesting aspect of
    can say "It'll never get off the ground:· Japanese computerdom. This par-
    Conservationists The other success. easy to overlook. ticular demonstration was intended to
    intent on preserving this is that Japan. often criticized for copy- illustrate a limited English-language
    legendary reptile helped the ing. adapting. and perfecting existing parsing (grammatical-analysis) system.
    alligator get back on its feet.
    Once again some southern technology instead of starting some- Rather than using the keyboard to
    swamps and marshes are thing of its own. has made the world type in the sample sentence to be
    teeming with alligators. sit up and take notice of the fifth- analyzed. the operator used a mouse
    With wise
    conservation policies, generation project. Efforts like the to select individual words from
    other endangered European Economic Community's among 30 or so choices that ap-
    species have also made
    comebacks .. . the ESPRIT (European Strategic Program peared on a menu. One of the
    cougar, gray whale, for Research in Information lech- reasons the Japanese are so inter-
    Pacific walrus, wood nologies) project. Great Britain's Alvey ested in mice is that few of them ever
    duck, to name a few. . ;·
    If you want to help project. and projects in West Germany learned to type-in English or
    save our endangered ,. ~:;:,. · .· and France. not to mention the Japanese-except for professional
    species, join the National : ·: . · defense-oriented U.S. Strategic Com-
    Wildlife Federation, ,r:·,.· . typists and the rapidly expanding
    Department 106, 1412 ~ - :..' .' puting program. have all been under- ranks of word-processor operators.

    8'~8~~g~;~~~ B· . taken and funded in response to the Conference participants were also
    Japanese initiative. invited to participate in "technical
    .·.: .:, Another remarkable aspect of the visits" to the facilities of various com-
    ~·:.·: ? Japanese program is that it's being puter and electronics manufacturers
    done in the open. accessible to the in and around Tokyo. A group of us
    rest of the world. With the exception visited the Hitachi Central Research
    of the U.S .. all of the representatives Laboratory (located in the middle of
    of the various international fifth- several acres of beautiful woods near
    generation computing projects urged Kokubunji on the western fringe of the
    greater international research co- Tokyo megalopolis). where we got a
    operation. (The U.S. has strongly close look at the Hitachi S-810
    oriented its efforts toward goals supercomputer.
    framed in terms of its national securi- In contrast to the Fifth Generation
    ty. and even the budget figures since Project. the S-810 is Hitachi's entry in
    1982 are not in the public domain.) the commercial competition for the
    Whether this cooperation will amount fastest very-large-scale scientific com-
    to anything remains to be seen; the puter. The S-810 has a peak process-
    U.S:s David Brandin. former president ing rate of over 600 megaflops
    of the Association for Computing (million floating-point arithmetic oper-
    Machinery. quipped: "Everyone's talkc ations per second). somewhat faster
    ing about it. but they all want the than the U.5.'s mammoth Cray-I. It
    other guy to go first:· Be that as it may. achieves its speed by using a "pipe-
    the Japanese. simply by having held line" architecture. in which certain
    this conference. have set an example operations can be carried out simul-
    of openness that deserves to be taneously on large volumes of data.
    imitated. The Central Research Laboratory uses
    During the week following the con- the S-810 mainly for VLSI (very-large-
    ference. ICOf held an open house for (continued)

    404 BYTE • APRIL 1985


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    scale integration) circuit-design speed up program development and tage of the S-81 O's parallel architec-
    studies and for large-scale simulation improve maintainability. I got blank ture. the Hitachi research lab people
    studies in solid-state physics. stares. I then asked if they used some- admitted that if they simply ran the
    The software for the S-810. however. thing like a RATFOR (Rational FOR- same FORTRAN code used previously
    is pathetically unsophisticated. Other TRAN) preprocessor. I got more blank on their M-2 80 mainframe. a fast but
    than assembly language. the only lan- stares. I was obviously talking about conventional computer. the super-
    guage available at the laboratory is something completely unknown to computer was no faster! To gain any
    FORTRAN. Now. I don't want to put them. RATFOR is a preprocessor significant speed advantage from the
    down FORTRAN; it was the second whose use is essentially free: the S-810. they needed to manually
    computer language I ever learned source code appears. for example. in "tweak" the code. The conclusion
    (back in the days of FORTRAN II). and the book Software Thais by Brian W. Ker- from this and other similar experi-
    it is still one of the best tools around nighan and P. J. Plauger. and the ac- ences: The Japanese computer in-
    for handling complex numbers and tual preprocessing is very fast. even dustry doesn't yet have its act to-
    other kinds of heavy-duty number on personal computers. The benefits. gether in the software department
    crunching. And there are some fine in terms of development speed and and won't. unless a lot more people
    optimizing compilers for FORTRAN program maintainability and read- in the industry sit up and take notice
    (largely because of some of the main ability. are enormous. Even more to of how to get things done.
    weaknesses of the language. like its the point. such programs have been
    lack of structure). But since the super- available and widely known in the U.S. COMING UP
    computer group is supposed to be on and elsewhere for more than I 0 years. Next month I'll tell you about IBM
    the leading edge of the push for im- Despite the existence of what was Japan's test production of I-megabit
    provement in software productivity. I supposed to be an "optimizing vec- dynamic RAM chips and about
    asked the Hitachi researchers what torizing" compiler that would produce several new computers on the market
    kinds of software tools were used to machine code to take the best advan- here. •

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    Inquiry 181 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 407


    C:·I·R·C:·lJ·I·rr C:·E·L·L·A·R F·E·E·D·B·A·C:·K

    Conducted by Steve Ciarcia


    STEVE ON MOVs (915) 267-5268) are suitable units.
    3-10 AMP All of the sockets on the power strip are
    My Circuit Cellar article in the December in parallel. so it does not make any dif-
    1983 BYTE. "Keep Power-Line Pollution ference where the MOVs are placed. They
    VJ30LAJO
    Out of Your Computer:· generated a large 120 VAC OR MOV LOAD can be placed across one socket or spread
    number of questions relating to various EQU IV. out for ease of assembly. Should a tran-
    applications of metal-oxide varistors sient appear on the line. the MOVs will
    (MOVs). While letters I've answered in clamp it to a safe level. The important
    BYTE have addressed some of these thing is to keep the lead length short so
    specific questions. it seems worthwhile to that the clamping voltage is not com-
    Figure 1: A fuse can help prevent a failed
    present some additional information. promised.
    MOV from exploding.
    I chose the Radio Shack MOV because If your power strip contains a line filter.
    it was easily obtainable. but there are it is desirable to place the MOVs down-
    several other sources. The VI 30LAIOA is in your selection. Also. the Vl30LAIOA stream (equipment side) of the filter. The
    manufactured by General Electric and MOVs mentioned in my article can be filter will attenuate some transients and
    should be available from any local GE used for the common mode clamping may possibly extend the life of the MOV
    parts distributor or electronic parts sup- (line-to-ground) on a 220-volt AC line (pro- Several companies manufacture power-
    ply house. In addition. General Instrument viding that a polarized plug is used to en- line filters that are suitable for such ap-
    and Panasonic manufacture similar units. sure proper connections) but will be plications. They include
    The equivalent Panasonic part number is underrated for the differential mode
    CORCOM INC.
    ERZ-C14DK201 and is available from a clamping (line-to-line). A General Electric
    1600 Winchester Rd.
    local Panasonic stocking distributor or V2 50LA20A. or equivalent. is a suitable
    Libertyville. IL 60048
    from unit.
    (312) 680-7400
    The energy rating for an MOV should be
    DIGl·KEY CORPORATION Type 5VKI or 5VK3
    as high as practical and is often limited by
    Highway 32 South
    physical space or economic considera- CORNELL-DUBILIER ELECrRONICS
    POB 677
    tions. When surges beyond their ratings 150 Avenue L
    Thief River Falls. MN 56701
    are impressed. MOVs usually fail by short- Newark. Nf 07105
    (800) 346-5144
    circuiting. If there is no current-limiting (201) 589-7500
    The part number is P7063.
    protection. large amounts of energy are 'type APF5 l l L
    The General Instrument equivalent. part absorbed. and the MOV can explode. This
    DELTA ELECrRONIC INDUSTRY USA
    number Sl4Kl30. is available from potential hazard can be minimized by the
    13 55 Yosemite Way
    addition of a fuse. as shown in figure I,
    ACTIVE ELECTRONICS Hayward. CA 94545
    and physically shielding the MOV from
    POB 8000 (415) 785-5231
    surrounding circuits. The fuse should be
    Westborough. MA 01581 'Iype 05DBAG5
    placed to open the circuit when the device
    (800) 343-0874
    fails. so that loss of transient protection POTTER COMPANY
    The V8ZAI MOV shown in the article is is known. POB 337
    designed for 5-volt DC circuits: the Devices that connect across the power Wesson. MS 39191
    Vl30LAIOA is designed for 130-volt AC line at the service entrance to reduce the (601) 643-2215
    circuits. amplitude of large transients and lightning 'Iype 600A5
    The maximum continuous AC or DC surges are available. They are two-pole.
    These filters are equivalent to the Radio
    voltage rating of an MOV should be about three-wire units that are designed for
    Shack part number 2 73-100 listed in my
    10 percent greater than the line or system 120/240-volt single-phase service and are
    article. which is no longer being stocked.
    voltage for which suppression is desired. designed to mount in a !Ii-inch knockout
    Write the manufacturers for additional in-
    A general rule is to select the lowest-value in the service entrance box or at the
    formation and the address of your near-
    MOV that is equal to or greater than the weatherhead. Such devices are available
    est supplier.-Steve
    maximum line voltage. For example. if the at local electrical supply houses and are
    line voltage is 120 volts AC. 120 x 1.1 = in the $20 range. They clip at voltages
    132 volts. and a 130-volt MOV should be higher than the MOVs described in my ar- TELEPHONE-LINE PROTECTION
    the value selected. This is true for line-to- ticle. so the MOVs should still be used. The
    line. as well as line-to-ground. applications. General Electric Home Lightning Protec- Dear Steve.
    Remember. if a possibility exists that any tor GE Thyrite 9Ll 5BC002. Square D I enjoyed your article on the musical
    line connections can be made backward. Model [9200-10. and Delta Lightning telephone bell greatly (July 1984). It's a
    they will (Murphy's law). so consider this Arrestor (POB 1084. Big Spring. TX 79720. (continued)

    408 BYTE • APRIL 1985 COPYRIGHT© 1985 STEVEN A. CIARCIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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    APR IL 1985 • B YT E 409


    CIARCIA FEEDBACK

    nice project. and I plan to construct one. to the line. In some cases, a DAA (data- TRS-80 Model I and a Big Board IL l was
    ·1wo questions: You mentioned that the access arrangement) is required to pro- wondering if you would consider (if it is
    telephone company occasionally puts a vide protection for both the equipment possible) rewriting the loader program for
    200-V test signal on the line. Doesn't this and the telephone lines. Z80 machines. I am sure that there would
    have an adverse effect on modems and The telephone company incorporates be a large market for the board and soft-
    electronic equipment such as Demon lightning protection into the te/ephone- ware in the 8-bit market.
    Dialers? li ne system to protect its own equipment, If the above is not possible. would it be
    Also. as a practical matter. what are the so customer equipment that meets the feasible to bu y a Co-Power 88 (an 8088
    risks from lightning to equipment con- telephone company's specifications is coprocessor) for the Big Board II and re-
    nected to the telephone system? Again. pretty safe. Ughtning arrestors are in- design the Z8000 board a little for use in
    I'm concerned about modems and elec- stalled where the lines enter customer my STD bus connector? I would think that
    tronic dialers. I have seen protection buildings to protect equipment within. Of the loader program for the Z8000 would
    devices marketed fo r teleph one equip- course, there is always the possibility of have to be modified. but not as extensive-
    ment. but I don't know if they 're really damage from a lightning strike on the ly as rewriting the loader for use on a dif·
    needed and if they really work. lines in your immediate vicinity. Local ferent processor.
    Thanks for the information. I always look protection in addition to the normal ar- Now, down to the business end. How
    forward to your articles as the highlight restors might be justified in some cases. much would it cost to buy the software
    of BYTE! -Steve mentioned in your article? And where can
    CH AR LE S ) . 0KSTE IN I find the following integrated circuits?
    Willimantic, CT TRUMP CARD FOR TRS-80? Z800 I Processor
    Z8581 Clock Generator
    Commercial telephone equipment is Dear Steve, Z8030 Serial Co mmunicatio ns Controller
    designed to survive all normally occur- I read with interest your pair of articles Z8036 Counter/Timer and
    ring voltages on the telephone line. In the on adding the Z8000 coprocessor to the Parallel 1/0 Unit
    case of the Whimsi-Bel/, the TCM/520A IBM PC. I do not have an IBM PC or any MARK HAMPTON
    has the protection built into it. and none of the umpteen PC-compatible computers. Cocoa, FL
    of the other components are connected I'm still stuck in the 8-bit world with a (continued)

    n an IBM™PC or compatible using I BM™PC DOS or


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    410 B Y TE • ;\PRIL 193 5 Inquir y 285


    E'1TI
    The Small Systems Journal

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    Peterborough, New Hampshire 0
    Telephone 603/924-9281

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    A McGraw-Hill Publication ·
    CIARCIA FEEDBACK

    Since the Tt"ump Card articles ap- vert the Trump Card project to any other Under my "Reward for Diligence" pro·
    peared. I have had many requests to system. gram discussed in the first part of the
    modify the Trump Card hardware and The Trump Card has been tested on Trump Card article. I will send you the
    software to operate on different ma- several PC-compatible systems using MS- Trump Carel software and the Trump Card
    chines. Unfortunately. each system would DOS and has worked fine. Since the Co- manual for the cost of duplicating and
    require a slightly modified hardware and Power 88 operates under MS-DOS. it is mailing ($30). if you send me a picture
    software interface. The hardware and possible that the Trump Card software of your Trump Card project.
    software design time to do this would will work with the system. However. since The Zilog chips can be obtained from
    severely cut into my other Circuit Cellar I have never tried this configuration. I any of the Zilog distributors near you. In
    projects. so I am making no plans to con- cannot guarantee that it will work. Florida. the Zilog sales offices are Dyne-
    4-Mark Corp. in Clearwater and Palm Bay
    md Technical Center·Zilog Corp. in Clear-
    water.-Steve

    You're in Good Company EMI


    ..••••.••••...........................•
    Dear Steve,

    W7m1 You Program Because I live in a metropolitan area.


    EMI is a problem. Within a few blocks of
    my apartment are a 10-kW (100-kW ERP)

    in BetterBASIC FM transmitter. about six microwave


    relays. and possibly other transmitters. I
    want to retrofit an old TRS-80 Model I.

    ',.fK' printer. video display. and other periph-


    erals. What regions of a computer are
    most susceptible to EM!? Would replac-
    ing LS !Cs with HCT or HC !Cs increase
    immunity to effects of EMI?
    )AMES HAWKINS
    Kansas City. MO

    Electromagnetic-interference problems
    in microcomputer systems can come
    All of these companies rely on BetterBASIC into the computer's memory rather than from any number of sources. Usually.
    to write their software programs. They have interpreted at runtime. The optional Runtime electrical noise from an outside source
    found that BetterBASIC combines the features System generates EXE. files. is induced into cables that lead into (and
    they need from BASIC, Pascal, Cand Forth in out of) the computer. Sensitive circuits in
    BetterBASIC Runs on IBM PC, IBM
    one familiar envircnment. Some of these fea- the computer can also be affected if they
    PC/XT and compatibles.
    tures include the following. are not properly shielded.
    CALL 1-800-225-5800 Order Better
    640K Now you can use the full memory Since the subject of e/ectromagnetic-
    BASIC now, or write Summit Software Tech-
    of your PC to develop large programs. interference elimination is too Jong to be
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    properly discussed in a Jetter. I will refer
    SI'RUCTURED Create well organized Wellesley, MA 02157. Prices are listed below.
    you to an article I wrote that covers the
    programs using procedures and functions BetterBASIC: $199 Runtime System: $250 subject in depth. The artide. appropriate-
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    comoletely reusable in future programs.
    can be found in the January 1981 BYTE.
    MODULAR Use procedures and functions Still not convinced? Order the BetterBASIC
    sample disk which includes a demo, a -Steve•
    grouped together to form "library modules."
    tutorial, compatibility issues, SO lines of
    INTERACIDE BetterBASIC acts like an
    interpreter, responding to the users' commands BetterBASIC and more. Only $10. ·····································
    in an immediate mode. However, each MasterCard, VISA, P.O. Checks, Money Order, c.o.o. Over the years I nave presented many dif-
    accepted.
    statement is actually compiled as it is entered. Better&.SICis a registered trademark of Summit ferent projects in BYTE. I know many of you
    EXTENSIBLE Create your own Soft ware Technology, Inc. nave built them and are making use of them
    BetterBASIC modules which contain IBM PC and IBM PCIXT are registered trademarks in many ways.
    BetterBASIC extensions ~ of International Business I am interested in nearing from any of you
    (ideal ~or OEMs).
    COMPILED Each line
    ·
    Of th e program IS
    B IC TM Machines Corp. Tandy is a regis-
    tered trademark of Tandy Corp.
    Illustrated above are registered
    trademarks of the following com-
    panies: Mobil Oil Corp.; AT & T;
    telling me what you've done with these proj-
    eds or flow you may nave been influenced by
    ! the basic ideas. Write me at Circuit Cellar Feed-
    : back. POB 582. Glastonbury, CT 06033 and:
    compiled as it is entered General Electric Co.; Westing-
    house Electric Corp.; lRW, Inc. ! fill me in on your applications. All letters and:
    ALSO AVAILABLE FOR THE TANDY 2000, 1200 AND 1000 : photographs become the property of Steve :
    : Ciarcia and cannot be returned. •
    .........•..............•............•.
    412 BYTE • APRIL 19 85 Inquiry 369
    At $105, Micromint's System Controller If learning a new langu age isn't in you r Call or write for a complete product line
    is a dirt cheap development tool without future , no problem. WRITE YOUR brochure. Or order 011r rnrnnf PtP <pt nf
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    A PRIL 1985 • BYTE 413
    B·O·O·K·S R·E·C·E·I·V·E·D

    ALGORITHM 0ESIGN FOR COM- 1984: 480 pages. 21 by 27.5 COMMODORE 64 FUN AND COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION
    PUTER SYSTEM DESIGN. G_ cm . softcover. ISBN 0-87835- GAMES. VOLUME 2. Ron Jeffries PROCESSING WORLD INDEX.
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    pages. 17 by 24 cm. softcover. CESSORS. 2nd ed .. Charles M. ISBN 0-446-38183-7. $12.95. 1984: 640 pages. 22 by 30 cm.
    ISBN 0-387-81816-2. $18.30. Gilmore. Blue Ridge Summit. hardcover. ISBN 0 -89774-116-1.
    PA: lab Books. 1984: 224 lHE COMPLETE BOOK OF LISA. $74. 50.
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    ISBN 0-88190-318-3 . $19.95. THE PDP-I I & VAX-II. James COMPUTER-BASEu INSTRUCTION: ISBN 0-8306-1796-5. $12.95.
    F. Peters Ill and Hamed M . METHODS AND DEVELOPMENT.
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    ISBN 0-8306-1691-8. S ! 6. 95. 1\iE BUSINESS GUIDE TO THE 167917-1. $14.95.
    XENIX SYSTEM, Jean L Yates. 1\iE COMPUTER BUYER'S SUR-
    APPLE MACINTOSH USER'S HAND- Sandra L Emerson. and Can- VIVAL MANUAL. c
    Amos COOKBOOK OF CREATIVE PRO-
    BOOK. staff of Weber Systems. dice Basham. Reading. MA: Johnson. Blue Ridge Summit. GRAMS FOR THE COMMODORE 64.
    New York: Ballantine Books. Addison-Wesley. 1984: 496 PA: Tub Books. 1984: 224 pages. Robert Rinder. New York: New
    1984: 328 pages. 14 by 21.5 cm. pages. 18.5 by 23 .5 cm. soft- 12 .8 by 20.8 cm. softcover. American Library. 1984: 222
    softcover. ISBN 0·345-31840-4. cover. ISBN 0 -201-08847-9_ ISBN 0-8306-1767-1. $9.95. pages. 18 by 25.5 cm . softcover.
    $9.95. $19.95. ISBN 0-452-25571-6. $12 .95.
    COMPUTER CARE. Herb Fried-
    APPLE THESAURUS. Aaron Filler. BUSINESS POWER FOR YOUR man. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: CREATING THE PERFECT DATA-
    Chatsworth. CA: Datamost. APPLE. Gregory R. Glau. New Prentice-Hall. 1984; 182 BASE USING DB MASTER. Trish
    1984. 896 pages. 21 by 27.5 York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pages. 15 by 2 3 cm. softcover. McClelland. Glenview. IL Scott.
    cm . softcover. ISBN 0-88190- 1984: 304 pages. 15. 5 by 23.5 ISBN 0-13-163833-5. $14.95. Foresman and Co .. 1985: 2 56
    346-9. $29.'l5. cm. hardcover. ISBN 0-442- pages. 19.3 by 23 _5 cm. soft-
    22779-5. $32.95 . 1\iE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEURS. cover. ISBN 0-673-18039-5.
    APPLE llE PROGRAMMING. BOOK Robert Levering. Michael Katz. $17.95 .
    ONE. Phil Robinson. Englewood lHE C-64 PROGRAM FAClORY. and Milton Moskowitz_ New
    Cliffs. NJ: Prentk:e-Hall. 1984: 64 George Stewart. Berkeley. CA: York: New American Library. DATAPRO/MCGRAW-HILL GUIDE TO
    pages. 21. 5 by 28 cm. softcover. Osborne/McGraw-Hill. 1985: 336 1984: 496 pages. 16 by 23 .5 APPLE SOFTWARE. 2nd ed ..
    ISBN 0-13-038456-9. $10.95. pages. 16 by 23.5 cm. softcover. cm. hardcover. ISBN 0-453- Datapro Research Corporation
    ISBN 0-88134 -150-9. $12.95. 00477-6. $19.95 . New York: McGraw-Hill. 1985:
    ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM- 362 pages. 21.5 by 28 cm . soft-
    MING FOR THE TRS-80 MODEL 1\iE COMAL HANDBOOK. 2nd COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND APPLI- cover. ISBN 0 -07-015406-6.
    16. Dan Keen and Dave ed .. Len Lindsay. Reston. VA: CATIONS. D. Harris. New York: $22 .95 .
    Dischert. Blue Ridge Summit. Reston Publishing_ 1984: 480 Chapman and Hall. 1984: 184
    PA: Tub Books. 1984: 196 pages. pages. 17.5 by 2 3.5 cm. soft- pages. 15.5 by 23.3 cm. softcover. DATAPRO/McGRAW-HILL GUIDE TO
    13 by 21 cm. softcover, ISBN cover. ISBN 0-8359-0784-8. ISBN 0-412-25090-X. $19.95. CP/M SOFTWARE. 2nd ed ..
    0-8306-1649-7. $10.25. $18.95. Datapro Research Corporation.
    COMPUTER LITERACY. Warren New York: McGraw-Hill. 1985:
    1\iE BASIC EXPLORER FOR THE CATALOGUE OF ARTIFICIAL IN- Jones. Bobbie Jones. Kevin 400 pages. 21.5 by 28 cm. soft-
    COMMODORE 64. Lee Berman TELLIGENCE lbOLS. Alan Bundy, Bowyer. and Mel Ray. Reston. cover. ISBN 0·07-015408·2.
    and Ken · Leonard. Berkeley. CA: ed. New York: Springer-Verlag. VA : Reston Publishing. 1983: $22 .95 .
    Osborne/McGraw-Hill. 1985: 288 1984: 180 pages. 16.5 by 24 cm. 304 pages. 17.5 by 23.5 cm.
    pages. 18.5 by 23 .5 cm . soft- softcover. ISBN 0-387- 13938-9. softcover. ISBN 0-83 59-0860-7. DATAPRO/MCGRAW-HILL GUIDE TO
    cover. ISBN 0-88134-139-8. $17 $16.95. IBM PC SOFTWARE. 2nd ed ..
    $11-95. Datapro Research Corporation.
    New York: McGraw-Hill. 1985:
    BASIC FUNDAMENTALS AND THIS IS A LISr of books received at BYTE Publications. It is not meant to be exhaustive: 404 pages. 21. 5 by 2 8 cm. soft-
    STYLE, James S. Ouasney and its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recenrl~ published titles in computer science cover. ISBN 0-07-015407·4.
    John · Maniotes_ Boston. MA: and related fields. We regret that we cannot review all the books we receive: instead. this $22.95 .
    Boyd ·& Fraser Publishing Co.. list is meant to be a month/~ acknowledgment of these books and the publishers who sent them_ (continued)

    414 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    UP TO DATA
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    THE SMALL SYSTEMS JOURNAL


    70 Main Street, Peterborough, NH 03458
    Inquiry 23 7

    BOOKS RECEIVED

    ']}IE DES!GNER"S GUIDE TO DISK AND 1tLECOMMUNICATIONS.


    DRIVES. Edward R. 1eja. Reston. editorial staff of Petrocelli
    VA: Reston Publishing. 1985: Books. Princeton. NJ: Petrocelli
    142 pages. 18 by 24 cm. hard- Books. 1984: 264 pages. 16
    cover. ISBN 0-83 59-1268-X. by 24 cm. hardcover. ISBN
    $29.95. 0-89433-259-7. $49 95.

    DESIGNING APPLE GAMES WITH GAMES & UTILITIES FOR THE


    P1zAzz1 Greg Minter and John TRS-80 MODEL 100. Ron Karr.
    Ruffner. Chatsworth. CA: Steven Olsen. and Robert
    Datamost. 1984; 328 pages. Lafore. New York: New Ameri-
    17 .8 by 2 5. 3 cm. softcover. can Library. 1984; 204 pages.
    ISBN 0-88190-387-6. $14.95. 18.5 by 23.5 cm. softcover. ISBN
    0-452-25577-5 . $16.95.
    DICTIONARY OF COMPUTING AND
    NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. GETTING THE MOST FROM YOUR
    A. J. Meadows. M. Gordon. and POCKET COMPUTER. Stephen
    A. Singleton. New York: Nichols F. Nowak. Blue Ridge Summit.
    Publishing. 1984; 232 pages. PA: 1ab Books. 1984; 2 36 pages.
    13.3 by 20.5 cm. hardcover. 13 by 2 I cm. softcover.
    ISBN 0-89397-197-9. $24.50. ISBN 0-8306-172'3-X. $9 95

    DIGITAL SYSTEMS. PRINCIPLES GETTING STARTED IN PASCAL


    AND APPLICATIONS. 3rd ed .. R. PROGRAMMING. J. Camara and
    Tocci. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: F. Puccetti. Blue Ridge Summit.
    Prentice-Hall. 1985; 608 pages. PA: 1ab Books. 1984: 206 pages.
    18. 3 by 24.3 cm. hardcover. 18.5 by 23.5 cm. softcover.
    ISBN 0-13-212374-6. $29.95. ISBN 0-8306-0588-6. $12.95.

    DISCOVERING SCIENCE ON YOUR HANDBOOK OF BAR CODING SYS-


    ADAM WITH 2 5 PROGRAMS. John TEMS. H. E. Burke. New York: Van
    Pellino. Mary Ellen Adamo. Nostrand Reinhold. 1984; 240
    Announcing Sandra Dobrowlsky. and Donald pages. 16 by 23 cm. hardcover.
    P. LaSalle. Blue Ridge Summit. ISBN 0-442-21430-8. $42.50.

    INTERACTIVE PA: 1ab Books. 1984; 192 pages.


    19 by 23. 5 cm. softcover.
    ISBN 0-8306-1780-9. $9.95.
    HIDDEN POWERS OF THE TRS-80
    MODEL 100. Christopher L.
    VIDEODISC WEST ESSENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR
    Morgan. New York: New Ameri-
    can Library. 1984; 2 54 pages.
    May 15-17, 1985 THE IBM PC AND XT. Patrick 18. 5 by 23 cm. softcover.
    Los Angeles Airport Hilton Plemmons and the editors of ISBN 0-452-25578-3. $19.95.
    PC World. New York: Simon
    This conference includes presentations on & Schuster. 1984: 2 56 pages. A HOBBYIST'S GUIDE TO COM-
    Interactive Videodisc covering: 19 by 2 3. 5 cm. softcover. PUTER EXPERIMENTATION. John
    ISBN 0-671-49279-9. $16.95. D. Lenk. Englewood Cliffs. NJ:
    Technologies
    Prentice-Hall. 1985: 300 pages.
    Level IV Videodisc
    Sound over Still Frame FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING I 5. 5 by 2 3. 5 cm. hardcover.
    Compact Disc/Read Only Memory (CD/ROM) WITH YOUR TRS-80 MODEL 100. ISBN 0-13-392473-4. $2 3.95.
    Leslie Sparks. Blue Ridge
    Applications Summit. PA: 1ab Books. 1984; THE HOME COMPUTER WARS.
    Education and Industrial Training 142 pages. 18.5 by 23.5 cm. Michael S. Tomczyk. Greens-
    Job Performance Assistance softcover. ISBN 0-8306-1799-X. boro. NC: Compute! Publica-
    Point of Sale $9.95. tions. 1984; 318 pages. 14
    Public Information
    by 21.5 cm. softcover. ISBN
    Archival Storage
    'THE FIRST BOOK OF ADAM THE 0-942386-75-2. $9.95.
    Program Design COMPUTER. Arthur Dent. Blue
    Authoring Systems Ridge Summit. PA: 1ab Books. How 1b COPYRIGHT SOFTWARE.
    Effectiveness Criteria 1984: 208 pages. 19.5 by 23.5 M. J. Salone with Stephen Elias.
    Courseware Transportability cm. softcover. ISBN 0-8306- legal ed. Berkeley. CA: Nola
    17 20-5. $9.2 5. Press. 1984; 2 56 pages. 21
    Pre-conference tutorials are scheduled for May 14.
    by 27.5 cm. softcover.
    f!:xhibits by Pioneer, Sony, JVC, 3M, EECO, DEC, FUN. GAMES & GRAPHICS FOR ISBN 0-917316-79-7; $21.95.
    andotherleadingsuppliers of hardware. software. and THE APPLE II. !IE & lie. Paul
    interface systems will be available to conference Garrison. Blue Ridge Summit. How 1b PROGRAM YOUR IBM PC
    registrants in an adjacent exhibit area. PA: lab Books. 1984: 316 pages.- COLOR & GRAPHICS. Carl Ship-
    For further infom1a1inn conlad: 18.5 by 23.3 cm. softcover. man. 11.Jcson. AZ: HPBooks.
    ft Society for Applied Learning Technology ISBN 0-8306-1752-3. $13.95 1984; 320 pages. 21.5 by 27.5
    'V 1
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    Warrenton. VA 22186 (703) 347-0055 265-4. $21.95.
    TORS. COMPUTERS. ROBOTICS, [continued)
    Inquiry 350
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    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 417


    WIRED? BOOKS RECEIVED

    How To RUN YOUR BUSINESS lnfoWorld. New York : Harper &


    WITH DBASE II. Richard H. Row. 1984 ; 2 54 pages. 18. 5 by
    Baker. Blue Ridge Summit. PA: 2 3 5 cm. softcover. ISBN 0-06-
    Tab Books. 1984; 320 pages. 669005-6. $16. 95.
    18.5 by 23.'i cm. softcover.
    ISBN 0-8306-1918-6. $16 .95 . INFOWORLD'S ESSENTIAL GUIDE
    1D THE TRS-80. Tim Daneliuk
    How To WRITE A COMPUTER and the editors of lnfoWorld. New
    MANUAL. Jonathan Price. Menlo York: Harper & Row. 1984; 222
    Park. CA: Benjamin/Cummings. pages. 18. 5 by 2 3. 5 cm. soft-
    1984; 320 pages. 18.5 by 23 cover. ISBN 0-06-669004-8.
    cm. softcover. ISBN 0-8053- $16 95
    6870-1. $21.95
    INSIDE THE APPLE llE. Gary
    IBM CPU A ND SlDRAGE AR- B. Little. Bowie. MD: Brady
    CHITECTURE. Joe Leben and Jim Communications. 1985 ; 258
    Arnold. New York: John Wiley & pages. 18 by 2 3. 5 cm. soft-
    Sons. 1984; 192 pages. 2 2. 5 by cover. ISBN 0-89303-551-3.
    28.5 cm. spiral-bound. ISBN $19 95 .
    0-471-80142-9. $49 .95 .
    INSIDE COMMODORE DOS.
    IBM PC BASIC. Ralph Vickers. Richard lmmer s and Gerald
    New York: Harper & Row. 1984 ; G. Neufeld. Chatsworth. CA
    304 pages. 15.5 by 23.5 cm . Datamost . 1984 ; 508 pages.
    softcover. ISBN 0-06-669013- 7. 17.8 by 2 5.3 cm. softcover.
    APPLE TURNOVER™ $16.95. ISBN 0-88190-366-3. $19.95.
    A "wireless fi le transfer" package for the IBM PC • to Apple II and
    bock. and bqck again. Apple turnover is a firmware board which
    fits into any slot in the IBM PC « or compatible. and software IBM PC COBOL. William I. INTEGRATED DIGITAL ELEC-
    running under MS-DOS®.. No modems. no se.riol links. no hassles. Atkinson Jr. and Paul A TRONICS. 2nd ed .. Walter A
    no problems. APPLE TURNOVER "" will format Apple CP/M " ond Desanctis. Reston. VA: Reston n·iebel. Englewood Cliffs. NI:
    Apple DOS 3.3 disks. Leave your IBM and Apple computers where
    they ore Simply bring your Apple disk to work and transfer your file Publishing. 1985 ; 304 pages. Prentice-Hal/. 1985: 448 pages.
    to on MS-DOS disk. Allows for minor modifications to text and dote I 7. 5 by 2 3 cm. softcover. 18 by 2 4 cm. hardcover.
    files. It's a simple. inexpensive. fest high performance alternative ISBN 0-8359-3051-3. $19 95. ISBN 0-13-469172-5. $27.95.
    to complicot!ld serial links and modems.

    IBM PC ENHANCEMENT H AND- INTERFACING & DIGITAL EX-


    XENO•COPY PLUS™ BOOK FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGI- PERIMENTS WITH YOUR APPLE.
    A "wireless file tronsfe(' software program for your IBM PC and most
    PC look-a-likes. XENO-COPY PLUS'" copies files between IBM-PC® NEERS. Richard A Eckhardt. Charles I. Engelsher. Blue Ridge
    ond mony CP /M® ond foreign MS-DOS® disk formats An uncom- Matthew F Kubitsky. and Robert Summ it. PA: Tab Books. 1984 ;
    plicated and inexpensive woy to transfer text and dote files. C. Molloy. New Haven. CT. 3 5 2 pages. 18 .8 by 23.3 cm.
    XE NO-COPY PLUS'" allows you to format. copy from and write to
    nearly eighty different formats. Also. allows for minor modifications CyberResearch. 1984 ; 190 softcover. ISBN 0-8306-1717-5.
    to text and dote files. XENO-COPY PLUS'" con be upgraded to . pages. 22 by 27. 5 cm. softcover. $ 15.50
    XENO-DISK'" for the price difference. ISBN 0-931193-00-1. $18 95
    INTRODUCING THE TRS-80 MODEL
    XENO•DISK™ 1HE IBM PCIR ENTERTAINER. 100. Diane Burns and S. Venit.
    The high performance model of XENO-COPY PLUS'". XENO-DISK'" Brian Sawyer. Berkeley. CA: New York: New American
    formats. writes to. and copies from over 100 different disk formats
    including 40 and 80 track 5 !14'' disks. XENO-DISK'" supports the use Osborne/McGraw-Hill. 1985: 286 i
    Library. 984 ; 190 pages.
    of severol 8" disk formats. XENO-DISK'" contains a powerful table pages. 20 . 5 by 27 .5 cm. soft- 18. 5 by 2 3. 5 cm. softcover.
    driven text translator. "Text-Tron." For low volume disk production. cover. ISBN 0-8813 4-151-7. ISBN 0-4 5 2-25 574-0 . $ 15 95.
    XENO-DISK'" includes a track-by-track disk duplicator (which is
    foster than file by file duplicat ion ). Gives you the option to input $12.95.
    disk format parameters which allows you to utilize uncommon INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
    disk formats. XENO-DISK'" includes a bock-up disk and one free 1HE IBM PC!R IMAGE MAKER. SCIENCE USING THE 'll.JRING PRO-
    update. Jona than Erickso n and William GRAMMING L ANGUAGE. R C. Holt
    80Mate™ D. Cramer. Berkeley, CA: and I. N. P. Hume: Reston. VA:
    A CP/M"' 80 emulator for MS-DOS® computers. After programs O sborne/McGraw-Hill. 198 5; Reston Publishing. 1984 : 416
    hove been transferred onto PC/MS DOS'° disks with XENO-COPY 328 pages. 16 by 23.5 cm. soft- pages. 17 . 5 by 2 3 cm. so\Koi~ _
    PLUS··. XEN 0-0/SI<'". or APPLE TURNOVER'". 80Mote'" lets you
    simulate most CP/M® 80 systems on your MS-DOS® computer. cover. ISBN Q-88134-138-X. ISBN 0-8359-3167-6. 5 19.95 .
    Includes all internal CP/M" commands and many available $14 95
    functions. 8DMote'" includes a terminal emulator for 7 predefined 1HE LAST WHOLE Tl-99/4A BOOK,
    terminals including APPLE CP /M ®! You con also input parameters
    for other terminals that need to be emulated. without additional IBM PC XT BASIC PROGRAM- Paul Garrison. New Yorlc John
    Apple hardware. MING AND APPLICATIONS. Louis Wiley & Sons. 1984: 4 70 p ages.
    NashelsKy and Robert 17 by 2 5. 5 cm. softcover.
    Boylestad Englewood Cliffs. NJ : ISBN 0-471-87920-7. $12 .95 .

    ~~- "~~~1!i~. inc_


    See JOUrclealeror Prentice-Hall. 1984 ; 320 pages.
    Call for info~mation: 17.5 by 23 cm. softcover. THE LAWYER'S PC. VOLUME I.
    ISBN 0-13 -448341-3. $39 .95 . Robert P. Wilkins. ed. Lexington.
    (213)
    . , 938-0857 Innovation In microcomputer products Includes floppy disk. SC: R. P. W. Publishing Corp ..
    1984 416 pages. 21 5 by 28 cm.
    6022 W. Pico Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90035 INFOWORLD'S ESSENTI AL GUIDE softcover. ISBN 0 -960-84 50- 3-8.
    1D THE COMMODORE 64. Richard $34 .95 .
    APPLE TURNOVER. XfNO-COPY PLUS. XENO -DISK. 80Mote 010 reg1srered trademarks of Ver lex SVslem!.. lncorporored •
    IBM PC & PC.DOS is o registered !rodemork at lnterno !ional Ous1ness Machines Corparot1on . • APPLEisa registered
    A. Milewski and the editors of [continued)
    trademark of Apple Compulers Inc. • MS-DOS Is a 1egiste1ed trademark ol Microsort Co1pora 1io11 • CP /M Is a regis tered
    trodema1k of Digital Research Incorporated
    418 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 426
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    422 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 93


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    424 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 54


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    Inquiry 64 APR IL 1985 • BYTE 425


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    428 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    P·R·O·G·R·A·M·M·I·N·G I·N·S·I·G·H·T

    LOAD ASSEMBLER
    ROUTINES
    FROM BASIC
    BY DOUGLAS F. YRIART

    This method enhances


    the maintainability of your programs
    MICROSOFT BASIC-80. version 5.x for benefits in simplicity and maintain- file. you will need a lot of disk space.
    CP/M. includes a number of state- ability. LOAD.COM will attempt to create a
    ments and functions for calling file the size of the entire memory
    machine-language subroutines from ASSEMBLY-LANGUAGE taken up by the subroutine. including
    BASIC and defining their starting ad- SUBROUTINE any unused space below the origin
    dresses. It does not. however. include First. you need an assembly-language lable I contains TESTHEX. pro-
    a statement for loading these sub- subroutine for the BASIC program to duced by assembling TESTASM .
    routines. This article presents a way call. For example. TESTASM (see Notice in listing I that the program ar-
    to automatically assemble and load listing I) draws an outline of the star- bitrarily starts at location 9C40 hexa-
    them. BASIC-80 includes all the tools ship Enterprise and then returns con- decimal (in the leftmost column on
    you need to reserve memory for your trol to the calling program. !Editor's the line with the ORG statement). This
    subroutines and to load them from note: The unassembled source code for same number appears in positions
    the hexadecimal-format file put out TESTA SM is available fram BYTEnet four through seven on the first line of
    by Digital Research's assembler. Listings. The telephone number is (603) table I. LOAD.COM uses the first nine
    ASM.COM . The BASIC program 924-9820.1 TWo important points positions and the last two positions
    doesn't need to know anything about should be considered about the as- of each record or line of the .HEX file
    the subroutine except the name of the sembly-language subroutine. The first for its own purposes. The remaining
    .HEX file in which it is stored. This file one is its origin. You need to start at pairs of hexadecimal digits are the in-
    contains all the necessary information as high an address in memory as pos- struction. operand. and data bytes
    for the load. including how much sible so that the BASIC program will you want to load into memory The
    memory is needed. have sufficient room for its execution. first two positions after the colon at
    With this method of loading assem- Second. the subroutine must exit [continued)
    bly-language subroutines. you don't through an RET instruction if you Douglas F. Yriart (6805 Melrose Dr..
    need to modify the BASIC program want control to return to the BASIC Mcuan. VA 22101) is Chief of the U.S. Of-
    every time you change. add, or delete program. After you assemble the sub- fice of Personnel Management's Computer
    a few bytes in the assembly-language routine with ASM .COM. you don't User Center in Washington. DC. He is a
    subroutine. In addition. you can use need to make it into a machine-code Lieutenant Commander in the Naval Reserve
    the same BASIC routine in numerous file with LOAD.COM. The BASIC pro- and was one of its first two members to be
    programs to load assembled subrou- gram works with the .HEX file. And. recalled to active duty to attend the resident
    tines. This method brings significant if you try to create a runnable .COM course at the Naval War College.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 429


    ASSEMBLER ROUTINES

    the beginning of each record tell


    Listing I: TEST.PRN . a listing of the assembled routine. TEST.ASM. This LOAD.COM how many bytes of data
    test program is for use in developing a BASIC program to read and POKE the are in the record.
    .HEX file of assembly-language routines into memory. This program draws a
    picture of the starship Enterprise. THE BASIC PROGRAM
    Let's look at the BASIC program itself.
    READASM.BAS (see listing 2 or
    BYTEnet Listings (603) 924-9820). It
    TEST.ASM version 10 1/13/84
    accomplishes four tasks:
    by D. F. Yriart - January 1984 I. It finds out where to load the as-
    ; Test program for use in developing BASIC program
    sembled subroutine and reserves
    ; to read and poke HEX file of assembly-language enough memory for it.
    ; routines into memory. This program draws a 2. It loads the subroutine.
    ; picture of the starship Enterprise. 3. It passes control to the subroutine.
    executing it-if instructed to do so.
    4. It restores the subroutine's reserved
    memory for use by the BASIC pro-
    EQUATES
    gram before ending. First. the pro-
    0009 = pbull equ 9 ;BOOS print buffer gram must find the top of the TPA
    0005 = bdos equ 5 ;location of BOOS (transient program area)-the area of
    0000 = er equ Odh ;carriage return memory available for user programs
    OOOA = II equ Oah ;line feed that is not taken up by CP/M-so that
    0009 = tab equ 9 ;horizontal tab
    it can restore the full amount of
    START OF PROGRAM memory to the BASIC program at the
    end of the run.
    9C40 org 40000d
    Figure I provides a memory map of
    ;
    start: CP/M-80 version 2.2. It is important to
    9C40 114C9C lxi d,data ;point to picture notice the number of bytes added to
    9C43 CD479C call print ;display it the address of the CCP (console com-
    9C46 C9 rel , . . .done mand processor) to find the BOOS
    print: (basic disk operating system) and
    9C47 OE09 mvi c,pbull ;get proper call in c
    BIOS (basic input/output system)
    9C49 C30500 jmp bdos ;do it
    areas. (Addresses are hexadecimal.)
    ; STORAGE AR EA The address of the CP/M BIOS is

    ; note: DATA: is made up of any printable or control characters zzFF TOP OF RAM

    ~
    that will draw or write an appropriate display for user
    to look at.

    The display is "plain vanilla" characters that can be


    found on any CP/M machine; no special screen control
    r
    CP / M- 80
    uOO+I600

    or graphics characters are used for portability.

    j
    nO O + 08 0 0
    '
    9C4C ODOAOAOAOA data: db cr,ll,ll,ll,11,11,11,lf,ll,l f,lf, ll CCP

    9C58 OAOAOAOA db 11,11,lf,ll


    00
    9C5C 0909202020 db tab.tab,' _____... .- ------ I()(

    AV AI L ABLE FO R
    9C81 ODOA db cr,11 USER P ROGRA M S
    TPA

    9C83 0909202020 db tab.tab,' -------------- --


    0 100
    9CA6 270DOA
    9CA9 0909202020
    db
    db
    39,cr,lf
    tab.tab,' ·--------- --',39,' I!'
    T
    CP/ M -80 BAS E PAGE

    9CC6 ODOA
    9CC8 0909202020
    db
    db
    cr,11
    tab.tab,' .---',39,32,39,' -------/ /--,'
    l 0000

    9CE7 ODOA db cr,lf


    9CE9 0909202020 db tab.tab,' ·----------------',39 Figure I: Hexadecimal memory map of
    9007 OOOAOA db cr:lf,11 CP/M. T~1e xx and zz are dummy
    9DOA 0909202020 db tab.tab,' THE USS ENTERPRISE --- NCC-1701 ' arguments representing the most
    902E ODOA24 db cr;ll,'$' significant byte in an address that changes
    9031 end
    depending upon memory size.

    430 B Y TE • A PRIL 19 85
    ASSEMBLER ROUTINES

    stored in bytes one and two of the


    base page (BP). Intel 8080 machine Table I: TEST HEX is the hexadecimal-file output from assembling
    code stores the least significant byte TESTASM. The table is annotated to show the various parts of the records. All
    (LSB) of the memory address first. data is hexadecimal. rr is inserted to show parts of the record.)
    followed in byte two by the inost
    significant byte (MSB). Starting at line Data bytes
    in record
    \ 40. the program captures this byte
    I Data bytes (two characters each)
    by executing a PEEK at location two. I Load I \
    The beginning of the CCP is found by I address I \ Overhead
    subtracting 16 hexadecimal from the I I I \ I
    MSB of the BIOS address. vi vi I \ Iv
    In lines 150-170. the starting ad- : 10 I9C40 I00114C9CCD479CC90E09C305000DOAOAOA198
    :1 0 I9C50 IOOOAOAOAOAOAOAOAOAOAOA0AOA09092020 J3A
    dress of BOOS. the top of the TPA. is
    : 10 I 9C60I 0020202020202020202020202020202020 I F4
    found by doing some string arithmetic : 1Ol9C70I0020202C2D2D2D2D2D2D2A2D2D2D2D2D2Dl32
    on the MSB of the CCP address. The :1Ol9C80J002CODOA09092020202C2D2D2D2D2D2D2DIB8
    VAL() function evaluates strings that :1oI9C90 I002D2D2D2D2D2D2D202020602D2D2D2020 I02
    start with &H as hexadecimal : 10 I9CAO I002D2D2D2D2D2D270DOA09092020202060176
    numbers. The HEX$() function returns : 10 I9CBOI 002D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D202D2027202020I OE
    a character string containing the hexa- : 10I9CCO I002020202F202FODOA0909202020202020 I D c
    : 1Ol9CDOI002020202C2D2D2D2720272D2D2D2D2D2DI F5
    decimal digits of the number eval- : 10I9CEO I002D2F202 F2D2 D2CODOA09092020202020 I7A
    uated. You can use this to build a : 10 l9CFO I002020202020602D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2DI A2
    string composed of &H. the MSB of : 1019DOO I002D2D2D2D2D2D270DOAOA090920202054 I37
    the CCP address. and an LSB of 00. : 1OI9D 1o I0048452055535320454E54455250524953I BF
    The VAL() function turns this character : 1Ol9D20I0045202D2D2D204E43432D31373031 ODOAl46
    string into a number to be assigned :01 l9D30I0024IOE
    :0000000000 \
    to the variable TOP. By adding 800
    \ Overhead (1 byte)
    hexadecimal to TOP. you have the ad-
    \
    dress of the beginning of the TPA. The "End-of-iile" record
    addresses found in high memory are
    numbers beyond the range of BASIC-
    80's valid integers. Therefore. you
    can't use integer variables to hold ad- Listing 2: READASM.BAS. a program in Microsoft BASIC-80 to load and
    dresses ih the program. run assembly-language routines.
    ''
    RESERVING SUBROUTINE 10 ' <<< READASM .BAS >>>
    20 PRINT
    MEMORY 30 PRINT TAB(10);"ASSEMBL Y-LANGUAGE FILE LOADER" :PRINT
    To reserve memory for the assembled 40'
    subroutine. you use the CLEAR, 50' Demonstration of method to read and load assembly-
    ADDRESS statement. which sets 60 ' language programs from a HEX file for calling from
    aside memory starting at the AD- 70 ' inside a BASIC-80, version 5.x, program.
    80'
    DRESS parameter. The CLEAR state-
    90' by D. F. Yriart - January 1984
    ment zeros all numeric variables and 100'
    sets all string variables to null. Any 110 ' First find the beginning of BIOS - so full memory can
    value that you need to use after clear- 120 ' be restored after the program runs.
    ing memory must be saved in an area 130 '
    unaffected by the CLEAR. so that you 140 BIOS= PEEK(2) ' MSB of BIOS entry address
    150 CCP = BIOS-&H16 ' beginning of CCP
    can retrieve it later. In this example
    160 TOP= VAL("&H" + HEX$(CCP) + "00") ' compute top of
    you . need to save the name of the 170 TOP= TOP+ &H800 ' transient program area
    .HEX file. the value of TOP. and the 180 PRINT "TOP OF TRANSIENT PROGRAM AREA = ";HEX$(TOP);
    loading address for the subroutine. 190 PRINT " HEX."
    Lines 240-300 read the first record 200'
    of the .HEX file and extract the ad- 210 ' Open the HEX file and read the first line to get
    dress needed to load the subroutine. 220' starting address for the routine.
    230'
    This starting address is in positions ' name of file to load
    240 HEX.FILE$= "TEST.HEX"
    four through seven of the record (lines 250 ON ERROR GOTO 1210 · trap missing file error
    280-300). Notice the use of string (continued)
    [continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 431


    ASSEMBLER ROUTINES

    arithmetic to convert the text number


    to hexadecimal so the program can 260 OPEN "I" ,#1,HEX.FILE$
    use it. 270 IF EOF(1) THEN 1170 ' test for empty file
    In order to protect the information 280 LINE INPUT#1,A$ ' read the first record
    290 CLOSE 1
    needed after the CLEAR. you must
    300 START.ADDRESS= VAL("&H" + MID$(A$,4,4))
    store it somewhere outside of the 310 PRINT "Loading will start at ";HEX$(START.ADDRESS);
    BASIC program's normal workspace. 320 PRINT " hex."
    This program uses the buffer area that 330'
    CP/M uses for passing commands to 340' Build a string out of the name of the HEX file, the
    the CCP. This buffer area begins at 350' top of TPA address, and the loading address.
    memory location 80 hexadecimal. 360'
    370 SAVE.IT$= SPACE$(20)
    Lines 370-4 70 build a 20-character
    380 MID$(SAVE.IT$, 1, 12) =HEX.FILE$
    string of data and use POKE to put 390 MID$(SAVE.IT$, 13,4) = HEX$(TOP)
    it into the buffer area. You must store 400 MID$(SAVE.IT$, 17,4) = HEX$(START.ADDRESS)
    memory addresses as character 410'
    strings because they are too large to 420' Store the 20 bytes of data in the CCP buffer at BOh.
    store in a single byte. 430 '
    440 FOR 1%= 1 TO 20
    Line 520 reserves the memory
    450 BYTE= ASC(MID$(SAVE.IT$,1%, 1))
    needed for the subroutine by doing 460 POKE &H7F + 1%,BYTE
    a CLEAR of memory up to I byte 470 NEXT 1%
    below the subroutine's starting ad- 480'
    dress. The data is retrieved from the 490' Set top of memory available to BASIC 1 byte below
    CCP buffer in lines 570-650. Lines 500' the loading point. CLEAR zeros all variables.
    510'
    670 and 680 serve the cosmetic func-
    520 CLEAR,(ST ART.ADDRESS - 1)
    tion of trimming trailing blanks off the 530'
    filename. 540' Recover the name of the HEX file, the top of TPA
    550' address, and the starting address for loading.
    SUBROUTINE USAGE 560'
    The BASIC program reads the .HEX 570 SAVE. IT$= SPACE$(20)
    file one record at a time. captures the 580'
    590 FOR 1%= 1 TO 20
    data from position I 0 to 2 bytes from
    600 MID$(SAVE.IT$,1%, 1) = CHR$(PEEK(&H7F + 1%))
    the end of each record. and uses a 610 NEXT 1%
    POKE to put I byte at a time into 620'
    memory. This is accomplished by two 630 HEX.FILE$= MID$(SAVE.IT$, 1, 12)
    nested WHILE/WEND loops. T\vo 640 TOP= VAL("&H" + MID$(SAVE.IT$, 13,4))
    variables control the operation: BYTE 650 START.ADDRESS= VAL("&H" + MID$(SAVE.IT$, 17,4))
    660'
    contains the next address on which
    670 BYTE=INSTR(1,HEX.FILE$,CHR$(32)) 'trim blanks off
    the POKE statement operates. and 680 HEX.FILE$= LEFT$(HEX.FILE$,BYTE - 1) ' filename
    COUNT is the data-string position of 690'
    the next byte to be extracted. 700' Read in the HEX file one record at a time. Break it
    The outer loop (lines 790-940) 710' into bytes and POKE them into memory.
    reads records until it encounters the 720'
    730 PRINT HEX.FILE$;" is being loaded now."
    end of the file. Line 830 extracts the
    740 OPEN "l" ,#1,HEX.FILE$
    data portion of each record for pro- 750 BYTE=START.ADDRESS 'first address to POKE
    cessing by the inner loop (lines 760'
    860-920). The inner loop steps 770' Begin processing each record here.
    through the data string two characters 780'
    at a time-two hexadecimal digits 790 WHILE NOT EOF(1) ' as long as there is another record
    make up one byte. Line 880 converts 800'
    810 LINE INPUT#1,A$ ' read a record
    the string data into values that can be 820'
    put into memory with a POKE. 830 A$= MID$(A$, 10,LEN(A$)-11) ' just the bytes to POKE
    Once the BASIC program has read 840 COUNT= 1 ' byte position in record
    the last record from the .HEX file. the 850'
    worst is over. The subroutine is in re- 860 WHILE COUNT < LEN(A$) ' while there are bytes
    served memory above the BASIC 870 B$ = MID$(A$,COUNT,2) ' get a "text" byte
    880 VALUE= VAL(" &H" + B$) ' convert it to hex
    work area. All that remains to be done
    is to test it out. restore the top of

    432 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    ASSEMBLER ROUTINES

    890 POKE BYTE.VALUE


    BASIC memory to its original con-
    900 COUNT= COUNT+ 2 ' increment position tents. and exit gracefully. Line I 040
    910 BYTE= BYTE+ 1 ' increment address will call the subroutine. Whether you
    920 WEND ' process another byte call the subroutine or not the pro-
    930' gram exits via line 1110. which clears
    940 WEND ' loop back to process next record memory back up to the bottom of the
    950'
    BOOS. (You may come up a few bytes
    960' The HEX file has been loaded into memory, now it
    970' can be CALLed.
    short since we calculated the address
    980' using only the MSB.)
    990' * • * Real application would go here. * * * The error traps beginning at line
    1000' 1170 tell you when something goes
    1010 CLOSE 1 wrong. But more important. they re-
    1020 PRINT BYTE-START.ADDRESS;"Bytes were loaded" store the top of memory before you
    1030 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO TRY CALLING THE ROUTINE " ; A$
    1040
    exit the program.
    IF A$="Y" THEN CALL START.ADDRESS ELSE GOTO 1110
    1050 PRINT:PRINT
    1060 PRINT "!!! IF YOU SEE THIS MESSAGE THINGS PROBABLY "; SUMMARY
    1070 PRINT "RAN RIGHT !!!" This article discusses an automated
    1080' method for loading an assembly-lan-
    1090' Restore top of memory and exit. guage subroutine into memory where
    1100 '
    it can be called by a BASIC program.
    1110 CLEAR, TOP
    1120 PRINT TAB(10);"*** END OF DEMO***"
    despite the fact that BASIC-80 version
    1130 END 5.x has no specific command to do
    1140 ' . this. The benefits of this method are
    1150' Error traps simplicity and maintainability for both
    1160' the calling BASIC program and the
    1170 PRINT "THE FILE IS EMPTY" assembly-language subroutine. The
    1180 CLOSE 1
    BASIC program doesn't need to know
    1190 END
    1200' Missing file anything about the subroutine until
    1210 IF ERR < > 53 THEN 1280 run t ime. when it reads the pertinent
    1220 PRINT HEX.FILE$;" IS NOT ON THE LOGGED DRIVE ." information from the assembled .HEX
    1230 PRINT "* * * READASM SAYS GOODBYE * * *" file. This provides you with the ability
    1240 IF TOP = 0 THEN END to modify the assembly-language sub-
    1250 CLEAR, TOP
    routine without affecting the BASIC
    1260 END
    1270' All other errors program that calls it. •
    1280 PRINT "ERROR #";ERR;"OCCURRED IN LINE";ERL
    1290 PRINT "* * * READASM CAN'T CONTINUE '* '"
    1300 IF TOP = 0 THEN END REFERENCES
    1310 CLEAR, TOP
    I. Hogan. Thom. Osborne CPIM Users Guide.
    1320 END
    2nd ed. Berkeley. CA: Osborne/McGraw-
    Hill. 1982.

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    Inquiry 249 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 433


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    434 BYTE • APRIL 1985
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    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 435


    Inquiry 365
    LETTERS

    (continued from page 32) blown sector and ... Chips do fail and programs do have bugs.
    sophistication in the manner that past There is a legitimate need for protecting Sometimes the things just shut down;
    Apple customers have. Hence. there is no the interests of software writers and ven- other times. to our horror. they continue
    reason to widely disseminate technical in- dors. However. if this occurs at the ex- to run and produce spurious or confound-
    formation to the customers. pense of the end users in the form of ing results. Sure. humans (designers or
    The dominant theory in the industry dur- diminished usefulness. it is protecting the engineers or programmers or manufac-
    ing the last 18 months seems to be that interests of no one. turers or users) are again responsible. And
    the age of the hacker is over. I belong to I am frankly not interested in generating certainly the politician who. knowing these
    this endangered species. I make just a long and philosophical debate on these unfortunate facts of technological life. con-
    enough from software sales to pay for my issues. I am interested in getting my signed our fate to such systems could not
    computer habit. It seems to me that rather system up and running efficiently so I can deny culpability. But. again. is it ignorant
    than my time being over. I am more im- get on with making music. or demagogic to oppose entrusting
    portant to Apple than at any time in the MICH AE L W. GILBERT civilization to these all too fragile
    past. I have bought two Apple lls in the A mherst. MA machines?
    last six months (the Ile personally and a I agree that BYTE is not the place. and
    lie at work). I am often asked to advise COMPUTER VS. HUMAN that neither I nor most BYTE readers are
    people about what computer to buy. RESPONSIBILITY the people. to discuss the technical merits
    In the past I have been able to recom- of the "Star Wars" proposal. But. similar-
    mend Apple because there was so little The January BYTE editorial ('Autonomous ly, I don't think BYTE is the place to
    likelihood that my friends could possibly Weapons and Human Responsibility" by dismiss concerns about this proposal as
    outgrow the company. They might Phil Lemmons. page 6) makes the impor- senseless computer phobia or worse.
    become more accomplished hackers than tant point that humans are responsible for It is ironic and unfortunate that you
    I am. but they could not plumb the depths the acts of their computers. including the chose Walter Mondale as the object of
    or exhaust the expansibility of their act of computer-generated war. In this your venom. For. indeed. it was Mr. Mon-
    Apples. Every change in Apple policy that context. however. your strident attack on dale who suggested that a human being
    I have observed during the past year has Walter Mondale-for his alleged ignorance remain directly. consciously. and personal-
    made this less true. or demagoguery in opposing "Star Wars" ly responsible for the ultimate human deci-
    JOHN R. R AINES. M .D. technology-is both surprising and unfair. sion. His notion that President Reagan's
    St. Paul. M N Because nuclear weapons in orbit proposal. which would necessitate that
    around the earth could more rapidly reach this decision be made by a computer. en-
    WHO PAYS FOR COPY their targets. the time for an offensive or dangers us is neither frivolous nor an ab-
    PROTECTION? defensive response would be reduced to dication of human responsibility for com-
    · · ·· ·· ··· · ·· ······ · ···· ··· · · · ·· · ·· · ··· ~ a very few minutes. (Even if the initial puter actions. But it is both presumptuous
    As a composer of music that incorporates space system is defensive in nature. it is and irresponsible when we. as computer
    much synthesizer work. I have seen the naive to think that the inevitable counter- devotees. assume a shrilly defensive
    development of MIDI as a real and prac- measure would not be an offensively posture that fails to acknowledge the limits
    tical boon. In my own studio I now use a oriented one.) The potential. then. for con- of our technology or knowledge.
    microcomputer with a Passport MIDI in- temporaneous human intervention in the S EAN B LECK
    terface (Apple-compatible version) to con- response decision-let alone for the New York. NY
    trol Yamaha synthesizers (DX-9 and RX-15). somber human reflection most of us
    Frankly. the available software. and most would wish for such a fateful decision-is Regarding your /anuary editorial. I believe
    specifically its copy protection. is working effectively eliminated. In other words. and you have not given Mr. Mondale enough
    against its own benefits. disregarding the responsibility issue for credit.
    I use MID!/4 from Passport as a se- the moment. the act of making nuclear To make the Strategic Defense Initiative
    quence recorder and player. I would like war from space would of necessity be work. enemy missiles would have to be
    to use DX-Pro from Yamaha (yes. it works relegated to computers. struck within the first five minutes of their
    after a fashion on the DX-9) as a patch None of this is to say that the computer launch. thus not leaving enough time to
    editor and recorder. A session with both would be "responsible" for the resulting have the President decide whether or not
    the other day proved unmanageable. devastation. a nuclear villain we should to respond. for reasons I will be happy to
    Since both are severely copy-protected. to fear and abhor. As you stated. "Computers detail at your request.
    use one right after the other requires a follow sequences of human instructions:· I for one am not ready to change the
    cold boot for each. This takes time and But is it ignorant or demagogic to suggest decision-making process on whether to
    requires powering down the computer. It that the nuclear hair trigger not be split start shooting at the Russians from a Con-
    seems to me that in the real. working to the point where only a computer has ference of the President. SAC. and a Con-
    world of synthesis it would be sensible if the time to effect. or avoid. our annihila- gressional Committee to a prepro-
    both programs could be copied onto the tion? I think not. and I think this was Mr. grammed computer.
    same disk (or hard drive or RAM disk) and Mondale's well-taken point. How can aerospace programmers
    accessed back and forth. Well. copy pro- At the risk of sounding anticomputer. "assume responsibility" for the decision
    tection renders this impossible. The which I earnestly am not. a further point that only the President of the United
    Passport software. by the way. comes with must be made about the reliability of com- States should make? Even if they're "will-
    a backup disk. The DX-Pro from Yamaha puters. Computers. including lovingly at- ing to." I for one am not willing to give
    does not! Disks do not hold up well to the tended micros and NASA's multi-million- them that responsibility. even if you are.
    rigors of travel. which means that one dollar systems. do. at times. screw up. Further. the most brilliant programmers

    436 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    LETTERS

    working 1000 years could not possibly made a mistake? Are electronic com- the following: Jane says. "We ought to have
    foresee all possible scenarios. Only human ponents really infallible?) Rather. human tough drunk-driving laws because weav-
    judgment has the flexibility to deal with programmers make mistakes. The problem ing. lane-hopping cars can do terrible
    all possible new original situations. at least Mondale was pointing to about "Star damage:· Phyllis (editor of a major auto-
    at the present. A computer may be pro- Wars" (only one of many problems!) is that mobile magazine) replies. "There she goes
    grammed by human beings. but a com- programmed computers make mistakes. Only again. Cars aren't malevolent. It's the peo-
    puter is not a human being. Human beings a computer fanatic would have taken this ple driving the cars that are at fault." But
    should use computers to aid calculation. as an attack on computer hardware as op- we all know that. Phyllis has simply missed
    information gathering. and for advice. posed to software. the point.
    They should never turn control of their The mistake you have made is simi lar to [continued)
    destiny over to computers. however. no
    matter how well programmed. In any
    event. we have not yet amended the Con-
    stitution to give aerospace-company pro-
    grammers and computers the power to
    declare or initiate war. I for one am not
    in favor of any move to change it to let
    Faster CAD Input
    such happen.
    DON SLAUGHTER The GTCO DIG I-PAD is a fast trac- The digitizer surpasses all
    Seattle. WA ing device, a function the mouse other input devices for tracing and
    can't perform at all. It's an absolute pointing and menuing. GTCO
    A very big WELL DONE to Phil Lemmons screen pointing device for direct digitizers use patented electromag-
    for his editorial on 'Autonomous Weapons cursor control. It can also provide netic technology for years of silent,
    and Human Responsibility:· direct, simple menu selection. The maintenance-free operation.
    Phil pointed out that we must take re- GTCO DIG I-PAD is a digitizer Ask your dealer about the
    sponsibility for our decisions. even if it ap- tablet in sizes including 12"x 12", GTCO DIG I-PAD.
    pears that a computer made the decision ll"x 17", 20"x20", 24"x36", 36"x
    for us. This is an important lesson for all 48" and 42"x 60". ® DIGl·PAD and MicroDIGl·PAD are registered
    trademarks of GTCO Corporation.
    of us. We must not avoid responsibility for The DIG I-PAD is easily interfaced TMAutoCAD is a trademark of Autodesk Inc.
    our decisions. to PCs and is compatible with most "'CADPLAN is a trademark of Personal CAD
    Beyond the specific issue addressed. I PC/CAD software, such as AutoCAD™ Systems, Inc.

    was delighted to see BYTE addressing and CADPLAW"'.


    moral and social issues as well as technical
    ones During this past century. our tech-
    nology has leapt far ahead of our morali-
    ty. Vigorous dialogue in our journals is one
    good way to help close this gap.
    BYRON WEBER-BECKER
    Goshen. IN

    Having heard Walter Mondale use the


    word "computer" in an attack on President
    Reagan. you snapped back a reply without
    having thought through Mondale's com-
    plaint. When liberals do this. it is called
    a "knee-jerk reaction:·
    Mondale's point was that for Reagan's
    "Star Wars" defense plan to work. incom-
    ing missiles would have to be shot down
    before they spew their multiple. indepen-
    dently targeted (MIRVed) nuclear bombs.
    Thus. there would be only a few minutes
    between detection. identification. and con-
    firmation of the launch and the time when
    the decision to attack should be made or
    not. It wou ld not be feasible to get this in-
    formation to the president (a11!1 president)
    and have her analyze it and make an in-
    formed decision in time. The decision
    would have to be left up to the computers.
    Why is this a problem? Not because
    computers can make mistakes. Perish the
    thought. (Has a computer really never

    Inquiry 175 APRI L 1985 • B YT E 437


    LETTERS

    Finally. it is worth noting that the mistake Regardless of the components oft he con- texts. which are strings o f characters. For
    Phil Lemmons and Phyllis have made is trol system. humans would bear respon- instance. "hello" is a text. There is no
    the same mistake made by those who say sibility. including responsibility for com- character data type: you just use a text of
    "Guns don't kill people: people kill peo- puter malfunctions. length one. such as "a" or "b." There are
    ple" as if that were disputed by those in operators on texts: a· b joins the tw0 texts
    favor of rational gun-control laws. TRAVESTY IN 8 a and b. a·· n repeats the text a n times.
    DAVID WEINBERGER and a@n gives the tail of text a starting at
    Assistant Professor of Philosophy My colleagues and I were interested to see the nth character.
    Chair: Peace and Conflict the article ''A 1\-avesty Generator for B also has lists. which are sorted lists of
    Resolution Studies Micros" by Hugh Kenner and Joseph elements. For instance. { "B": "Pascal":
    Stockton State College O'Rourke (November 1984. page 129). "Smalltalk"} is a list of texts. as is {"a":
    Pomona, NJ since we've had a similar program running "b"; "c''}. and { "z"}. { } is the empty list.
    here for a couple of years. written not in You can insert a new element e in a list >..
    Phil Lemmons replies: Pascal but in the new language B. The in- with INSERT e IN>... Although lists are kept
    It makes little sense to argue against or- teresting thing about the B version of the sorted (alphabetically in the case of texts).
    bital weapons on the ground that they program is that it is only 24 lines long. the program doesn't use this fact.
    would have to be controlled by com- compared with the 284 lines of Pascal. The program deals with what the
    puters. It makes much sense to reject or- Consequently. we thought that other BYTE original article calls n-grams: that is. groups
    bital weapons because they put terrible readers might like to see our version. of n letters from a text. The B program
    destructive power only minutes from our B is a very simple language. about as works by associating with each group of
    cities. No control, human or artificial. easy to learn as BASIC. but the big dif- n-1 letters a list of letters that may follow
    could make us feel comfortable with ference is that B has very powerful data it. Thus. when dealing with trigrams for the
    devastation constantly poised above. types. and it's thanks to these that pro- sentence "Nonsense imitation can be dis-
    Those who oppose orbital weapons gramming in B is so easy. concerting:· for the letters "on" you get the
    should concentrate on resisting the To understand the program you have to list { .. " ; "('; "s"}. and for "ns" you get
    weapons rather than the control system. know a little about these data types: B has { "e": "e"}. This association is done using
    the table data type. which is a generaliza-
    tion of arrays: in most other languages.
    Listing I: A lravesty program in B. The four lines at the bottom were produced you may index only arrays with integers
    from "Mary had a little lamb" as input. using 1-. 2-. 3-. and 4-grams. (or similar). while in B you can use any
    respectively. type. In this program a table called followers
    is used. indexed by texts and giving lists
    of characters. so that with the above
    HOW'TO TRAVESTY document USING n GRAMS
    PUT ""··(n - 1), { } IN gram, followers sentence you get followersl"tts"I = {"e":
    FOR line IN document: ANALYSE \ Analyse each line in turn "e"} for instance. You can find out which
    FOR count IN { 1 .. 10}: GENERATE \ 10 lines of imitation indexes have been used for a table: "keys
    ANALYSE: \ Analyse one line followers" gives the list of such indexes.
    FOR char IN line: { } is also the empty table.
    UPDATE followers FOR gram WITH char Another interesting feature of the pro-
    APPEND char TO gram gram is that it is trivial to modify so that
    UPDATE followers FOR gram WITH "" \ Treat line end as space it works with words instead of characters.
    APPEND " " TO gram For instance. UPDATE would remain
    GENERATE: \ Generate one line identical.
    PUT 0 IN length B is an interactive language. and there
    CHOOSE gram FROM keys followers \ Choose a random start are implementations for machines with
    WHILE gram in keys followers AND (length< SO OR char<>""): UNIX available at the cost of the media.
    CHOOSE char FROM followers[gram] and shortly for the IBM PC. Anyone who
    WRITE char would like to know more about B or its
    PUT length + 1 IN length implementations is welcome to write to
    APPEND char TO gram
    me.
    WRITE / \ Write a newline
    STEVEN PEMBERTON
    8 Group
    HOW'TO UPDATE followers FOR gram WITH char:
    CW/
    IF gram not'in keys followers: PUT { } IN followers[gram]
    INSERT char IN followers[gram] Postbus 4079
    1009 AB Amsterdam
    HOW'TO APPEND char TO gram: The Netherlands
    PUT (gram char)@2 IN gram
    CIRCUIT-BOARD CATASTROPHE
    1: nhwaso ldm r ttvncd vetsvaen ryam wnMhuaaiaa lryulitlab
    2: evere Mad ad ts go Mamb snts s s ad lamb flits it I have become the victim of an event.
    3: ry hat Marywhery was was fleece that lamb ittleece totally beyond my control. that has
    4: te as snow and everywhere that lamb was white as white nothing less than shut down my computer
    services.

    438 B Y TE • APRIL 1985


    LETTERS

    I own an LNW Model II microcom- edged receipt of my circuit board. I made said that it would check further. I tele-
    puter-a powerful work-alike of the TRS-80 repeated telephone inquiries (never re- phoned Wilson 1echnical Services again.
    Models I and 3. In late June o f this year ceiving a reply) after that to check on the and the woman to whom I spoke before
    my expansion board developed a prob- progress of the repair. Finally. after amass- confirmed that my expansion board was
    lem. rendering the facilities on the board ing a rather large telephone bill. about 2Vi not on the list of units turned over to
    useless. This system-expansion circuit weeks ago I was told. rather unwillingly. Wilson ·iechnical Services.
    board includes half of the system memory. that my expansion board had not been No person seems to know the present
    serial and parallel interfaces. floppy-disk touched. I was also told that many of location of my essential and relatively ex-
    controller. and clock circuits. Because the LNW's repair technicians had been on pensive circuit .board. I. therefore. have
    problem (I suspected the floppy-disk con- vacation and that repairs on units under found it necessary to contact the Attorney
    troller) developed and was reported less warranty were backlogged. I was asked to General's office of the State of California
    than one year after purchase. the com- call back in two to three weeks. or if I to begin proceedings against Wilson 'Jech-
    puter was still covered by warranty. wanted my circuit board sent to Wilson nical Services and LNW Research (if it can
    On July 7. 1984. after telephoning LNW Technical Services. Mr. Wilson. I was told. be located). This is in addition to contact-
    Research. I was given a "return authoriza- had formerly been employed by LNW Re- ing all magazines and users groups that
    tion number:· As instructed by 'Jechnical search and was doing part of LNW's war- I can think of. I am also contacting the Bet-
    Services at LNW Research. removing the ranty repair work. I elected to leave the ter Business Bureau and the Chamber of
    factory-built expansion board from the circuit board with LNW. Commerce of 1\Jstin. California.
    computer unit would not void my warran- After a two-week wait. I tried contacting I am not the only LNW 80 computer
    ty. I then removed the circuit board. as in- LNW by telephone again but received no owner involved in this.aggravating situa-
    structed. and had it packaged and shipped answer. I then called Wilson Technical Ser- tion. Wilson 1echnical Services informed
    to LNW Research via United Parcel Ser- vices and was told that LNW had gone out me that I am ot1ly one of several in the
    vice. The "return authorization number" of business! All of LNW's warranty work. same predicament. So here I sit. out of
    was clearl y labeled on the package and I was told. had been turned over to Wilson business. awaiting the outcome of due
    also taped directly onto the circuit board. Technical Services. My expansion board. process.
    After about 10 days and several follow- however. was not on the list of units turned JEFFREY W. Cox
    up telephone calls. LNW finally acknowl- over to them. Wilson Technical Services New Albany, IN

    r- - issues for sale - -- - - -


    1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Prices include postage in the US. Please add
    -
    Jan. 52.75 53.25 53.25 53. 70 54.25 54 .25
    S.50 per copy fo r Canada and M exico; and S2 .00
    per copy to foreign countries (surface deliv ery) .
    Feb. 52.75 52.75 53.25 53 .25 53 .70 53.70 54.25 54.25
    D Check enclosed
    March 52. 75 53 .25 53.70 53.70 54 .25 54.25 Payments from foreign countries must be m ade
    April 52.75 52.75 53.25 53 .25 53.70 53.70 54.25 in US f unds p ayable at a US bank.

    May 52.00 52.75 52. 75 53 .25 53 .70 53. 70 54.25 D VISA D MasterCard
    June 52 .00 52.75 52. 75 53 .25 53.70 53 .70 54 .25 1
    I
    I Card#
    July s2.00) ;2.oo 52.75 52.75 53.25 53.70 54.25 54.25 1

    Auq. ~ 52.75 52.75 S3 .25 53. 70 54 .25 54 .25 Exp.

    - - - - --- --- ------------ Sign ature


    Oct. 52.75 52.75 53.25 53.25 53.70 54.25 54 .25

    Nov. 53 .25 53.25 53.70 54 .25 54 .25 Please all ow 4 weeks for domestit delivery and
    f
    12 weeks for foreign delivery.
    Dec. 152.75 52. 75 53.25 53.25 53.25 53 .70 54 .25 54.25 1 I
    Special BYTE Guide to IBM PC's - 54 .75 NAME
    I
    Clrcle and send requests with payments to: ADDRESS
    BYTE Back Issues CITY
    P.O. Box 328 STATE ZIP
    Hancock, NH 03449
    II

    APRIL 1985 • B YT E 439


    WHATS NEW

    PERIPHERALS

    Data-Compression Unit Hard-Disk System


    for the AT
    he Accelerator Series
    T 31 asynchronous data-
    compression unit from I nternal hard-disk drives
    specially designed for the
    Telebyte can be installed in IBM PC AT are available in
    existing networks. The Ac- 20-. 3 3-. and 117-megabyte

    =o
    celerator provides 3-to- J models from PCs Limited.
    data acceleration and sup- 'ACCELERATOR ~,,,.,., The disk-drive systems are
    ports synchronous and asyn- compatible with DOS 3.0
    chronous modems. It can and 3.1.
    handle terminal data rates The full-height 5 Y<i-inch
    up to 9600 bits per second hard-disk drives run off the
    and modem data rates up The Accelerator data-compression unit. IBM-installed PC AT con-
    to 2400 bps. troller. The units come com-
    During operation . encoded plete with the necessary
    bit strings are transmitted panel includes touch-sensi- to I and a modem data rate cables and mounting hard-
    between Accelerator units tive keys. status lamps. and of 1200 bps to $1095 for ware. and they install easily.
    using a modified X.2 5 pro- display digits so you can the maximum configuration dropping directly into the
    tocol. This method limits program permanent options with a data-compression existing PC AT box.
    data errors and increases from the front panel. The ratio of 3 to I and a Prices for the hard-disk
    data security. Also. you can unit contains no internal DIP modem data rate of 2400 drives are $795 for the
    improve security by assign- switches or jumpers. bps. For more details. con- 20-megabyte model. SJ 195
    ing a four-digit Network Prices for the Accelerator tact Telebyte Corp .. 21 5 Oak for 3 3 megabytes. and
    Security Code to each Ac- Series 31 products range St. Natick. MA 01760. (6171 $3995 for 117 megabytes.
    celerator in the network. from $69 5 for a unit with a 653 -3995. For further information.
    The Accelerator's front data-compression ratio of 2 Inquiry 615. contact PCs Ltd .. 7801
    North Lamar #E-200. Austin.
    TX 78752. (512) 452-
    Mac Hard-Disk Drives 0323.
    Inquiry 616.
    avong supplies multi- and initialized when byte systems and 40 milli-
    D ple-volume hard-
    disk drives for the Macin-
    shipped. Each disk-drive
    system features Davong's
    seconds with the 32- and
    4 3-megabyte models. Mac PCjr Numeric
    tosh with four amounts of Volume Manager software. Disk connects to either Data-Entry Pad
    storage: I 0. 21. 32. and 4 3 Average Mac Disk access RS-422 port on the Macin-
    ey lro nic's numeric
    megabytes. Mac Disks are
    partitioned into two volumes
    time is JOO milliseconds
    with the I 0- and 21 -mega-
    tosh.
    The Volume Manager pro-
    gram lets you add. delete.
    K data-entry pad for the
    IBM PCjr includes all mathe-
    and activate volumes. It also matic function keys. It also
    can gather free space on features cursor-control. lab.
    Mac Disk so you can com- Backspace. and Enter keys.
    press space to create an ad- The user can convert the
    ditional volume. This release numeric pad to the function
    of the software lets you con- mode witho ut returning to
    nect Mac Disk to the Macin- the PCjr keyboard. The
    tosh's modem or printer keypad facilitates efficient
    port for use in telecommuni- data entry for number-
    cations. intensive applications such
    Prices for the Mac Disk as spreadsheets and
    line depend on amount of accounting systems.
    storage: S19 50 for I 0 mega- Suggested manufacturer's
    bytes. $2795 for 21 mega- retail price for the IBM PCjr
    bytes. $3395 for 32 mega- numeric keypad (model KB
    bytes. and $3995 for 43 5149jr) is $99.95. For more
    megabytes. For complete information. contact Key
    details. contact Davong 1ronic Corp., POB 14687.
    Systems Inc.. 217 Humboldt Spokane. WA 99214. (800)
    Court. Sunnyvale. CA 94089. 262-6006: in Washington.
    Davong's Mac Disk hard-disk drive. (408) 734-4900. (509) 928-8000.
    Inquiry 617. Inquiry 618.

    440 BYTE • A PRIL 1985


    WHAT'S NEW

    3Server Network Server


    dedicated multifunction IBM mainframes using SNA drive modules to expand EtherShare. a 3Server soft-
    A network server is avail-
    able from 3Com. You can
    protocols.
    The 3Server can accom-
    disk storage to more than
    2 50 megabytes per 3Server.
    ware package that provides
    shared disk capabilities.
    use 3Server with 3Com·s modate up to 50 individuals Suggested retail price for costs $69 5. EtherPrint. a
    Ethernet-based EtherSeries in a network. It uses the the 3Server is $7 495 . Add- shared printing program.
    network products to com- Intel 80186 and the 82 586 on 36-megabyte disk drives sells for $395. and Ether-
    bine personal computers Ethernet controller with a cost $3995 each. and the Mail gives you electronic-
    and host systems in a local- 36-megabyte (formatted 60-megabyte tape backup mail capability for $995.
    area network (LAN) . 3Server capacity) fixed-disk drive. unit costs $2995. A $995 Contact 3Com Corp.. 1365
    also supports communica- You can add a tape back- 384K-byte memory option Shorebird Way. POB 7390.
    tions over telephone lines up unit of 60 megabytes to for expansion of disk cache Mountain View. CA 94039.
    for electronic mail and the 3Server. You can also will bring total memory to (415) 961-9602.
    direct communication with use up to six external disk- 896K bytes. Inquiry 619.

    ADD-INS

    Memory Upgrade for the Mac IBM PC UNIX Coprocessor


    icroGraphic Images a disk drive. he Opus 516 Personal expandable to 2 megabytes.
    M has released the
    MegaMac. a memory
    The suggested retail price
    for the MegaMac upgrade
    T Mainframe is a UNIX
    coprocessor subsystem that
    Included with UNIX System
    V and its utilities are C and
    upgrade for Apple·s Macin- board is $1395. (You must converts an IBM PC or plug- FORTRAN- 77 compilers. an
    tosh. MegaMac hardware return the Macintosh·s compatible to a 32-bit UNIX assembler. and a debugger.
    provides 1024K bytes of original 128K-byte mother- workstation. Opus 516 con- Opus516 supports UNIX and
    memory. partitioned into board to MicroGraphic Im- sists of a complete port of PC-DOS.
    two sections 5\ 2K bytes of ages.) The price for a com- AT&T UNIX System V In OEM quantities. a
    core memory and 512 K plete I 024K-byte system in- (release 2.0) and a 32-bit I-megabyte configuration is
    bytes used as a RAM disk. cluding the Macintosh com- coprocessor. $3140 with a single-user ob-
    Reportedly. the MegaRAM puter is $3495 . For further The UNIX coprocessor is ject license. Multiuser licens-
    software package sold with technical information. con- based on National Semicon- ing is available as an option.
    the upgrade board lets you tact MicroGraphic Images ductor's 32016 processor Contact Opus Systems. Suite
    load any file or application Corporation. 19612 Kings- and includes the 32082 120. 960 San Antonio Rd ..
    program from the RAM disk bury Street. Chatsworth. CA memory-management unit Los Altos. CA 94022. (415)
    into the core memory three 91311. (818) 368-3482 . and 32081 floating-point 941- 7201.
    to six times faster than from Inquiry 620. unit. On-board memory is Inquiry 621 .

    Multiuser Database Environment


    ··•·•····••••···••••·•••••·•••••·•••••••••··•·••·························•·•····•····••·•···•··•·••···•·•··•·•·•···········
    entinel Computer's SMX ger. interactive on-line oper- character capability. tion. 9902 Carver Rd .. Cin-
    S for the IBM PC. XT. or
    AT is a combination of a
    ations. multitasking. virtual
    memory. a print spooler.
    SMX sells for $1495. For
    further details. contact
    cinnati. OH 45242. (513)
    984-6622.
    four-channel serial-interface and multiple language/ Sentinel Computer Corpora- Inquiry 622.
    board and a multiuser ex-
    ecutive software package. Its
    multiuser database-oriented RAM Card for the Chameleon
    operating environment ac-
    commodates up to five ter- n expansion board for !eon Plus. RAM Plus Card are $39 5 for
    minals and five printers.
    The interface board for
    A the Chameleon and
    Chameleon Plus portable is
    The Chameleon RAM Plus
    Card comes standard with a
    the I 28K-byte version. $595
    for 256K bytes. and $795
    SMX uses standard RS-2 32C available from Seequa Com- real-time clock and a print for 384K bytes. For com-
    serial ports. It supports port puter. The Chameleon RAM spooler. It lets you create a plete product specifications.
    speeds ranging from 300 to Plus Card comes with I 28K. RAM disk as a third disk contact Seequa Computer
    9600 bps. 2 56K. or 384K bytes of drive. The card requires Corp .. 8305 Telegraph Rd ..
    The SMXcExecutive soft- RAM. The 384K-byte version DOS 2.0 and 2 56K bytes of Odenton. MD 21113. (30!)
    ware is menu-driven and has gives you 640K bytes of RAM resident on the main 672-3600.
    a help facility. It includes an total RAM. the maximum on logic board. Inquiry 623.
    integrated database mana- the Chameleon or Chame- Prices for the Chameleon (continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BY TE 441


    WHAT'S NEW

    NEW SYSTEMS

    Sprite, a Multiuser System. Features the 80286


    arogate Limited's Sprite is disk controller. OMA. and
    J a multiuser microcom-
    puter designed with Intel's
    the Ethernet controller with
    support logic and battery-
    6-MHz 80286 micropro- backed real-time clock. The
    cessor and featuring Digital disk controller gives you a
    Research's Concurrent CP/M SAS! (Shugart Associates
    3.I on its main processor Standard Interface) connec-
    and CP/M Plus on a slave. tion for your drives. and the
    Ethernet capabilities are RAM serves as an I/0 buffer
    built in. Standard system and cache memory.
    hardware is made up of a The basic Sprite has two
    5!4-inch 790K-byte floppy- RS-232C serial ports for a
    disk drive. a 21-megabyte pair of workers. and addi-
    hard disk. and a five-slot tional ports will expand
    S-100 bus. Sprite for as many as 18
    Sprite. which comes with a employees. Such options as
    keyboard and a high-resolu- IBM PC-compatible color
    tion green or amber monitor graphics and an 8-port 110
    mounted on a tilt-and-swivel board can be purchased
    base. has its central pro- Many specialized S-100
    cessor. an interrupt COl'1- boards from third-party ven-
    larogate's Sprite has built-in Ethernet capabilities
    troller. two serial and three dors reportedly work with
    parallel 110 bidirectional Sprite. UN IX System V and
    ports. and a 'socket for an Sixty-four dynamic RAM speed memory access with- Concurrent DOS IV are
    optional 80287 mathematics chips of either 64.000 or out wait states. The standard planned.
    coprocessor on its main 2 56.000 bits can be installed Sprite chassis can accom- Pricing for the Sprite was
    printed-circuit board. Its on the Sprite's memory modate 6 megabytes of unavailable at press time.
    serial ports have full hand- boards. thereby offering RAM. For further information. con-
    shaking and can oper~te at RAM capacities ranging The OWi. or outside world tact Jarogate Ltd .. 197-213
    speeds of up to 38.400 bps from 512 K bytes to 2 mega- interface. board carries out Lyham Rd. Brixton. London.
    S-100 support logic and con- bytes. An 802 7 memory- high-speed disk 110 for the SW2 SPY. England: tel:
    nectors for memory boards management unit polices Sprite. The OWi board has a 01-671 6321: ·ielex 89 50094
    also reside on the main operations while providing 6-MHz Z80B. 2 56K bytes of JARO G.
    PCB. automatic refresh and full - ~AM . a hard- and floppy- Inquiry 624.

    68000 Micros TWo operating systems.


    from England CP/M-68K and UCSD p-Sys-
    tem. are offered. With
    -I icrocc puters. War- CP/M-86K. the U-Man Series
    U ru1gton. · .1gland. has
    ICJunched a line of micro:
    I 000 will support Digital
    Research's CBASIC. Pascal
    computers built on the MT+. C. and 68000
    32-/16-bit 68000 micropro- assembler packages as well
    cessor. The U-Man Series as SVC FORTRAN and Cam-
    I 000 is centered around a pridge LISP. Pascal. BASIC.
    basic 12 8I<:byte microcom- FORTRAN. and 68000 assem-
    puter that features on-board bler work with the p-System.
    RAM expansion to I mega- A hard-disk option will be
    byte. dual BOOK-byte floppy- available. Pricing for the U-
    disk drives. monochrome Man Series !000 begins at
    and RGB outputs. ahd a £2499. Contact U-Microcom-
    97-key keyboard. The Series I 000 can handle up to I megabljte of RAM. puters Ltd .. Winstanley In-
    Graphics resolution is said dustrial Estate. Long Lane.
    to be 270 and 680 pixels. Warrington. Cheshire WA2
    depending upon operating tronics parallel port. a Series I 000 also has a 8PR. England: tel: (092 5)
    mode and configuration. Ex- general-purpose 16-bit speech synthesizer. sound 54117: ·1elex: 629279
    ternal connections comprise outlet. and a I 0-bit AID jack generator. and a 6809 chip UMICRO G.
    a pair of serial ports. a Cen- for joysticks. The U-Man to supervise 110 operation. Inquiry 625.

    442 BYTE • APRIL 198 5


    WHATS NEW

    HP 260: Line of Small Business Computers


    ewlett-Packard's HP 260 HP plotters and the ThinkJet The entry-level HP 260 The top-of-the-line Model
    H family of multiuser.
    small-business computers is
    and LaserJet printers. The
    manufacturer says that the
    Model 15 has 2 56K bytes of
    RAM. a I 5-megabyte hard-
    5 5 can be enhanced to sup-
    port as many as 18 users. It
    presently made up of three HP 260 is its first computer. disk drive. and a 3 Vi-inch comes with the same
    models. the 15. 24. and 5 5. other than its personal com- microfloppy-disk drive. It amount of RAM as the
    The Model 260 family. puters. to support these lists for $I 0. 500.· Model 24. a streaming-tape
    whose introduction repre- printers. With 5I 2K bytes of RAM. backup. and 55 megabytes
    sents the next step in the All units measure 29 in- a 24-megabyte hard disk. of hard-disk storage. The
    evolution of HP's Model 2 50 ches tall. I 5 inches wide. and streaming-tape backup. Model 5 5 begins at $20. 500.
    microcomputer. is fully com- and 281/i inches deep A the Model 24 can be ex- For more information. con-
    patible with hardware and 14-inch monitor and a key- panded to provide 190 tact your local Hewlett-
    software created for its board are supported as a megabytes of disk storage. Packard sales office.
    primogenitor. It can handle workstation alternative. Pricing begins at $16.300. Inquiry 626.

    Mix Arabic, English, and Graphics on lie


    multilingual word- independent windows. each This word processor sup- German fonts. It's supplied
    A processing system for
    the Apple lie has been
    of which supports indepen-
    dent scrolling.
    ports two Arabic fonts as
    well as English. French. and
    with both Arabic fonts and
    the English font. a bilingual
    created through the joint ef- notepad program. an ad-
    forts of DIWAN Science and dress program. and Image-
    Information 'fechnology and writer bilingual driver rou-
    Attar Computers Limited. ines. The Arabic text sup-
    The system uses the llc's bit- ports full vowel points and
    mapped display to print fully conforms with the
    Arabic and English text in ASMO 449 standard.
    either high resolution (40 The word processor is
    columns) or double high £295. Contact DIWAN
    resolution (80 columns). Science and Information
    Supplied utility programs Technology. London House.
    let you mix high-resolution 271 King St.. London W6
    graphics with text Graphics 9LZ. England: tel: (01) 741
    can also be manipulated 8011: 'Jelex: 261507
    and enhanced with Apple's MONREF G (quote reference
    Mousepaint program. Arabic Windows. English. and Arabic displayed on the lie. number 2785).
    and English texts can have Inquiry 627.

    Personal Income Planning Set


    set of programs for the and year-by-year itemiza- data. This program can assets. and the projected in-
    A Apple Ile and lie. Plan
    Ahead comprises applica-
    tions. Financial data can be
    swapped between modules.
    analyze your plan. deter-
    mine if changes are neces-
    come of your spouse.
    College Funding calculates
    tions that help you plan all of which are menu-driven sary. and suggest where savings in two ways: lump-
    your retirement income. life- and fully documented. changes might be made. sum investment in the first
    insurance coverage. and The Retirement Planning Life Insurance Planning year or yearly amounts to
    college-fund savings. Pub- module helps you create a aids in the determination of accumulate the necessary
    lished by Advanced Finan- total retirement plan in light the amount of insurance funds.
    cial Planning. Plan Ahead of your particular circum- needed to provide for your Single modules are $29.95.
    modules are designed to stances. It details the infla- family in the event of your 'l\vo together are $49.95.
    work alone or in conjunction tion rate applicable to your sudden death. It considers and the entire set is $ 59.95.
    with one another. budget. the funds that will such expenses as daily liv- Contact Advanced Financial
    Each module lets you ac- be required at retirement. ing. college fees. and funeral Planning. 20922 Paseo
    count for inflation and print the amount of your retire- charges and ciphers them Olma. El Toro. CA 92630.
    out its various components. ment fund covered by your with hoped-for income from Inquiry 628.
    such as budget statements current assets. and other Social Security. current (continued)

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 443


    WHATS NEW

    Compiled Logo Runs on Mac


    ...........................................................................................................................
    compiled version of the to process items and lists and spheres. known as load-on-call. This
    A Logo language. Exper-
    1elligence's Experl..ogo is
    using arrays.
    Experlogo's turtle graphics
    Its data-file handling abili-
    ties lets Experl..ogo pro-
    means that procedures are
    stored on disk and auto-
    available for Apple's Macin- reportedly operate at grams create and read their matically loaded when
    tosh microcomputer. Exper- speeds up to I 00 times own files. Programs can be called if they are not
    logo uses the Mac's user- faster than that of other accessed from other applica- already present in memory.
    interface conventions and Logos. Its Bunny Graphics tions through the Mac·s The suggested retail price
    has been enhanced with feature gives you bunnies standard text and graphic in- is $149.95. A French version
    such features as array pro- that move about the screen terfaces. A few of the list- of Experl..ogo is available.
    cessing and data-file han- in three-dimensional space. processing features are said Contact Expetlelligence Inc..
    dling. The publisher says The bunnies respond to to be adapted from LISP 559 San Ysidro Rd .. Santa
    that it is the only compiled such navigation commands ExperLogo programs are Barbara. CA 93108. (805)
    version of Logo available as yaw. roll. and pitch. and not limited to I 28K bytes of 969-7874.
    and that it is the first Logo they can reside in cubes RAM because of a feature Inquiry 629.

    Full Database Lets You Customize Applications


    ···························································································································
    elix. a data-based The Helix user interface tailor to specific applica- disk drive or a hard disk.
    H information-manage-
    ment and decision-support
    employs icons for each of
    its functional operations. You
    tions. All the Mac's user-
    interface conventions. in-
    With a demonstration disk
    and tape. sample applica-
    system. gives your Apple can link the icons together cluding the mouse. windows. tions. and manual. Helix is
    Macintosh full database in a flowchart with data and pull-down menus. are $395. Contact Odesta Corp ..
    capabilities and allows you from any related file. This used by Helix. 3186 Doolittle Dr .. North-
    to customize applications gives you a quick way of Helix runs on 512 K-byte brook. IL 60062. (312)
    development. This program setting up relationships and Macintoshes and Lisas 498-561 5.
    performs traditional data- calculations that you can equipped with an external Inquiry 630.
    base-management tasks.
    such as filing. sorting. and
    data retrieval. yet it can be MacChoice Helps Make Decisions
    used for complex data
    analyses and task modeling. acChoice from in order of importance, and decision-making process.
    Helix lets you devise your
    own task-specific applica-
    M Superex Business Soft-
    ware lets you use the Macin-
    each item is rated by its
    categories. This program
    MacChoice costs $49.95.
    For more information. con-
    tions. Data needs only to be tosh for making compari- tabulates each individual tact Superex Business Soft-
    entered once for use with a sons. MacChoice lets you item's ratings and displays ware. I 51 Ludlow St..
    variety of jobs. and data- compare and rate two. three. the results in a bar graph. Yonkers. NY 10705. (800)
    base structures are easily or four items simultaneously The chart provides a visual 862-8800: in New York. (914)
    modifiable. Helix works with using as many as 20 cate- representation of each item's 964-5200.
    both text and numbers. gories. Categories are listed ratings. which simplifies your Inquiry 631.

    Database Manager for Applications Development


    database-management database manager. dictionary. the vendor said. storage re-
    A system designed for ap-
    plications development.
    The Progress language has
    a library of operators and
    The relational database
    manager supports databases
    quirements on disk are
    generally reduced 30 to 60
    Progress is intended to functions. including square of more than 5 billion bytes. percent.
    replace traditional languages root. logarithm. concatena- and up to 1000 files and in- Progress for the I BM PC
    and the development tion. and string-matching dexes can exist in each costs $695: versions for
    methods built around them. operations. The syntax- database. Each record can UNIX machines range from
    The system consists of five checking editor positions contain an unlimited number $2450 to $4450. For more
    key components: a data dic- the cursor on the incorrect of fields within a maximum information. contact Data
    tionary. an application lan- word or phrase. and a help record size of 2000 bytes. Language Corp.. 5 Andover
    guage. a screen and report facility provides error ex- Because all fields occupy Rd .. Billerica. MA 01821.
    formatter. a procedure planations and access to only the number of bytes (617) 663-5000.
    editor. and a relational definitions in the data needed to hold the data. Inquiry 632.

    444 BYTE • APRIL 1985


    WHATS NEW

    SOFTWAR •IBM PC

    Have a Talk with Your Computer large Print for the Visually Impaired
    •··························································· ........................................................... .
    acter is a program that its own "eccentric personali-
    R engages in conversation
    ranging from serious discus-
    ty." The vendor touts the
    program as a mix of educa-
    C omputer DiskCourse has
    developed several pro-
    grams for people with poor
    eludes a text editor: a demo
    disk costs $20.
    WordLyon is a specially
    sion to small talk. The pro- tional and entertainment vision. Lyon Large Print is a configured large-print ver-
    gram also tells jokes and software and notes that screen-review package that sion of WordStar. Letters
    stories and can recall and Racter is being used as a provides nine print sizes. range in height from 2 to
    refer to conversations it has tool to sharpen the inter- three space settings. and. on 4 Vi inches. The program
    had. (Racter is reportedly viewing skills of psychiatric color machines. 16 fore- costs $150.
    the first program to author a interns. No technical knowl- ground and background LargeLotus. an interactive
    book. The Policeman's Beard Is edge is needed to use the colors for applications soft- large-print driver for Lotus
    Half Constructed. published by program. ware running on the IBM PC 1-2-3. costs $200.
    Warner Books last year. is a For the IBM PC and com- and compatibles. You can The company will cus-
    collection of stories. poems. patibles. Racter is $69.95. generate large-print hard tomize other software to
    essays, and limericks created Apple and Commodore ver- copy with an IBM dot-matrix work in large-print format.
    by Racter.) sions are in the works. Con- printer. Lyon Large Print is Contact Computer Disk-
    According to the devel- tact John D. Owens Associ- designed to work with other Course. 4546 John St.. Van-
    opers. Racter never repeats ates Inc .. 12 Schubert St .. packages for the visually im- couver. British Columbia
    itself because. unlike pro- Staten Island, NY I 0305- paired. including the PC V5V 3X2. Canada. (604)
    grams like Eliza. it contains 2999. (718) 448-6283. Tulking Program. The soft- 876-1287.
    no stock responses and has Inquiry 633 . ware costs $490 and in- Inquiry 634.

    S0 111' WARE • CP/M · MS-DOS

    Three for Digital Research Products


    BC Tools is a function grams using MBPASLIB are PASLIB. The library is avail- puters. POB 2 2 33. Station A.
    C library for use with
    Digital Research's CBASIC
    typically 4K to SK bytes
    smaller and up to I 00 per-
    able for CP/M-80 and costs
    $75 (plus $3 shipping). Con-
    Champaign. IL 61820-8233.
    (217) 398-6883.
    compiler. It has more than cent faster than those using tact Minnow Bear Com- Inquiry 635.
    100 functions to perform
    string manipulation. sorting.
    radix conversion. bit and Artificial Intelligence at Home
    byte manipulation. and inter-
    facing with the operating ynamic Master Systems development of expert pro- (plus $5 shipping). is avail-
    system. Most of the program
    was written in assembly lan-
    D has developed an Al
    programming system for
    grams. To make 10PSI effi-
    cient on its microprocessor
    able for most Z80 CP/M
    systems with 651<-byte
    guage: you can develop CP/M and MS-DOS environ- hosts. OMS has added memory and most IBM
    libraries of your own in ments that gives home com- several enhancements to the PC-compatibles with at least
    compiled CBASIC. CBC 1bols puter users the tools to OPS-5 language definition I 28K bytes. Contact
    is available for CP/M-80 and create their own expert and placed a few restrictions Dynamic Master Systems
    CP/M-86 at a price of $I 00 systems. 10PSI is a native- on the sizes of data Inc .. POB 5664 56. Atlanta.
    (plus $5 for shipping). code version of OPS-5. a structures. GA 303 56. (404) 565-07 71.
    CBCXREF is a cross-refer- high-order language for TOPS!. which costs $75 Inquiry 636.
    ence utility for the CBASIC
    compiler. Its user options let
    you set page length and Business-Applications language
    width and sort output. The
    utility can find unreferenced high-level language for handling. report generation. A version for the IBM PC
    variables and labels and
    identify unused variables
    A business applications.
    Lucid is reportedly easier to
    and math operations. Pro-
    grammers can define their
    and compatibles sells for
    $295. UNIX and XENIX ver-
    and labels. CBCXREF is learn and use than conven- own functions. and the sions are available under
    available for CP/M-80 and tional programming lan- language supports all C OEM and licensing agree-
    CP/M-86 at a price of $80 guages because it has statements except GOTO. ments. Contact Lucid Soft-
    (plus $3 shipping). special business features Lucid can read dBASE files ware Corp .. 3080 Valmont
    MBPASLIB is a replace- and a database system built directly. It can access data Rd .. Boulder. CO 80301.
    ment library for PASLIB in. Functions include data from Framework. Symphony, (303) 442-4981.
    (used with Pascal MT+). Ac- conversion. string manipula- Lotus 1-2-3. and all Inquiry 637.
    cording to the vendor. pro- tion. form input. screen spreadsheets. [continued)

    A PRIL 19 8 5 • BYTE 445


    WHATS NEW

    SOFT WA E • e'.P/MfMS·DOS

    Database Management System Half-Duplex Communications

    D atamaster is an infor-
    mation system de-
    and update one or more
    databases from the same
    ·J ntended primarily for use
    with the existing radio
    vided in half-duplex mode.
    Additionally, it can be used
    signed to provide on-line in- screen. You can also link telephone network, HCOM is as a terminal emulator to
    formation retrieval and up- screens from one to an- a half-duplex communica- access bulletin-board sys-
    date of single or multiple other: the vendor claims tions package for PC-DOS, tems or other non-HCOM
    database sources. Through there is no limit to the num- MS-DOS. and CP/M-80 sys- systems. XON/XOFF protocol
    its modules and sub- ber of screens you can link. tems. The program provides is supported. On dedicated
    modules. you can make or Datamaster operates on all the logic necessary to links. HCOM operates at up
    modify a record structure or most computers running support CRC 16 error check- to 9600 bps.
    a data-screen entry and under CPiM. MP/M. MS-DOS. ing. half-duplex link control. The software costs $42 5
    generate reports to your TurboDOS. ITT-DOS, and and user-configurable help (Canadian). The AT&T 202-
    specifications. Oasis. Suggested retail price screens and menus. Remote- compatible modem, the
    The program allows mixed is $49 5. Contact CD.A. Inter- site or mobile users can log CD-2. sells for $62 5. Contact
    fields on the same screen national Software Corp .. on to any HCOM system Cr afield Digital. I 07 Abadan
    from a single or multiple Suite 330. 14900 Ventura and send or receive files. Crescent NE, Calgary, Al-
    database. You can retrieve Blvd .. Sherman Oaks. CA HCOM can also be used berta T2A 6PI, Canada.
    relative information from 91403, (818) 986-3233. in full-duplex mode and still (403) 273-9738.
    one or several databases Inquiry 638. support all the services pro- Inquiry 639.

    SOF lfW ARE • O 'F HER COMPUTERS

    Screen Dump from Structured Programming Language Released for Commodore


    MBC 550 .............•......•.•....•............................•.••••••••.••..............•..•.•••
    high-level. structured vironment let you write ap- guage) comes with a one-

    S napshot allows Sanyo


    MBC 550 screen dumps
    A programming language
    similar to C and Pascal. PRO-
    plications for the Com-
    modore 64 in a high-level
    pass compiler. a full-screen
    editor, a command ex-
    at any time. It also lets you MAL runs on the Com- language. where once such ecutive, and a library of
    zoom in on smaller areas of modore 64. Systems Man- programs had to be written predefined utilities. The
    the screen. It has three agement Associates says that in assembly language. PROMAL executive provides
    operating modes: character. PROMAL:s fast compiler and PROMAL (Programmer's file. memory. an.d program
    color graphics. and high- a highly efficient run-time en- Micro Applications Lan- management as well as 110
    resolution black-and-white redirection. A full-screen.
    graphics. The character cursor-driven editor helps
    mode can be used for fast you enter and edit your
    printing of screen data: the source program rapidly.
    color-graphics mode prints a The library of machine-
    side view of the screen with language subroutines sup-
    colors shown as distinguish- ports the PROMAL run-time
    able dot patterns. environment with optimized
    Snapshot works with any routines for file 1/0, string
    dot-matrix printer with handling, formatted output
    graphic capabilities and a and data conversion. Bench-
    parallel port Horizontal and marks that reportedly show
    vertical scaling. color-to-dot PROMAL to be from 70 to
    pattern representation. and 200 percent faster than
    the keystrokes used to in- BASIC COMAL. FORTH and
    voke its operations can be Pascal are available from the
    modified. Snapshot is pre- manufacturer.
    configured for various PROMAL is $49.95 factory-
    printers. It runs on versions direct. A developer's version
    of MS-DOS that occupy with an umlimited run-time
    under 2.5K bytes of main distribution license is $99.95.
    memory. It costs $34. 95. Contact Systems Manage-
    plus SI shipping. Contact ment Associates. 3700 Com-
    Key Software Products. 440 puter Dr .. POB 2002 5.
    Ninth Ave .. Menlo Park. CA Raleigh. NC 27619. (919)
    94025. (415) 364-9847. PROMAL for the C-64 is similar to C a11d Pascal. 787-7703.
    Inquiry 640. Inquiry 641.

    446 BYTE • APRIL 198 5


    WHAT'S NEW

    SOFTWARE• OTHER COMPUTERS

    Communications Software for Portable Utilities for LaserJet


    eneva Connection is a
    G ROM-cartridge telecom-
    munications program that
    J
    etSet. a pair of utilities
    for Hewlett-Packard's
    LaserJet printer. runs on the
    lets users of Epson·s Geneva HP I 50 touch-screen com-
    portable computer commu- puter. the I BM PC. and
    nicate directly with external PC-compatibles. Both utili-
    storage units or by modem ties interface transparently
    with other computers. It can with each other and can be
    handle communications with used with any text editor or
    remote computers by means word processor.
    of add-on or external SetLaser. the first utility.
    modems and through executes a string of com-
    acoustic couplers. Data can mands that initialize the
    also be sent or retrieved LaserJet and direct its out-
    from a floppy disk. RAM put to the communications
    disk. or microcassette. port. It provides access to
    Geneva Connection offers the LaserJet's formatting
    two means of transferring capabilities. including
    files: XON/XOFF flow control typefaces. lines per inch.
    and a block protocol with
    Geneva Connection is a communications package for the Epson portable
    number of copies. and page
    error detection and correc- length. Multiple formats can
    tion. It works with either capability for preset time processors. be saved for use with dif-
    pulse or tone dialing and is periods. full range of com- The retail price for the ferent documents.
    capable of automatic munication speeds. and Geneva Connection is $79. The second utility is
    dialing. selective filtering and re- Contact Epson America. Runoff. It lets you set tab
    Other features are English- placement of characters for 2780 Lomita Blvd .. Torrance. stops. margins. and page
    language command struc- such applications as file CA 90505 . (213) 539-9140. feeds from within the docu-
    tures. automatic-answer transfers between word Inquiry 642. ment being printed. It can
    be used for generating
    headers. footers. and page
    CP/M Plus for Cromemcos numbers and underlining
    portions of text.
    uper Bios Plus is a ning Cromemco software single- or double-density JetSet is $79. Contact
    S revised version of CP/M
    Plus for Cromemco com-
    under CP/M and MP/M. Ex-
    pand is a supplied system
    5 ~- and 8-inch disks. Source
    code and copy and disk- ·
    Datamate Co .. Suite 128.
    413 5 South 100 East Ave ..
    puters said to incorporate a extension. Super BIOS Plus formatting programs are Tulsa. OK 74146. (800)
    memory-management also incorporates a compo- supplied. Contact Micro Ap- 262-7276: in Oklahoma.
    method that uses interbank nent that allows Cromemcos plications & Hardware. I 5 (918) 664-7276.
    memory moves and banking to read data disks created Princess St.. Sausalito. CA Inquiry 644 .
    of disk drivers to achieve a on the IBM PC 94965 . (415) 331-6422: east
    60Kcbyte program area. Its Super BIOS Plus with Ex- of the Rockies. (314)
    file system features hashed pand costs $3 7 5. It supports 434-1896.
    directory access. record buf- single- or double-sided. Inquiry 643. MSX Source Code
    fering. and multisectored Manual
    disk 110.
    Super Bios Plus is upward- WHERE DO NEW PRODUCT ITEMS COME FROM?
    compatible with CP/M 2.2 The new products listed in this section of BYTE are chosen fram the Q est Publishing has
    released a complete
    for applications program- thousands of press releases. letters. and telephone calls we receive each BIOS manual for the MSX
    ming. and it supports up to month fram manufacturers. distributors. designers. and readers. The standard.
    16 hard disks. basic criteria for selection for publication are: (a) does a product match MSX BIOS. The Complete
    Console 110 redirection our readers· interests? and (b) is it new or is it simply a reintroduction MSX BASIC !IO Listing con-
    utilities are available for ap- of an old item? Because of the volume of submissions we must sort tains the full source code
    plications programming through every month. the items we publish are based on vendors· for MSX BASIC This soft-
    transparency. Extended statements and are not individually verified. If you want your product cover book retails for
    system utilities include pro- to be considered for publication (at no charge). send full information $69.95. Contact Oest Pub-
    grams that list file direc- about it. including its price and an address and telephone number lishing Inc .. Suite 800. 39
    tories and transfer files. A where a reader can get further information. to New Products Editor. West 32nd St.. New York.
    batch facility is provided. BYTE. POB 372. Hancock. NH 03449. NY IOOOI. (212) 564-0749.
    A COOS emulator for run- Inquiry 645 .

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 447


    Inquiry 410

    The latest CCT implementation of the new


    SYSTEM
    CCT-4 SERIES
    generation Intel 16-Bit Processor technology.
    This means extreme speed, unequaled power,
    and the ultimate in reliability, and of course, the
    innovators at CCT behind it.

    This series in the CCT line exploits the speed and power of the Intel 80286 and Zilog Z-80H (8MHz), on the 2862 CPU
    board. This combination, along with CompuPro OMA controllers and 1/0 boards, yields a dramatic improvement in system
    throughput speeds, from basic CP/M operation, up to large powerful multi-user/multi-tasking machines. The CCT-4
    represents the most advanced hardware presently available in a microcomputer to run the thousands of CP/M type
    software programs on the market, and with CONCURRENT DOS 8-16 and the CompuPro PC Graphics board (when
    available), all software written for the IBM PC machines. This series is for the serious business/scientific user.
    CCT-4A State-of-the-art power in it's basic form. Consists of CCT-286Z CPU board and CCT-M256 (256K), along with Com-
    puPro: Enclosure 2 Desk (21 slot MF), Disk 1A, System Support 1, Interfacer 4, the CCT-2.4 floppy drive system , and
    CP/M 80 and CP/M 86, and with SF-200 surge suppressor system .. ..... . .. ... . . ...... .. .... $5,995.00

    CCT-48 Single-user/hard disk power. As the 4A, except priced without the CCT-2.4, to add in your choice of CCT hard/floppy
    combination drive subsystem, at the published pricing . .......... ......... .. .. . .......... . $4,895.00
    (Example: CCT-48 Mainframe with CCT-1011 = $7,244.00) Plus cost of selected drive subsystem

    CCT-4C Multi-user/hard disk power. As the 48, with the CCT-M512 (512K static RAM board) instead of M256; Interfacer 3 in-
    stead of Interfacer 4; SF-400 instead of SF-200, plus Concur. DOS 8-16 O.S. (6 user system) ...... . . $6,695.00
    (Example: CCT-4C Mainframe with CCT-4011 = $10,044.00) Plus cost of selected drive subsystem

    Limited Time Offer - FREE Supercalc 86 with any CCT-4


    The above systems include all necessary cabling, assembly, testing, minimum 20 hour burn-in,
    and the CCT unconditional 12 month direct warranty.
    CCT-M512 CCT introduces it's 512K static RAM board. IEEE Standard 12MHz. 512K in one slot! Introductory Price: $1,995
    CCT-M256 256K version of M512 upgradeable to full 512K. Perfect 256K RAM board for any CompuPro system . . . . $1,029

    CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY I BOX 4160 I SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340


    TOLL FREE ORDERING: 800-222-8686 / For technical support I service: 602-282-6299

    ITEM FOR +5V -5V +12V +12V -12V +24V +BV ±16V W x D x Hin. TERMINALS PRICE
    SW40W TERM. & 2 ALPS DRIVES 2.5A 212.5A pk. .3A 6.3 x 3.9 x 1.9 MOLEX 5051 $ 54.95
    SW70W APPLE l!I®, IBM PC-I, 11 ·~ 7A .3A 2.513.5A pk. .3A 9.6 x 4 x 2.4 MOLEX 126-P1 64.95
    SWBOW PC WITH SOFT DRIVES BA .3A 314A pk. .3A 7.4 x 4.5 x 2.3 MOLEX 2139 74.95
    SW13B IBM PC-XT® Pl~ RPLCMNT. 15A 1.0A 415A pk. 1.0A 9.5 x 5.6 x 4.6 MOLEX, AMP. 129.95
    SW150 PC WITH HARD DRIVES 12A .3A 415A pk. 2.5A .5A 10.4 x 5 x 2.5 TERM. BLOCK 139.95
    SPECS. OF ABOVE SWITCHERS: 1171220 VAC SELECTABLE, INPUT 90-132 VACI 1B0-275 VAC, EFFIC. 75% TYPICAL, LINE REGUL. 0.3%, LOAD
    REGUL. 1% ON +5V, 5% ON OTHER VOLTAGES, 6.2 OVP SETTING ON + 5V, OVERLOAD & SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECT, LOW OUTPUT RIPPLE &
    NOISE, 1% MAX, 50,000 HRS. MTBF RELIABILITY. UL, FCC & VOE SAFETY & NOISE STANDARDS.
    S3 FOR S- 100, 10 SLOTS 5A 1A * 517 A pk. 12A 3A 10 x 6 x 5 SOLDER POST 5105.95
    S4 FOR S-100, 6 SLOTS 4A 1A * 415A pk. BA 2.5A B.4 x 5 x 4.B SOLDER POST B9.95
    R1 2 FLOPPY DRIVES 3A .5A * 314A pk. Bx 4 x 3.4 SOLDER POST 44.95
    R1A APPLE II PC" 3A .5A 314A pk. .5A Bx 4 x 3.4 SOLDER POST 46.95
    C64 COMPATIBLE TO COMMODORE C64 (OR C+4)" POWER SUPPLY: +5V/1.7A, 9 VACl1A & 117 VAC IN, POTTED & UIL. 19.95
    *: +24V CAN BE CHANGED TO + 12V BY FACTORY, PLEASE SPECIFY WHEN YOU ORDER. C64
    THE ABOVE 5 LINEAR PIS ARE WITH 3% LOAD REGUL.. OVP ON +5V, FUSED: INPUT & OUTPUTS.

    POWER TRANSFORMERS: (WITH MOUNTING BRACKET) ON SALE


    ITEM PRIMARY SECOND. #1 SECOND. #2 SECOND. #3 W x D x H in. PRICE
    T1 1101120 VAC 2 x B VACl7A 2B VAC, CT, 2-5A 33/4 x 35/a x 31/a 515.95 SHIPPING:
    T2 1101120 VAC 2 x B VACl12A 2B VAC, CT, 3A 3:i,:. x 43/a x 3Va 21.95 FOR EA. POWER SUPPLY: $6.00 IN CALIF.;
    T3 1101120 VAC 2 x B VACl6A 2B VAC, CT, 2A 2B VAC, CT, 3A 33/4 x 4% x 31/a 23.95 $8.00 IN OTHER STATES; $1B.OO IN CANADA.
    T4 1101120 VAC 16 VAC, CT, 4A 2B VAC, CT, 1.5A 2B VAC, CT, 3A 33/4 x 35/a x 3Va 17.95 FOR EA. TRANSFORMER: $6.00 IN ALL
    T4-1 1101120 VAC 16 VAC, CT, 4A 2B VAC , CT, 1.5A 4B VAC, CT, 2A 33/4 x 35/a x 3Va 14.95 STATES; $12.00 IN CANADA. CALIF.
    Ts 1101120 VAC 16 VAC, CT, 3A 2B VAC, CT, 2A 3 x 3 x 2'12 11.95 RESIDENTS ADD 6.5% SALES TAX.

    448 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 370


    ®CUSTOM COMPUTER
    TOLL-FREE
    ORDERING:
    800-222-8686 CCT
    FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT/ 1 CCT PLAZA-·P.O. BOX 4160 - SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340
    SERVICE / IN ARIZONA:
    . .. TECHNOLOGY
    Purchase your Hardware and Software directly from an OEM I Systems Integrator: Take advantage of our buying powert We stock a
    full line of Board Level Components, Software and Peripherals. Call for your needs. We'll give ~u the Lowest Prices, and the Technical
    602-282-6299 Support and Know-How we are quickly becoming well-known for. Satisfied Customers Nationwide. The Nation's Custom Systems House
    for Business, Education and Science. Call for a system quote. CCT implements tomorrow's technology today!

    • FOREMOST QUALITY • ADVANCED SUPPORT • REASONABLE COST •

    (GmpuPr~ J

    80286 NOW!
    D CCT-286Z is our model designation INDUSTRIAL GRADE
    SUPERIOR QUALITY
    CCT DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS ROLLSROYCESOF
    THE INDUSTRY
    for the Ml-286 dual processor board
    from Macrotech. It features the super S-100 HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS
    high speed combination of Z-80H and Professionally engineered ST-506 type systems for the business market S-100 Computer user. In-
    80286, with provision for the 80287 cludes industry top quality drives, CompuPro Disk 3 OMA controller, all cabling, A&T, formatted,
    math chip. Directly replaces 8085/88 burned-in. Provisions for uptotwohard disks in each system. We include operating system update.
    and 8086 CPUs running CP/M, MP/M CP/M 80, CP/M 86, CP/M 8-16, MP/M 8-16, CP/M 68K. (/1 Systems are CCTinnovated hard/floppy
    Concurrent DOS, and MS-DOS, at combinations, with Mitsubishi DSDD 8" drive.) 12 month warranty.
    throughput increases of 3X to 5X! CCT-10(11 +MEG) .. . ...... .. ... $1799 CCT-10/1 ...... . .... . .... . . $2349
    CCT-20(22+ MEG) . ........ ... . . $2319 CCT-20/1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2869
    SPECIAL PRICE - $1099 CCT-40 (36 + MEG) .......... . . .. $2799 CCT-40/1 ..... . .... . .... . ..... $3349
    80287 Option - Installed -$395 CCT-60 (58 +MEG) (New) . . .... . . . . $3999 CCT-60/1 . . . . . . . .. ............ $4549
    CCT-90 (87 +MEG) (New) . ..... . . . . $5209 CCT-90/1 ............. . .. $5759
    SEE THE CCT-4 SERIES CCT-125(123+MEG) (New) ...... .. $6399 CCT-125/1 ... . .......... . ..... $6949
    USING THIS BOARD
    DETAILED ON THE FACING PAGE
    NEW-TRUE
    IBM PC INTERFACE
    NEw .
    10 MEG REMOVABLE CARTRIDGE DRIVE SYSTEM
    for hard disk back-up- OMA using Disk 3 controller.
    Super fast/Ultra reliable· Available April

    ULTRA HI-RES GRAPHICS! CCT-2.4 •Dual 8" DSDD FLOPPY SYSTEMS CCT-5 • 5114'' DSDD
    Mitusbishi 2.4 Megabyte in Extra Heavy horizontal enclosure, IBM Compatible Tandon 320K. Extra Heavy Cabinet
    CCT S-100/PC is a break-through for the removeable filter air system, all cabling, A&T, Burned in. The accommodatestwodrives, hard or floppy. All cabling, A& T,
    Science/Business user. Mini-enclosure ac- fastest system available: . . . .. .. .. $1229 Burned-in. Perfect for our PC-DOS Package . . . . $399
    cepts PC & compatable boards and direct- CCT-8/5 •FULL IBM COMPATABILITY
    ly connects to your S-100 system, running One Mitsubishi 8" DSDD (1.2 Meg)/One 5-V4'' DSDD (360K) IBM Drive
    PC-DOS or Concurrent DOS. Hercules™ Both 3ms step rate - For ConcurrentDOS and PC DOS . . . . . . . .. $1029
    Graphics System-Coming this May! * SUPER PRICES* COMPUPRO COMPONENTS * IN STOCK *
    ! ! THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS ! ! CPU-Z - $229 • Disk 1A - $519 • Disk 1A w/CP/M - $619 • CPU 8086/87 - $819 • SPU-Z - ?
    LIBERTY TERMINALS CPU 8085/88 - $349 • CPU 8086 - $559/10Mhz - $599 • CPU 68K • $519/10Mhz - $639
    • Superior Reliability • PC Graphics - $399 • Disk 3 - $499 • RAM 22 (256K) - $1179 • RAM 23/64K - $309/128K - $599
    100-12" GREEN-25 X 80 . . . $399 NEW - M-Drive/H - 512K - $599 / 1 Meg - $1149 / 2 Meg - $2099 / 4 Meg - $3799
    110·14" GREEN-80/132 Column .... $499 Enclosure 2 Desk- $649/Rack- $699 • Interfacer 3 - $499 • Interfacer 4 -$349 • System Support 1 -$329
    200·14" GREEN-80/132 Super Deluxe . $569 Concurrent DOS 8-16 (CCJCMX) - $309 • CP/M 80 (CCTHMX) - $125 • CP/M 86 (CCrrMX) - $175
    220· 14" GREEN-DEC Compatible .... $699
    CP/M 8-16 (CCTTMX) - $199 • CP/M 68K (CCJCX)- $279 • Operating System Updates/Remakes - $30
    CCT RECOMMENDS-
    AMBER Screen Options . . . . .. $20 I 16 Bit Upgrade Kit: CP/M 86, RAM 23, System Support 1, Cable $759 D CP/M 8-16 • Kil· $783 I
    OKIDATA PRINTERS • Top Quality
    82 • 80 Col. . $329 83 -132 Col. .. $619 CCT-1 - ENTRY LEVEL S-100 BUSINESS SYSTEM
    92 - 80 Col .. $429 93 - 132 Col . $659 • Enclosure 2-Desk-21 Slot Mainframe • • CCf-2.4-Dual 8" Mitsubishi
    84 - 132 Col/200cps-Top of the Line . $799 • CPU 8085/88 - 6Mhz 8085/8Mhz 8088 • DSDD Drive System - 2.4 Megabytes • SPECIAL PRICE
    For Serial Interfaces - Add . . . . $100 • Disk 1A- OMA Floppy Disk Controller • • GP /M 80 - 2.2 HMX - CCf Modified •
    DIABLO - Letter Quality Series
    Model 620 . . $969 Model 630 .. $1799
    • RAM 23 - 64K Static RAM - 12Mhz •
    • Interfacer 4 - 3 Serial/2 Parallel 1/0 •
    • All Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly,
    Testing, and Minimum 20 Hour Burn-in •
    $3,559
    WE HAVE ALL SOFTWARE-CALL RUNS ALL STANDARD 8" CP/M SOFTWARE - INCLUDES OUR EXCLUSIVE 12 MONTH DIRECT WARRANTY

    Prices & availability subject to change. All products new. and carry full manufacturer's warranties. Call for catalog. Free technical help to anyone. All products we well are CCT individually tested
    and set up for your system - Plug-In & Go! Arizona residents add sales tax CCT"' Trademark - Custom Computer Technology; MS-DOS® Trademark - Microsoft; IBM® Trademark -
    International Business Machines; CompuPro® Trademark- W.J. Godbout; CPIM® MPIM® Trademarks - Digital Research; HERCULES™ Trademark - Hercules Computer Technology

    Inquiry 409 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 449


    Inquiry 114

    Apple
    HARD_DISK™ IBM.Zenith

    5 and 10 megabyte Removables 10, 31, 55, 88, and 119 megabyte Fixed
    Selected as the best buy for Apple and IBM PCs by capacity. Backed by direct and immediate engineering ing any existing software. Wordstar, Lotus 1-2-3,
    Popular Computing Magazine, Digital Electronics support, each customer can now enjoy carefree usage d-Base II, immediately take advantage of vast disk
    Systems offers the most flexible HARD_DISKs for of high performance mass storage devices. Software space without modification. Call a DES customer
    Apple and IBM PCs. A mixture of Re.novable and Fixed developed by DES was designed to allow easy quick engineer today to discuss your HARD DISK needs.
    HARD_DISKs allows virtually unlimited storage installation and to work transparently without chang-

    Apple IBM, Zenith


    •User-selected volume sizes as follows: •User-selectable format interleave for maximizing •Internal 5, 10 and 30 mb hall heighl drives
    DOS to 400K. PRODOS to 32 Mbytes. performance. •External 5, 10, 30, 52, 82, and 112 mb drives
    CPM to 150 megabytes. •HARD_ DISK can be used in any slot (except 0). •2 controllers C1 and C8
    PASCAL to 16 megabytes. •2 drive controller handles any combination of •User configurable volumes
    •Up to 254 DOS volumes, 63 CPM volumes, 64 Removable and/or Fixed Drives. •Completely IBM compatible
    PASCAL volumes, and 63 PRODOS volumes per •Complete information on directly accessing the •Transparent flagging of bad tracks
    drive. HARD_DISK including direct access using your own •Works transparently with user software
    •Split/merge files between HARD_DISK and floppies. drivers. • 11 Bit error detection and correction
    •Boot into any operating system and between •Transparent operation using each operating •Backup with copy utilities or optional tape drive
    operating systems. system's present commands. available from DES
    •Up to 12 drives per Apple. •Comprehensive manual •Full support and maintenance available from DES

    Removable Fixed
    5mb 10mb 10mb 30mb 52mb 82mb 112mb
    Apple, external 1295 1995 795 1695 2995 3995 4995
    Zenith 100 external 1450 2295 1395 1850 3250 4250 5250
    2nd Drive 895 1495 495 1195 2795 3795 4795
    5mb 10mb 10mb 31mb 55mb 88mb 119mb
    IBM PC, XT, AT - Internal 1095 1795 795 1495 - - -
    IBM PC, XT, AT· External 1295 1995 895 1695 2995 3995 4995
    Zenith 150 1295 1995 995 1695 2995 3995 4995
    2nd Drive 895 1495 495 1195 2795 3795 4795
    Annual Maintenance Contract 150 190 140 190 300 400 475
    CASH PRICES, Inquire about CREDIT CARD and PURCHASE ORDER PRICES

    DIGITAL ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS WE ACCEPT:


    Mastercard, Visa,
    615-649-5137 302 South Main, Estill Springs. Tennessee 37330 and American
    SeTYing the Electronics Industry since 1978. Express

    SOMEBODY Has To Have The Lowest Prices!


    IBM MONO PRINTER ADAPTER $230.00
    MONITORS PERSYST COLOR ADAPTER $190.00
    AMDEK 300 _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ $135.00 PERSYST MONO PRINTER ADAPTER _ _ $210.00
    HERCULES GRAPHIC ADAPTER $349.00
    PGS HX-12 $475.00
    HERCULES COLOR CARD $210.00
    PGS MAX-12 $190.00
    STB GRAPHIX PLUS 11 $375.00
    PGS SR-12 $625.00
    TAXAN GREEN COMPOSITE $125.00
    MODEMS
    TAXAN AMBER COMPOSITE $135.00
    TAXAN GREEN W/TTLPLUS $149.00
    HA YES SMART MODEM 1200 $469.00
    TAXAN AMBER W/TTL PLUS $159.00
    HAYES SMART MODEM 300 $209.00
    IBM MONOCHROME DISPLAY $260.00
    HAYES 1200B PLUG IN CARD $429.00
    IBM COLOR DISPLAY $590.00 OUBIE PC 212A/1200 INT ________ $275.00
    PRINTERS OUBIE PC 212E/1200 EXT $299.00

    EPSON FX 80 $425.00 HARD DISKS


    EPSON FX 100 $625.00
    IBM PC, 256 K, One Half Height 320 K Disk Drive OS/DD. EPSON RX 80 $245.00 10MB SUB SYSTEM INT _ _ __ __ _ $850.00
    Persyst Color Card, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1 EPSON RX SOFT $295.00 10MB SUB SYSTEM EXT $1025.00
    PLUS a 10MB Hard Disk Sub System all for : OKIDATA 82A $299.00 10MB TAPE BACK UP $599.00
    $2690.00 OKIDATA 83A $569.00
    OKIDATA 92P $399.00 GENERAL
    IBM PC, 256 K, Two Half Height Drives OS/DD, Persyst OKIDATA 93P $625.00
    Color Card. Taxan Green Monitor. DOS 2 .1. 130 Watt OKIDATA 84P $759.00 CONTROL DA TA DISKETTES $25.00/box
    Power Sup ly PLUS a 10MB Hard Disk Sub System all for: OKI DATA 2410P $1959.00 KEYTRONIC KB5 151 $189.00
    $2980.00 TOSHIBA P1351 $1295.00 PARALLEL CABLES $25.00
    NEC SPINWRITER 3550 $1595.00 64K RAM UPGRADE KIT $50.00
    IBM PC, 256 K, Two Half Height Drives OS/DD, Persyst NEC PINWRITER 80 COL $699.00 12BK RAM UPGRADE KIT (For AT) _ _ _ _ $199.00
    Color Card, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1. 130 Watt NEC PINWRITER 136 COL $899.00 IBM PC POWER SUPPLY (Original)
    Power Supply. 10MB Hard Disk Sub System. PLUS BROTHER HR-25 $699.00 63.5 Watts $89.00
    10MB Tape Back Up System all for: BROTHER HR- 35 $925.00 IBM KEYBOARD FOR PC (Original) _ _ _ $109.00
    $3579.00 (Accessories on NEC & OKI DATA printers available)
    IBM PC, 256 K, Two Half Height Drives OS/DD, Persyst DRIVES
    Color Card, Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1. 130 Watt
    Power Supply, 20MB Hard Disk Sub System all for: TANDON TM-100-2 _ __ _ _ __ _ _ $179.00
    $3380.00 SLIMLINE - TOSHIBA $155.00
    SLIMLINE- TEAC 55B $155.00
    IBM PC, 256 K, Two Half Height Drives OS/DD, Persyst
    Color Card, Taxan Green Monitor. DOS 2.1, 130 Watt
    MULTIFUNCTION BOARDS
    Power Supply, 20MB Hard Disk Sub System PLUS 10MB
    Tape Back Up System all for : 2640 Walnut Avenue, Unit K,
    AST 110+1 SER & 1 PAR $179.00
    $3979.00 AST SIX PACK 64K. 1 SER & 1 PAR _ _ _ $269.00 Tustin , California 92680
    (We configure and test the system for you at no extra OUADBOARD 64K $269.00 (Prices & availability subject to change without notice-
    cost.) IBM COLOR GRAPHIC ADAPTER $225.00 IBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation.)

    450 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 266


    , , Wh._t the world really needs
    isa99cent
    Double Sided, Double Density Diskette
    with a LIFETIME WARRANTY!
    And DISK WORLD! has it.
    Introducing Super Star Diskettes:
    the high quality diskette with
    the lowest price
    and the best LIFETIME WARRANTY!
    In the course of selling more than a million diskettes Super Star Diskettes. You already know

    II
    every month, we've learned something: higher prices don't
    necessarily mean higher quality. how good they are. Now you can buy
    In fact, we've found that a good diskette manufacturer them ... cheap.
    simply manufactures a good diskette ... no matter what Well, that's the story.
    they charge for it. (By way of example, consider that none Super Star diskettes don't roll off the boat from Pago-
    of the brands thatwecarry has areturnrate of greaterthan Pago or emerge from a basement plant just east of
    1/1,000th of 1 percent!) Nowhere.
    In other' words, when people buy a more expensive Super Star diskettes have been around for years ... and
    diskette, they aren't necessarily buying higher quality. • SYc" you've used them for years as copy-protected software
    The extra money might be going toward flashier adver- originals, unprotected originals. Sometimes, depending
    tising, snazzier packaging or simply higher profits.
    SSDD DSDD on which computer you own, the system master may have
    But the extra money in a higher price isn't buying better
    quality.
    All of the good manufacturers put out a good diskette.
    Period.
    How to cut diskette prices
    .91 ea.
    Qty. so
    I .99 ea.
    Qty. 50
    been on a Super Star diskette. And maybe more than once,
    you've bought a box or two or more of Super Star diskettes
    without knowing it. They just had some "big" company's
    name on them.
    Super Star Diskettes are good. So good that J lot of
    ... without cutting quality. Super Star diskettes are sold in multiples of 50 only. Diskettes are major software publishers, computer manufacturers and
    shipped with white Tyvec sleeves, reinforced hubs, user ID labels other diskette marketers buy them in the tens or hundreds
    Now this discovery posed a dilemma: how to cut the and write-protect labs. of thousands.
    price of diskettes without lowering the quality. We buy them in the millions.
    There are about 85 companies claiming to be "diskette" Boy, did we get lucky. Our Super Star And than we sell them to you.
    manufacturers. Cheap.
    Trouble is, most of them aren't manufacturers. Diskettes are the same ones you've been
    Rather they are fabricators or marketers, taking other using for years ... without knowing it. When every little bit counts,
    company's components, possibly doing one or more steps In our search for the low priced, high quality diskette of it's Super Star Diskettes.
    of the processing themselves and pasting their labels on our dreams, we found something even more interesting. You've used them a hundred times ... under different
    the finished product. We found that there are several manufacturers who names.
    The new Eastman Kodak diskettes, for example, are one don't give a hoot about the consumer market for their Now, you can buy the real McCoy, the same diskette that
    of these. So are IBM 514'' diskettes. Same for DYSAN, diskettes. They don't spend millions of dollars in advertis- major software publishers. computer manufacturers and
    Polaroid and many, many other familiar diskette brand ing trying to get you, the computer user, to use their diskette marketers buy .. . and call their own.
    names. Each of these diskettes is manufactured in whole diskettes. We simply charge less.
    or in part by another company1 Instead. they concentrate their efforts on turning out the
    So, we decided to act just like the big guys. That's how highest quality diskettes they can ... because they sell
    we would cut diskette prices ... without lowering the them to the software publishers, computer manufacturers Super Special!
    quality. and other folks who (in turn) put their name on them ... and
    We would go out and find smaller companies to manu- sell them for much higher prices to youi
    facture a diskette to our specifications ... specifications After all, when a software publisher or computer manu- Order 50 Super Star Diskettes
    which are higher than most. .. and simply create our own facturer or diskette marketer puts their name on adiskette, and we'll be happy to sell you an
    "name brand" diskette. they want it to work time after time, everytime (Especially Amaray Media-Mate 50 for only
    Name brand diskettes that offered high quality at low software publishers who have the nasty habit of copy- $8.75, shipping included .. .a lot
    prices. protecting their originals!) less than the suggested retail price
    of $15.95.
    ~egular DISK WORLD! price:S10.95ea.
    DISKETTE STORAGE + $2.00 Shpng.
    CASES HOW TO ORDER:
    PERFECTDATA DIAL 'N FILE - ORDERS ONLY: The Super Star
    Terrific! Holds 10 511" diskettes. Just flip 1-800-621-6827
    the lever and they all slide up foreasy access
    and identification. Grey with smoked plastic
    · \
    - . ....... \
    (In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) LIFETIME WARRANTY!
    front. ~ -:; fl . INQUIRIES:
    $2.75 Ea. + .35 Shpng.

    DISK CADDIES
    The original flip -up holder for 10 511·
    ~

    Ji>
    __.
    _
    1-312-944-2788
    FOR FASTEST SERVICE, USE NO-COST MCI MAIL:
    Our address is DISKWORLD. It's a FREE MCI MAIL
    Super Star Diskettes are unconditionally warranted
    against defects in original material and workmanship
    so long as owned by the original purchaser. Returns

    t;
    diskettes. 9eig• or Grey only letter. No charge to you. (Situation permitting, we'll are simple: just send the defective diskettes with proof
    $1.65 ea. + .20 Shpng. ship these orders in 24 hours or less.) of purchase, postage-paid by you with a short expla-
    SHIPPING: 5V•" & 3'h" DISKETTES-Add $3.00 per each nation of the problem, and we'll send you the replace-
    DISKETTE 70 STORAGE 100 or fewer diskettes. OTHER ITEMS: Add shipping charges ments. ·(Incidentally, coffee stained diskettes and
    Dust-free storage for 70 5'A" diskettes.- •' as shown in addition to other shipping charges. PAYMENT: diskettes with staples driven through them don't
    Six dividers included. NI excellent value. VISA, MASTERCARD and Prepaid orders accepted. COD OR· qualify as "defective".)
    $11.95 ea. + $3.00 Shpng. DEAS: Add additional $3.00 special handling charge. APO,
    FPO, AK, Hf & PR ORDERS: Include shipping charges as
    shown and additional 5% of total order amount to cover PAL
    and insurance. We ship only to United States addresses. except
    HOURS: for those listed above. TMES: Illinois residents, add 8% WE WILL MEET OR BEAT ANY NATIONALLY
    Human: 8AM-6PM Central Time, Monday through Friday sales tax. ADVERTISED PRICE
    Answering Machine: 6PM-8AM, All Times MINIMUM ORDER: $35.00 or 20 diskettes. ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES
    MCI MAIL: 24 hours a day. SUBJECT TO THE SAME TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

    Suite4806
    DISK WORLD'• I Inc • 30 East Huron Street
    Chicago, Illinois 60611

    Inquiry f 23 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 451


    Inquiry 3 71

    ·------------------------------------·
    •

    I
    I
    ~
    ~
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    co ••t...
    .
    :!"!.~ ~!!, ll-~"Nl"S
    c:;;;;.U11i i ftw ....
    •I
    12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250
    •
    l ,l '-1*9
    1-800·421 -5775 (OrcEr Only)
    (213) 644-1140 (CA Order & Info.)

    Mon .f,;
    sar.
    STORE HOU f!
    9 a.m. ro 6 Pm
    10amro sPm .
    TEAMS: VISA. MASTERCARD. C 0 Q _ (Cash 01 Cen1fte<1
    Check Re(J.lire:ll Check (Atrow 2·3 Weeks for C1eat1ng)
    Sh1ppmg& H CS300 10tJLns. p1us00c: 1oreachacicnLb
    ~~a~:,':~~.':~!';~~~:~~.~;!:,~,:~;;::;0~::"
    I

    I
    I NEW BRANCH STORE IN ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA 17552 BEACH BLVD., #C, HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647 (714) 842-1948 I
    I I
    I CPU Board (w/128Kl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $399.00 Sun Z80 Card !w/o Software APPLE II & II + onlyl ......... $49.00 I
    I Computer Cabinet •..............•................ $69.00 I Sun 80 Column Card lw/Soft Switch) ........•......... $85.00 I
    I 83 Key Full-Function Keyboard . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. $99.00 I Power Supply (5 Ampl .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . $59.95
    Monochrome Graphic Card (w/parallel printer port) ..... . .. $210.00 I Cooling Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • $42.00
    I 130 Watt Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . • $129.00 Floppy Disk Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . $42.00
    I 135 Watt Power Supply .......... .. ............... $135 .00 I 16K RAM Card . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $49.00
    128K RAM Card ..... , .... , ..................... $159.00
    I 150 Watt Power Supply ........................... $140 .00 II
    CoIor Grap h.1c card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • $149 •00 Parallel Printer Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $49.00
    I FDD Contro IIer Card · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · $99 ·00 I
    Serial Printer Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $89.00
    RS232 Card f or Modem . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599.00
    .
    I ParaIIeI Prmter Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 559 .00 EPROM programmer (2716 ,32 ,641 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $75 .00
    I ASVNC & RS23 2 Card .. .k. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $75 .00 II App Ie o·1sk Drive
    . IFuII he1g . ht ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $159.00

    I .
    360KB DSDD. (s limlinel D1s 0 rive ............ · · · · · · · 5119 ·00 Aooarat EPROM Bl aster . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . $119 ,nn
    IBM Parallel Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . $19.00
    I IBM Prototype Board . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9.00
    I Apparat EPROM Blaster ................ • .....•... $129.00
    I MicroLog Z-80B Baby Blue II Co-Processor. Multi-Function I S-100 Single Board Computer IZ80AJ .... . . Kit $99.00 B/B $49.00
    I !Run CP/M Software, Require 64K RAMJ .... • ...... . . $499.00 I S-100 Universal Floppy Disk Controller •.. Kit $125.00 B/B $49.00
    IBM Up-Grade Kit (4164-150NSJ ....... . ........ $19.50 per kit I S-100 ClockCalender Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • $89.00 B/B $42.00
    I 10MB Hard Disk (w/Controllerl . ..•...... . ...... . .... $675.00 S-100 64K Static Memory Board lw/o RAMJ. Kit $89.00 B/B $49.00 I
    I IBM PC Mouse .................................. $147.00 I S-100 Prototype Board (Sun-7211 ..................... $9.95 I
    I Quad Board II •............•. . •.................. $249.00 I 12" Amber TTL Hi-Res Monitor (20mHzl ........•. . ...• $135.00 I
    Quad 512 (w/64K RAMJ ........................... $259.00 I 12" Green TTL Hi-Res Monitor 120mHzl ............... $129.00 I
    I Koala Graphics Table lw/Softwarel .... • ........... • .. $105.00 12" Green Composite Hi-Res Monitor (22mHzl •••........ $99.00
    I
    ·------··················-------······
    • Keyboard Extension Cable ............... • .•......... $9.00 SKC OS/DD 5%" Diskette •..••••••••• $14.95 per 10 1

    - WAVE MATE BRINGS MUSCLE TO YOUR


    IBM PC/XT WITH IT'S 80286 MOTHERBOARD
    BULLET-286 makes the XT perform wilh greater power and speed than the IBM PC/ AT
    It's the new BULLET-286 motherboard for the IBM PC/ memory, expandable to 1 megabyte on-board .
    XT marketplace. This advanced-technology product The BULLET-286 is compatible with the IBM PC/XT
    utilizes the Intel microprocessor 80286 while maintain- to a degree far beyond the IBM PC-AT product. Applica.
    ing both hardware and software compa tibility with tion programs and operating systems (PC-DOS, CPI
    the IBM PC/XT. By simply re- M. UCSD Pascal , Pick , Oasis,
    placing the existing XT board Unix-derivitives) available for the
    with our new BULLET-286, you XT, can run without incompatibili-
    get greater power and speed ties on the BULLET-286.
    than the IBM PC-AT. Thus , ex- You can order now. The BUL-
    isting PC/XT users can pre- LET-286 is available with 256K
    serve their investment in RAM, with options to 1 full mega-
    hardware and software while byte. Prices start at $1 ,995 .
    moving a quantum leap be- Quantity discounts available.
    yond PC-AT performance. OEM and dealer inqu i ries
    The BULLET-286 contains a welcome.
    6 megahertz no wait state
    80286 microprocessor in
    place of the XT's 4.77 MHz
    APOU.O MARKETING
    (a division of Cal. Digital)
    8088. There is an 80287 math 22048 Sherman Way #316
    co-processor option, 8 IBM Canoga Park, CA 91303
    expansion slots, and enhanced Tel: (818) 883-8390 Telex: 194369
    ROM BIDS. The BULLET-286 In Europe call: Brussels 649-1070
    is equipped with 256K bytes of Telex 61828

    452 BY TE • APR IL 1985 Inquiry 28


    ALL PRICES
    20%-40% OFF LIST
    PRINTERS PRINTER DISPLAY MONITORS
    OKIDATA ACCESSORIES OUADRAM
    ML 182A, Replaces 82A "New" ... .. $ 239 Amberchrome/BMcompatible . . .. $ 175
    ML83A, 15" Para. & Ser. 545 ORANGE MICRO
    ML92P, 160 cps . . . 355 Grappler+ . . . .. .. . $ 115 AMDEK
    ML92 IBM Graphics Comp. 355 Buffered Grappler +, 16K exp. 64K . 159 V300G . ... . .... . . . ... . . . $ 125
    ML92S, 160cps . . . . . . . . . . 465 TOSHIBA V300A . . .. 135
    ML92 AppleMac.2K Graphics . 475 Bi·Directiona/ Tractor . . . ... . $ 149 V310A for IBMPC 159
    ML93P, l60 cps . . . . . . . 579 Font Disk for Down loading P1 351 . 48 Co/or600 ... .. .. ... .•. . . 429
    ML93 IBM Graphics Comp. 579 .MICROTEK Color710 .. . 545
    M L93S, 160 cp s . . . . . . . . . . 769 Dumpling GX (same as Grappler +I $ 69
    ML84P,200cps. . . . . 679 Dumpling GX w/16K buffer . . . . . 135 TAXAN
    ML8 4S.200cps . . .. . 779 IBM Green Monochrome #121 . . $ 139
    Dump/ingGXw132Kbuffer . . . .. 147 IBM Amb er Monochrome #122 . 145
    STAR MICRONICS Additional Buffering 16K . . . . . . 12
    SG· 10, 120 cps, 2K buffer .$ 249 RGB IBM w/Cable #420 . . . . . . 419
    FOURTH DIMENSION RGBSuperHi·Res.#415 . . . . 393
    SG·15, 120cps,2K buffer .. . 399 Par. Card & Cabl e for Appl e .$ 47
    SD·10, 160 cps, 10" carriage . 369 RGB Super Hi·Res. #440 . . . . 499
    SD· 15, 160 cps, Corr. Qual. .. . ... . . 479 OKIDATA RGB/Comp. Med. Res. #210 259
    Plug and Play for IBM . . .$ 49 Professional Sys. incl: Apple /IE w/128K &
    SB-10 Drafl & NLQ 24 wire print head 799 PRINCETON GRAPHICS 80co/., tilt mon., duo disk w/con't kit . $1375
    Okigraph I for82A/83A 49
    C. ITOH Tractor for82A & 92 49 HX·12forusewith IBM PC .. $ 455 Apple lie Lightweight Portable . Call
    7500APw/tract.(better thanRX80) .$ 225 JUKI Max 12Amberfor/BM . . .. . 179 IBM
    Prowriter8510AP, 120cps. .. 299 Bi·DirectionalTractor. .. $ 125 SR 12 Super Hi·Res .. .. . . . . 595 IBM PCBarew /cont. & keyboard ... $1150
    Prowriter8510 BC2, 120cps . . . . 389 Serial Interface . . . . Scan Doubler . . . . . 185 IBM PC64K, 1 Drive . . ... . .. . . ... .. 1325
    Prowriter8510SP, 180cps . ... . 399 65
    CABLES X-TRON IBM PC64K, 2 Drives . . 1499
    8510 BPI (IBM Compatible) . ... . 335 IBM PC, 2 Drives wl256K . . . . . . . . . . 1599
    Prowriter 111550 P, 15" 120cp s . 449 IBM PC to Parallel Printer. .$ 18 AG· 12, 1000x 450 Hi·Res wit/I. swv/ . $ 130
    Serial Cable . ... . 18 AA·12, 1000x450Hi·Reswlt\/.swvl. . 135 IBMXT, 128K, 10Meg., 360KDr. . . .. 3495
    Prowriterl/1550BCD, 15"120cps. 499 IBM AT Base . .. .. . .. ... .. . . . Call
    1550 EP(IBM Compatible ) 445 IBM AT Enhanced . . . . . . . . . Call
    1550SP, 180cps . . . . . .
    Starwriter F10·40PU, 40 cps .
    525
    889 EASTER SP~1;1AL5 ! ! Call About All "AT" Systems
    Starwrit er A 10·30 . . . . . . . 499 SANYO
    Printmaster F10·55PU, 55 cps 1029 MBC550-2w/1320KDrive&sftwr.. . $ 895
    BROTHER APPLE PROF. SYSTEM TEAC55B MBC 555-2 w/2 320K Drives &
    HR25, 25 cps .. ... .
    HR35, 36 cp s .
    . . $ 669 All Apple $1375 5109 more software . . . . .. , . . . . 1075
    Portable .... . . . • .. . .. .. . ... . . .. Call
    . . . 839
    DYNAX BUF. GRAPPLER + PARADISE MOD. G. C. Serial Port for Sanyo. . . . . . . . . . 79
    TAVA
    DX15XL,20cps By Brother . . $ 379
    $159 $269 T AVA PC1 Par. & 1 Ser. Ports, 128K, 2·320K
    JUKI Drives, Color Card & Monitor ... . .. $1499
    6100, L .Q.18 cps wl proportional spc.$ 399 VUTEK COLOR CARD COMPAQ
    6300...... . 699
    TOSHIBA MICRO-SCI A-2 2 yr. war. 5175 256K, w/2 ·320KDrives . . . $2150
    P1351 Dot Matrix, 192 cps, letter quality
    100cps,doesgraphics. 3 in 1 printer $1199
    $175 OKIDATA ML92 IBM
    P1340 same as above but 10" carr.. . 685
    C.ITOH 8510 AP $355 SOFTWARE
    PANASONIC LOTUS DEVELOPMENT CORP.
    1091w/Tractor,120 cps, 1 yr. war .. . $ 279 $299 HAVES 1200 Lotus 1·2-3 . . . . . . . .... . $ 295
    1092.. . . . 439 Symphony . . . . . . . 437
    1093. .. . .. . .... 669 $435 ASHTON TATE
    LEGEND APPLE SUPER SERIAL TAXAN No. 440 D Base Ill . . . . .. ... $ 419
    880,80cps,FT &Graphlcs .. ... ... $ 229
    1080, 120cps, FT & Graphics . 275
    $135 $449
    DISK DRIVES ANCHOR MARK XII MPI DRIVE FOR IBM PRINTER SWITCH BOX
    EXPONENT
    TANDON
    TM1CXJ.2forlBMPC .. . . .$ 119
    $218 $78 CentronicsTwoSwitch .$ 89
    Centronic s Four Switch .. 125
    ALPHA OMEGA IBM PC ACCESSORIES Serial Two Switch . .. . . 79
    10 Meg HD for IBM & Comp. w/Cont. Card IBM VUTEK (2 yr. war,) Serial Four Switch ... . 115
    13 Month Warranty. . . $ 775 IBM Dos3.0 .. . .. . . .$ 69 Vutek · CPS Board, RGB & Composite
    TEAC IBM Tech Ref. for PC 85 w/Par. & Ser. Ports, 2 Yr. War . .. . ... $ 239
    55B Double Sided 360K .. . . ... $ 109 PARADISE Color Card (Herc. comp.) . . . . . . 175
    Quad Density .. . . . .. .. . . 189 Modular Graphics Card . .. . . .$ 269 Monographic Card (Herc. comp.). . . 275 MODEMS
    MPI ModuleA . 79 PERSYST BOARD ANCHOR
    55S Dbl/Db/for IBM . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. $ 78 ModuleB 189 MarkXll.. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. $ 225
    Bob Hi·Res Display Adaptor. . . . . . $ 399 Volksmodem XII . . . . 185
    Drives For Apple & Franklin 64K MEMORY UPGRADE
    RANA SYSTEMS 64K (9 chips) . • . .. . . .• , .. . . . .. .. . $ 17 KEYTRONICS HAYES MICRO
    Elite/ . . .. . .. . . . .. . . AST RESEARCH KB5151 . . .$ 185 300 Baud Smart Modem . . . . . . .$ 205
    . .$ 199 1200 Baud Smart Modem 435
    Elite/I .. . . . ... . 339 Si x Pak + w/64K . . .. . . ... .. . .. . . $ 239 ORCHID
    389 Pr eview _.... . . . ..... .. . . . , . . . Call 1200Bfor/BMPC . . . 379
    Elite I\/ ... ... . . . Blossom . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . $ 245 2400 Baud Modem . . 645
    Con troller add. 75 OUADRAM Micro Modem /IE . . . . • .. . .. . . 259
    MICRO-SCI Quad Color 1 Board . . . . . . . . . .. $ 199 DA TA PLUS Chronograph 189
    A·2....... . . . . .. .• .. . $ 175 Exp. Quad board w/64K .. . . . . . . . . . 239 384K Mem. Board w/OK . .... $ 119
    A.5C for lie w/cab/e . .. . . . . . . . . 189 Quad/ink 3000 Run Apple sit on IBM 359 XT Short Card, 384K Mem. 185
    A.5 •;,height for /IE . . . . , . .. . 199
    Controller Add . . .. . .. , .. , . . , . . . 70 APPLE & FRANKLIN ACCESSORIES DISKETTES
    ACCESSORIES ADVANCED LOGIC SYSTEMS PC DISKETTES
    Kensington System Saver .... . ... $ 69 ZEngine2.2 .... . . . . .... .... . . . $ 119 Sgl./Dbl.(Box of 10). . . .. $ 16
    FantorApplell&llEwl surge .. . . . 37 MICROMAX Dbl./Dbl.(BoxoflO) .. . .. 18
    APPLE Viewmax 128K extended 80 col. card
    COMPUTER CONNECTION
    Sgl./Dbl. (Box of 10) . . . . . . $ 14
    Super Serial Card . . . . . .. .. . . . $ 135 ~'ii':J.P~~rl~E10; Apple.II &j 1·.;. • • • $ ~~~ Dbl./Dbl. (Box of 10) ... . ..... . 16
    Sgl./Dbl. w/DiskContainer(10). 20
    MICRO-SCI Bulk 50 & Up- Dbl./Dbl. .1.35ea .
    . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 17 64K,80Co/. Card. .$ 85 5 yr. warranty

    GIVE US A CHANCE TO BEAT THE


    COMPETITION'S ADVERTISED PRICE.
    ORDER LINE
    IF YOU SEE IT ADVERTISED FOR LESS, CALL
    (BOO) 732-0304
    (Outsid e Californ ia)
    COMPUTER CONNECTION FIRST FOR LOWEST QUOTE! (213) 635-2809
    We accept VISA, MasterCard, COO
    MAILOROER: [Ins ide C alifor nia j

    17121 S. Central Avenue, Unit L Wf~~~~i;e~~~f~i!u;h~pi~~ Mon.-Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.


    Charge 54.DO. Some items subject Saturday 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.
    Carson, California 907 46 to back order. California Res. add
    6'/a% Sales Ta•. All returns are
    subject to a 15% restocking charge CUSTOMER SERVICE:
    l visA ) • and must be authorized by store
    manager within 10 days. Prices (213) 635-5065
    NO SURCHARGE FOR CREDIT CARDS ~~? ~e:~ !~~~=~3:u~\f~ ~~~,.~~ice. Mon.-Fri. 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.

    Inquiry 81 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 453


    ,.COASTLINE COMPUTERS c:, ., y ~ ~ ~,, ·. · ·:\ \: \, .
    CALL COLLECT-FREE
    213-329-4828
    - ' ' ·\ ,\ -~·~· ·':·~}
    213-324-808 7
    '1, \

    . 1956 W. 153 St., Gardena, CA 90247

    CONFIGURED SYSTEM SPECIALISTS


    ALL SYSTEMS INCLUDE NECESSARY CABLES AND ALL ARE TESTED BEFORE SHIPPING
    Please specify type of drives, speed of RAMs, type of monitor interface when ordering

    IBM PC IBM PC
    • 2 55B Teac 112 High Drives • 2 Full Height MPI Drives
    • 256K, BMC 13" Amb Mon. • Keyboard & Dr Controller
    • Monitor Interface • 256K Memory
    $1895 $1549
    IBM IBM PRO
    EXCECUTIVE SYSTEM EXECUTIVE SYSTEM
    • IBM PC w/256K • IBM PC w/256K
    • 2 Half High Drives • 2 360K l/z High Dr w/Cont
    • 8087-3 Math Coprocessor • 10 Meg Internal Hard Disk
    • Monochrome Monitor IBM PC • Monochrome Monitor
    • Mono Card w/Par Port 2 Half High Epson Drives • Mono Card w /Par Port
    • DOS 2.1 Operating System [with 2 Year Warranty) • DOS 2.1 Operating System
    • Okidata 92P Dot Matrix 256K (150nS) Memory • Juki 6100 Letter Quality
    Printer (160cps) Color Monitor w/Interface Printer (18cps)
    $ 2399 Tilt Stand $1939 $3495
    Sav-On May Have Lower Over All Prices But No One Can Save You More
    On These Selected Items Than Coastline Computers

    INTEL AST SIXPAC +


    Math Coprocessor Comes with 384K
    Expandable
    8087-3 Clock Calendar, Par/Ser Port
    jFOR IBM PC AND COMPATIBLES)
    Plus Software
    $109.00
    Call for 8087 for IBM AT $239.00
    IBM CABLE
    Computer to Par Printer
    6 Foot Long
    $14.50
    QUANTITY ORDERS HERCULES Other Product Lines
    Call for Bigger Discounts GRAPHICS CARD Available from Coastline
    Corporate & School Accts Monochrome w/Par Port
    Call for Information For IBM & Compatibles
    Dealer Programs Avail -P.O.s Expedited $319.00
    Mail Orders To: 1956 W. 153 St., Gardena, CA 90247. Terms: Visa, Mastercard, COD;s and Wire Transfers. No surcharge for credit cards.
    UPS, Federal and Emery shipping available. Calif. residents add 61/2% sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice. Not responsible for typos.
    454 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 439
    INFOCOM APPUCAT/ON
    Apple, IBM & Macintosh
    CUTIHROATS/ENCHANTER
    DEADLINE/SUSPECT
    ea27.99 Home & Business ALSZ-Engine
    CDP16KRamCard
    134.99
    39.99
    Ap
    Ap
    TITAN Accelerator lie
    Neptune64K
    259.99
    199.99
    ASCII Express 99.99
    INFIDEUSORCERER Parallel lnler1ace w/Cable 39.99 Ap Salum 64K Ram 279.99
    CONTINENTAL Hm. Aocl. 44.99
    HITCHHIKER/SEASTALKER DAN PAYMAR Lower Case 1 25.99 IBM AST Six Pack Plus 64K 279.99
    Home Aocounlanl MAC 75.99
    WITNESSIZORK I Lower Case 2, Rev 7 19.99 IBM KENSINGTON PC Saver 29.99
    TaxAdvanlage 39.99
    ZORK 11/ZORK Ill EXTENDED BO Col. Card-lie 129.99 IBM KOALA Touch Pad 95.99
    MONOGRAM Dollars & Sense 79.99
    PFS Rept, File, Graph, Wrile ee84.99 KENSINGTON Syslem Saver 65.00 IBM PLANTRONICSColor+ Board 375.99
    KOALA Touch Pad 85.99 IBM QUADRAM 512 + 64K 229.99
    ASCII Express Pro 139.99
    MICRO-SCI A-2 Dr~e 199.99 IBM ERamBO 129.99
    ASHTON·TATEdBase II 299.99
    dBase Ill 449.99 MICROSOFT Ram Card 74.99 IBM MicrolazerBK-All Contg. 149.99
    Framework 399.99 Sottcard 229.99 IBM Quadboard I or II-No K 219.99
    CONTINENTAL FCM 71.99 ORANGE MICRO Grappler + 114.99 IBM Ouadcolor l 209.99
    MOCKINGBOARD lie HomeAccounlanl 84.99 Bullered Grappler 179.99 IBM Ouadcolor Upgrade to II 209.99
    THUNDERCLOCK 109.99 IBM TEAC 'h Heighl Drive #55B 159.99
    Wrth Speech & Sound 169.99 IBM Tax Advanlage 49.99
    IBM CROSSTALK 139.99
    QUADVUE NEW! IBM LOTUS 1-2-3 299.99
    IBM MICROPROTelmerge 119.99
    Monochrome Card 259.99 IBM MONOGRAM Dollars &Sense 109.99
    IBM PFS Repl, File, Graph, Write ee99.99
    Ap/IBM MICRO COOKBOOK
    Ap/IBM MICROSOFT MULTIPLAN
    31.99
    169.99 UTILITIES &
    MAC MULTIPlAN/FILE
    MAC PFS Reporl, Fi!e
    ee149.99
    ee89.99
    ENHANCEMENTS
    ENTERTAINMENT
    BEAGLE 1.0. Silver- NEW! SC ALL
    DECATHLON 23.99
    Ap
    Ap
    Ap
    WORD PROCESSING
    BANK STREET Wrile/Spell
    MICROPRO \\brdstar
    \\brdstar Pro w/CP-M
    ee44.99
    279.99
    349.99
    Ap

    Ap
    Ap
    Ap
    BEAGLED/Code - NEW/

    Dos Boss
    BeagleGrapllics
    FalCal
    GPLE
    SCAU

    ttii••••••••••••ftl
    SIR TECH Knightot Diamond 27.99
    Ap SENSIBLESPELLER 89.99 Ap Triple Dump
    WIZPLUS 23.99
    Ap SIERRA Screenwriter II 89.99 Ap BRODERBUNDDazzleDraw .
    GATO 29.99
    MASTERTYPE 34.99 IBM BANK STREET Writer 59.99 Ap Graphics Lllrary
    IBM
    Ap/IBM
    Ap/IBM
    SIR TECH Wizard1y
    CHAMP. LODERUNNER
    ELECTRONICARTSArchon
    44.99
    24.99
    31.99
    IBM
    IBM
    IBM
    IBM
    LIFETREE VolkswriterDeluxe
    MICROSOFT\\brdw/Mouse
    MICROPRO \\brdstar 2000
    ~lc>·dstar 2000 Plus
    199.99
    299.99
    259.99
    359.99
    Ap
    Ap
    Ap
    Ap
    PrinlShop
    COPY 11 Program
    EASTSIDEWildcard II
    FONTRIX
    USI Pi4 9999 ·
    20rnhz Amber Monitor
    Ap/IBM Music/Pinball Const. ee31.99
    Ap FINGERPRINTFor Epson For Apple
    Ap/IBM One On One/Sky Fox ee31.99 MODEMS Ap MERLIN
    ApllllM FLIGHT SIMULATOR 37.99 HAYES lXJ Baud 209.99
    Ap/IBM SARGON Ill 34.99 Ap MOCKINGBOARD
    1200BforlBM 409.99 IBM COPY II Program
    ApnBM TRILLIUMAmazonlRama ea29.99 Micromodem lie 239.99 IBM FONTRIX

    •
    Ap/IBM Fahrenheit 451/Shadow n29.99 NOVATION Apple cat 11300 Bd. 249.99 IBM NORTON UTILITIES
    Ap/IBM WINDHAM Below The Root 18.99 Expansion Module 29.99 IBM SIDEKICK
    Ap/IBM Swiss Family Robinson 18.99 JCat 109.99

    i~··········••ttt••·.,,., .,.~"'~"'rrn MAC COPY 11 Program


    ApllBM TURBO PASCAL

    ~~~~~~b;J:.;~~~~~~~~*~~*=~4=:=:::,H4 AppleWrilerAPPLE PRE-BOOTS


    Apple Wr1ler !or Ullralerm
    -~-.J-..J~-~-1..-1..-"""-.1..-·-~-..i.-..r.-----nlM Vislca!c
    Vis~a lc wlMemmy

    OLM
    EDUCATIONALSPINNAKER ~~~~~l~~~Ullralerm
    Ap Alien Addition/Minus Mission ee22.99 Ap GrandmasHouse/Kidwriter ee24.99 VIDEX·App/e
    Ap Alligalor '-"x/Dragon Mix ee22.99 Ap Kids On Keys 19.99 ENHANCER II
    Ap Division/Mulliplicaion ee22.99 Ap Sum Ducks 24.99 FUNCTION STRIP PRINTERS & MONITORS
    Ap Trains 27.99
    LEARNING COMPANY Ap/IBM Facemaker/Fraclion Fever ee24.99
    HAROSWITCH $CALL
    PSIO
    Ap Bumble Games/Pio! ee27.99 Ap/IBM Diddle DiddlelKinderoomp ee19.99 EPSONFXBO
    SOFTSWITCH
    Ap Ge1!1udes PuzzlelSecrel ee29.99 Ap/IBM Presidents Choice 27.99 RXBO
    ULTRATERM
    Ap Rockys BooVRobol Odyssey ee34.99 Ap/IBM SnooperTroopslorll ee31.99 PRINCETON HX· 12 RGB
    VIOEOTERM w/Sollsw.
    Ap/EM Addition MagicianMbrd Spinner 23.99 Max-12Amber
    COLLEGE BOUND-Apple
    ApllBM MagicSpel\JNumller Stump. ee27.99 TAXAN 12" Amber-IBM #122
    BARONS SAT 59.99 FOR/BM 12"Green-IBM #123
    Ap/IBM Moptown Hote\IReader RabM ee27.99 CBS Mastering SAT 149.99 Gel Organlmd 149.99 420 RGB Color-IBM
    PEACKTREE ALGEBRA ~IV ee29.99 PEACHTREE SAT 37.99 SldeWlys 44.99 OKIOATA 92 w/Plug 'n Play
    ALGEBRA V& VI PEACHTREE PSAT 37.99
    Do it YourseH! OEM Qty. Prices! $1295 * Add-On H.D. & TapE
    We think d this System as a "Do it YourseH" System. Start by choosing
    5 or 8 Slots. Some of the standard Features: • 64K RAM expandable
    lo 256K • 4 OMA Channels • Runs MS-DOS™ and CP IM-86™
    Complete
    System!
    XPC by XOR 10 Megabyte Irwin oo II
    top, your ch~ce of Hard Di
    on the bottom. Super a
    (software not included) • Multi-function Keyboard &Cable
    • HardDiskReadyPowE!'Supply• And MORE'
    SYS-8000-00 Only $525.00'
    NEW 10 Meg H.D.
    Complete System!
    pmrancel Requies one SI
    in your PC for SASI ille1fat
    aJ1d an extension connect
    Features! 11111111 11
    on the floppy card. Ever
    thilg else is supplied by u
    •RAM Disk 1 O Meg $1295' 65 Meg $2895'
    20 Meg Color
    •Game Port Complele System! 20 Meg $1495* 105 Meg $3695'
    40 Meg $1995' 140 Meg $4595'
    •640K cpcty s2sso 00 *
    IBM type Case only •PrintSpooler 40 Meg w/Tape
    5 Slot ...... CAB-3065-00 $65.00*
    •Turbo mode! Complete System'
    Add·On Hard Disk
    Two ways logo. The lntemalsysrem is cheaperbecauseilrlo
    8 Slot ...... CAB-3068-00 $65.00*
    4.77MHz to 5
    3035° * 0 notneed aPIS&Chassis. ThesaTie PIS&Chassis can be 1
    ed !or a 10 Meg Tape Back·up oo your XTt
    This is OUR Junior! 7.00MHz! 10 ll1g1byt1 85 ll1g1brt•
    Use this "Orive/ess"workstation for k7N·cost Networking.
    F111ur1s: • 4·slot IBM™ compalible Motherboard
    •MS-DOS '795 lnt/1 995 .,, 1 2495

    20 ll1g1byt1 105 ll1g1brt•


    • 128K S!aodald Memory • 8088,8087 Math Co·pro· •Clock 1
    1 095 !nt/11295 exl 1
    3295
    cessor • Opnonal Floppy Drive v.ith Controllers.
    SYS-8100·00 . .. . . ............ . . $475.00' 40 ll1g1byt1 140 ll•g•brt•
    1 1595 lnt/11795 exl 1 4195
    Full System w/Keyboard, Mono Monitor, Video Display
    Card, 128KRAM 1Drive . : SY&8725-00 $895.00*

    a Check These Standard Features:


    • Full·Size, Fealher-Touch, Capacitance Keyboard, 1l Funclion Keys, Calculator-Type Numeric Keypad•
    Add·On 10 Meg Tape
    II yrM IBM·XT needs aIi

    _.
    • Parallel & Serial 110 • Real Time Clock • Game Port • 2-Sllmline fJ/,' OS/DD 48 TPI 360K Drives • help '1 the Back-upcalegc
    I 111111111111 1!< • 8 IBM expansion slots • RAM Disk • Print Spooler • 4 OMA &3 Timer channels •
    • 256K RAM on· board • 384K expansion • 808816-bit CPU • Color Video Card •
    youwai'tbeablelobeatt
    price! Cables, sofuilare a
    •Up lo 32K of EPROM (full 8K supplied) •Supports PC-DOS· MS-DOS -CPIM·86 • 1111111 eve1ything!
    •Power Supply Hard·Disk·Ready, no need lo add·on additional power•
    .....
    • High resolution 12• Monitor, Green Screen, 22 Mliz bandwldlh •

    MJJS Mu!tiMediaSystems
    11'\\
    Interactive
    Training
    Prvloct ,...r D1tal Datashleld 1 Is abatteryoperaled RlwerGenerator which in·
    slantly supplies even, unlnterrupled AC
    PROM LASER
    This 1§1/l§Qng) QwP ~i»il§!l~rallows reading, storing-lo-disk.recalflllQ, anc
    burning. Hi-speed algorilhmesburns 2764
    • ,. - "' • 1.. - . ,
    Power to a Microprocessor in the event of
    a Power Drop or Oulage. Also provides .;f , . • • ' ~ :I in45 seconds! Also handles 2716, 2732
    INTERACTIVE Surge Proleclion, which fillers and .
    . . '" ' ~ .. ""· ,1' : 27128, 27256. Features: Zero insertior
    force sockets; Qi·board Voltage Geoorator
    Video or Audio Tape Training! ellmlnales vollage spikes (surges) above
    No lnler1erence with normal computer
    140VAC.
    That's Right! 200 waits POW-2000-00 ..... $299.00 operations.
    Learn at home ·at your own pace · 300waltsPOW-~ . .. .. $399.00
    BOA-8640·00 . . . .. $199.00
    Lotus 1-2-3™ Framework™ WordStar™
    IBM-PC DOS™ dBase II™ Symphony™ INTERNATIONAL ORDERS MISCELLANEOUS $$$ SAVERS
    Micro ProduclS is ready toserve your needs in several countries. Each Office has 7 PAK Mullllunctlon Flopl'f, ATC, 2 Serial, 1Parallel, Game, RAM Disk
    SuperCalc ™ BuslnessMaster™ Sales Literature, Local Pr~lng, Inventory and Technical Service available to sup- BOA-6250·00 ...... ....... ... ........ , ..... . .............. $189.00
    At last! An tnex pensive, convenient means oft ear- porl your needs. There are no problems with U.S. Export Forms. 64KMll1IOIYChlpsl9JNECforlBM Kll8000-00 ................ $ 24.95
    ning how to use a Computer and Software. With HEAD OFFICE TAIPEI OFFICE Ad~nMomory, (up lo 512K) supplied OK BOA-8651)-0Q ..... .... $149.00
    this System you sit comfortably In front of your Darryl R. Or••n Wllllam Wang Floppy Conlroller, Conlrolsup lo four drives, 5V• • 4&'96TPI
    15392 Assembly Lane, Unil A Suile 605, Worldwide House BOA-6100-00 . ....... . .. . .. . ......... . .. . ... . ..... .. ... .. . $ 95.00
    Computer, watch a demonstration, and then, the Huntinglon Beach, CA 92649 685 Min Sheng E. Rd.
    Tape system (Audio or Video) actually IN· Phone: 714/ 898-0840 Taipei, Taiwan, A.O.C. Monochrome Gr1phlc1 C.rd, !Hercules type) 11·2·3 compatible I 720h x 348v
    Telex: 887841 XOADATA HTBH Tel: (02) 712-8877 Tix: 21405 BOA·6150·00 ............................................. $175.00
    TERACTS with you! Telling you what keys to Color Graphics C1rd, 320x :!JO Res. Color, 640 x 200 Monochrome
    strike, waiting for you to do the exercises at your AMSTERDAM OFFICE MARACAIBO OFFICE BOA-6200-00 ............................................ $145.00
    Cynthia Clark Jim Stevens
    own rate. As much practice time as You want. A
    pace that you set. Some classes 10 hours In length!
    Building 70, 4lh Floor Av. 3F Esq. Calle 81 ~~W:":~.~r~: -~~~1~1.Fllf.t: '.1'.~:~ ·~h-or1 .s1~·: ~'b~.''.ery. ~~k~~.oo
    1117 ZH Schiphol-Easl Cenlro Com. Maelga · Local #5
    Amslerdam, The Nelherlands Maracaibo, Venezuela4001-A Hard Disk Controller, standard ST-506 Interface for DOS 1.1 & 2.0
    Fantastic detail and tips! Call us for more Informa- BOA-8050·00 .. . . . ... , . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . $245.00
    Phone: 1020) 45 26 50 Phone: 061-913328
    tion and practical demonstrations. Nothing like It Telex: 18308 Telex: 62344 PEMIN 30011200 Baud Modtm wt!'CTalk Ill Communicalioos Software
    anywhere else! AUSTRALIAN OFFICE CANADIAN OFFICE BOA-8725·00 ...... .. ... . .. ... ..... . ........... . ..... . .... $239.00
    The folowingare regislered Tr~ and ttleir Companies: 1·2·3, Symphony· lotus Oevelap- 8 lrwln Slreel, Bellevue Monochrome Monitor, 18MHz bandwldlh, composlle Input or TTL
    menl Com~; MS-DOS, PC·OO.S. Flighl Simulator· MicloSott; dBase II· Asl'lloo·Tare; WordStar W. Auslralla6056 ··PENDING·· MON-1000-00 Green ................ .. ..................... $ 99.50
    · MicroPro lnternatiol'lal Corp.; Supe!Calc • Sorcin. Inc.; VISiCalc- VISCofp, Inc.; CPtM-85 • Oigital Phone: 274·3701 MON-1010·00 Amber .. .. .. ..................... . . .. .. . . . .. $104.50
    Research Inc.; IBM. IBM·PC. JBM.f>C XT · lnterf\lllional Business Machines.

    lnquir~ 261
    .... Micro Products • 15392 Assembly Lane • Huntington Beach, CA 92649 • 7141898·0840
    ,.,,H \
    .
    data
    systems
    Z-150 PC THE MOST COMPATIBLE PC
    •ift~W~)'' Amcodyne
    THIS IS THE FINEST HARD DISK
    W/MSOOS 2.1 MS-WORD. MS-MULTIPLAN
    320K RAM DUAL SW' OS 00 DRIVES $1, 995 SYSTEM YOU CAN BUY!
    1rs SPEED (35mSEC AVG . ACCESS) ANO
    Z-150 PC W/106Mb H . D. $2.450
    EFFICIENCY (BACK-UP 20Mb IN 10 MIN . )
    Z-160 PC PORTABLE W/GOLO 9 "
    $79 ARE SUPERB FOR MULTI- USER ANO / OR
    SCREEN. 320K RAM. DUAL S'.4" OSOO ORV ..
    $79 NETWORKING CONFIGURATIONS.

    ......
    1 OMb HARO DISK & ALL SOFTWARE $3,029
    ARAPAHOE 7110 SUBSYSTEM wt
    - . . . . . . . . ...- ...... . M
    ~ ~~ CONTROLLER, CAB .. PIS . FAN, CABLES ,
    PASSWORD 1200 AUTO ANS ./ OIAL $29S SFTWARE ORIVERS.8" 25Mb FIXED
    SMC-200 DUAL ORV. SMO l/F CTRL BO. •600
    S-100 BO. 30011200 MODEM "NEW" $295 AND 25Mb REMOVABLE
    OGC-100 CTRL B0./6'14' H.O .• ST-6061/F •326
    IBM PERSONAL MODEM W/ TELPAC $289 TURBOOOS , COMPUPRO CONCURRENT OOS
    5 114'' HARD DISK IBM PERSONAL MUL TIFUNC. MODEM 64K $465 & CP / M816. ANO MSOOS FOR
    SUBSYSTEMS TELPAC FOR MSOOS $59 IBM -PC , ETC . SUPPORTED S4.79S
    W/CONTROLLER . ALL CABLES.
    CABINET, PIS .. FAN ANO ___ SOFTWARE _ __ "''
    \_".W/
    wangtel~ PC-36 60Mb TAPE BACK-UP
    FOR IBM-PC
    SOFTWARE DRIVERS 8" SS SD OR AS SPECIFIED
    27M b PC-INTERNAL SUBSYSTEM $1 , S2S
    SOFTWARE IS NOT RETURNABLE
    RQDIME 90mSEC $1,S2S $1 ,29S
    BOS "C" COMPILER -8 BIT '99
    PC-EXTERNAL SUBSYSTEM $1,S9S

    ounn1um 42M b
    4SmSEC $1 ,99S
    S2M b
    $1,79S
    COMPUTER INNOVATIONS CB& "C"
    COMPUVIEW VEOIT -86 ; e168
    e299
    MS-OQS; e120
    : ~~_;:-
    : - - ~ ':f~!l
    PC W/266K. FLPY &
    10Mb H .O . e2.330

    M ICROPOUS 30mSEC S2,3SO S2,09S


    DATAFLEX MULTI-USER DATA BASE CALL
    BSM b
    NEW WORD WORD PROCESSOR WITH 64K RAM 4 1 64-150 NS

    ~~ 30mSEC $2,99S $2,72S


    30 OAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE
    LATTICE c
    ICP/ M86 & MS/PC-OOS)
    $169
    $31S
    9 CHIPS / SET
    256K RAMS @ 150nS
    lOSM b
    ~~ 30mSEC $3,69S $3.69S LOTUS 1-2-3 $299
    CLOSE-OUT 60% OFF
    8087-3 MATH CO-PROCES.
    MUSCLE-150XT IBM -PC 150 WATT
    ~~
    140M b
    M1craPra

    ---
    30mSEC $4,39S $4 ,49S EXISTING INVENTORY REPLACEMENT P/ S W I ALL CABLES $125
    DOUBLE-SHOCK MOUNT STARSOFT'S ACCOUNTING PARTNER
    RQDIME 12M b IN -SIDER $695 CP / MBO 8" $239
    ~-~
    ~ •;, HT. 12M b IN -SIDER $639
    dBASE II 8" CP / M 80&86 $29S
    _,._,™
    SUPER RES 400 UP TO 64K DISPLAY
    [lg] DIGITAL RESEARCH BUFFER 0 UAL PORTED, 640 X 400,

    (OmpuPro CALL FOR SUPER LOW PRICES


    ON LATEST VERSIONS
    2SKHz. UP TO 16 COLORS
    GRAPHIX PL US II RGB/ MONO
    $409

    COMP. OR TTL $269


    WE STOCK. SUPPORT. ANO AGGRESSIVELY " C " LANGUAGE COMPILER-86 $229
    RIO PLUS II 3B4K 2S. P, G PORTS $369
    SELL ALL COMPUPRO PRODUCTS. CALL OUR
    EXPERT SALES DEPT. FOR EXCEPTIONAL VALUES
    --TERMINALS _ _ _ SUPER 1/ 0 II W I ALL CABLES
    CAL L S, P & G PORTS
    LIBERTY TERMINALS
    AMONG THESE ARE : 0 UARTER BYTE 2S6K FOR SHORT SLOT
    WYSE -SO 14" 132 COLUMN $5'19
    SYSTEM B16 / 8-H40 $6.799 SUPER RIO 2S6K W / S. P, G PORTS
    SYSTEM 816 / 10-H40 $S,S98 ___ MONITORS _ __ BIG BYTE 384K MEMORY BOARD
    CPU286 CSC W / 80287 CO-PROCESSOR $1,449 GRANDE BYTE 2.SMb FOR IBM -AT
    AMOEK 710 HI -RES RGB COLOR $S9S
    CPU32016 WITH MMU $699 PRINCETON GRAPHICS HX-12 '469 RIO GRANDE 1 .5Mb, 2S. P, G PORTS
    HUDSON 8087 PIGGY -BACK FOR 808S / 88 $43S
    RAM22 A& T 2S6K STATIC RAM $1,075
    l'O) TATUNG CM-132213" RGB -TTL
    ...., 640X400 $39S $39S
    RAM23A&T 128K STATIC RAM $509
    TAXAN RGB VISION 420 '469
    MORIVE/ H- S12K $S2S
    ZENITH ZVM 122A AMBER NON-GLARE $89 DYNAMIC MEMORY 64K
    MORIVE/H-2Mb $1 , 87S
    ZENITH ZVM 123A GREEN NON-GLARE $89 GRAPHICS MASTER - HIGH RES. COLOR $459
    FUJITSU 2302B 23.2Mb 8" AOO-ON H. O. $1 , 99S
    ZENITH 21/M-136 13" RGB 640 X 480 LONG LAB MASTER W / TM40PGL
    DISK 2 8" H.O . C'TRl. SE'T FOR ABOVE $49S PERSIST. PHOSPHORS FOR INTERLACE $649 ANO LABPAC SOFTWARE $1, 149
    - - - PRINTERS _ _ _
    MORROWll
    PIVOT PORT. W / OUAL S'.4'' ORVS .. BATT .. BROTHER DAISYWHEEL ,«14JWiltt!
    640K, MODEM . MSOOS . NEWWORO CALL HR-1SXL SER . OR PAR. 17 CPS e366
    PC-SLAVE/16-256K BMHz
    M03 W / TERMINAL & BROTHER HR1SXL $1 , 695 HR-26 SER. OR PAR. 23 CPS '626
    2 SERIAL PORTS - TURN YOUR
    MD3-MDCP88 W / TERMINAL. MSOOS, HR-36 SER. OR PAR. 36 CPS e849
    PC INTO A HIGH SPEED MUL Tl-USER
    CP/M86, SUPERCALC2 PLUS 2S6K $1,679 BROTHER DOT MATRIX
    MACHINE W / TODAY'S TECHNOLOGY 8750
    MOS W / TERMINAL & EPSON FXBOFT+ $2,2S9 2024L 24 PIN HEAD. GRAPHICS $93S
    SUPER SIX 128-6MHz $695
    M011 W / TERMINAL & EPSON FX100 t $2,S99 BROTHER M1009 60 CPS &LBS. e196
    SUPER SLAVE 12B-6MHz $525
    EPSON ALL MODELS & ACCESSORIES CALL
    MD11-MDCP88 W / TERMINAL, MSOOS. SUPER 186/256K MSTlt'SLAVE-4 USERS $1,295
    OKIDATA ALL MODELS & ACCESSORIES CALL
    CP/M86, SUPERCALC2 PLUS 2S6K $2 ,449 CP / M 3 .0 $300
    TALLY MT160L 160 CPS S-OR-P ss19 TURBOOOS VER. 1 .4 8 BIT MULTI-USER $450

    -r~~£~~·
    TODAY 'S 672X480 HI -RES GRAPHICS SOLUTION
    DRIVES
    WE SERVICE FLOPPY DRIVES
    I
    #~-·lnteroontininiiil
    1.i ., MICfO~~S_J
    FOR YOUR MICRO COMPUTER W / 9 BIT PLANES , 5'1."0R 8 " $45 +PARTS +SHIPPING
    S12 COLORS / PIXEL FROM PALETTE OF CPZ 48006 6Mlt MASTER $739
    16,800,000 COLORS, 384K GRAPHICS RAM.
    MITSUBISHI ELECTRONICS 256K MB MEMORY BOARD $709
    STANO-ALONE RS232 VX384A $3 ,39S 4851 Y2 HT SW ' 48TPI $12S CPZ- 1B6 256K $1,275
    VX / PC 2 BOA RO SET WITH 4096 4853 '/,HT S'.4' ' 96TPI $139 CPS- 16 266K BMHz 80B6 SLV '989
    COLOR PALETTE S2. 19S M2894 STO 8" OSOO $369 CPS-B40 64K RAM SLAVE 4MHz $389
    VXMA 13" HI -RES COLOR MONITOR $1 , 39S M2896 •;, HI 8" OSOO $389 CPS-B6A 128K RAM SLAVE &MHz e629
    IBM-PC INTERFACE CABLE $1SO SANYO SW ' '/,HT FLPY. $109 MlJll)-E Z80 MULTl-TURBOOOS •668
    VX / PC PAINT PR OGRAM $400 TURBOOOS CONFIG. " I" ZBO OR 80186 MASTER.
    ZBO OR 8086 SLAVES & PC NETWORK
    IBM PC FLOPPY DISK SYSTEM IBM PC 20MB SYSTEM
    Basic system includes 256K, two floppy drives 360K each, Basic system includes 256K, one floppy drive, keyboard,
    drive controller and keyboard 20MB Hard Disk with controller (boots from hard disk)
    IBM PC 1 OMB SYSTEM IBM PC 30MB SYSTEM
    Basic system includes 256K, one floppy drive, keyboard, Basic system includes 256K, one floppy drive, keyboard,
    lOMB Hard Disk with controller (boots from hard disk) 30MB Hord Disk with controller (boots from hard disk)
    We hove not given System prices due to continuous Choose from the widest selection of enhancement
    changes in the PC market and our policy of having the products for your IBM PC system at the best prices.
    best prices and availability. Simply COMPARE our Start with the Basic system and configure it according
    lo your needs. All Hord Disk systems ore available with
    peripheral prices and for even greater savings CALL 2 floppy drives. All IBM Systems come only with

    *
    FOR LATEST SYSTEM PRICES •••

    *
    COMPUMAIL's 90 day warranty.

    PRICEWAR CALL us LAST WITH YOUR BEST QUOTES

    EPSON
    PRINTERS HARD DISl<S/BACl<UP
    Rx-'so · .... $229 FX-80 + $389
    RX-SOFT + . $279 FX-1 00 + .. $569
    MODEMS
    *
    HARD DISKS/BACKUP for IBM PC
    10 MB HD ..... .... $599 20 MB HD ......... $899
    10 MB Tope Backup . $599 Larger HD & BackupsCALL
    MICROCOM ERA-2 Int. w/softwore . . . .. $359
    HA YES 1200 BInternal w/software . . . . . _.. $369
    LQ-1500 Parallel ...... $1099 Serial ...... $1199 1200 Standalone w/o software . . . . . . . . . . • . . . $419
    LQ-1500 Trador/Cutsheet Feeder ..... . . $50/$399 TALL GRASS NEW PC/T FORMAT NEW 2400 Baud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. CALL
    NEW JX-80 COLOR ........ .. . ........... _. CALL 25 MB w/60 MB ... $2799 35 MB w/60 MB . . . $3599
    50 MB w/60 MB . . . $4399 80 MB w/60 MB . .. $5999 POPCOM C-100/X-100 ........ Special Low Prices
    OKIDATA 92P/93P/84P ..... $349/$559/$669
    Controller ... .. .. . S140 Cartridge(60 MB) .... $35 PROMETHEUS PROMODEM 1200 Ext.. . .. $319
    NEW OKIMATE 20 Color w/Plug & Print .. . _.. CALL PROMODEM I 200B Internal wlscltware .. . ...... $275
    NEW I 82P Pmonol Printer .. .. ..... . . ..... CALL QUBIE l 0120 MB Internal or External . .. . .. . CALL
    KAMERMAN Masterflight w/10, 20 or 30 MB HD NOVA TION Access 123 Int. w/Crosstolk. .. $399
    TOSHIBA 1340P .... . . .. . .. ...... . .. . $669 and JO, 20 or 60 MB streamer lope backup w/controller carck, NEW Smart Cat Plus w/MITE scltware - Int. or Ext. $349
    TOSHIBA 1351P . ....... . ...... $1199 5 plug power control, surge proledion and lock. VENTEL Hall Card 1200 for short slot ...... .. $419
    JUKI 6100/6300 . . . . . . . . . . . .. $379/$6 99 Coll for BEST price for your RIGHT combination ........ . . .
    QUBIE Standalone .... $309 Internal .... $279
    BROTHER HR-15 XL (20 CPS) . ..... . .... $329 BIZCOMP lntellimodems XUXTIST .. .. ..... CALL
    HR-25 (23CPS) .. .. $549 HR-35 (36 CPS) _... $749 MAYNARD 1OMB/WS-1 $849 l OMB/WS-2$969
    Tractor/Sheet Feeder for HR-25135 .. . .. . $119/$199 30MB/WS-1A . . $1999 30MB/WS-2A ... $2099 MUL Tl-DISPLAV CARDS
    M-1009 .. ... . $199 2024L LO/Graphics __ __$999 MaynStream - Complete cartridge backup system .. CALL EVE REX Graphics Edge . . ...... .... Best Price Ever
    2024L Cutsheet Feeders· Narrow .. $199 Wide .. $249 AST Monograph Plus w/dock, PP & Serial . . ..... $399
    AMPEX PC Megastore 20MB w/25MB stmrCALL
    C. ITOH 8510-BPI .. .. $309 8510-SEP .. .. $379 PERSYST BoB Board . . ......... ..... . ... $449
    BS 10-SCEP ... . .... $439 1550-EP .. .... . .. $429
    SYSGEN l OMB tape backup .. ....... . .. $799
    QIC File - 45MB tope backup · Int/Ext .... S1195/$ 1295 MY LEX Mano/Color Graphics & printer port .. . $449
    l 550-P . ......... $449 l 550-SEP .. . ...... $529
    I 0 MB/20 MB Hard Disc wlstreomer lope backup .. CALL PARADISE Modular Brd . .$269 Modules .. CALL
    F-10(40CPS) ..... . $B59 F-10(55CPS) . . ... $1049
    INTELLIGENT B-450 Mono/Color/printer . ... $249
    QUME LETTERPRO 20P$429 SPRINT 1140 + $1299 GENIE Fixed/Removable Systems . . . .. Entire line
    SPRINT 1155 + ... ... $1499 1190 + .. .... CALL TECMAR Graphics Master w/P( Paintbrush ... . $449
    INTERFACE MODULES Centronics/Seriol/IBM Par .. . $BO HERCULES ManoGraphics ... $299 Color ... $159
    NEC P-2 . . .. . .. . .... $649 P-3 ............ $899
    2050 ..... $669 3550 ..... $1299 8850 . . ... $1699
    DIABLO 630 E~IBM .. . $1799 630 API ... $1599
    Advantage D-25 . . .... $549 620 API .• •. .. $729
    DATA PRODUCTS
    SPG 805 I (Some as IBM Color Printer) ........... $1399
    SPG 8071 (Same as 8051 at twice the speed) ... . . .$1799

    PGS MAX-12 Amber-Monochroriie (800x350) ..... CALL i - - - - - - ' - - -- ' - p._to_3_8_4K_._. .-'-$_37--15
    HX-12 (690x240) . ... $429 SR-12 (690x480) .. . . $599 HA YES I 200B wish . . . $369 1200 Ext ... $419 r-::--,-----,--.,.---------"
    COLOR CARD for SR-12 (single slot) .. . .. . .. . .. . .. CALL HARD DISK. Bl $ Floppy Drive Controller for IBM PC . _ _........ $119
    10 M 20 MB . . . . . . . . . 599/$899 CAB
    TAXAN COMPOSIT 115 Gm/116 Amber .. . .. . . $139 OKIDATA 92 p . .$349 93 p .. Sm 84 p .. $669 LE Parallel . .. . .. . . . $20 Serial .... . .. .. $25
    MONO 121 Green/122Amber(1000x360) ..... . .. . $159 Keyboard Ex1, 6 It . ... .. $10 Smart Cable ..... CALl
    411 (510x260) . $349 425 (640x262) .... . $449 TOSHIBA l 340P ..... 5669 ll 5lP ..... Sl1 99 DISKETIES DSDD TOP BRAND Box of 10 .. . _.. $25
    440 (720x400) .. . $549 W/Persyst BoB Brd ... $969 ORCHID PCturbo 186 w/640K ........... $1099
    BROTHER HR 15 XL(20 QUBIEKeyboard5150 . ... . $119 5151. .... $149
    AMDEK300G/300A/310A(M) .. . $139/$149/CALL - CPS) . . .. .. ..... $329
    COLOR 600 (640x240) .. $429 710 (720x4BO) .. CALL IH;;R=-2=5:;;(2;;;3;-:CP;;S):-:.=- · · _· $-:-54 _9-;H:-- R-_3-:S(:::-36:::C-::PS-:-)_· ·_· ·~$7--4::-9+-:K::-::E::-:Y::-::T:-:R=-=O==N:--:l_C_De_lu_xe_ K _ey:._boa _ rd_KB_5_1.,...51_._· ._S1_59--I
    SAMSUNG Mono-Gm/Amber . .. . . ___ _. Sl 29 r.;H-;;;E:-;R;;C;-U-:;;L;-;E:;-S-:;M-;on;;-o:-Gr a'- ph;;;ic;:s-;; .. $2;;-9-:-9c,...o_lo_r_ ..,,,Sl;-;;5;;-9+:T=O=O-=-L--K_l_T_8.:_pi_e<_e_se.:....
    1i:. . no_c::.:.o".:. . ve.:. . ni_:_:en.:. pa:.::.:ck:..:....:.:
    't · ~··.:.:$2:.:.9-1
    . ·.:....
    7 7
    QUA DRAM AMBERCHROME (720x350) ... CALL IBiiUOiftB~ 7 3
    ~·;i;J;M;;;iattphi(ChK,ip;;;fh,;or;;;;IB;;iM.:....:P...:.C.:..c(ln"""te"'"I)-'-.:...:.
    · · .:·. . ·~$
    : l°Pi2iQ-91--.'.T~l~LT:_:/~S~W~l~V~E~L~Ma~n~ito~r~Ba~se!..:..:··~·.:..:·-~·.:. .:·~· · .:. .:·. :. :.·$~3~0
    QUADCHROME II (640x240) Color Graphics & Text $429 IBM's oriainal PC Ke board · .. · -· · · · · · · $129 PC Key board Sforage Drawer . . . . . • • . . . . . . . $89
    COMPANY POUCY: Min °""' SIOO. Pric!s & availobili1y StJljoo to
    EMULATION BOARDS d>lnge. w.e ship UPS. lliippmwlmll1ng ~ wiry. coo ~"' lll!li, """"" KENSINGTON Master Pie<e (5 Outleh) .... S109
    onh, mslior er C!<lified dledc. ~~ & (llfl11""1' choOO lob J mi todem. Ho
    ORCHID's PCturbo 186 (12BK to 640K) .. Best Prices .. w . 20%rt11od<lngr..oodlreru ... Ccrrjiun>Jijcredi1is!uedlorbotonc..cd1 COMPUTER ACCESSORIESP2 (SJ ... $109
    lor retumoothooimtion lllo! ioio111~111m1 No open mt. Ptrserlcreigo "°"'· For POWER DIRECTOR P22 (4) $79 P12 (6) $149
    IRMA/IRMALine/IRMAPrint ........ $859/$929/$929 °""'""
    poymenl er PIOOJP, Please mIT linT for"""""" IMll!lber.
    STANDBY PWR SUPPLY wlsurge pJOlection
    IRMALette . $299 IRMALine/IRMALette Package . $999
    CXI 3278/79 PLUS PC Connection
    CXI 3270 PC Connection.
    • lvAA I 200 Watts . $279 300 Watts . $379 800 Watts .CAlL
    . .. .. $89
    NO SUROIARGE OH COO. VM °'MC

    3541 OLD CONEJO ROAD, SUITE 102, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320


    458 BYTE • APRIL 1985
    Sav-On Computers 800-345-7100
    ORDERS INSIDE CALIF - 213-675-2115 CUSTOMER SERVICE & TECHNICAL HELP - 213-675-2382
    PRINTERS DRIVE CONTROLLER CARDS
    STAR MICRONICS Sav-On Svtems - V our Systems Hause IBM Original (Controls 4 drives) .. $139
    MAYNARD (Any Configuration) . Call
    GEMINI 10X (120cps) . . . . . . .. . $249
    GEMINI 15X (120cps, 15" Car) ... 389 IBM Copy(120 Day Warranty) .119
    OKIDATA
    APPLE PRO SYSTEM IBM PC SYSTEM PC COMPATIBLE DRIVES
    CPU w/64K and Drive Controller w/2 Drives,. 256K Memory CDC (IBM Compatible) . . ... $159
    82A (120cps, 10", par/ser.) ..... $309
    2 Drives, 80 Col Card (extended), TANDON Full Height 320K ....... 159
    Monitor_(Grn/Amb). Mon. Interface
    92A (160cps, parallel)· .. 349 Apple Green Monitor & Stand MP! A2 (IBM Compatible). . .... 119
    93A (160cps, parallel) . . 599 T ALLGRASS HARD DISKS
    84P (200cps, parallel) . .. . 789 $1349.00 $1699.00 20. 35 or ?OM byte w/Back-up .... Call
    OKI PLUG & PLAYS AVAILABLE . Call MAYNARD. ALPHA OMEGA, GENIE
    CALL FOR PRICING
    EPSON $av-On APPLE COLOR IBM XT SYSTEM L.D.C.
    RX80 Call Prices
    Apple 64K Computer, Ext 80 Col LOTUS 123 & SYMPHONY Call
    RX80FT Much Lower 256K Mem, w/2 112 High 360K Dr,
    FX80 Than Your Card, Amdek Color Mon., Dual Dr. AST
    10 M Hard Disk. Amdek 310A Mon SIX PAC PLUS (1 Ser/1 Par Port,
    TRACTORS Authorized Dealers
    OTHER EPSON PRODUCTS AVAIL. $1529.00 Monitor Interface w/Par Port Clock w/O memory) . . ... . .... $239
    SIX PAC PLUS (1 Ser/1 Par Port,
    JUKI Clock & 64K exp. to 384K) .. . . . 249
    6100 (18cps & let. quality) .$409 COMPAQ
    $3850.00 SIX PAC PLUS ( 1 Ser/1 Par Port,
    Clock & 384K Memory) . . .... .. 409
    6300 (40cps, 16", comes with
    2 Drives with 256K, Portable 110 PLUS (1 Ser & 1 Clock) . . .129
    3K Buffer, Upgrade to 15K) . .... 789
    1/0 PLUS (1 Ser/ 1 Par & Clock) .. 165
    BROTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Call $2095.00 IBM PC COLOR SYS MEGA PLUS (64K) . . 269
    DYNAX .. . ...... . .. . . . . . . Call 256K. 2 360K Dr. Hercules Cir Crd MEGA PAC (128K) . . . . .269
    NEC . .... Call Princeton HX12, All Cables MEGA PAC (256K) . . . . . . . .. 349
    COMPAQ PLUS OTHER AST BOARDS AVAILABLE
    MONITORS CALL FOR PRICES
    PRINCETON GRAPHICS 1 Dr & 10M Internal $3395 $2075.00 QUADRAM
    HX12 (12" Color RGB!TTL, High COLOR 1.. .. ....... . .. $199
    Res, 690x240 lines, 15Mhz) . ... $449 COLOR 2 & QUADBOARDS . . . Call
    SR12 (12" Color RGB!TTL, High PRINTER INTERFACE
    Res, 690x480 Lines, 25Mhz . . 599
    DISKETTES HERCULES
    MONOCHROME (Hi Res Graph) . $329
    MAX12 (12" Monochrome TTL, DYSAN and PERIPHERALS COLOR CARD . . . . ... 199
    960ctr Lines, 18Mhz . .... 179 5114" DS/DD (Box of 10) .. . · $28 PRINTER CABLES TECH MAR
    SCAN DOUBLER ... 1 99 AL:. ~..;,:.,r:ES (~ foot long) . . . . .. $18 GRAPHICS MASTER (Run s Mono &
    AMDEK MODEMS FOURTH DEMINSION Color, High Res in Both Modes $459
    300 (13" Color Composite, HAYES PAR CARD & CABLE for Apple .. . $48 STB
    300x260 Lines, 4MHz . . .. $259 300 - . . . $199 ORANGE MICRO GRAPHICS (PLUS) II Supports Both
    300A 12" Composite Amber, High 1200 External, PC Compatible . . 469 Color and Mono Display. • . ... $339
    Res). . ........ . .. ... 139 GRAPPLER + .$ 119 PC PEACOCK
    1200B Internal, PC Compatible . . . 399 GRAPPLER + w/16f . .. 169
    310A (12" Monochrome, TIL) . . .. 179 MICRO MODEM lie . 239 COLOR BOARD with Par. Port .. $209
    COLOR II+ (13" RGB!TTL, 560x240 OKIDATA PLANTRONICS
    Lines, 18MHz) . . . .... ...... . .. 399 NOVATION SERIAL INTERFACE .$89 COLOR PLUS ... 339
    500 (13" Color RGB/Composite/TIL, ACCESS 123 . .. . . . .•. . .. .Call
    320x240 Comp., 560x240 RGB, J-CAT . . . . ........ .. . .Call MICRO TEK KEYTRONICS
    12MHz) .. .. .. .. . . .. ...... ... . 419 APPLE CAT . ... ..... . . . . Call DUMPLING GX . .. . . . .... . . . Call 5151 Keyboard w/Sep Num. Pad Call
    600 (RGB!TTL, 640x240 Lines, BAM 16. - . Call 5150 Keyboard .... Call
    16MHz, 16 Colors) . . . ANCHOR
    . 419
    710 (13" RGB!TTL, 720x480 Lines, MARK VII (300 Baud) . . .. $99 IBM PC SYSTEMS
    18MHz, 16 Colors) MARK XII (1200 Baud) .. . .
    . .. . 549 .. . 239 IBM PC w/o Drives, 64K and Drive Controller .... .... . . . . ..... 51299
    MARK VI ......... . . . . . · · · · 69 IBM PC 64K, 1 360K Drive, Controller (Handles ... 1429
    ZENITH CALL FOR PRICING ON
    ZVM 122 12" Amber ... ... . . . .. . $99 OTHER MODEMS IBM PC 256K, 2 360K Drives and Controller .... . . ... 1450
    ZVM123 12" Green . . ...... 99 All IBM's include keyboards, all necessary cables, manual~ warranty
    LEADING EDGE APPLE ADD-ONS IBM PC XT 128K, 1 360K Dr and 1 Internal 1OM Hard Disk .... .3395
    GORILLA 12" Green . . .. $98 IBM AT (Base Model) 256K. 1.2M Floppy, Clk Cal, 8 Exp Slots + more . . 3849
    GORILLA 12"' Amber . . ..98 TG
    JOY STICK Call For IBM AT (Enhanced) 512K. 1.2M Floppy, 20M Hard Drive, Ser/Par Ports . . . 5495
    TAXAN SELECT PORT Lowest IBM PC JR (All IBM Product Drive, Monitor, RAM) . . . .. Call for Price
    121 (12"' Green) $108 PADDLES Prices IBM
    122 (12"' Amber) 109 PC. XT Operating Sys 2.1 . $59 $24.95
    NEC MICROMAX 64K Mem Upgrade
    VIEWMAX 80 ... . . $130 AT Operating Sys 3.0 ......... . .. 69
    J B1201 (12"' Green Composite, MONOCHROME MONITOR .. . .. 239 128K Mem Upgrade $50.00
    VIEWMAX 80e. . 130
    800ctr Lines, 20MHz) .. ... .. . . $129 COLOR MONITOR . . . . . . . 589 All RAM Chips have 90 Day Guar.
    JB1205 (12°' Amber Composite, KENSINGTON COLOR CARD. HX12 (IBM Comp) 189 All are 200nS or Better Speed
    800ctr Lines. 20MHz) .. 129 SYSTEM SAVER. . $69 MONO CARD w/Par Print Port 229 Dealers Call-We sell to Major Distr
    OTHER MONITORS IN STOCK ... Call MORE AVAILABLE. . Call PC Par or Ser Print Port . . . . .. 73 ea

    INTEL 8087-3 5MHz RAM CHIPS - 64K $25.95 . DISK DRIVES


    Math Coprocessor for PC and Compatibles All RAM Chips are compatible 1OOOpcs $1.90 . · TEAC 558 360K 'h High OS/DD Drives for IBM
    . . 1pcs. $119 ea 10pcs. $113 ea 15pcs. 5109 ea.
    1pcs. $139 ea. 5pcs. $125 ea. 1opcs. s120 ea . . wrthJBM XT/compatrble machrnes. 5000pcs $1.85 TANDON • · 0K ·Full'Helght OS/DD Drives
    100 2 3 6
    (Also avarlable for AT. 8087-8MHz and 8087) Japanese and America~ .Biands 10000pcs $1.80 1pcs. $145 ea Spcs. $140 ea 10pcs. $132 ea

    FINANCING AVAILABLE-with approved credit


    OEALERS: Open Accounts available, call for applications
    TERMS: We accept VISA, MASTERCARD, COD's, and Wire
    Transfers. UPS, Federal Express and Emery shipping available.
    California residents please add 6 112% sales tax to order. Prices
    $av-On Computers:1 Inc.
    are subject to change without notice. Not resposible for 12595 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250
    typographical errors. OPEN:7:30am t ill 6:00pm Monday-Friday and 9:00am till 2:00pm Saturday
    Inquiry 344
    PROMPT DELIVERY!!!
    SAME DAY SHIPPING (USUALLY)

    DYNAMIC RAM
    256K 256Kx1 150 ns $ 7.15
    128K 128Kx1 150 ns 15.67
    64K 64Kx1 150 ns 1.79
    64K 64Kx1 200 ns
    EPROM
    1.97
    ISOBAR ••• cleans up
    27256
    27128
    32Kx8 250 ns $26.97
    16Kx8 250 ns 9.97 Convert What You Have
    your line power! The
    27C64 BKxB 200 ns 8.75
    To What You Want I
    most complete computer
    2764 8Kx8 250 ns 4.29
    2732A 4Kx8 250 ns 4.87 • RS232 Serial
    • 8 Baud Rates
    • Centronics Parallel
    •Handshake Slgnals
    protection available!
    2716 2Kx8 450 ns 3.21 • Latched Oulpuls • Compact 31: x 4~ x 1!-:, More features to prevent errors, false print-
    STATIC RAM out, disc skips! Only Isobar has 3-way spike
    6264LP-15 BKxB 150 ns $10.70 protection, noise suppression for RF/ plus
    6116LP·3 21<xa 150 ns 3.43 isolated filter banks! Prevents components
    in your system from interfering with each
    other and erratic line power from damag-
    F:~i~;).d'N;':,' ~~1~; Pa~~
    5
    JJPoo ing the system!
    MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED Models $55 to $98. Free brochure.
    ~~~s~" ::,~Av• (918) 267-4961 CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-662-5021 or write:
    Pricet shown above are for March 11, 1985
    ~c.ltoi'o.rtftlli::n:ftPf-calO.b,ICl lO ~~~"V'90<"""9pncnD" INDUS-TOOL, Dept. BT
    ~rii::~-=~~~=:::::::o~·~
    ......
    ,_,..,~, ¥4-F ~~l!Jf r- st.tiOI
    325 w. Huron, Chicago, IL 60610

    Inquiry 265 · Inquiry 142' Inquiry' 197

    zsmt
    1
    Heath IBM PC1 VT100
    EM100
    pISK sooT
    Users for IBM PC, XT, AT
    APRICOT and VICTOR 9000
    fI;\RD + cVRITY
    p;\TA SE FiXTends
    boot hassles,
    Double Your VT102 emulation, English
    5 Y." disk storage
    stops data
    setup menu, 110-9600 BAUD, thieves-
    capacity without adding a drive.
    ASCII file transfer, Modem 7
    DATAMAC, DAVONG,
    Get twice as much from your H88 or binary transfer, 132 columns,
    H89 microcomputer. Our FDC -880H soft keys, and more! Optional GREAT LAKES, !OMEGA,
    floppy disk controller. in conjunction Tektronix 4010 emulation. XEBEC, ZOBEX, otners.
    with your 5Y." drives, for example,
    No-Slot Installation for
    expands memory capacity from 256 Multicopy discounts IBM PC, COMPAQ, COLUMBIA
    bytes t o 512 bytes per sector.
    And it handles si ngle and double- $70 - $95 + taxlshpg
    sided, single and double-density, 8" and ·ji; I Diversified Computer GOLDEN BOW

    --t :'iSi1 Systems, Inc.


    5Y." drives - simultaneously.
    SYSTEMS
    - : : '. 100 Arapahoe, Boulder. CO 80302 Box 3039
    (303) 447-9251 San Diego
    C.D .R. System& Inc.
    Dealer inquiries invited. CA 92103
    Controlled Data Rccordin1 Systems Inc.
    7210 Clairmont Mesa Blvd., San Dieso, CA 92 lll TraO'em ark.s VT100·0igllal Equ1pmel'lt. IBM PC. XT·IBM Corp.
    VIC TO R 9()J()-V1c1or Technologies: COMPAO-C OMPAO Compu1e1s. Inc 6191298-9349
    (619) 560-1272

    Inquiry 62 Inquiry 125 Inquiry 171

    IBM COMPATIBLE ~i ROSE DATA SWITCHES


    \{!',;/ HlCTAONICS
    SHARE computers. prinlers.

    DISK DRIVES l
    DYNA PC 64K BASIC UNIT ........:J :~~Ji~~~~ ~~b~=r~a~ad:;i~;
    s::;:J!ll;jii~ INEXPEN SJV Ewaylonetwork
    * 64 K system board COMPAT IBLE with

    Half Height
    IBM Compatible
    * 130W switching pow~r supply
    * USA made Hi·Tuk Keyboard
    * Case with fl p-up top cover
    ssso.oo all comput ers.
    Businesses. Schools. Homes
    WE ALSO OFFER:
    Oala Buffers, Line Driver s,
    Modems. Protocol Converters,
    ONE YEAR DYNA PC 256K COMPLETE SYSTEM Parallel - Serial Converters,
    Cables, Computer s. Printer s.
    i * 256K system board Disk Drives, and more.
    WARRANTY • Keyboard 130W p<lll't)r supply/ruse AUTOMATIC • CARETAKER is ideal for a business o r
    I' • 'lh Ht. 360K dislclcontroller school to share a pr inter or modem among ma ny computers.
    I' *AST 6-PAK compatible board $ Operation is fully automatic with no software r equired.
    40 tr. DS/DD ..... $115.00
    80 tr. DS/DD . . . .. $139.00 11 *Hercules compatible board 1495. 00 Parallel or Serial 4 channels - $295 B channels - $395
    MANUAL - HARDSWITCH is operated wilh !he !lip of a
    or Color grnphic board
    1.2 meg. floppy ... . CALL II * Monochrome monitor
    swi l ch. 2:2 and 2:4 models allow simultaneous commu n-
    icalion.
    Enclosures and mounting kits Ser ial 1:2-$59 1:4-$ 99 2:2-$109 2:4 - $169

    Special bracketed pair pricing II DYNA XT 256K COMPLETE SYSTEM


    * DYNA PC 256K L'Omplet.e system
    Pa rallel 1:2 - $99 1:4 - $159 2:2 - $189 2:4- $279
    LEO and spike protection on serial models add $20.

    ll * IOMB hard disk (20~!B optional)$ 214 5 • 0 0 CODE ACTIVATED· PORTER connects one computer to
    multip le peripherals. A soltwa recode selects !he peripheral.
    * IJfC hard disk controller Parallel or Serial 4 channels - $295 8 channels - $395
    I' Buller option 64K - $100 256K - $250

    ******************************************
    OEM and DEALER inquiries invited
    REMOTE - TELEPATH connects multiple computers to
    mul tiple par1pheral! . A selector at each computer or terminal
    • ALLIED MICRO DEVICES chooses up lo 4 peripherals and displays busy status

    2809 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, Ml 48104 I\ ****************************************** 4:4 - $495 4:8 - $795 selector - $39
    = = = = """- ;e.,. ...... _,.,,,,., = = = =
    (313) 996-1282:TX2907707 AMEL DYNA SYSTEMS ROSE ELECTRONICS (713) 240-7673
    *Manufactured by SANYO
    I' 1500 Wyatt Drive Suite 8 Tel. 14081 748 8501 P.O. BOX 742571 MC & VISA Accepled
    HOUSTON, TX 77274 Dealer lnqulrlu lnwlled
    Santa Clara. CA 95054 Telex. 317994 Dyna Systems CAL.L. US FOR ALL. YOUR INTERFACE NE D

    Inquiry 19 Inquiry 129 Inquiry 337


    V/ASYn™ ( GmpuPro J 6
    CQ£X 1OOMHz Bm111B
    The Perfect S-100 Team! Dual Trace
    CPU-Z 64K Low-
    The ZBO Standard Power 6MHz Dual Time-
    6MHz Z80D CPU
    24 Bit Addressing
    S-100 RAM Cord
    24 Bit Addressing
    Dase
    BOTH BOARDS ,c;e
    )
    e,'4~ FZ
    •
    )
    PURCHASED
    TOGETHER: $299 :~o\JG $PR0BES INCLUDED! lo
    91' "'
    E
    995
    BPVIACOX (Sh. wt. 3 lbs.)
    BPGBT\60A CPU Board Only: $179.00 BPBKP1580
    BPCOX64KRAM 64 K RAM Only: $179.00 List Price:
    1595.00
    .,,0
    -
    JOO BaudSmarlrrtidem
    Microrrodem 11 IO<Apple
    MODEMS

    1200 Baud Sma1 lmod~ 4 lbs:.


    HAYES
    1200 Baud1e>r IBM· PC.. w/soltware
    SPOCH0400P
    BPOCH12008
    BPOCtl0200P
    BPDCH701400
    5
    S
    5
    S
    429
    429
    249
    249
    RX8020l ti s
    RX80FT201tis
    RXI00261bs
    -
    PRINTEP.S & DUFFEP.S

    EPSON
    NOW SHIPPING NEW -+~ SERIES!
    BPEPNRX60+
    BPEPNRX80F T+
    BPEPNRX100+
    S 239
    S 279
    5 429
    Com(ll.Ao CPU·Z

    SOS SBC·3004MHz
    S-100 CPU DOARDS

    COmtllPro8085/88ooa!Ploc.esSO"

    SOS SBC·300 6MH l


    AOVANCEO DIGITAL Sui>erS1x. wl~opoy
    a>nt·o~er. 128 1( RAM
    BPGBTA039
    BPGBTA041
    BPSOSJB095
    BPSOS38092
    BPAOCSUA5 128
    S 179
    SJ99
    5599
    S699
    S699
    Ill
    z
    I
    FX8020:bs
    B?EPNFX60 + S 399 AOVANCEO OIGITAL 4MHzSBC. 5'1< BPAOCSBC15 5595 =
    ·~
    FXl0026ltls BPEPNFXlOO+ 5 599 !loopy cetiuOller. 64K RAM
    PROMETHEUS L01500 Ser W'll 30cps BPPOBEPNL01500S $1249 ADVANCED OIGITAL 4MHz SBC. 0· BPAOCSBC 18 5595
    P10Mooem 1200 baudautodia!/ans 4 lbs BPPRMPM\200 5 299 L01500 Par 1nl 30cps BPPOBEPNL01500P $1199 11aopy coo!rolle', 64K RAM
    P10MOOem IBM·Pc·· card wfsotlwaie BPPRMPM12008 S 289
    OKIDATA
    ProMooem Aeple 11 card w/sottwaie
    ProModem!or l.bcinlosh w/cable& sottw•e
    Alpha/rJJm cisplay!CI' PfOo\lodem
    ()p\io!t; PIOCessor for PfoModem
    6~K Merroy exp IQ' couons pt0Ces50f
    8PPR MPM1200A
    BPPRMPM1200M
    B?PRMOISPLAY
    BPPRMOPTPRO
    S 349
    S 399
    5 79
    s 79
    82A w/lrac tor teed 25 lbs
    8JA w/ua~ tm leed35 lbs
    84A • paial el 35 bs
    84A· se11a135 lbs
    BPOKIOATB2AT
    BPOi<IDATBJAT
    BPOKIOAT84AP
    8POKIOAl84AS
    S 349
    5 589
    S 895
    S 979
    S-100 RAM BOARDS
    CompuPro RAM23 I 64 K
    CompuPro RAM 23 / 128K
    sos Ex.pariaoRAM 111/696
    BPG8TAJ 16
    8PGBTA319
    BPSOSJ8097
    SJ49
    S599
    5499
    z
    -
    BPPOBPRM tXPl).5 5 59
    IDM Af" Compatible Hard Disk Drive

    ·-
    92A · pa1 ane 125 ftlS BPOKIOA 192AP S 469 SOS Exoarl'.IORAM IV BPSOSJ8088 5825

    ....... DISK DRIVES


    8" DRIVES
    92A· se11a125 lbs
    93A · parallel 35 lbs
    93A- serial 35 lbs
    BPOKIOAl92AS
    BPOK10AT9JAP
    BP0Kl0AT93AS
    5 610
    5 699
    5 925
    MACROTECH 1 Megatrfle
    CornP.1ProR<\M 22 / 256K
    BPMACMAXM
    8PGBTA070
    52195
    51199

    2011lb1·1t- hro ask :orrnano SEAGATE 51DsBPSEAST225F S 795 S-100 RAM DISK BOARDS
    JJM!)y1elBM COJ01v1aeo ca1d 2ibs BPIBM1504910 s 250
    SIEMENS Siigte side d!lVdens~y 181Ds 8PSIEFOOI008
    2 to5 OnvesS 110 eacr.1601 ll"O"e O<ivesS99 eacri
    5 125 MANNESMANN TAllY Compul'ro M·Olivt.IH% 512K BPGBTA072 5595
    IBM McrocnraneC ard21bs BPIBM1504900 S 250 MT160LBOCOl.2 1 lbs 8PTALMT161L 5 575
    WORlO DISK omvES Ooutlle side BPW002008P s 219 MT180l 132cOl 281bs 8PTALMT180L S 799
    SOSRAM<llSk 256K 8PSOSJ8082 56•9
    IDM-PC'" COMPATIBLE MONITOP.S dWdensily 18 1bs 2 10 5 Or1Ves 5199eatfl
    S-100 1/0 DOARDS
    TAX.Ml 12 9reensmenfc11BM 1810s BPiAXt21 S 169 6 CJ nkl<t or~1ts 5189 eacri TOSHIBA
    TAXMl 12arti)erscree11!Qfl8r.t181bs BPTAX\22 s 179 MITSUBISHI dbl side.dbl defis l!l!Os BPMITM289463B 5 375 PIJ40se11a130lbs 8PTSHP 1340S 5649 Vectorlnterlacer U 8PVCT800GF28 5 259
    TANDON 'I~ ticighl s;I side. dbl dens 9ttJs. 8PlNOTM84BH S 319 P1J40paralle130lbs BPTSti P1340P S649 CompuPro lnt«1ace1 3
    TAUN 11 COICrRGBwcable281os BPTAXRG8420 5 495 BPGBTA078 5 599
    TA NOON 'h l'oe1ghl d!>I side.db l dens 91bs 8PT NOTM8482E 5 389 Pl351parallel351bs BPTSHP1351P 51299 Compti'ro lnter1acer 4 BPGBTA060 S349
    STD CARDS •1 •"each\ &d11ec11on1 trac1or1aP IJ5161trs BPTSHt.0.4003 5195 ComP.IProSys1em 5t.(lpoit l 8PGBTA103 S 350
    Stc~ r RIO 1 6J~1 BPSiBSRIO 5319 5 'I• " DP.IVES Smo'ebmcu1 st1ec1 leeder 8PTSHA05002 5995 SOS4 portAsyncseml 8PSOSJB096 5 449
    Svoer •O n SHUGART 40t1k Yt he!gtll. dDI Sl!le Jibs BPSHUSA455 S 99
    BPSTSIO 5199 lorPl35 1 151bs sos a pon Async se11C11 BPSOSJ8093 5529
    RIO PLUS U164K1 BPSTBRlOPLS S289 SHUGART 40 trk 'h· hl abl side Jibs 8PSHUSA465 S 99
    SOS8 par! 4-Async. 4·sync 8PSOSJ8094 5 649
    Graon1cPLUS1I 8PST8GRPLS2 5 395 TANOOtl 100·2 4011k lull he1Qlll 8PTNOTM1002 S 149 PRACTICAL PERIPHEP.ALS
    db! side41bs
    PARADISE 64K "~'1ob1.11ter !seuaO 21trs S-100 CONTROIJ.ER BOARDS
    I 5 P~t· l,lu t !1,;ri{!r ~ a1!: J i ~O: BPPAA5PACKJ84 5269 5'1•" HARD DISK 64K M1cr0Dut!er (caraUe O21bs
    BPPR?M81S64
    BPPRPM81P64
    5 249
    S 249
    FOR FLOPPY DISKS
    '·• ~: o.soa~ Cai~ BPPAAMOC 5349 MrcroBuflei II+ fOr AD!Jle(Sef & pat") 2 lbsBPP APMB2PLUS1b S 189
    OUMHUM 42Mtiyte liardd1sk9.bs BPOTM0540 S1J95
    ~oOISl< l OMA

    !: :.\'):l~•d!' Ci•a:lMS Cw:: BPPARMGC 5295 Seag~le ST225 'Ii l'vgl125Mtivt e SIDS BPSE AST225 5 695 BPG8T54018 S 399

    ...a. t;' f ~~:ianS• 'l" <r1 a J')·1~ e1J to 384K BPPARMOOAJ84 5209 MAXTOR 85Mbyte 30ms access 12\bs BPMXTX T1 085 52295 CompuPro DISK 1A OMA BPGBTA084 5 549
    Parat ~ ::uT f'V .u>·i ~ 8PPARM006PkR S 7!l MAXTOR l40M bylll JOms access 12100 BPMXTXTl 140 S3695 sos VersaFklppy II wilt! CP/M 30"" BP?OBVF2CPMJ 5 299
    <;~' ~ ;.r11 ~! a:,•J1 ~ BPPAAMOOBSEA S 79 SHUGART SA712 12 Mtly1e 8PSHVSA7 12 5 399 (a special 1mp1emen1a1i01 by SOS)
    SOSVersaFloppylll BPSOSJ8099 5599
    w11t15 •,~· unbankedCP/MJ.o··
    TECMAP. llOAP.DS 8PPOBVF3J91 45 S 749
    Nashua

    .-., 5,, Double Sided


    w1lh8" unll.anked CP/MJo·· BPPOBVFJ39146 5749
    Tn C.L?T.L111· r.!u'11 :.i;ara 6.i1< BPTECCAPTMI 5 259

    ) Gr-:t.?>ilCS t!1AS1rn· BPTECGRMSTR S 499


    Diskettes
    w11 t15 1 • • banltroCP / MJO'•
    Wlll1 8 Oinli!dCP/MJO ..
    BPPOBVFJJ9M7
    8PPOBVFJJ9 14 8
    5 749
    5 749

    .........,......,....
    i 1 ll:. •, ~t.i'~ CHASSIS r01 IBM PC · 6S101BPTECEXPCHS S 749

    HERCULES GRAPHIC CARDS ble Densitv Diskettes FOR HARD DISK


    ttqn r~s rn!lnoctromecan1
    C•...-ir~a rlJ w in pr.mer OOl l
    BPHECGC
    BPHECCOLOR
    5339
    5179
    Dou $1 20 uc111n Packs ot 50 CompuPro OISKJ Seaga1e STSOOserres
    ADVA NCED DIGITAL Seagate 500
    BPGBTA087
    BPAOCHDC IOOl5
    5 559
    s 399
    QUADRAM CAP.OS ,, "' '""' -:~
    a... (Sil wl 1 lb poi pack)
    compat1tlle

    $ 1 00 EACll In Boxes ot 250


    : 1 11.:· 1 ~{ D OUAOBOARO !O Ki BPOOROOBROXPO 5 239
    IJUl,L'BCii<RD II BPOOROOBRO!IO S 229
    OUAOCOLD R 1· BPODROOCLRI 5219
    DISK DRIVE ENCLOSURES

    111
    •S250 ($1 .00 l 250=$250.00/bo"ll
    ou.i.OCOLOR 11·
    GUAI 512 r64K mstal!e!)
    BPOOROOCLRll 5 449
    BP5D \Sh wl s lb• pcr bO~ 8" ENCLOSURES
    BPOOROD S12+ S 259
    QUAOUUK
    Selia! inl Cat/J 1 RS232
    B?DORDDLINK
    8POORRS2J2
    S 539
    89
    95~ EACll In Cartons ot \000 ParaOynam1r:sOua!desklop351os
    ParaQynam1cs 011al 1ack 1110•.11135!bs
    8PPON22000
    BPPON2200R
    5 479
    5 499
    s~11al t i oansL'J (I IOI ab!'.lvf. BPOORRS232EXP 40 000=$950.00/ClrlOR} (Sil wl 30 ni..) JMR Dual desk!OD JO.tis BP JMR2C8 5 229
    BPOOR1PIC S 89 &P50SI000 l$ .99 l I b tabelsandwri1epro1etl\abS. S'I• " ENCLOSURES
    . T k sleeves. reaolorted hu s. b '
    VIDEO MONITOP.S Oiskeltes are packaged w11h yve mast or•or In ""' malUplu sb••• or . JMRS1n gle51 bs BPJMRIC5 59
    JMROua1 1t111net~t 91bS 8PJMR2C5 89
    C,1•.rt (f! 121AH' 12 Ami e. 18 1!lS BP SVODM2212 S 79 11 rocolH lbUI ltw-1•• prlcu. yov
    JMR Ctialh1lll"lelgtltw/ifltemalda1a SPJMR2C5C
    ~/,lfl{J l ijMH1 12 Green 24 lbs 8PSYOOM!JI 12CX 5 129 s "
    St.riVIJ l 8MH1 12 Am~lf:r l ·I His 8PS VOOM!2 12CX 5 129
    JMR Dual nall ne!f,n veil mrunt 71bs BPJMA2Sl6 S 65
    IJ.lt. 'J l ijMli1 12 Gr!!':fl I ~ ftis BPIAX 115 S 139
    JMRSm91eriard ll1sk enclOscre t6!bs 8PJMRHOC51 s 199

    --
    lt..".11\11 1WAHr 12 Am it-I IA t ,.; OPIAX 116 5 139
    JMROual rlaf<ldiSkenc.IOsure20!1.5 8PJMRHOC52 S299
    '1:.lifCJ n HfiC: r.ri1t11 7r AH r30111s 8PSVOOM7500 5 379
    [J.t1.1i T/ ltGli !.fd•7 l,/, \Hr '>Ollis UP TA)(210 5 319

    MICRO COMPUTER ACCESSORIES PRIORITY


    See Page 290 For Detail$
    ELECTRONICS v~
    ir.,v'-""'1 •,11,r.,,,,, 1.11 .• ~"' ui t<'~
    h- rJ l~m M1•1trl t\.1'. !: '; Ill".
    IJPMCAG10
    Ul'MCMH
    s 89
    5 .10
    9bl Deering Ave, Chotswath. CA 91311-5887
    ~~E!Pii~~D~R~O~e~~u~.9i~!28A~~!~~y;m~F~N~~A~~a~~~!o~a?.sla~n~u:~11~u!
    111,11\t,f, ! )1 ", • 1,:., 'Ill" r .r .~ ·1 ltt, 1!Pl.1CA100 SJO

    KffiRONICS
    Iii.I.I l•t. r•.1,1.,. r;u · ~· ~' : /l~ r l '• Ur, UPK[ YK8515 1 S1<J9 SHIPPING & HANDLING ol $3.00 !or the first 3 lbs., plus 501 !or each additiooal poundl30I ii within California). Orders over 70 lbs. sent freight collect Just io
    1l:•A l'i,J!. 1•:1.L11.•·u•:1t1 ~ r: tl~rl ltl 'K( Vl(05 151JB S19'1 case. include your phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through April 1985. Credit card orders will be
    Joi_, · 1, ,.. u ll-t1 ol 111ql•."1·111 r. llPKUKfl'>l 4'1Jll S 1!'1
    charged appropriate freight We are nol respoosible for typographical emxs. Sale prices are for prepaid 0<ders only. Inqui ry 3 14

    ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA. AK. HI CAll (818) 709-5111
    SAVEi SAVEi SAVEi
    100
    Qty
    1.97
    2.66
    2.50
    20
    Oly
    2.10
    2.82
    2.65
    IBM PC 250/o off
    256K, 1 Floppy Drive
    Ouelo'" 68 f\f\Q ~l!J
    0
    sottware
    Development
    Tools
    3.18 3.36 68000/68010 Assembler Package
    Disk Controller Keyboard Assembler, linker, object librarian and ext ensive i ndexed
    * Fast
    Delivery
    typeset manuals
    Conforms to Motorola structured assembler, publication
    M68KMASMl4). Macros, cross reference and superb road
    1.74 1.86 map, 31 character symbols.
    2.29 2.44
    2.79 2.95 Optimized tor CP/M·80, ·86, ·68K, MS·DOS,PC-OOS . S595
    3.07 3.24 Por1able Source writlen in " C" . $1495

    . ALL SYSTEMS ARE CONFIGURED


    5% 8 ANO TESTED AT NO EXTRA CHARGE
    Complete 68000 Development Package
    forMS·DOS
    Color Coded Labels .25 .30 OKIDATA 92 . . .... .. . ... 390 . Lattice 68000 "C" Compiler and
    (Pkg. of 20) TEAC 558 - Floppy Drive. . 129. Oue lo 68000 Assembler Packag e .$1095
    Tyvek Envelopes ea. .08 .12
    10 Disk Soft Box ea. .32 MICRO SCIENCE 1OMB. . . . . 685.
    MICRO SCIENCE 20MB. . . . 1025. 68200 Assembler Package
    CALL 818-706-8602 Call For Additional Prices Assembl er and link er for Mosl ek MK68200.

    * Credit For USA Direct Dial Call * Optimized for CP/M-80, MS·DOS, PC-DOS . . .. .. S 595
    With Any Disk Order.
    5K Computers For more Information contact Ouelolnc.
    1000 Semoran Boulevard/Suite 505 2464 33rd W. Suite #H3

    Disk~ 5 :i:tJ~~ings Winter Park, Fl 32792


    1-800-432-8515 Ex 5118
    Patrick Adams

    COO, Visa, MasterCard


    Seatlle, WA 98199
    Phone [200) 285·2528
    telex II (TWX) 9103338171
    [- ] Agoura Hills, CA 91301 j ,.,.... J CP/M, TM ORI. MS·OOS TM Microsoft. PC·DOS TM IBM
    Free Price List A 11 ailable 1-800-624-3250 Outside Florida

    Inquiry 120 Inquiry 162 Inquiry 329

    IN STOCK
    Exj1tmding tbe
    2050 $ 655
    J1ower <?f tbe
    computer . ..
    MODEMS
    All modems listed are Hayes
    3550 $1315
    8850 $1685 COMPUTER compatible with Free
    Communications Software
    2010/15/30 .... . .. ... . $ 625 SOFTWARE ~ •• •• ,~:~· t. •
    ~""'""' ~1.1--:.>:<"~'- :
    •
    RACAL-VADIC •... • ... . ...... . MAXWELL
    .\ Sricnt{li'c American Hook 300PC 300, PC Internal w/soft . . . . . . . . . $ 219
    3510/15/30 .. .... . .. .. $1185 300 V 300, RS232C External . . . . . . . . . . . $ 219
    Writlen hy such leading authorities as ,\l.,\N l\i\Y, 1200 PC 300/1200, PC Internal w/soft ..... $ 337
    8810/15/30 ........... $1625 Nll\IJ\l IS \\"llffll, and L\\VIU'NCE TESl.EI!. this ml· 1200 V 300/1200, RS232C External ....... $ 389
    Elf 360,370 ...... . .... $ 399 lection of 111 articll's from Sci{'ll/ijlc , 1111t·rim11 George Communications Software ..••. • • S 79
    undeniahlv shows that software is 11i ll1e rnmputer
    Pinwriter P-2 .. . .. . . .. $ 490 as the score is to the instruments or music. ln- HAYES 1200 SMARTMODEM External .•.. $ 449
    (w/lnterface & Tractor) dividu:d rl1aptl'rs rnnsider tht· qul'stion of thl' in- U.S. ROBOTICS Password ..... .. ..... $ 305
    Pin writer P-3 ....... . . $ 690 terface between the cerebral and thl' solid-slate
    PROMETHEUS
    (w/lnterface & Tractor) cirruit that software supplies, whill' suhsequt·nt
    artit:les t•;.,;:1rninr s11flware's impact 1111 linguistics, Promodem 1200 ...... .. • ..... .. . . .. $ 334
    Options Processor . _ •..... • .•. • ..•... S 79
    scil·nn· and ma1hematirs. inr11rmation 111:111:1ge-
    Terms: PREPAID - FREE FREIGHT!!

    =[•
    mt·nt. graphics. procl'sS rnntrol. and prohlem
    solving. Order vour rnpr toda1. /t1/m: JJ.i /111gl'.r DIRECT CONNECT DEVICES
    QUALITY PRINTERS SU 'Ji !/1/11s SJ. 511 Ji11· /1osl11,,~· 111/1/ b1111d/i11g). P.O. Box 13256, San Luis Obispo, CA 93406
    8415 Cement City Rd.
    Brooklyn, Michigan 49230
    I.I'll.\' 7167·1711-3
    1; W. H. Freeman and Company CALL FOR
    FREE VISA . 11'1
    . · . . CALL TO
    ORDER
    Phone: 517-592-3749 ·i·1llJ \\'est 1%0 So. , Salt l"k" Cilr. l lT ~·1104
    CATALOG - (805)54H308
    (8tlt) 97.i - -1(1(10 . Dealer lnqulrlea Invited - Many Hema Not Llated.

    Inquiry 324 Inquiry 398 Inquiry 118

    }usTIN T1ME MAPIT


    MAPS ON YOUR PRINTER
    E><SEb. OUTLINE
    SHADED BY REGION
    QUALITY MEDIA·ANY QUANTITY
    INTERPOLATED CONTOURING
    LIFETIME REPLACEMENT 30 - 60% SAVINGS TREND SURFACE
    GUARANTEE on
    MAP FILES FOR AMERICAS.
    HUB RINGS·TYVEC ENVELOPES Computers
    ASIA, AFRICA & EUROPE
    Because we buy in huge volume lo VVordProcessors
    supply software manufacturers. FOR IBM PC & COMPATIBLES
    our prices can ' t be beat. Peripherals
    ONLY $95

    PO Box 883362 • San Francisco, CA 94188


    (415) 550-0512
    E)(5Eb 0

    OFFICE EQUIPMENT BROKERS


    QSC BOX 778
    E. LANSING, Ml 48823
    Add $3.00 shipping and handling 800-624-2001 NY (716) 325-5530 (517) 641-4428
    (CA residents add 6.5% ) VISA/MC/COD

    Inquiry 45 Inquiry 147 Inquiry 330


    comPAa® comPAa® XT™POWER 135W
    256K, 1/360K drive,
    10 Meg Internal
    /r ~mpJr w·urk.. . lwucr
    @(ffg'IJ(ff;2JfjJ@'"

    •
    ~----~

    Functional equivalent to
    Soh-e your power problem. $
    $2995 Compaq Deskpro '" Fully XT" compatible. 119
    Model 4. One Year Warramy.
    ... .
    Directly Replaces Power Supply in PC.

    $3895
    · ~
    Functional equivaknt Fully compaliblc w/IBM PC AT'~
    Ohk (ontrolkr, OOS .\.0 or :\.I
    to a Compaq Plus.
    ..
    Nol\' using 3 V! 11
    shock-mounted Winchcsrer drins.
    The same: as used in 1hc: Compaq Plus. Includes MonilOr
    CI .-
    ·· ~=:'.]
    .... ,, '
    ---. .
    ...
    128K RAM SET FOR PC AT™
    $149
    20 MEG lnrernal Hard Disk
    Also available \'oith 2 half-height drhres and 10 )fEG llD-1.\195.

    Or upgrade your Compaq 10 a Compaq Plus" equh·aJen1 ?.'ith


    640K, One 360K Drive, $795
    our 3 11l '' shock-moun1ed Winchester disk kit. In cludes Hard
    Disk, Controller, Cables. )fanual, Sortwarc, and ~taunting
    One 10 Meg Internal Hard Drive, 33 MEG Internal Hard Disk
    Hardll·arc. One year warranty. $99 5 Tape Backup Unit. $1195

    llNllN'· 10, 20, 33 AND 42 MEG INTERNAL AND


    .,=~ - \\'ith Um!
    EXTERNAL HARD DISK SYSTEMS
    Oi~k hr
    w·ilh Hard Disk hr
    • • • Microscience
    • • • lnlern.Jlion.JI 20MEG 33MEG 42MEG
    • • • Corpor.Jlion ® ShuJl.Blt®
    llrindofltudlli•~ \lirrnHi<IHt Rndimr llndin"
    TAPE BACKUP SYSTEM
    Internal $695 $1395 $1595
    $595 Same Hard Orh·c as und hy
    hcrcx, Qubic' .:rnd Kamcrman l:lbs.

    IO Meg Internal
    External $895 $1495 $1695
    S2mc Hird Drive as ust'd b)·
    Marnard Elccrronics.

    • llalflleight ' J0.35 Meg


    ~uppl)' Internal~
    $5 4 9
    •Low Power Formatted Capacitr b1unab moun1rd voi1h indtptndcnt povttr and Can. Full)' DOS U or ,\.0 comp<11liblc. Bolh and
    • Uses floppy • Used in Compaq E.'\l<"rn1h bout rrum lhrd lfolt. l~ 1nd il Mrii; Internal Oi~lu indudc nlrndcr po,.·cr ~uppl)'. lb<' ~)"~tern cumn
    Controller Card Deskpro 111 cumpktt and rndr 10 in~bll wi1h 1hc 11.ud Ulsk. Conlrolkr. Cabks. Manual.Soflwarc.and ~ounlinit lbnlw;arc.
    011(')·nr,,·Jrnn1r.

    HARDWARE

    •sl-B. '"$IE1"!-o;R~9' " " 64KR;M $19


    Persysl Time Spectrum CDC 9409 or
    w/OK-$189 w/384K-$303 Tandon TM 100·2-$129
    Ptrs) t Mo no ch m n1 c- Can.I w/Paralltl.. . 11'"5
    Compaq 256K, 2 drives-$2295
    Set af 9 chips, wo "' 110 ''"""'""•' PG.SUX · ll . • . ..••. . .. ... •. . ••. . . . . . . h79
    PGS .\ tAX·I.?. • .. , , . • • , • , , , • • , , , •. •.. Sl79
    Quaniilic§ of Quan1i1ic~ of Quamilirs of AST SixPak Plus w/.\HiK . • , , , •• , , , •• , . • • , . . . . S.\'H Epson......... . ..• , . • . • • , , , •..• , .... , .• CALL
    PANASONIC 10·49 sets 50·1i9scis 1511srtsormore AST SixPak w/ 6 ~K ..• ••• , .•• •••••• SlS 9 Juki lllOO ............. , •• , . .. ... ..... .. .... .. S.\99
    MITSUBISHI JA Sl l·!,H>lf·Hdght. DS/DD
    $99 $17 P""t. $14
    pm<t. P""'- $13
    tlmol" Colo• c,.d. ··· ·· · ·· · · ·· · ....... · · .. ms Okidau 9Z/931M .... . . . .... .. ,, • .... S369/S569/S.,19
    (Japan's Bcsl)
    llalf-Hdgh1,DS/OO K RAM
    1- - - -- - ' - - - -- -- ' - -- -- l lkrculcs Graphics Card w/PanUd .... , ... , .• ,., .SH9
    Sc:r or 9 chip\ ParadiseModularGraphlcsC:lrd .. ......•.•. • . •.• S195
    Tl 855 ... . , .. . , , .. , , •• , , •• . , •.
    tl:ayes Sm:arlmodcm I lOll ••• .. •• , , • • .
    . .S719
    , , • •.. SH9

    $99
    Same as Shugart SA·4SS
    256 95 P:ar.adise Module A Parallel Port , , , • • , , , •• , ••• , . , . S 69
    Paradise Module U64-256K1Cluck . .... , .. • ...... SZ09
    l~aycs Sm:anmodcm IZ008 ...•. , .••. , .••.. , •• .. 1369
    Key1ronic 5151 Keybo:ard . • ..•.. , , •. , . • • , , , . . . . SlH9

    dBase 111-$349
    Copy II PC. .................. . .. . ..... $24
    sonwARE • BORl&IOD"
    N0 rt on Ut'l'f' \·tnion l.O.
    I I 1es- Orr. ·34 Rekas< -
    $59

    Copywrite .. .... ...... . ........•..... CALL • IN1£RNA110NAL Wordstar 2000 .............. . ......... S269
    Disk Explorer .................. . .. . .. CALL Sidekick Superkey Turbo Toolbax Wordstar2000+ ...................... S319
    Non·Copy Protected Sidekick Turbo Tutor
    Zero Disk ........................... CALL Turbo Pascal 2.0 or 3.0 Borland Gift Pack Crosstalk XVI .... . .... .... .... . ....... Sii 9
    Prokey 3.0 ...... .. .. . ........... . .. . .. S89 Turbo Pascalw/8087 2.0 or3.0 Borland GiftPackw/8087 Multimate .... ... .......... . ......... S269
    Sideways ...... . ........•.. . ... ....... $39 CALLFOR PRICES! Lotus I· 2-3 .........•......... . ....... $309
    Thinktank ............................ $119 (Ourpric('SJrtrnl0110,1hc)' m1dcus Lotus Symphony ............ . ... ..... . S429
    takrthtmoutofthc:;id,)

    D PC'S LIMITED
    Microscic-nce ln1erna1ional Corpor-ation.
    Irwin ~agnetics. TEAC. COMPAQ,
    P:;inasonic. Shug:arl, Mitsubishi, Qubie',
    OKIOAH, IBM. K:amum:an bbs, E'tcru:,
    Borl:and ln1crn:a1ional, :and M:ayn::i.rd
    Eleccronics ::i.rc 1rademarks of their
    rcspccllvc companies. All bnnd, uc
    rcgis!c-red trademarks. dBasc Ill is :;i
    rcgls1crcd trademark of Ashton-T:iltc.
    OUTSIDE TEXAS, ORDERS ONLY, CALL 1·800·1BM·5150
    7801 N. Lamar, #E·200, Austin, Texas 78752
    All calls inside Texas and all non-order inquiries,
    call (512) 452·0323
    Telex No. 9103808386 PC LTD
    ·- -
    VIS4"
    I

    No surcharge on \ 'ISA or .\b.i;1erCard


    3% surch:;irgc on American Express

    Inquiry 300 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 463


    "
    !
    FoxBASE™ NOW CHERE!
    '·
    Interpreter/Compiler CROSS SOFIWARE
    for the NS32000
    • dBASE II® source compatible
    Also Available for IBM PC
    • Runs 3-20 times foster than
    dBASE 11 INCLUDES:
    • 8087 coprocessor support * Cross Assembler *
    • 14 digit precision * Cross Linker *
    • Up to 48 fields per record *Debugger*
    •Full type-oheod capabilities * N.S. !SE Support *
    • Provides compact object code * Librarian *
    and program security * Pascal Cross Compiler *
    • Twice as many memory variables * C Cross Compiler *
    • powerful 5 amps/ • acceleration
    OS dBASE II winding deceleration
    • RS232 intelface • 1-4 axis moves U.S. prices start at $500
    Standard Version with BASIC $985
    FOX SOFTWARE INC. 16K BASIC with Battery Backup $1335
    13330 Bishop Rood, P. 0 . Box 2~ CNC VERSION $1950
    Stepping Motor Tips Cookbook $8
    Bowling Green, OH 43402 CNC Manual · $12
    419-354-3981 CENTROID (814) 237-4535
    Box 739, State College, PA 16804
    ·,
    Inquiry. 15 7 Inquiry 63 Inquiry 357

    SAVE TIME AND MONEY WITH


    PORTABLE LOW COST Pl-SWITCH BOXES. GO FORTH, UNIX!
    EXPANSIONS
    ... with u4th
    SK Memory Modules ~ Starting at $59.95 ~~fi UNIX/XENIX/FORTH DEVELOPERS
    Are you interesled in improving your sari ware product1v·
    $44.95 1iy? Do you have a UNIX syslem rn eng1neenng work
    •Quickly shares your computer among
    For your Model 100 & NEC PC-8201 stallon? Now you can realize the exceptional capab1t1ty
    multiple terminals, printers, moderns, etc.
    Field proven and fully supported. of movin g your Forth applica11ons to the world of UNIX
    with just a flick of the wrist.
    and XENIX Experrence the productivil y enhancement of
    TTXpress Model 1 280 •Compact black & beige aluminum
    an interaclive programming environmen!. and still code
    Portable Thermal Printer $170 enclosure features a high quality rotary
    1n C when necessary Ubiquitous Sysb!ms announces u4th
    Bat. opperated, 2.2 lbs, 8 1/z"paper, 40 cps switch with rear mounted connectors.
    lhe first Forth completely lailored tor UNI~ u4111 is a last
    •Serial RS-232 Models have fem. 25-Pin Conn.
    Just for your NEC-8201 drr ect·threaded Forth wrillen 1n portable C. yet capable
    (Lines H & 20)
    of execution speeds comparable to many assembler
    The Sidecar $199 Pl-02·5 switches 2 to 1 .. ..• .• .•.• .... $59.95
    Forihs Great I or Al research and delivery Some features
    32K RAM cartridge/expandable to 128K Pl-03-S switches 3 to 1 .... 79.95
    are. Access lo UNIX utilities ard calls I Ab ility lo
    Pl-05-S switches 5to1 . . . . . . .... . . 109.95
    FREE SHIPPING, HANDELING & INS. incorporate Cprrmilrves I Ob1ect·Oriented Forth included
    •Parallel models have fem. 36-Pin cent. conn.
    FOR CONT. USA. Orders shipped UPS Burary Lrcense Xenix 5395 00 Plexus 5895 00 Call
    Pl-02·P switches 2 to 1 . . . .. .. . ..... . .. 94.95
    next business day. 30-day satisfaction, about others OEM's: Special terms
    money back guarantee. We accept Visa, Pl-04-P switches 4 to 1 . ... ' 154.95
    M/C & Amer. Exp. Checks held 18 days. •Dealers, schools & custom inquiries welcome. UBIQUITOUS SYSTEMS
    •One Year Warrantee. COD, VISA, MIC. 13333 Bel·Red Road N.E. Bellevue. Wa 98005
    f/3~M~'tf,. 1NG (800) 732-5012 •Shipping UPS $2.00lea. AIR $400/ea.
    12061 641-8030
    (805) 987 -4788
    ~Q
    7301 NW 41 St.
    420 Constitution Ave. 9:00 -noon Weekdays
    lln .
    (in Calif.) MIAMI, FL 33166
    Camarillo, CA 93010 UN1X1 TM1 AT&T XfNIX 1TM\ MICROSOF1
    (305) 592-6092

    Inquiry 320 Inquiry 340 Inquiry 391

    II
    Your
    8051 floppy disk
    should be a

    SIMULATOR l Need Specialized


    Bookkeeping Software
    BASF Flexydisk®
    s1-39
    s199
    for the IBM-PC
    11 fl
    5 /4 ~~~~,E~!m
    •••Ge< ' 'O'

    or Z80 CP/M uC
    SIM51 is a screen oriented program that
    simulates the Intel 8051 family of single
    STATION 5 l/4" :~::l:R
    SOLO IN BOXES OF TEN ONLY

    3112,, ""G'"'O'
    s1s9
    s3s9
    ch ip microcomputers. It accepts Intel .HEX
    files (produced by most cross a ssemblers]
    and features both a menu and a com-
    mand driven user interface.
    MASTERjj
    ( :ompk·te integrated s1·stem with quick.
    SOLO IN BOXES O F FIVE ONL Y

    tremendous selection of sOftware


    books, accessories and supplies
    Call today for complete information. eas1· data entrT to automaticalh· create UPTo50% OFF'

    daiiy accounti.ng. lkports shili. check· _ _ __ Soft-re/or IB/lf PC


    C{]olJ®©Du ~~llilD[pWD®ITil~ out. TBA. profit & margins. !las full
    dBut 111........... 349 Mutllmate . . . . . ... 269
    Fremewortc . . .... , .349 Symphony ..... . • .. 419
    imTntorY control. AH. l'a1Toll . I'll.. Home Acct. Plus ..•.. 89 Wordstar 2000 .•. . •• 279
    ©@O'[p©O'®~D©ITil manr otlier ti:atures. ~IS I)( is & C: I'/ ~I
    • w/Ultraflle • ... • M9
    uon aonw.uic • ¥"All.AI L( IN O h •t:IJI
    Wordstar Pro Pac . .. 249
    •o-.... t ~C.&U ,()A 4 VllJU M.IU IUIO ~ llilCll­

    9560 Black Mountain Road


    n-rs(ons. fully working demo a1·ai1ahk. ... lninHH!n •h~ 11td hel>dl kog Sl..OO.. C1l1l llf'tb 1n~ 1, 1id~ lf'llo u ln 11• .
    PrlcH 1ubJec1 lo ch1ng1 wll hout no1lc1. Write for our hllHI c:•l•loO.
    San Diego. CA 92126
    ~ Small Business ABC data products
    For Immediate Action Call: ~ Computer Systems, Int:. 3311 ADAMS AVE, SAN DIEGO, CA921115
    (619) 566·1892 619-283-5488 ~ 800-854-1555
    313 Llewellyn Rd .. Ambler. PA 19002 215·542·9639

    Inquiry 186 Inquiry 349 Inquiry .s


    computers 315-616-30 04
    wholiiii°Me Box 160 Brewerton. N.Y. 18029
    Inquiry 92

    ANADEX A MD EK IBM PC BOARDS ESPRIT SYSTEMS


    DP-9501B ... . .•..... . . $1049 300G 112• g'"enl ......•..... 135 AST Sixpak plus 64k . . . ... . . 299 Esprit .. . .. .. . . .........$4 75
    DP-9620B . . .... . ..... . . . 1099 300A 112· ambed ... . . ... . . .. 145 AST Megaplus 256k . ..... . . 569 Esprit Ill IDeiachable Keyboa rd! ... 615
    DP-9625B ....... . . .. . ... 11 29 310A (IBM PC) ............ 165 Microsoft 256k RAM Board ... 299
    DP-6500 .... . .. .. ....... 2299 600 ............... . " .. . .... 449 Plantronics Color + Board .... 399 New!
    Quadram New Ouadboard .. .. .Call Televideo Personal Terminal
    TEXAS INSTRUMENTS BMC
    Quadram Quadlink Board ..... Call Personal Terminal ... . .... . . $399
    Tl855 w/Tract................$B39 12 AU 112· g•••nl ..... . . . . ... $79 Tecmar 1st MATE Board . .... . 229 Personal Terminal . . .... . .... 5 2 9
    Tl 810R0 Package ....... . .... Call
    NEC Tecmar Graphics Master Board .569 11111300 b and modem
    C . ITOH JB- 1201 112·0,eenJ ... . ..... $155 PC Peacock Graphics Board ... 299 Personal Terminal ..... . •.. ..849
    Prowriter 85 10APar........ $315 64k Chip Kit . . .... . . . . . .. . 2895 w / 1200 ba nd m odem
    JB- 1205 112" ambed .......... 155
    Prowriter 851 OA Ser. ...... .. 415 JC- 1212 11 2• colOrJ . . . ... .. . .. 339
    Prowrit er II Par. . ...... . ... . 499 TELE VIDEO
    JC-1216 112" RGBI, ..... ... .. 439
    Prowriter II Ser... .. ........ 549 910 ....... . . . .... . . .. . $439
    PANASONIC -SYSTEMS- 914 ... - ......... .. . - .. . 579
    12" Green Monochrome ... .. $139 924 ... . . .. . . . . ... .. . . .. 695
    ... $329 12 " Amber Monochrome ..... 1 49 925 ........ .. ...•. . .... 699
    ALTOS ... . .. . ...•...... .. ... Call
    . . .. 589 13" RGB .. ........... ... . 379 950 ........ . ...... . .. . .865
    COLUMBIA 970/50 ...... . ........... 949
    STAR MICRONICS PRINCETON VP Portable 256k ....... $1869
    Gemini 10X ... . ... .. . ... . .. .. $259 SR-12 .... ... .. ...... . .. . ..... 625 MPC 1600-1 ......... .. .. Call QUME
    Gemini 15X . ......... . . . . .. ... 389 Scan Doubler . ......... . . . ... . 205 102 GR . or Amb .. ......... ...$429
    MPC 1600-4 ......... .. .. Call
    Radix 15 . ......... ... .. .... . . Call SAKATA 108 Gr. or Amb ...... . .. . . .. ... 509
    CROMEMCO . ..... . ...... Call
    MANNESMAN TALLEY SG-1000 12 "Green .....• .. . . . .. $105
    SG-1001 2" Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 IBM . .. . . ..... ..... .. .... ... . Call WYSE
    MT-1601 .... ........... $529
    SG-200 12" RGB .... . .. .. ..... .. 539 50 . . .. . . .. .•.... . . •. .. 529
    Mn60 L. .. . ...... .. .... 579
    MT- 180 L .............. . . 829 TAXAN
    SOFTWAfE 300 Color ... . - ..•..•...... . ... 915

    DIABLO
    KG 12N 112" green! ........ , ,$ 99
    210 113" colorl.,,, . .. , .. ,, ..299
    Discount Prices on ZENITH
    620 RO 25 CPS . .......... $879
    630 RO 40 CPS .. .. .. ... .. 1705
    400 113" RGBcolorl ......... .. ,299 Most Popular Z-29 ...... .. ... . · • · ·
    410 113" RGBcolorl, , , , , . . . .. ..379 ZT -10 ..... .. .. . ...... .
    OKIDATA
    Manufacturers! ZT - 11 ... .. .... .. ..... .
    ZENITH
    ML -82A . .... GB\\ . . . .. .Call
    ML-83A . . . . . . . r 01.1! . . .Call
    Z-122 112"amberl .... . . , . , . . $99 MORROW -MODEMS-
    Z-123 112· g••en1 ......... ... 89 NEW Pivot .. . ........ . .. ... .. Call
    ML -92Par .... .. fO.. . 1.0'1\l .Call HAYES
    2 droves , 256K, Modem. LCD
    ML-92Ser. . .... ~9'11. . . . .Call Smartmodem300 ..... . ....$215
    1
    ML 92SA !APP LE) ... .. ·ceS•. . Call
    -HARD DISKS- MD-3 . .... .. .... . .. . . $1927
    2 drives, LO Printer, MDT-70 Terminal Smart modem 1200 ..... . . . . 479
    ML-93 Par. . ... . .. P.t! ___ ___Call CORVUS Smartmodem 1200B ... ... .. 429
    Pacemark 2350 Ser .. ..... 1699 20Mg. llBM or Apple) ..... . . .$3035 NEC Micromodem 11-E ... . . . . .. . . .. 249
    PC-8201 Portable .. . . . . .... Call
    TALLGRASS NOVATION
    PANASONIC PC-8800 SmallBus.nessSySlem . .. 1669
    TECHNOLOGIES D-Cat .... . ..... . ... .. . .• 149
    KX-P1090 .. . . . ..... .. ....... $279 PC-8800 16·B;t SySlem .. . . . ... 1999
    20MB Hardfile Disk J-Cat .. .. .. . ...•.. . ..... 109
    KX-P1091 .... ..... .. .... ... . . 329 PC-8800 SySlemw/B-on Odves .. . .2299
    forlBM -PC . . .... . ... .... 2395 Apple Cat II ............. . . 249
    NEC NEWNEC 2050 .. . ... 979 NORTHSTAR 1 03 Smart Cat ....... ... ... 1 79
    GreatlakH .... . ........ . ..... Call
    Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Call Smart Cat'+ .. ....... - · · ·. · .. ·339
    3530 ... $1490 Taamata . . . . ..... .... .... .... Call
    103/212 Smart Cat . . ... . · · ·409
    Turbo-10 'h height ........ . ... Call SANYO 212 Auto Cat ..... · · · · · · · ·549
    8027 . .. . 359 MBC 666-2 ... ......... . .. . . $ 949 Access 1-2-3 .. · · · · · · · · · · 399
    -DISKETTES- MBC 666-1-. .. . ... ... . ... . . 999 SIGNALMAN
    MBC 565-2 ......... .. . .. . ... .1139
    Maxell Mk XII . . . . 279 Volksmodem 69
    5 1/ 4" MD1 . ... . ...• .... $19 .95 APPLE Mk VII . ... 129 Mk IL . . . . . . 95
    QUME 51 /4" MD2 .. . ........... 24.95 APPie 11 -C w/1 drove . 228J< $1035
    U.S . ROBOTICS
    Sprint 11 /40 .... . ... . ... $1 299 3M/Scotch 300Baud Password . . ... . . -$149
    Sprint 11 /55 . .. . .. ... . .. . 1499 TELEVIDEO
    51/4" SSDD . . . . .. . . ... . $18.95 Tele-PC ............... .. . . . .. Cell 1200 Baud Password ...... . ·259
    Sprint11/90 ............... . .. Cail 51/4" DSDD ........ . ... . 22.95 PC 1200 Baud Modem .... . . ·329
    Tele-XT . ....... .. ... ..... . .. . Cell
    TPCll Portable .... . .. . .. .. ... Cell S 100 1200 Baud Modem ... . ·329
    RITEMAN Info.runner .... $299 Educator
    Lifetime Warranty ZENITH N . Y. r estdents. add appropriate sales tax. We ac ·
    Adver ti sed prices reflecl a cash discount on prepa id 51/4 " SSDD ....... .. ... $14.95 151-22 w/2 Drives ....... . $2239 ceptV ISA and Master Ca ,d . Personal and company
    checks, allow 2 weeks 10 clear. C .O. D. 's reQuire a
    orders only. Most items are in srock for 1mmediatE' 51/4 " DSDD ... . ......... 16.95 151 -52 w /Hard Disk ..... . . . 3599
    delivery in factory sealed canons w ith lull factory 25% deposit. All prices and offers may be with·
    Flip 'n' File/Mids 50 o;Sks . ..... 1 7 .95 ... 2339
    : . OK~WRITERT.M.. Maxell Floppy Disks
    LETTER QUALITY
    The Statistician
    · CPM IBM-PC
    ; ~ Enhancement for
    ~,-_ Okidata ML82A/83A TRS-DOS XENIX
    I ... .~ . .. Dot Matrix Printers
    • Multiple Regression • Survey Research
    • Easy to install Stepwise • Nonparametrics
    • Plug-in module
    Ridge • X-Y Plots
    • Letter Qua I it y: 30 cps • ANO/A
    • Draft Quality : 120cps All Subsets
    • 10, 12, 17 cpi Backward Elimination • Random Samples
    • Time Series Analysis ·Data Base
    • Full dot addressable graphics
    • Descriptive Statistics • Search & sort
    • Front panel access to all features
    • Proportional spacing, bold, double • Transformations • Hypothesis tests
    width, underlining, self-test. etc. Please call TOLL FREE
    • Serial and parallel interlaces retained
    • HELP mode; Diagnostic HEX dump 1-800-334-0854 (Ext. 814)
    • And many other features

    Q
    ~
    0 RAINBOW TECHNOLOGIES. INC.
    for more information
    or wrrte:
    Quant Systems
    --<
    ~PACIFIC EXCHANGES
    100 Foolhill Blvd .. San Luis.
    17971-E Skypark Circle, Irvine, CA 92714 Box 628 San Luis Obispo. CA 9340 l
    (714) 261-0228 Telex 386078 Charleston. SC 29402 In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or
    UK Distributor: X-DATA (0753) 72331 VISA-MIC Accepted (805)543 1037

    -
    Inquir y 333 Inquiry 325 Inquiry 296

    *IBM® PC Compatible

    ~c p1peunej1_
    1
    Custom Wire Your
    RS-232 Interface
    *4164-120/150/200 ........ - .. - ..... 299
    · NEW! *128K-150 for AT ................ . . 1799
    *256K-150 ............•• • • . ...... 1399
    2764-250 - ... - ... - - - - . - - .. - - . - - . 575
    6116-LP3 .................• . ..... 399
    8087-3-6 ....... - ......... - .... 11900
    Apple Drives-half heights ....... .. 15900

    ~
    *Tandon/CDC full height drives _...... 15500
    B&B's RS-232 JUMPER BOX is a compact *CDC/Teac half height drives ......... 13400
    unit wilh male and female connectors, each *IBM Portable Drives ............... 15900
    with 25 pins going to 25 solder pads. KEYBOARD PROTECTOR
    Remains in place during keyboard use. *10 Mb Hard Disk System .... . ..... 59900
    Custom wiring permits building of many dif- *20-100 Mb Hark Disk Drives-Lowest Prices/Call
    Prevents damage from liquid spills, dust,
    ferent interfaces, null modems, pin *Everex Magic Card 0-384 expansion .. 199°0
    ashes. etc. Fits lik e a second skin, excellent
    reversers, etc. Unit has 20 jumper wires. *Everex Magic Card 0-384 expansion
    feel. Homerow and num eric locators.
    ORDER NOW. Only $24.95. All cash orders w/64K RAM Populated . . .......... 22900
    Available for: IBM-PC, Apple lie, Radio
    postpaid (IL res. add 6% sales ta x)_ MC. *Everex Graphic Edge Color CArds . ... 34900
    Shack Model 100, Commodore 64.
    Visa accepted. Ask for Free Catalog. *Drive Installation Kits . ....... . . ..... Call
    Send $29.95, check or M .O., Visa & MC Add $3.95 shrpprng to all orders · Prrces sub1ect to change · PO.'s
    Phone: (815)-434-0846. include exp. date. Specify computer type. on approval • C 0 0 OK• All new. no surplus no seconds.
    Dea ler inquires invited. Free brochure QUANTITY DISCOUNTS
    3310 West Main St.. Tarnpa. FL 33607
    B&B !;;!~~!r.!-!n!~~ available.
    MERRITI Computer Products, Inc. In FL and lor inlo. call 813 -875-0299
    FOR ORDERS ONLY, 800-237-8910
    P.O. Box 10088,0TIAWA, IL 61350 2925 LBJ, #180 I Dallas, Texas 75234
    (214) 942 -1142 - ·z TELEX 330690

    Inquiry 38 Inquiry 255 Inquiry 298

    3M Diskettes
    Lifetime Warranty Lotus™ User? •BAR CODE READER• -
    Think you're gelling the best price
    on 3M Diskettes? Free Mail Order Catalog for Lotus
    You're right . . . BUT ONLY IF . .. Software users, includes:
    You're buying from • Lotus Programs
    NORTH HILLS CORP. • Lotus Enhancement Software
    We will beat any nationally adver- • Books and Training Aids
    tised price* or give you a 15 disk • Hardware and Utilities
    library case FREE!
    Call us last-TOLL FREE-for our We are a unique mail order company
    best shot every time. specializing in Lotus related products.
    • IBM PCtXTCOMPATIBLE(AND MOST CLONES)
    1-800-328-3472 • CONNECTS BETWEEN KEYBOARD AND THE PC
    Formatted and hard sectored disks in 4-5-6 WORLD • NO CAROSLOT REQU!RED/ SIMPLE INTERCONNECT

    stock. Dept. A-108 • NO CUSTOM SOFlWARE DRIVERS REQUIRED


    • HIGH FIRST READ RATE
    OE:aler inquiries invited. COD's an d charqe cards P.O. Box 22657 • READS DOT MA TRIX 8 PRINTED BAR CODE LABELS
    accepted. All orders shipped lrom stock within 24 Santa Barbara, CA 93121 • CODE 3 OF 9. INTERLEAVED 2 OF 5. UPC
    hours. Why wail 10 d a ys to be shipped? (800) 524-5678 Toll Free • AUDIO AND VISUAL INDICATORS
    • READS H1GH. MED. AND LOW DENSITY LABELS
    (805) 564-2424 In California
    _AJ4 N-{ : :;~T~;~~l~~;;;T~IONS$695 ea.
    AMERICAN MICROSYSTEMS
    North Hills Corporation (~W·m-.!.ll~~- P.O. BOX 830551, RICHARDSON, TX. 75080
    (817) 834-9659
    3564 Rol!in q V1e w Ir
    White Ee dr Ldk.e. MN 55110 vour defin itive Lotus enhancement source MASTERCARD ANO VISA ACCEPTED

    MN Call Collect I 612 770 048'.i


    "ve rifia ble; same product, same q u antities

    Inquiry 3 Inquiry 24
    l*U*CO
    is the best thing
    to happen to personal computing
    since the personal computer.
    l*U*CO is an idea whose time has come.

    l*U*CO is the International Union of Computer Owners, an


    organization designed to protect the interests of computer
    owners and users against those who would take their
    money... and then deliver less than they promised.

    Here's an overview of some of the vital services 1·u·co pro-


    vides:
    1. Access to the lowest priced, reputable vendor for nearly ware releases, bug reports, fixes and other data individu-
    every computer related need; and, ally tailored to your needs through 1·u·co·s exclusive
    2. Protection from the rip-off artists, vaporware specialists, Computer Registry; and,
    false advertisers and other creepy, crawly creatures who 4. Finally, a chance to get even with those characters out
    have been attracted to the computer industry by the there who promise a lot, take your money and then
    scent of your money: and, deliver less than they promised.
    3. Constantly updated information on software and hard-

    l*U*CO: Within a day. you'll get the three lowest and most l*U*CO:
    a lynch mob recently quoted prices ... and, quite possibly, some still the iron fist.
    with a purpose. lower prices tha t haven't been published at all. ·
    The best part of 1·u·co has been saved for last.
    Every computer owner has been ripped off at least l*U*CO protects you. Yes. 1·u·co will get you lower prices and will give you
    once. solid information about the integrity and usefulness of
    Or maybe a dozen times might be a more appropriate Of course. buying mail order can get you more than low products and vendors.
    number. prices. But. more importantly, your membership in 1·u·co
    In any event. we've all been victimized by the computer It can also get you a lot of problems in delivery. gives you the power of belonging to a community ... a
    industry. So. along with the low price quotation, you also get community of computer owners and users who need to
    And it wasn't accidental: today·s computer industry is 1·u·co member evaluations and reports about the ven- protect their rights.
    filled with hypesters. rip-off artists, vaporware specialists dor ... and, to make sure that you' ll be happy with the For instance. a group of software publishers recently
    and others whose sole function in life is to part you from product. a bibliography of reviews. articles and letters to managed to get the Louisiana legislature to pass a law
    your money ... while delivering less than you bargained for. the editor about the product or service you want to buy! "legalizing" the non-warranties they provide with their
    The rip-off might have been a computer that wasn't In short. as an 1·u·co member. you not only find the software. (You know, "this software is sold without any
    quite as "compatible" as claimed. Or a computer that lowest price .. but you might also find out that you don't representations that it will work".)
    didn't quite get delivered at the same time as the really want to spend the money in the first place! 1·u·co w1fl fight that kind of nonsense by lobbying
    "hundreds" of new programs that would support it. These are the first steps in 1·u·co·s program: against it.
    Or it might have been a software package that didn 't 1 Getting you the lowest possible prices Likew ise. when a company .. even a major com-
    quite live up to its advert ising hype. Possibly, you've been 2. Giving you an assessment of the potential vendor. pany... announces vaporware. 1·u·co will use the same
    had by a software manufacturer who continuously 3. Providing information on the actual use value of tools to fight back ... to prevent publis hers and dealers
    upgrades their software ... charging you a pretty penny for the product. IAn awful lot of products sound better from getting us all aglow about a new machine or a new
    an updated version that simply gets rid of the bugs that in their advertising than they are in reality Thats piece of software that won't be delivered for months. (For
    shouldn't have been there in the first place. why so few companies offer a money-back instance. how many people would have bought the Macln·
    In a few cases. it might even have been a vendor who guaranty) tosh a year ago had they known that the "hundreds" of
    took your money ... and never quite got around to deliver- programs to be "shortly available" simply didn't exist?)
    ing what you paid for. Finally, when the situation demands it. 1·u·co will be
    In any event. owning a computer has been an open Continuing protection ready to sue. For example, what do you do in a situation
    invitation to getting ripped-off in one way or another. from l*U*CO: where you run out and buy Words tar 2000 Plus ... only to
    Until now. the Computer Registry. find out later that its files are not compatible with the
    l*U*CO As an 1·u·co member. you can become part of our original Wordstar? (If you read the advertising, it doesn't
    means protection. exclusive Computer Registry. say a word about it. You find out after you've laid your
    1·u·co subscribes to some very ancient wisdom: in You simply register the appropriate information about all dollars on the table')
    numbers. there is strength. the hardware, software and peripherals you own with
    Labor unions learned it a long time ago. 1·u·co.
    There's a lot more
    An individual worker had no bargaining power. All the Th en. as updates are announced. problems are discov- to the l*U*CO story.
    workers in a factory. however. have a lot of muscle. · ered. fixes released and so on, you automatically get this
    Automobile owners learned it early on. The American information. The whole story of 1·u·co and its benefits takes eight
    Automobile Association was originally organized to bring No more finding out a year after the fact that the current pages to tell. Ads .. especially those that tell the
    motorists together in order to lobby for new roads and version of your program is 3.14 . .. not the Version 1.7 truth ... are expensive. so we can't take eight pages in this
    highways. program you've been using. Likewise. you might lind out magazine to tell the whole story.
    Even the computer industry has learned it: computer that the mysterious system error messages you've been But, if you send us a buck. we'll send you the entire
    manufacturers. software publishers and others in the in- getting aren't 1ust your problem, but rather wide spread 1·u·co information and enrollment package.
    dustryhave now banded together in order to get legislative (As a personal note. this 1·u·co service is invaluable. You can make up your own mind whether it's a dollar
    approval lor their meaningless "disclaimers" and to In the early days of personal computers, hardware, well spent or not.
    restrict your right to copy the software you've purchased. software and peripheral manufacturers used to be pretty
    1· u·co is designed to bewhat every collective organi- good about sharing information.
    zation is: a means to protect the special interests of its Today, they're not. International Union 01 Computer Owners. Inc.
    members. In the last lew weeks, I personally have learned: a) my Suite 4806
    And. in this case. the members are the victims . .the Macintosh 512K Upgrade is defective and won't work with 30 East Huron Street
    people who own and use personal computers. MacPaint under certain circumstances: b) the ROMS in my Chicago. Illinois 60611
    The people who. until now. have been powerless. Anadex printer have been upgraded: c) the ROMS in my YES, I'm tired ot being ripped oft. Enclosed is $1.00. Please
    !OMEG A Bernoulli box have been upgraded; d) MicroPro send me the intormalion and enrollmenl package for rn·ca.
    First of all, eliminated the copy protection on my version of Words tar the International Union of Computer Owners.
    l*U*CO 2000 Plus: e) MicroPro had a bug in lnfoStar for more than I undersland 1hat I am under no obligation to enroll.
    means low prices. 18 months ... and didn't tell anyone. •• •• PLEASE PRINT ALL INFORMATION • •••
    The first benefit an 1·u·co member gets is the opportu· 1·u·co membership would have avoided these un- NAME ~-------------
    nity to save money pleasant surprises.)
    COMPANY _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __
    Lots of it. With 1·u·co. you get the information you need on an
    1·u·co maintains adatabase of every mail-order adver- individualized basis ... and you get it fast . AO DRESS _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __
    tisement that appears in the major computer magazines You don 't have to tear your hair out wondering about a
    When you want the lowest price on something, just problem. You might even find out about the problem before II CITY STATE _ _ _ ZIP _ __
    (electronically) mail your shopping list to 1·u·co. you encounter it'
    L------------------------J

    I *U*CO
    1
    International · Union ~ ~~=~~ron street
    of Computer Owners, Inc. Chicago,lllinoia60611

    Inquiry 438 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 467


    I
    I

    DUST DATA ACQUISITION TO GO


    INTERFAr.E FOR ANY COMPUTER
    COVERS . . -.
    For Personal Computers and Small
    .' ~

    -
    Business Systems, Peripherals, Game
    Units - Protective, Long-Lasting Vinyl
    Resists Both Dust and Liquids.
    - CHOICE OF COLORS-
    Amdek Franklin Ace
    Apple IBM C onnects via RS-232. Built-in BASIC.
    Atari Kaypro
    BMC Okidata
    Stand alone capability. Expandable.
    Columbia Rana Systems Battery Option. Basic system: 16 ch.
    Commodore Star Micronics 12 bit A/D, 2 ch. DIA, 32 bit Digital 1/0.
    Corona Televideo Expansion boards available. Direct
    Eagle Texas Instruments
    Epson PLUS OTHERS Bus units for many computers.

    GROUP/VOLUME DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE SPECIALISTS IN PORTABLE APPLICATIONS

    FOR FREE BROCHURE WRITE: (201) 299-1615


    ENCHANTED FOREST P.O. Box 246, Morris Plains, NJ 07950
    P.O. Box 5261, Newport Beach, CA 92662
    (118 Onyx)
    Dealer Inquiries Invited ELEXOR
    Inquiry 141 Inquiry 140 Inquiry 366

    couN1S
    BIG O\s
    BLUEBOOK Verbatim O"ROS""
    ON U11LE S t\
    & '1.CCESSOR\ES 80a CPU . CIC .
    Prices shown for thousands
    of computers, software, and flexible disks sOAR0'·-64\\. Z
    • AhlPRO unLE
    or\s lour
    \ o•/, con\ro\ler supp ZCPR3
    o~R1. \ parallel plo~,:NeS w/CP/M 2.2 and SJ29
    peripherals. 48\Pt andfor %\P . . ... . . . . · · ··· ~~~re~ code
    Call Free (800) 235-4137 for \~ & 1} . . . . . oin
    PKG-Manuals. $99
    Each listing includes sug- , sYS1Ehl SUPP n c\ors & can1es · · · : . : S99
    prices and information. Dealer scnerna\1cs.:__c3~: 11ard dis\< imerlace . . .. $159
    gested list, avg. retail, whole-
    inquiries invited. C.O.D. and • SCSI PLUS SOD 48\PI 'Ii n\ drwe . . . . . . . $189

    -
    sale, and used prices for all the • IEAC 551> 0SOD g61pi 'Ii n\ drwe . : . \ wi1n 5 arnP
    charge cards accepted. • 1EAC ~f o c iom iwo drive canine . S179
    geographical regions of the
    , 11nEGRMlD ~~ower cantes · · · · · · sO~RO
    i1n'E
    United States. powet suPPW_ caninel tor 2'Ii M + L . . . . S229
    VISA' , 1ERhl-hlAIE t .. · · · · . . SCALL
    w/all cables & s~~~ ~~.;,ple\e s~s\erns · · ·
    Send $12.95 + $.50 postage to: • AhlPRO SERIES RG£ Personal CheckS
    PACIFIC \J ISA & M~SlE:; C~: Stll\Jpell via UPS
    NCDA EXCHANGES Please a110; ~ca~~e \liew . IL 11
    Pntes f ~ · · . mauon wi11e 91 ta Praii,e 111ew. IL
    National Computer Dealers Association 100 Foothill Blvd. f OI aOQl\IQ 031 \0 101 'll ~, P o~ 'BL111l •

    5420 Hwy. 6 North San Luis Obispo, CA DISKS Pl US • \~9;~! e


    &oo&9. 13121 ~3. . .• •
    93401. In Cal. call

    ···~~ 0 ,,o••C'
    Houston, Texas 77084
    (800) 592-5935 or
    (805) 543-1037. O I 1j l S I Q N
    ,.c

    Inquiry 74 Inquiry 296 Inquiry 121

    maxell DISKS PRINTER RIBBONS


    PRICE PER PER
    LIFETIME WARRANTY
    RIBBON DOZEN CSOFTWARE
    Think you're getting the best price ANAOEX 9500 .............................. 10.50 109.80
    on Maxell Diskettes?
    APPLE OMP ........................ , 5.50 58.80 DEVELOPMENT
    BROTHER HR-15/25 MS .. 5.95 68.40
    You're right ... BUT ONLY IF . C. !TOH PROWRITER ... ... 5.50 58.80 PCDOSJMSDOS
    You're buying from COMMODORE MPS-801 ... 8.00 90.00
    EPSON MX-FX 70/80 . 5.00 48.00 • FULL C COMPILER PER K&R
    NORTH HILLS CORP. EPSON MX-FX 100 . 6.95 75.00 • lnline BOB7 or Assembler
    We will beat any nationally adver- EPSON LQ-1500 9.75 lll.00 Floating Point
    tised price• or give you a 15 disk GEMINI 10-10X-15-15X ..... 2.50 23.40 •Full 1 MB Addressing for
    library case FREE! IBM/IDS 4-COLOR ................. . 15. 75 180.00 Code or Data
    IDS MICROPRISM-480 ............... 5.75 58.80 • Transcendentsl Functions
    Call us last-TOLL FREE-for our NEC -3500 M/S Non Flip ...... .... 6.25 69.00
    best shot every time. NEC - 3500 NYLON 9.00 96.00 • MSOOS 1.1/2.0 LIBRARY SUPPORT
    NEC - 8023A .... .............................. 5.50 58.80 •Program Chaining using Exec
    1-800-328-3472 OKIOATA 80/82/83/92 ................ 2.50 23.40 •Environment Available tD Main
    Formatted and hard sectored disks in RADIO SHACK OMP-2100 ......... 7.50 87.00
    RADIO SHACK LP VI & VII I .... 5.75 58.80 e c-window TM C SOURCE CODE
    stock. DEBUGGER
    De ale r in q umes invited_ COD's and charge c ards RITEMAN . .. ....................... ... ....... 8.50 96.00
    SILVER REED EX 550 M/S ...... 8.50 90.00 • Variable Display & Alteration
    acc epted. A ll or ders shipp e d fr om stock w ith i n 24
    SILVER REED EX 550 NYLON 6.95 75.00 Using C Expression
    hours. Why ~a bN{ped? TALLY SPIRIT - 80 M/S 7.50 84.00
    TALLY - MT-160 8.00 90.00 e FAST BOBB/BOB6 ASSEMBLER
    TALLY - MT-180 8.50 96.00 Combined Package - 5199
    TOSHIBA - 1350/1351 7.50 87.00
    Call or write:
    Add $3.00 Ship. & Hand. - To Order Call
    North Hills Corporation Toll Free 1-800-742-1122 c-systems FullertDn. CA 92634
    3564 Rollmq Vo e w Dr In Ml (313) 569-3218 or Write for our Catalog PO. Box 3253 714-637 -5362
    Whole Bear Lake. MN 55 110 DWIGHT COMPANY, INC. TMc-systems
    MN Call Collect I ·612 ·770·0485
    15565 Northland Drive - West Tower
    "v eri !i abl e: sa me product. same quanti ti es Southfield, Michigan 48075-6496

    Inquiry 128
    • ...... . 1n.'fs 1m:M;
    2 5~ K
    RAM ... • ,,,. , ••• IS .•.5
    LM108AH 5395 s s
    '4k RAM SET ., , • • , ••• i.t ,'5
    66000
    68000L10
    6800
    $48.95 16810
    699S
    2.90
    6820
    6821
    $ 2 8516050
    J 75
    2.90
    6652
    6660
    S325
    565
    7.90
    LM300H
    LM301N
    99
    JS
    NESOO
    NES92
    LM709N
    $2.45
    2 .70
    55
    LM3909
    LM3914 S2.95
    LMJ9\S 2.95
    " 7400 s .19
    7401
    7402
    .19
    19
    74 .. 6 $
    7447
    7448
    65
    .68
    7412J
    74125
    74126
    .45
    .42
    74176
    74177
    74179
    69
    69
    134
    6802 7 75 6628 14 50 687S 675 lMJ04H 1.89 LM709H 1.90 LMJ916 2.9S 7403 .19 74SO 19 74128 .49 74160 .75
    A1.S CPiM J .O PLUS CARO ...... . $J28.00
    COEX 16K RAM CARO , . , • • •SALE J9.95
    BUFFERED ~EA •. ... ..... . S1899S
    GRAPPLER SUPER SERIAL . SALE S 119.95
    6803
    6809E
    18.95
    14.50
    6840
    6845
    12.75
    14.95
    6860 2.20 LM305H
    LM306H
    LMJ07N
    .95
    4 .7S
    40
    LM710
    LM711
    LM715
    ·"
    .75
    J .9S
    MC4024
    MC4044
    RC41J1
    J.75
    4.35
    J75
    7404
    740S
    .19
    23
    74S1
    7453
    .19
    . 19
    74132
    74136
    .4S
    .75
    7 4101
    74162
    1.7S

    COEX PAR PRINTER CARO wlCABLE .. 49.95 VIDEO 7 RGB lit 110 . . . .. 169.95 7406 49 74S4 . 19 14141 es 74184 2.2s
    LM308CN 6S LM723N .55 RC4136 '19 7407 49 7459 2S 74142 2.9S 74185 2 .2S
    COEX 00 COl EXT 64K CARO .. SALE 99.95 APPLE !le SERIAL CABLE .... . 36.95
    LMJ10CN 1 65 LM723H .75 RC41S1 3 .7S 7408 .24 7480 .37 74143 3.70 74190 .67
    IS PKASO 1/0 (II.lie) . . , . . . . . , ••• , . 1J9.95 APPLE Ue KEYBOARD . . . . 49.9S 6S02 S4 50 6504 S6.75 6522 S6.75
    KENNS!NGTON SYSTEM SAVER . ..• .. 69.95 LM311CN 62 LM733 98 CAJ023 275 7409 . 19 7470 29 74144 2.95 74191 67
    APPLEll l UePOWER SUPPLY ....... S9.95 6502A 6 90 6507 9 75 8532 9.50
    KENNSINGTON PC SAVER . . • . J9 9S LMJ12H 1.75 LM7J9 1.85 CA3039 1.2S 7410 19 7472 .29 74145 .59 74192 .67
    APPLE llllle OlSK CONTRO LLER . .. . .49.9S 6520 4 2S 6551 1150
    KRAFT JOYSTICK . .. . . 36 9S lMJl8CN I 45 LM741CN 33 CAJ046 1.25 7411 24 7473 .J3 74147 74193 67
    APPLE II /Li e COOLING FAN SYSTEM • . 49 95
    LMJ18H 1.SS LM741H 40 CA30S9 2 .65 7412 .36 7474 .34 74148 1.19 74194 .67
    MCT SPEED DEMON. . . . 249 95 STREET ECHO LJ SPEECH SYSTEM ... 99.9S
    LM319N 119 LM741N .29 CA3060 2.es 7413 J4 7475 .38 74150 1.09 74195 67
    MICROSOFT Z·80 SOFTCARO . . . ... 247.95 TIT AN -'CCELERA TOR 11 CARO . . . . 449.95
    GRAPPLER PLUS . . .. 1 19.95 8035 $ 5 .75 6214 S3.7S 8259 $675 tM320 (sei:r VRs) LM747 6S CA3065 '69 7414 .49 7476 .34 741Sl .SS 74196 75
    W!Z.ARO 80 COLUMN CARO ... SALE 99.00
    8039 5 .75 8216 195 8271 69.95 LMJ24N 55 LM748 .55 CAJOao 1.10 7416 .49 7479 4.80 74152 .67 74197 .66
    8060A 295 8224 220 8275 2695 LM339N 9S LM1014 1.15 CA3081 1.60 7417 .49 7480 .69 74153 S3 74198 1.IS
    LM340 (see VRsl LM1303 1.90 CA3082 0.60
    fARAOA~ IBM PCS ROCKWELL AIM 6085A 4.90 6226 1.95 6279 8.75 7420 . 19 7462 .95 741S4 1. 19 74199 1.15
    60C85A 99S 8228 340 8282 625 LMJ48N 95 LM1310 1.45 CA3083 1.55 7421 .35 7483 . 45 7415S .69 74221 1.19
    CPU 801rd w/64K MS DOS ComjMtlble 6502 SlnDI• Boerd Comput er 8086
    0087
    24 50
    1299S
    6237 14 .75 8283 625 LMJS8CN
    LM3S9 1.7S
    65 MC1J30
    MC1349
    1.6S
    1.85
    CA3086
    CA3089 295 ·"' 7422 .4S 7485 .55 741S6 .59 742S1 75

    ....
    8237·5 189S 8264 S.50 7423 .58 7486 .JS 741S7 .59 74273 1 6S
    $349.95 $249.00 ao8a 29.so 6238 4.25 8288 6 .4S LM380N 2 95 MC13SO 1.15 CA3096 3" 742S 29 7489 1.95 74158 1.65 74276 1.89
    8089 6695 6243 J.95 8287 6 .45 LMJ70N 495 MC13S8 CAJ130 1.29 7426 29 7490 JS 74159 1 58 74279 7S
    81SS 675 6250 10.SO 6288 1495 LM373N J95 MC1372 6 .7S CAJl40 1. 1S 7427 .25 65 74160 .79 74283 1.40
    IBM PC HARDWARE 8156 675 82S1 4.25 8289 449S LM376N 3 75 LM1414 1.S5 CA3146 1.79 7428 .SS 7492 4S 74 161 69 74264 2.90
    8185 26 .95 8251A 695 8292 1295 LMJ77N 190 LM1SS8H 2.99 CAJ160 "9 7430 .18 7493 JS 74162 69 7428S 2.90
    AST "COMBOPLUS" 64K , . . . ... S199.00 KEYTRONIC S1S0151 .•. •.. .. 158.001199 00 8202 239S LMJ60CN as LM1800 2 .J5 LM13060 1.2S
    62S3 6.7S 8741 279S 7432 .29 7494 85 74163 69 74290
    SIGMA "MAXIMIZER" 64K . 249.95 MOUSE SYSTEMS MOUSE W/SW •. 149.9S
    SIGMA DISK CONTROLLER . . . 169 95
    HARO DISK CONTROLLER . .. , . . . 249.95
    OUADBOARO W/64K . , . • 263.00
    6203
    8205
    3795
    J.2S
    8255
    625SA
    42S
    6.9S
    8748
    8749
    24 50
    2450
    LMJBON
    LM361N
    >05
    1.59
    LM 1812
    LM1830
    8 . 10
    3 .40
    LM13600
    LM\J700 ,.5'" 74J7
    7438
    25
    .29
    7495
    7496
    .50
    .69
    74164
    7416S
    69
    .69
    74298
    74J65
    1.49
    S5
    TECMAR GRAPHICS MASTER . . S4SOO 8212 1.95 82S7 575 87S5A 3495 LM382N '35 LM1871 5.45 LF347 2 .19
    10 Mb INTERNAL HARO DISK ... • .. 695 00 7439 .s8 7497 2.70 74166 .65 74366 SS
    TECMAA CAPTAIN 64K .• J19 00 LM383N 1.9S LMl872 5'5 LF351 80
    10Mb EXTERNAL HARO DISK ., .• .. 869.00 7440 . 19 74100 1.50 74167 2 .75 74367 55
    CURTIS PC PEOEST AL.. . • • . • • • . • J9.00 LM384N l .7S LM \677 J.20 Lf3S3 99 7441 .79 74107 .24 74170 1.2S 74368 .5S
    15 Mb INTERNAL HARO DISK . . • . . . 849.00 PGS or OUAOCHROME ADAPTOR . . . 9 00 LM386N .69 LM1889 1.90 LF3SS 1.10
    15 Mb EXTERNAL HARO DLSK • . . . . 1049 00 2.5MHz "A" 4 .0MHt "8" 60MHr 7442 .4S 74109 J7 74172 4.75 74390 l .4S
    TILT ;widSWIVELSTANO . 21.00 LM387N 1.29 U.41896 1.70 Lf3S6 1. 10 7443 1.15 741 16 us 74173 .69 74393 1 33
    80 WATT BOOSTER SUPPLY •....• 149.95
    130WATTJBMSUPPLY , . . 15995
    SYSTEM STAND..
    EXTENSION CABLE IBM MONO
    . . 21.00
    .. 38.00
    Z80·CPV 295 '35 05() LMJ89N 1.15 ULN2001 1.9S LF3S7 1J9 7444 1.IS 74121 29 74174 69 74490 22S
    Z8tl·CTC 375 "5 1225 LM392N 69 ULN2003 1.49 Tl071CP .79 .68 74122 .69
    PC COMPATIBLE KEYBOARD .. . 99 00 KEYBOARD EXTENSION CABLE. . 28.00 Z80·0ART 9 .5D 1795 LM723N 46 XA2206 375 TL072CP 1.JS
    IBM PC CHASSIS .. . . 129.95 SURGE SURPRESSORS: Z80·0MA 1295 1195 17.95 LM72JH SS XR2207 2.90 TL07 4CN 1.90
    Pl.ANTRONICS "COLORPLUS' ...... J89.95 DIAMOND (LEMON) . . , .. ...• •.. 39.00 Z80·PIO 295 • 25 1250 NESJ1 2.65 XR2206 2.40 TL081CP .S9
    10 Mb INT. TAPE STREAMER .. . 1150 00 EMERALD (LIME) .. . ..... 4900 Z80 ·SIOIO 1125 1225 NES5S 35 XR2211 J .75 TL064CN 1 90 74LSOO $ .26 74LS113 S .J6 74LS247 5 .74
    PERSYST MONO CARO . . . . . . . . .. 199 00 SAPPHIRE (PEACH) . • S9.00 Z80·SIOl1 11 .9S 12 7S NESSB 65 LM2877P 2 .00 TL494 4 . 10 74LS01 25 74LS114 .39 74LS248 .98
    PARADISE MONO/COLOR . • . . . . . . 409 95
    HERCULES MONO CARO . . 369 00
    RUBY (ORANGE) . ,
    C0EX 384K MUL TICARD w/OK .
    , . 69.00 Z80·Sl012
    Z80·51019
    11.95
    11.95
    12.75
    12.75
    36 95 NES58
    NE561
    ,.9
    2350
    2.85
    LM2878P 2 .25
    LM2900
    LM2901
    .83
    TL496
    Tl497
    '65
    J.20
    1.49
    74LS02
    74LS03
    74LS04
    25
    25
    .33
    74LS122
    74lS123
    74LS124
    45
    9S
    2 .75
    74LS249
    74LS251
    74LS253
    ·"
    .59
    .59

    ""
    MC3423
    Z8030$34 ,9S Z81J2 SJ2.95 LMS65 .95 LM2903 MC3453 4 .95 74LS05 25 74LS125 .49 74LS257 .59
    BROTHERHA·1SPIS(1Jcps) SALE $399.00 64K STATIC RAMCARO $199 .9 5 Z8530 34.9S Z6671 J7.95 LMS66 1.45 LM2907 2.45 MC3456 129 741.508 .27 74LS126 .49 74LS2S8 59
    74LS09 74LS132 S9 74LS2S9
    BROTHER HR·25PIS (23cP$)
    BRO THER HR·35PIS (36c Ps)
    SALE 599.00
    890.00
    PLUS MAJOR OEM PURCHASE
    WH1LE SUPPLY LASTS
    LMS67
    NES70 J65
    65 LM2917
    LMJ900
    2.6S
    .55
    MC3459
    MC3469
    375
    525 74LS10 "
    .25 74LSl36 .J9 74LS260
    2.95
    59
    NEWl BROTHER M2024 (24pinl
    coex 60FIT (80Cps) SALE
    1299 00
    149 00 •
    All NEW. WITH DOCUMENTATION
    TUART BOARD SALE 99 95
    uP076SS249S
    1771 1S9S
    11797
    2791
    $299S
    499S
    I 664J
    8272
    SJ29S
    24.9S
    NE571 2 .90 LMJ905 1. 15 MC3470 7.9S 74LS11
    74LS12
    .33
    33
    74LS136
    74LS1J9
    .59
    .59
    74LS261
    74LS266
    2.49
    55
    EPSON RX·80180FT (l()()cps) SAVE 150 00 74LS1J 39 74LS145 74LS273
    '"
    ...
    • FRONT PANEL OD (IMSAU SALE 79.9S 1791 2475 2793 4995 1691 \1 ,95
    EPSON MX·BOFT (80Cosl SAVE 150 00 • 6080 MPU BOARD SALE 49.95 1793 2650 279S 49 9S 2143 \29S 74LS14 59 74LS148 1 Je 74LS275 J.29
    78 5
    ~. ~2~ts~
    7005K Also
    EPSON FX·80 (HIOcP3) SAVE 150 00 • 8" FLOPPY CONTROLLER IMortowl 149 95 1795 2650 2797 29 95 9216 1295 5. 24V • 69 12. 15. 24V 1.39 74LS15
    74LS20
    .33 74LS1S1
    74LSIS3
    S5
    .S5
    74LS279
    74LS263
    59
    EPSON FX·IOO (160Cps) SAVE 150 00 • S· I OO EXTENDER CARO 24 95 76LOS. 12. 1SV .. 6S 79LOS. 12. 1SV 75 74LS21 "
    29 74LS154 1.49 74LS290

    I
    MACINTOSH or le SERIAL 110 11 S.00 78MOfiC ...... 89 lM3 09K . • , . l .2S
    OKIOATA 92P (160cp~) SALE J99 95 74LS22 29 74LS155 69 74LS293 .7'
    6845 $149516275 $28.50 TMS0016 S3'.1.50 78MG l79MG . 1 49 LM317Hll" .. 1.2Sl3.65 .69 74LS295
    OKIOATA 93P (160CPS)
    OKIOATA 84P (200eps/
    619.9S
    77S.00 OluF DISC BYPASS CAPACITOR 1001$S.SO 68B4S
    6647
    17,95
    11.50
    7220
    S027
    J9.95
    179S
    8350
    654S
    39.95
    1495
    76HOSKC ..
    78
    . ... 8 .75

    ~;_K1~ .~~4V 1 . 29
    1
    LMJ23l~ . .
    LMJ37K
    · 4 -65
    3 7s
    74LS26
    74LS27
    .29
    .29
    74lSlS6
    74LS 15 7 .69 74LS298 ""
    :;
    OK LO AT A 23SOP (350tP5) 1895 00 .1 uF DISC BYPASS CAPACITOR 10016.50 74LS28 29 74LS1S8 .69 74LS324 1.75
    46505 14 75 5037 2 1.95 8002 199S LM3Jal<. .. 6 7s 74LS30
    TOSHIBA P!J51 (240.-.1 1295 00 .OluF MONOLITHIC CAPACITOR 100111.25 25 74LS180 69 74LSJ47 1.95

    ~=~~~~
    79 LM350T .
    ~.s~2~ ~s. 24V • 79
    68047 24 50 NEC7220Gtaphies J6 95 15
    STARGEMJNI !OX (120C:P31 269 00 . 1 uF MONOLITHIC CAPACITOR 33 74LS161 .69 74LS348 1.95
    LM350K 74LS162 .69 74LSJS2
    STAR GEMINI lOXPC J2900 53 1.25
    f1Q:J3r.11µ11;1µ.;t13:11:;1 74LS37 .35 74lS163 69 74LSJS3 '25
    STAR GEMINI 1SX
    STAR GEMINI 1SXPC
    SPECIAL STAR STX·80 THERMAL
    J79 00
    449 00
    129 00
    PN2222A
    PN2J69A
    71$1 00
    511.00
    2NJ904
    2NJ906
    11151 .00
    111100
    1802B
    1013A
    SJ 9S
    J95
    I 2Jso
    6250
    s
    8 95
    10SO
    I 1M6403
    TMSSS01
    s 8 1s
    1495 MC!4411 $11 50
    BA1941 11 .50
    S6174
    5832
    S11.2S 95H90
    J.7S 78477
    S 9 .25
    J75
    74LSJ8
    74LS40
    39
    25
    74LS164
    74LS165
    69
    .90
    74LSJ63
    74LSJ6S ...
    1.29

    NEC 6027A PORTABlE PRINTER J69.9S


    PN918 311.00 TIP29A 21100
    1015A 6 75 tM64 02 77S 26S1 695
    34702 1250 AYS2376 1 1.SO 76468 S 7S
    74LS42
    74LS47
    74LS166
    74LS168
    1 90
    1. 15
    74LS366
    74LS367 "
    ""
    PANASONIC 1091 SALE J59 00 2N2218A .4S TIPJOA 211 .00 5016 14.95 AY53600 1 1.50 76469 8.75 74LS48 .74 74LS169 1. 15 74LS368
    2N2219A 45 TI P31A 21\.2S 6116 1050 2513· 001U 9SO AYJ8910 7 95 74LSS1 .25 74lS170 1.40 74LS373 l.39
    AMOEK 3000 (GREEN)
    AMDEI~ JOOA (AMBER)
    AMOEK 310A (JBM AMBER/
    $1 J9.9S

    169.95
    2N2905
    2N2907
    2N305S
    2NJS8S
    45
    .25
    .69
    4/1.00
    TIP32A
    1N4148
    1N751
    lN4002
    211.2s
    2511.00
    511.00
    1211.00
    1702 llmSl
    2708!4SOnSJ.
    2758 (5V)
    2716(450n5)
    S J .90
    J .65
    5.50
    J 7S
    27J2A·4 l450nSI
    2732A (250nSI
    2732A·2 (200nS)
    2784 (4SOnSl
    $ 6 50
    8 95
    12.SO
    6 SO
    5J07
    MC4024
    8038
    10 50
    3.75
    J .75
    2513·002L 9 .50 AYJ8912
    UP07201 27.9S SSl·263
    3341 4.SO
    7 9S
    J6.95
    J9.95
    74LS54
    74LS55
    74LS73
    29
    29
    39
    74LS173
    74LS174
    74LS175
    .87
    87
    87
    74LSJ74
    74LS37S
    74LS377
    ...
    1.33

    1.36
    5J69 3 50 11C90 13.25 OIQilalller 34.95 74LS74 .3' 74lS161 1.95 74LS:J65 1.95
    CALL FOR COLOR I I NEW MODELS 2NJ636 411.00 1N4004 11)'100 2716 (350nS) 5 50 2764 (250l'IS) 7 50 58167 12 25 MC15906 2.95 l.M13600N 195
    f'GSHX.12ILBMCOLOR)
    PGS SR· 12 (HI.AES)
    4699S
    S99 9S
    2N3772 1.69 MP02232 2516 (SVI
    TMS2716
    5 50
    7.50
    2764 (200nS)
    TMS2S64 (4SOnSJ
    17.SO
    1295
    SPIOOO Soeeeh 9 95 TR1863 5V UART 4 25
    74LS75
    74LS76
    74LS78
    39
    39
    39
    74LS190
    74LS191
    74LS192
    85
    8S
    78
    74LS386
    74LSJ90
    74LS393
    "
    1.15
    1.1S
    PGSMAX· 12 (IBM GREEN) 1989S TMS2532 5.60 MCM68764 C450nSl 34 95 74LS63 .59 74LS193 78 74LSJ9S 1.15
    PGS DOUBLER BOARD 227 00
    MCT·2
    273214SOnS) 4 60 MCM68766 CJSOnS) J9 95 DISKETTES 74LS8S 89 74LS194 69 74LSJ99 1"
    ....
    5 89
    TAXAN 420 (Hl·RES 1BM) 399 00 2732 l2SOnSJ 8 25 27128·J (300nS) 21 so 74LS86 74LS195 69 74LS424

    . . " I '""
    MCT·6 1.39 4N3S 39 2 .95
    1.25 .. IBM PCS..
    .. ..
    ZENITH 122Al123G 899S 2732 f200nSl 109S 27128 l250nSI 229S 74LS90 74LS196 .79 74LS668 1.7S
    ZENITH ZVM1Jl/135 Can
    MCT·66 SS 4NJ7 1.2S
    DS/DD
    $1.190011000 74LS92 74LS197 79 74LS670 2.29
    MCA·2SS 1 69 4NJ8 CMOS EPROMS $ 1695
    SANYO 6500 (MEO·RESI 279 00 74LS9J 74 LS221 ,89 81LS95 1.45
    4N26 6S Tll117 .79 27C16 18.9S Hub Rings $1.35ee/250
    SANYO 7500 (Hl·RES) J79 00
    4N27 6S SPX33 29 Twac Cover 74LS95 75 74LS240 95 81LS96 1"
    SANYO (LOOKALIKE) 12 ' AMBER SALE 74.95
    4N28 69 4N25 Sll.00 jf·tl! .. ;t·1{,f Major Mfgr. $1.55ee/25
    74LS96 89 74LS242 9S B1LS97 145
    74LS107 39 74LS243 95 8 1LS96 1.4S
    &M••#~F LEO LAMPS 21014"-~1 S2.29 Ml'l.4119 $4 i5 74LS109 39 74LS244 1 2S 2SLS2S21 2.65
    BIZCOMP "PC INTELUMOOEM" (INT) $349 9S
    469 95 ..._ ... "'
    2 1L02r4SOr\$j
    21~ · 1 C • !b'o5l .11
    TIA.M 2019·2 120llnSl41 10
    U.lM 2011· 15 ti ~~ .. SIS
    5 V•" DISKETTES
    VERBA TIM 525·01 SS/DD
    Box 10
    S 19 9S
    74LS112 74LS245 2SLS2S69 J 50

    -"'--
    HAYES SMARTMOOEM 1200 (EXT!

    -·
    s .08 21L02·4! 1'50l\SI I 31J 111M20111H 1100n.S1t110 VERBATIM 550·01 OS/DD 29 95
    HAVES SMARTMOOEM 1200B ONn J99 95
    HAYES SMAATMOOEM 300 (EXT) 209.95
    . '5 2 111 44 50fl51 27S ~$ 1 1111P4[200nSl 4T !!io MAXELL M0·1 SSIOO 19 9S
    ,11!5 '21 12 t45ClrlSI 21S HM&1 1tlP•:llll!!!O\Sl .t lilS. MAXELL M0·2 OSIOO 29 95 4000$ .29 4028$ 6S 405957.90 450S 895
    MJCROMOOEM APPLE lie 249.95
    PROMETHEUS 1200M (MAC1NTOSH) 469 9S
    Mll'll s;u .. R.i Olil '211.t 14 !iOnSI I 45111960 KM 61l<iP •2'1 12'0nSl8 85 OYSAN 1041!0 SSIDD 26 9S 4001 24 4029 75 4060 8S 4506 1 10
    Mn Sue Gr-. 16 21 141 L·4[<1~ l fJll91''2$0 til.'6 11 &..P..4 !~ Sli>O 4002 24 4030 39 4066 .J9 4507 110
    PROMETHEUS 1200 {PC EXTJ JS9 9S DYSAN 10412D OS/DO J3 95
    1.111'11$u• Y..(1¥11 U! 2 1 l 4L...J [J00nl 1 71J 811330 H.IA&1 UllP·.3 4LP! tl75 GENERIC SS/SS 15 95 4006 79 4031 3 25 4069 .28 4506 1.90
    NOVATION ACCESS 1·2·3 Je9 9S
    2 1 l<IL·2 f200nl 1 1!!19 81'1.).00 ~ & 1 UllP.24Ll'1 119~ GENERIC DSIOD 17 95 4()()7 2S 4032 2.1S 4070 35 4510 .79
    CAT COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 419 .95
    EDGE CONNECTORS
    APPLE COMP. LOW COST MODEM (300)49.9S
    .... 2' 147 l65'tSt
    .4104<1·<1Wi0nSJ
    .t044·::J •Xllh~l
    460
    -l.'2&
    Ui1311300nSI J <!Q S
    HM&0!5'-I P· l!i t1!iQ1:r.!Q S
    J \f> " DISKETTES (MAC. etc)
    514" HEADCLEANINGKIT
    44.9S
    11 .95
    4008
    4009
    4010
    95 4034 1.9 1
    J9 4035 .79
    39 4037 1.9S
    4071
    4072
    4073
    .28 4511
    .28 4S12
    28 4S14
    79
    79
    HARO DISKS
    .,,
    s.30!.
    .tCW4 • 2C~
    3 7$
    4 3S
    HMQ.'2o.ILf>· 1SllP1:>6Q5
    74su1g 1:>5tis1 1 es
    8" HEAD CLEANING KIT
    DYMEC IBM PC DIAGNOSTIC
    11 .9S
    29 95
    40 11 24 4040 75 4075 28 451S

    "'
    ...
    SEAGATE ST506 5Mb S269.00 UP0410 1~~ .3 7S Q)415 46().>S~ ::I lilS APPLE 11 DIAGNOSTIC OlSK 29.9S 4012 24 4041 .75 4076 .7S 4516 1. 19
    ~"
    SEAGATE ST419 (15Mb)
    SEAGATE (10Mbl ST212
    CMJ 10. 15. 22Mb
    449.00
    449.00
    Call
    415
    •oo ""
    "",'
    5 101 •CMO::» 350

    •ii~M ,~H+i;t·Mf
    lil:l<l2! 1sans1 J lilS MACINTOSH DISKETTE HOLDER
    5>'•" DISKETTE HOLOER !SOI
    16 95
    1 8 9S
    4013
    4014
    4015
    JS 4042
    1s 404J
    .J9 4044
    85
    as
    69
    4077
    4076
    4081
    .3S 4518
    3s 4s20
    29 4555
    85
    1s
    95
    ROOIME 10. 1S. 22Mb
    SHUGART SA604 (SMb)
    Call
    149 95 "' 4027 (250nS)
    1103 CJOOnSI
    St 29
    79
    TMS441611SOnSJ $9 75
    41256·150 OSOnl 17 95
    •iuz.1m1M:•&1MhM;•• 4016
    4017
    JS 4046
    65 4047
    80
    89
    4082
    4065
    29 4556
    95 4Yll!ll
    95
    1 35
    SYOUEST REMOVEABLE
    CALL FOR QUOTE ON HIGHER
    Call
    1·24 25 4116N·2 (150nS) 1 60611395 412S6·200 (200nl 159S 64K UPGRADE 1se1 or s1$24.95 4018
    4019
    .79 4048
    39 4049
    99
    .35
    4088
    4093
    9S 80C95
    45 SOC97
    1 50
    49
    4116N·3 (200nS) 1.65 8112.SO TMS4050 (300nS) ! 8S
    CUACl'rt HUD C!Wtf-51 OB2SS lfemale
    0B2SP(Male)
    5310 S2.90
    2.40 2 .29 4 116N·4 (250nSl 1 45 8110.50 TMS4060 (JOOnSI I es 256K RAMS 12ssr<x11 $15.95 4020
    4021
    .69 4050
    .69 40S1
    J4
    .7S
    4094 2 .95 MC14408 12.95
    4098 1.90 MC14409 1295
    SUPER SAVER Hood Sl.25
    OE37S (Fe.'Y!alel
    Mtg HM'$ .99
    S5.9S SS.7S
    4164N·1S0 l150n)S.95 9129.95
    4164N·200 (200n)4.9S 9124.9S
    MMS280 (300nS)
    UP0411 (300nS)
    1 85
    1.8S w:r.1:1!\1J'·ii(3J}i•l;l!JW 4022
    4023
    .69
    .25 40S3
    .75
    .75
    4099 1.85 M C \ 4410
    4S01
    9.95
    .89 MC14411 11,9S
    SHUGART SA604 HARD OE37P (Malel 5.25 4164N·\20 (120nSl 849 MMS298 (2SOnSl 1.6S IBM PARALLEL (Shielded) 529.95 4024 .59 4055 3.95 4S02 .95 MC14412 129S
    Houd $1 .75 Mtg HIW $ .99 TMS4164 [150nS) 5.9S IBM SERIAL (Shielded) 249S 4025 .25 4056 2.9S 4503 .49 MC14419 4.9S

    5Mb
    HEW FACTORY
    DISK
    $149.95
    Qty 1G Ut .U
    OD50S [Female)
    DD50P (Male)
    Hood. S3.25
    (OTHER STYLES IN CATALOG)
    S89S
    600
    MlgHIW$ .99
    S8.6S
    5.75 GAVILAN SPECIALS
    B or 16 LINE COMPUTERS Cill
    KEYSOARO EXTENSION
    RS2J2 GENDER CHANGER Male.Mate
    RS232 GENDER CHANGER Fem:ile·Female
    NULL MODEM ADAPTOR
    9 9S
    1 4 95
    14 95
    14 .95
    402' CALL FDR 74HC

    74SOO/PROMS'
    74SOOS 35 74S74 SSS 74S158 S.99 7.tS260$1.19
    DIMCT °'Y 100 1 n .ts CEHTRONICS
    16 LINE BY 60 LCD DISPLAY
    8 LINE BY 00 LCD DISPLAY
    $79 95
    J9 9S 74S02 .3S 74S85 1.B9 745160 2.49 74S3!0 1,95
    IOCJ6 Pin Male 74$03 .JS 74586 SS 74S161 1.69 74S287" 1.9S
    •1t11•!;1'?f
    THERMAL PAINTER MECHANISM 24 95
    LDC J6 Pin Female 9 .49 GAVILANl18M KEYBOARDS 14 95 74504 45 74S112 SS 74S174 1.19 745288" 1.95
    TEAC 558 S't9.'U5 Soldtir36 Pin Male 7.49 6VJ ~ 11 THEAMALPAPER!SOOsh!I 299 74SOS .45 74S113 .SS 74S175 1. 19 74S37J 209
    MllS~48:51 149.95 SolderJ6 Pin Female 8.95 PASCAL SOFTWARE wlMANUAL 99.00 74S08 .39 14s114 .ss 74St80• 1.49 745374 2 .00
    Sl41JGAAr .t51!. 124.95 (CA LL TOLL FREIE FOR ICC's) 12V NL·CAO BATTERY PACK 16 gs 74509 .39 74S1242.69 74S 194 1.49 74S387" 1.95
    TAHOON' T M10()<~ 169.9S 20 ~CRYSTAL OSCIUATOR J.95 JS 74S1321.J9 745195 1.49 745471 •5,95
    l'"OiSICOf'll/H 74S1 1 .JS 74S!J3 .4S 745196 1.49 74S472"4.95
    .5HIJQA.RT"601A 526995 74S1S JS 74Sl34 .50 74S240 1.99 74S473•4.95
    SIEM.EMS F00100·8 129.95 SOLOERTAIL 74520 . 35 74Sl3S 69 745241 1 99 74S474•. 95
    SIEMENSF00200·6 05'00 1D~ 00 74S22 35 74S1361 J9 74S242 1.99 745475• 4 95
    MITSM2894 4l!il,lil!i. 74530 3S 74S1J8 89 74S243 1 .99 745S70" 2 95
    MITS M2896 J.'JHt .i.l!il "S 74SJ2 .45 745139 89 74S244 1.99 74S571°2.95
    74$38 89 74Sl40 SS 74S2S1 1. 19 745572"'495
    TANDON 848E 't:.Ht. 361li 1115
    OUME 242 .... Ht :!9!ll 95 74S40 .J9 745151 98 74S253 1. 19 745S73" 4 95
    74SS1 35 74S153 .99 74S2S7 1 19 74S940 249
    -aJ;ILjlff·1:! W j f - 74S84 39 74S1S7 ,99 74S258 1. 19 745941
    74S65 .39 CALL FOR 74HC
    SI' .. CASE POWER SUPPLY S69.9S
    SH'' OUAL V.HI . wlPOWER SUPPLY 79.95
    8 " DUAL CASE wlPOWEA SUPPLY 279.9S
    8" THINL INE DUAL w/POWER SUPPLY 199,95
    S'.lo'' HARD DISK w/POWER SUPPLY 199.9S
    51'" y, HIGH HARD OJSK

    ~l!:~COMPnlBU!! S•7• . ~
    APP\..! 11111• COMP'ATIBI..£ ~HIGH 1&.t lil5
    M.ICADSO IUIP'l.E 1k DA1'IE 2l0 Oft.
    .i.Pfll.J! l toAPP\..E OcAD.AP'IOA IOIH
    ' r

    Inquiry 12 APRI L 198 5 • B Y T E 469


    $99 SINGLE BOARD
    M-68000
    COMPUTER I CONTROLLER
    Monitor Mover COMPUTER SYSTEM
    Gives Back the Desk

    ... $159.95 MODEL MCG-85 FEATURES


    • BOB5A CPU . Automatic Baud Rate
    · 2K System Monitor ROM - 5 Interrupts
    · 256 Bytes of RAM - 14 Bit Counter/Timer

    ·~
    M68KCPU 6-10 MHz CPU. 20K static RAM, 16K · RS232 Port · Onboard Protot yping
    EPROM, on board monitor, two H8·2J:l.
    serial po rt s. 16-bit parallel port, 5 timer /· · Parallel & Serial 110 - 6.144 Mf\2 Ciystal
    counterse)(pansion bus. • Two 8 Sit Prog Ports - Onboard Expansion
    Bare board .................................... 8 99.95
    Comple te Kit ....................... ......... 8595 .0 0 • One 6 Bit Prog Port • 4K ROM &/or
    JllD512K 128-512K stalic RAM. floppy disk controller - 4% x 6% PCB " 4K RAM or CMOS RAM
    • Models to flt most CRrs & hard disk interface Bare board ...... 8 99,95
    Complete Kit ( 126K) ..................... 8725.00
    • Rotates 360° on base M68KE Enclosure with power supply, fan, rilter, 4 slot STOCK. $99 KIT $135 ASSEMBLED & TESTED.
    card cage AID. Parallel 1/0, Memory & Mother Cards Alai/.
    • Adjustable height . . ................. ....................... ...... .... 82 49.00
    M68KASM M6BOOO Macro Cross Assembler for CP/ M80, STD Product line also available.
    • Support tray swlvels and tllts IBM PC, TRS-80 and App le II compute rs Visa, M.C , Am ex & COD. Add $5.00 Shipping.
    •
    •
    Holds up to 50 lbs
    Clamp, screw and wall mountings
    ······ · ··up~f~hiPPi·~g-c;·t,·~~dii·~g· ..... ! ::gg
    1 9
    CUSTOM DESIGNS & DEVELOPMENT
    CODordersadd 8 3.00
    Foreign orders add $20.00 OUR SPECIALTY
    Californiaresidentsadd 6.5% tax
    Li~Ulllll l l SYNALTA SYSTEMS
    P.O. Box 8056
    Grand Rapids, Ml 49508
    EMS ~~~.~·:~a.:::~
    Sytcmt
    .•. (7 t 4) 854-8545 31-14 Broadway
    Astoria, New York 11106
    P.O. Box 16115 •Irvine , CA 92713
    (616) 241-4040 (718) 728-6700

    . lnQlllrY 236 Inquiry 136 Inquiry 375

    ,, ·-' s.~:..,~·!"-- 1:-


    - '·' "·· .
    ,,
    . Osborne ;1
    ii Microprocessor
    Software Development
    ' A s available only! Very limited quantity.
    on VAX PDP-11.
    Imp ortant: T o fix yourself, Guaranieed f or 30
    Always ca ll to or for pans. days. May be new
    I
    ' check avai la- Complete, but or refurb., depen- TIMELESS WARRANTY
    bility before known nm ding on avail. DSDD
    ordering. working. Ex ch/
    Repair
    Outright
    s21 s-:-
    Main Board OS-1
    Main Board Exec.
    $49

    $159
    $79

    $139
    $159

    $299
    5.114··
    QTY . 20
    ···
    Exec. Memory Card - $39 589 m23a.;:--96 T P i - m2sc.::-
    -!:- Discount s Starting At Qu a ntity 50 & Above
    Double Density Kit • • - - $79
    DEFINITELY COLOR-COOED DISKETTES ARE THE MOST
    You can develop software
    EFFECTIVE METHOD FDR ORGANIZING YOUR DISKETTE for ZBO. 8080, 8085. NCS800. and
    5" CRT (Grn/Whitel 59 ..95 $1 9 $29 FI LES Available m Red. Blue . Green, YeHow, Orange and many 8086 using native mode compilers and assemblers.
    other colors 1 00% error·- lree and baclled by TIMELESS
    7" CRT (Amber) $19 $49 $99 WARRANTY Factory fresh and bo ... ed 111 10's with Ty v e ~ Use low-cost cross tools for other micropro-
    sleeves. remtorced hubs. wr11.e-protect tabs and lalJels cessors. Interface in-circuit emu lators perfectly. You
    1 5" CRT, no case - - 585 SHIPPING: Add$3 .00 per 1OOd1skettes or fraction thereof can run Intel development tools under ISIS or UDL
    Sarne day dispatch. VISA ar.d Mastercard acceoted COO
    Drive Analog Card $9.95 $29 $59 orders only add $3.00 handling charges Utah residents add Our plug-in processor ca rds let you run CP/M-80,
    Sl/.iO/a sales tax CP/M-86, or MS-DOS from any terminal on your
    Drive Mech8nism $19 525 $59 WE W ILL BETTER ANY PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCT VAX or PDP-11 system.
    ANO QUANTl11ES AOVERTISEO NATIONALLY
    Power Supply $4.95 $24 $29
    TOLL FREE ORDER LINE ONLY'
    Prices slart at just $1295. Ask for our FREE
    Keyboard (No enclos.) $19
    .. Includes board, cable, documentation
    - $99 i...-1
    ~
    1-B00-233-2477
    INFORMATION ANO INQUIRIES :
    1-801 -942 -671 7
    HOURS: 9AM-6PM. M-F !MT . STATE TIME!
    i-.J
    l!RI) tools. £J
    catalog of 350 development and cross development
    3375 Scott Blvd., Suite 236
    Santa Clar,,, CA 95054
    Shipping charged on all ordc1 s
    @@i£1Ml®ll0@11il (408) 980-1678
    Computer Parts Mart 415-493-5930
    3200 Park Blvd * Palo Alto * CA 94306 S1 2028 E FT. UNION BLVD •10S
    Qmputer SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH 84121
    rralrs, Inc.
    CALL 1-800-AFFA1Rs
    Rtpsi.:m T~nTWb : VAX. POP-Oig.1.1J Eqwrm~ni Ccrpnution: CP1M.l'o0.80 Oigit,I
    R.,,..,..tdl,; ~OOS.Micn•><lll Co!'p<>f•tion: ISIS; UDl·lnlfl

    Inquiry 87 Inquiry 79 Inquiry 113

    5Y4" FLOPPY
    MOTORS DDysgu. 6800 Family
    Cross-Software
    Now Buehler OEM replace- SPECIAL DISKmE OFFER
    ment spindle motors for all
    major 51/4-inch, full-height The oysan quality difference is
    yours to try with advanced produc-
    floppy disk drives are tion techniques that assure every
    avai.lable for fast delivery. diskette to be 100% error-free.
    Built to exact OEM size, per- PLUS! If you call, write, or utilize
    formance and quality stan- reader service in response to this
    dards. Pulleys included. ad-we'll send you our full-range
    catalog of computer supplies with
    For details and prices, Special Offers good for further sav-
    contact: ings on oysan diskettes and many
    other quality products.
    LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS
    Buehler Services, Inc. 1250-E Rankin Dr., Trov. Ml 48083
    P.O. Box A, Hwy 70-E Phone: !313! 589-3440
    Kinston, NC 28501 Simply #1 in service & Reliability
    Phone: 919/552-4300
    DISCOVER THE DVSAN DIFFERENCE
    Inquiry 242 Inquiry 403
    FORTRON CORPORATION Power Supply Professional
    3797 YALE WAY, FREMONT, CA 94538 INFORMATION & CALIF. RES. (415] 490-8171
    • ORDER TOLL FREE: [800] 821-9771
    FC 135-40 Features: Quality That You Can Trust I~~ ~
    140 W.(mav\ "Pnuror Suritrhor - '
    •Full Replacement #FC 135-40
    to your regular IBM® PC
    65 W. Power Supply IDEAL FOR:
    •4 Disk Drives Connectors •Upgrade IBM® PC
    •Built-in High Air Flow •OEM Manufacturer
    High Quality Cooling Fan •Do it yourself an IBM®
    •@File #E82453 PCXT Compatible
    •Schematics included
    •One year Warranty I
    I
    Please do nol conluse lhis high qualily
    •+5Vll5A. +l2V/4.2-8.SA producl wilh the cheap imported units
    (peak) sold by others because of same outlook.
    -12V/lA. -SV/lA. (max.
    outputs)
    •ll0-230 VAC Convertible Dealers/OEMs
    are Invited
    ~ ~
    ~ For ''Build Your Own Computer" and OEM's Convenience, we also carry: Q
    ~1-~~~~~~---~~~~~~~---~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---~
    FC 427 Keyboard FC 630A-2 Cabinet HSC 130-40 130 Watt Switching Power Supply ..,.
    ._
    v
    •For IBM PC oritscom~tibleproducls
    • 20 Million Time ~-
    • IBM idonLical
    • Use FORTRON FC 135-40 power supply
    •Good Fo Fa da OTC Mega
    r ra y, -
    169 00 ~
    () LUe Cycle 109 •00 • 7 & 8 slots rear board , Colby Computer and Other • U
    •Light on Num and panels, good lor 99 •00 Compatible Level CPU boards
    ;; Caps Lock Keys l"fi~' , ' , '• ''~ ~l~ts:::.~~::rt w = 7I :~~~k~:bi~~-i?gG~~itch 2:
    11
    !:IL, · j 111 - •1 •110-230 VAC Convertible 0
    ~-----------------+----------------+--------------------------------11
    FC-330 Hard Disk Controller FC-630 Cabinet Monochrome/Graphic/Pr1
    ·g~;;, 2 Hard Disk 239.oo •On ~ off switch to be on back side
    •Use FORTRON HSC-130-40 power •80 x 25 Text Mode (Default)
    •Fully Buffered 1/0
    Bus
    supply
    •Good for Faraday
    99,00 •720 x 348 Graphic Mode
    •Built-in ECC and other compat· •Can Run Lotus 1-2-3
    •Accepts 5 \o ible level CPU •64K Graphic Display Memory
    20 MB Hard Disk boards. •18 KHz Monitor and Printer Inter
    0
    ~ FC-230 Floppy Disk FC-530 Monochrome Card
    Controller- •8 X 25 Screen
    () •Drives 4 x SW' FDD 99,oci 159.00
    )It
    ::a
    0
    tt.1 ....~~~~~~~~~~...~~~~~~~~~---
    FC-730 Multifunction Card, FC-830 512K RAM Card -..01ortbrapmc1 tr'rmt:e1
    Expandable to 384K •From 64K \o 512K •RGB Color Port and Parallel
    •From 64 to 384K 199.oo •Boundary and
    Total Memory
    169. 00
    Port For Printer
    'f,~~;.3~~~~-?•n·
    (64K on Board)
    (54K on C•rd) •Light Pen Interface
    Ports •Graphic Mode:
    320 Dots x 200 Lines Color
    640 Dots x 200 Lines B/W
    •Text Mode:

    FC-930 R! FC-940 RS2~


    40 Columnsx25 Rows Color I BIW
    80 Columnsx25 Rows Color I BIW 199.00
    Printer Calendar
    •One RS-232C Port,

    II
    One Clock
    Fully IBM
    Compatible
    Calendar,
    Battery Back~up
    Hard Disk Drives 625.00
    (with cable & controller) (10 MB)
    99.00 99.00 Half Height, Top Brands, 10-32 MB Available

    ~::~
    64K DRAM 8237A-5
    8284A
    25.00/9 pcs. 8284C Check with us for PC/AT
    2764 EPROM MC1489 0 29
    5. 25 /pcs. 74LS245 •
    0.65 Power Supply
    - · - -..
    I SALES
    TERMS
    !. Shipping & Handling charge $6.00 mini-
    mum. Check with us for actual charges

    Inquiry 154 for Dealers. Inquiry 15 5 for End Users.


    2. CA add 6.5% tax
    3. Restocking charge 15%
    4. RMA # is required for all
    return merchandise
    5. Prices subject to
    change will:ioul notice

    A PRIL 1985 • BYTE


    I
    471
    A Spooler that l.B.M. Adapter
    Floppy Disk Control
    APPLE INTERFACE
    CARD
    I!'>
    1111 mARYmAc INDUSTRIES INC

    will Spoil You Card $89.00


    Cu/or Gr~pliic Card $145.UO
    416K RAM $3.75 ea.
    /TL & CMOS Tester
    Card Call
    Z-80 Card $40.00
    800-231-3680
    Add master Paper Tape Handler $34.50 9 pcs. 80 Column Card $50.00 Radio Shack TRS-SO's'
    with Big New 7W' Reels Compatible
    Motherboard Call
    Epson Printers
    PROM 8200 PROGRAMMER CF AST UNIVERSAL People vou Trust to give vou the very oesti
    TYPE EPROM & PROM PROGRAMMER! FOR
    EPROM 2716-27256; 2516-25256 • Lowest
    (NO ADAPTER NEEDED! FOR PROM 63rx, 74Srr,
    Discount
    l4Srr, l8Srr, 24Srr, 28Sxr, 82Sxx, 87Sxr, INCLUDE
    RS232 INTERFACE Prices

    Color Printer (180/pcs, 7 colors) $695.00 •Reliable


    Color Printer (4 colors) $495.00
    Service
    Optional serial interfaces for RS232C or TTY
    or parallel interface/TTL. X-on/X-off ALL PHONES
    capability, bi-directional reading and slew. CALL NOW (312) 280·7610 •Quality
    reads 150 CPS. rewinds 300 CPS. Stops on Products
    character, contains power supply and
    DIST. WANTED
    Addmaster Model 601 paper tape reader.
    Sensibly priced. Addmaster Corporation,
    HOFFMAN INT'L ''W:lrlds largest volume TRS-80 dealer."
    600 N Mcclurg CT. STE. 309A 22511 Katy Fwv .• Katy IHoustonl TeKas 77450
    416 Junipero Serra Drive. San Gabriel, CA
    Chicago, Illinois 60611
    91776. (213) 285-1121 . 1713) 392-0747 TeleK 774132

    Inquiry 10 Inquiry 187 Inquiry 250

    CHIPS 'n DIPS EPROM


    PROGRAMMER
    8087-3 $145.00 APPROTEK 1000
    8088 29.00 ONLY
    256K DRAM 12.00
    64K DRAM 150ns 2.20 I " . • $249.95
    64K DRAM 200ns 2.18 Memorex seals Its floppy discs with a COMPLETE WITH
    128K DRAM process It developed, called Solid-Seam • PERSONALITY
    MODULE
    Mostek 150ns Bonding. This seals shut every Inch of
    5 114'' Diskettes every seam of every Memorex floppy 117 AC POWEA·AS232
    -ti BAUD RATES · HANDSHAKE TO HOST
    disc.
    ALLOWS READ. WRITE, VERIFY & COPY
    PLUSI If you call, write/: or utilize reader Caines complete with CPM & BASIC Driver
    service In response o this ad-we'll Pwgram L1s:1ngs for most small micros
    All parts in stock, first quality. send you our full-range catalog of com-
    puter supplles with Special Offers good Full 1 Year Warranty
    No seconds or surplus. for further savings on Memorex dlsk- P1ograms the follow1ny. 5 Volt 24 or 28 pin
    Same day shipping! ettesand many other quality products. devices 2 7lo1. series through 27256,
    a
    2 5xx series. 6 7 6 6 plus others
    Spccily Personalit y Module desired wirfl orde1
    CHIPS 'n DIPS LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS Add1tronal Personahty Modules only S 1 5 00 ea
    P.O. Box 2517 • The Mall 1250-E Rankin Dr., Troy, Ml 48083
    Phone: 1313) 589-3440 TO ORDER: CALL OR WAIT E
    Duxbury, MA 02331 APROPOS TECHNOLOGY
    Simply #1 In service & Rellablllty • 10 71 ·A AVE NIDA ACASO Add
    617-934-2414 CERTIFIED 100% ERROR-FREE
    CAMARILLO. CA 930 I 0 $4.00 Shipping-USA
    1806) 482·3804 VISA or MC Add 3%

    Inquiry 65 Inquiry 243 Inquiry 30

    •_.. ow COST UNY.VP.RS.AT.•

    •
    E(B)PRO M PROGR AMM BR
    !~ -::" ! '

    :tiiim._lJ, ~
    IL?R-liiillliNilio;q ~llt'e

    • SUPPORTS: { EPllOMS ) 2516 TllRU 64, 2716 THRU 512,


    27C l6 THRU 128, 68732 T!OllJ 86 (F.EPROMSJ 521113
    TllRU 33, 2B16A TIUW 64A (MICROS) 8741 TlffiU 49H
    • NO PERSONALITY MODULES, ONBOARD POWER SUPPLY
    This PAL WRITER CARD programs all
    MMI. Tl. NS 20 and 24 Pin PALS.
    it's~
    SAFEWARE Insurance provides full
    • HS232C INTERFACE , >ION- XOff , RTS, CTS, DTH
    • ACCEPTS KEYBOARD ENTRY WITH LINE EDITING
    This PAL WRITER CARD is a plug-in replacement of hardware, media and
    * ACCEPTS ASC ll, INTEL, AND MOTOROLA IOfMATS Card for APPLE II, Ile and Compat-
    • ust:R FRIENDLY f<INITOR fOH 1/0 DEBUGGING purchased software. As little as $35/yr covers:
    PROOJllA~toflNG ible computers without attach power
    • FAST SUPPORTED: 276'1 UNDER 3 MIN.
    * t.OW/lllGH flYTE PROGHAI+!ING t'OH 16 iHT DATA PATii • Fire • Theft • Power Surges
    * BYTE, supply, can write, read, copy, protect
    BLOCK, OR CHIP ERASF: (EEPIKMS ONLY)
    * LIST IN INTEI. OR MOTOROLA llEX FORMAT ···etc. ALSO supply PALASM compiler.
    • Earthquake • Water Damage • Auto Accident
    * VEHlfY PROGRAM AND VERIFY flLANK COf.t.IANOS
    * J.<109- 01: 4K FlfMl'IARE, PCK, XFORMER, DOC $90.00
    *WE also sell 17MHZ, 8 channel For information or immediate coverage call:
    * M09- 02: 1409- 01 .,. FULL SET OF PARTS
    * 1409 - 03: ASSEMBLED AND TESTED UNIT
    • 1409-11: BK FlfMrlAllE, PCfl, XFORMER, DOC
    * 1409- 12 : 1409-LI +FULL SET m' PARTS
    $200.00
    $ 3 00.00
    $ 125.00
    $ ::!50.00
    LOGIC ANALYZER CARD.

    TELEX : 27611 PLOGIC


    1-S00-84S--3469
    Jn Ohio r.al/ (614) 262-0559
    * 140 9-13: ASSEMULED ANO TESTED UNIT $350.00 ATTN-"CLOCK"
    * CCHruNICATJON DRIVERS FOR MOST PC'S $35.00

    B&C MICROSYSTEMS
    632'~ MOJAVE DR, SAN JOSE, CA 951::!0
    CABLE: "CLOCK" TAIPEI
    P.O. BOX: 93-247 TAIPEI R. 0. C.
    ( m)
    Tel. (408)997-7685, TWX 4995363 CLOCK COMPUTER CORP. SAFEWAllE, THE INSUHANCE AGENCY INC.

    Inquiry 68 Inquiry 341


    GROUP COMPARE COMPARE COMPARE
    SPECIALS 2764 200NS
    EPROMS
    5.93 6810 .75 Z80CPU 1.13
    6500/6800 Z80 Series
    74 Series 1702
    270B
    2K
    BK
    2.63
    2.37 MICROPROCESSORS
    2.5 MHZ 4.0 MHZ (ZBO A)

    74XX .25 6B70B


    2716 300-450NS
    BK
    16K
    7.50
    2.63 6502 1.50
    CPU
    CTC
    1.13
    1.13
    CPU
    CTC
    2716 500·650NS 16K 6503 1.50 DART 3.00 DART
    1.BB
    741XX .35 2532, 2732 200NS
    2532. 2732 250NS
    32K
    32K
    4.20
    3.75
    6504
    6512
    2.75
    1.25
    DMA
    PIO
    3.00
    1.13
    DMA
    PIO
    2763 64K 3.20 6522 2.75 SIO (Any) 3.00 SIO (Any)
    742XX .49 6B766 (24 PIN)
    2564.2764300NS
    64K
    64K
    11.B6
    5.93
    6532
    6545
    3.75
    !i.oo

    743XX .49
    2712B 250NS
    2712B 300NS
    2712B 450NS
    12BK
    12BK
    12BK
    11.95
    10.95
    9.95
    6BOO
    6B02
    6B03
    1.75
    3.25
    7.50
    COMPARE
    6B09 5.00 DAC08 1.14
    74LS Series 6B10
    6B20
    .75
    1.50

    74LSXX .25 COMPARE 6B21


    6B44
    6B50
    1.25
    10.50 DATA ACQUISITION
    DACOB 1.14
    1.50
    4116 200NS .59 DACOBOO 9.90
    74LS1XX .35 6B52
    6B60
    6B75
    2.25
    3.25
    2.75
    DACOB06
    DACOBOB
    1. 14
    1.44
    DYNAMIC RAMS ADCOB09 2.4B
    74LS2XX .49 4164 150NS 64K 9119.95

    74LS3XX .49
    4164150NS
    TMS4416
    4164 250NS
    64K
    64K
    64K
    2.75
    2.75
    1.75
    COMPARE COMPARE
    2620 64K 2.75 8155 2.85 0765 11.25
    74S Series 4332
    211B
    32K
    16K
    3.00
    1.50

    74SXX .35 4116150NS


    4116 200NS
    4116250NS
    16K
    16K
    16K
    .B9
    .59
    .39 B031
    8000 Series
    14.00 B243 5.00
    FLOPPY DISK
    CONTROLLERS
    74S1XX .45 4027 4K .45 B035
    B039
    BOBOA
    3.75
    3.75
    2.25
    B251
    B253
    B253-5
    3.25
    3.50
    4.00
    D765 11.25 BB77
    17.91 11 .25 B272
    74S2XX .59 COMPARE BOBS
    BOBSA2
    BOB6
    3.75
    7.50
    12.00
    B255
    B255·5
    B257
    3.25
    3.75
    3.50
    17.93
    BB76
    11 .25
    11.25
    2143
    9216

    74S3XX .59 6116 250NS 2.93 BOBB 11.25 B257-5 4.00

    STATIC RAMS
    B155
    B741
    B74B
    2.BS
    1B.OO
    1B.OO
    B259
    B259-5
    B272
    3.50
    4.00
    16.00
    COMPARE
    OUR POLICY 10415 1Kx1 6.26
    B202
    B205
    13.50
    2.25
    B274
    B276
    25.00
    17.50
    CRT 5027 5.00
    2115 1KX1 1.13
    Delivery: Orders normally shipped B212 1.00 B279 4.00
    2125 1Kx1 1.50
    B214
    within 2 business days. Add $3 for 93415 1Kx1 3.3B
    B216
    2.25
    1.00
    B279-5
    B2B4
    5.00
    4.00
    CRT
    UPS ground-5# & under. Add $4 for 93425 1Kx1 3.3B
    UPS blue (air), 2# & under: for each 2510 1Kx1 3.3B
    B224
    B226
    1.50
    1.25
    B2B6
    B2B7
    4.50
    4.50
    CONTROLLERS
    2511 1Kx1 3.3B CRT5027 5.00
    additional air pound add $1. Arizona B22B 2.25 B2BB 10.00 CRT5037 10.00
    214B 1Kx4 3.92
    residents add 6% sales tax. B237 6.75 B2B9 1B.OO 6B45 5.00
    2149 1Kx4 3.92
    B237-5 7.50 B292 5.00
    10474 1Kx4 3.00 46505 5.00
    Payment: Visa, MC, cashiers check . 2114 200NS 1Kx4 .70 B23B 3.00
    certified check. money order. per - 2114 450NS 1Kx4 .50
    sonal check accepted. (Allow 10
    days for personal checks to clear.)
    4B01 70NS
    411 B 250NS
    6116 200NS
    1KxB
    1KxB
    2KxB
    3.3B
    2.93
    3.6B COMPARE COMPARE
    No surcharge on credit card orders. 6116 250NS 2KxB 2.93 AY5-1013A 2.00
    CODs welcome wit h cash, certified
    check. cashiers check or money or-
    10470
    214 1
    4Kx1
    4Kx1
    10.44
    1.05 TMS9904 1.50
    der Add $3 COD handling charge.
    2147 4Kx1 3.3B UARTS
    TMS4044 200NS 4Kx1 1.05
    Pricing: Minimum order $20. 30% TMS4044 300NS 4Kx1 .90 MISCELLANEOUS AY5-1013A
    AY3-10 15A
    2.00
    3.00
    14B2
    2350
    1420 4Kx4 4.50 TMS9901 1.50 TMS9900 3.00 TR1402 2.00 2651
    discount on orders over $500 . Prices 216B 4Kx4 4.50 TMS9904 1.50 9602 1. 10 TR1602 2.25 6402
    subject lo change without notice. All 2167 16Kx1 4.50 TMS9914 3.00 96L02 2.25 TR 1B63 2.25 7201
    items lirnited to stock on hand. "L" Series Slightly higher. TMS99BO 13.26 96LS02 3.75 TR1472 4.50
    NOTE: This is just a sampling of our 6 million IC Inventory
    - .........- . i _.....

    Inquiry 2 21 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 473


    CONVERSE ~~~ COMPUTER THE WORLD'S FASTEST
    AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION o l the or1g1nal ELIZA program 1s
    now available to run on your m1crocomputer1 ~ BASFQ S-100 Z-80 SLAVE PROCESSOR

    ~
    Crea ted at MIT 111 1966. ELIZA has become the world 's most cel ebrated
    an1!1c1al m1ell1gence demonstration program ELIZA 1s a non-d1rect1ve
    DSy<::hotherap1st who analyzes each statemen t as you type 1l 1n and then
    resoon ds with her own com ment or ouest1on - and her 1emarks are
    FlexyDisks® TurboSJave I
    o tt en amazmgly appropriate!
    Designed to run on a large mamlrame. ELIZA has never before been
    available to personal computer users except 1n grealty stripped down
    versions lacking lhe sooh1st1cat1on whi ch made lhe ongma! program so
    tasc1natmg
    51A"
    Specify soft,
    8 M ht Z-80H

    Da !a t1ans!ers lo 1
    mbyte l second
    128k Ram w11 h parity

    2 RS·232 Pons
    50·38 k baud
    N ow. our new m1crocomou1er version oossessmg the FULL oower and 10 or 16 sector Minimum Order 20 • S.100 1EEE·696 compatible F 1F 0 commun1cat1ons
    range ot expression o! the ongmal is bemg oflered at the introductory
    price ol only S25 And 11 you wan1 to t1nd oul how she does 11 !or teach dk Mon1101 rom On board d1agnos11cs
    her to do more! we will mclude the complete SO U~CE PROG RAM lor
    only S20 add1t1onal
    Order your copy ot ELIZA !oday and you JI never again wonder how to
    respond when you hea1 someone say, Okay, lel's see what this com-
    Single side
    double density 1.35ea •
    •
    Low pa rt s count
    N o paddle boards
    •
    •
    Low oow er consumo rion
    TurboOOS compal1ble
    • GUARANTEE D COMPATIBLE WITH ALL 5-100 SYSTEMS
    RUNNING TURBODOS

    1.55ea
    puter ol yours can actually do'
    Double side
    ELIZA IS AVAILAB LE IN THE FOLLOWING FORMATS:
    1 51' inch disk lor the 48K Apple II. It Plus. lie or lie
    double density INTRODUCTORY PRICE $495
    S25 tor Protected Version - S45 for Appleso!t Source Ver sion Hard sectono In Llbnory box only .15.
    2 51' inch disk tor the 64K IB M Personal Compu1er IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT In c ludes TurboDOS drive rs (a $100 value) and
    S25 lor Protec1ed Vers1on - S45 lor IBM Disk BAS IC Source Version Certilied Check - Money Order - Personal Check. Tu r b oS tave I wi t h 128 k ram

    ® -:------: . . :-
    3 SX inch disk or tape cassette for the Commodore 64 (specify whic h) MasterCard and Visa. Add $3.00 per 100 or part
    S25 tor Protected Version - S45 tor C-64 BASIC Source Version
    4 Standard 8 mch smgle density disk lor all CP/ M based computers
    S25 lor ELIZA C0M - S4 5 with M1crosolt BASIC-BO Source
    to each order for U.P.S. shipping charges.
    NJ Residents add 6% sales lax. EARTH COMPUTERS =
    5 5}; inch disk for most CP/ M based computers j5pec1ly computer)
    S25 lor ELIZA C0M - S45 w1lh M1crosol! BASIC-80 Source
    Please add S2 00 sh1ppmg and handling lo all orders
    (Calilorrna residents please add 6% sales tax)
    047:4
    ~H.4NGE, INC.
    c---- -
    P.0 Box 8067 , Foun tain Valley, CA 92728
    TELEX· 910 997 6120 EA RTH FV

    ARTIFICIA L INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP 178 Route 206 South , PO. Box 993 FOR M O RE INFORMATION AND QUANTITY DI SCOUN T S
    921 Norlh La Jolla Avenue, Dept B
    Department B CALL: (714) 964-5784
    Los Angeles, CA 90046 Registered Hademarks Z-80H. Z11og ll'IC., TurboOOS Soltware 2000. Inc.
    (213) 656-7368 (2 13 ) 654-22 14 Somerville, N.J. 08876 • (201 ) 874-5050 •·· 18M PC VE RSION COM ING SOO N '"
    MC. VISA and checks accepte<I

    Inquiry 31 Inq uiry 105 Inquiry 133

    DEC/TEl<TRONIX
    IBM-PC $1699 TERMINAL EMULATION
    256 K 2 DS/ DD DRIVES
    For The IBM PC, XT, AT. PCjr
    Other Configurations Available
    EPSON F X-80 / 100 .. . Be st P ri ce
    OKI D A TA 9 2 P/ 9 3P ... B es t P ric e
    And Compatibles
    PC102 precisely emulates four DEC terminals:
    VT102, VT101, VT100, and VT52. PC4010
    DKfATECH DISKETTES
    BR O THER HR - 15 . .... .. . $395 includes all PC102 features plus Tektronix 4010
    H R -25 .. .. .... $690 graphics terminal emulation . LIFETIME WARRAITY SOFT SECTOR ONL v

    P .G .S . MAX - 12 . . ... ... . .. $175 • Complete keyboard/screen emulation 11111% ERROR FREE 51/4 ' ssg:; 20 S1 ~:
    including line grephics 1132-column • Full aurfmce
    HX - 12 .......... $459 support optional)
    cert"lc•tlon 51/4'' 5500
    Oly . 20$
    119
    ea .
    TANDON (360 K ) ..... .. . $155 • Supports ANSI color, local printer, and • Hub rtng1
    TEAC 5 5B (360 K ) . . . .... $132 bidirectional file transfer; exclusive DOS
    shell ke y
    • Write protect .. bl 149
    51/4'' osg;_20$ ea .
    We carry a large selection of • Guaranteed compatibilit y with all DEC • Uaer 1.0 . l1bel1
    5
    ha rdware and software applications inlcuding EDT, WORD -11, • Bo x Index a.bet 31/2' ' SS 3~.
    ALL-IN-ONE, DEC-CALC, UNIX vi o Flip top UHi-back MAC COMPATIBLE Oly 10
    CALL US • Written in C and assembler to provide a bo• (10 pak)
    completely memory-resident package that
    9'1Q:r9. $3 so S"f ~
    communicates at up to 38.4K baud
    COMPUTERLANE UNLTD. INC. Find out why over 3,000 customers prefer our
    Nale C>.A9De
    ~$350~$ 1
    ea.. 48 9ml5.
    high Density Oty 10
    Exporting Div. Telex. 662841 SK COMP
    products. Call or write for free information package.
    perl O ~
    for IBM PC · AT
    CA,.,.,..,._llXl...._ID.

    18181 884-8644 HOURS GENERAL MICRO SYSTEMS FOR IMMEDIATE SHFMENT.Ute VISA°' MASTERCARD
    DAILY 6440 Flying Cloud Drive, Suite 205
    22 107 R oscoe B l vd .
    10-7 Eden Pra irie, Minnesota 55344 Call Collect:818/700-0330
    Ca n oga Pa r k , Ca 91304 (612) 944-0593
    We Accept C. 0 .D. - P.O. - LC.

    Inquiry 90 Inquiry 163

    PC EXPANSIONS
    $189

    DDYJJJlJ
    Qume 142A ..
    Teac FD55 B . $129
    Tandon TM 100·2 $169
    Tandon TM l Ol -4 $239 ,,
    Your IBM Model 50, 60, 65, 75, 85, 95 CDC 9409 $169
    Maynard Dis k Con1 roller $114
    or WHEELWRITER Typewriter can be Sandstar Series $ca ll
    '·
    Solw your...., pmblano. bull lOCl'l' ourfllU a computer printer or terminal using
    our interface modules:
    1n1ernal 10 M B HD sys1ems WS l
    WS2
    $84 9
    $ 1020
    -- ~....._.Al ordln ~
    ....... 9lock.
    wllhkt 24 ._..... Call
    toll l'REE Model 5060 RS232 Serial
    MaynStrea m tape ba ckup
    Quad board (6 4 K)
    $ t229
    $254
    Model 5060- CP Centronics Parallel Quad board 1384 K) $379
    (800) 235-4137 . . prica ....i lnformadon. Ouadcolor I. $199
    "-'" and MMle c.nl accepted. AST Six Pak Plus \6 4 K) $259
    Both Versions NEW S1xPa kP lus (384 Ki $38 4
    Mega Plus (64 K) $269
    can be easily Advan1age $ca1 1
    installed and 1/ 0 Plus .. . $129
    require NO PCnet - s1ar1er kil $809
    modifica- HERCULES graphi cs bodrd $339
    Colo r Card w11h PP $169
    tions to the HAYES Modems. 300 $199
    typewriter. Smart modem 1200 . . $469
    A 2K buffer is Smart mod em 1200 B $399
    Se1 of 9 c hi ps (64 Kl $2 5
    standard, BK optional. 256 K chips (each) $12
    8087 Chi p $139
    Verbatim Da1alile di sks \20) $49
    tr=tR'R\ntr= CALIFORNIA MICRO
    '6!J IIII~ COMPUTER VLM Computer Electronics
    9323 Warbler Ave., Fountain Valley, CA 92708 10 Park Place • Momslown . NJ 07960
    (714) 964-9301 (20 1) 267·3268 Vis a, MC, Check or COD.

    Inquiry 296 Inquiry 397


    S14.~';_.,'°:_. 00~ 1~.~ " s129 ei~~D Oty. 20 s1os ~~" SSDDOty. 50 5 V." DSDD
    s115ea. Oty. 50
    51'" SS00-96TPI-> $2.29 ea. 51'" OS00·96lPI -+ $2.85 ''· 5'A'' SS00-96TPI -S1.46 ea. 5V<" OS00-96TPI - S1.75 ea.
    SOFT SECTOR ONLY\ MINIMUM ORDER: 20 DISKETTES PACKED IN CARDBOARD CASES! These are poly-bagged diskettes packaged with Tyvek sleeves.
    BASF OUALIMETRIC DISKETTES have a LIFETIME WAR- reinforced hubs. user identification labels and wrile-prolect tabs.
    ADD 3%FOROROEAS 1;•l:1~ FLIP 'N FILE15 RANTY with Tyvek sleeves. reinlorced hubs, user identilication
    W/10 DISKEITES. NASHUA Corpora lion is a hall-billion dollar corporation and a
    UN DER 50! L (£If_ Thru 5/30/851 labels and write-protecttabs. recognized leader in magnetic media.
    . These are factory-fresh JM diskettes packed in boxes of 10 with SOFT SECTOR ONl YI MINIMUM ORDER 20 DISKETTES SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold in mulliples ol 50 only!
    Tyvek sleeves, reinforced hubs, identilication labels and write- BASF 3.5" MICRO-FLOPPIES BASF 5''4"HIGH DENSITY
    FOR ORDERS ONLY: INFORMATION &
    prote~'.J~~\cRO-DISKETTES-SS-135 TPI--> $2.89 ea. SS00-135 TPI - S2.50 ea.
    FOR IBM PC-AT
    OSOO-HO - $4.91 ea. 1·800-621-6827 INQUIRIES:
    LIFETIME WARRANTY ON All 3M SCOTCH DISKETTES\ (In Illinois 1-312-944-2788) · 1•312-944-2788
    FOR ORDERS ONLY: INFORMATION & HOURS: 8AM-SPM Central Time. Monday-Friday
    HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Friday 1-800-621-6827 INQUIRIES:
    WE Will BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE (In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788 WE Will BEAT ANY NA TIONAllY ADVERTISED PRICE
    ON THE SAME. PRODUCTS ANO QUANTITIES! ON THE SAME PRODUCTS ANO QUANTITIES!
    HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time; Monday-Friday
    DISK WORLD!, Inc. . WE Will BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE DISK WORLD!, Inc.
    Suile 4806. 30 East Huron Street• Chicago, lllinos 60611 ON THE SAME PRODUCT SAND QUANTITIES! Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron Street• Chicago. lllinos 60611

    DISK Information
    Authorized Reseller
    Processing ': BASF
    WORLD! Media

    300 Baud
    ~ Avatex Modem Shipping: 5''4" & 35" DISKETTES-Add $3.00 per each 100 or
    I ewer diskettes. Other llems: Add shipping charges as shown 1n
    ggc ea. - SW SSDD
    Oty_50
    514
    Sj09ea.
    • OSDD _ Qty. 50

    $189.95 ea. $59.95 ea. addition to other shipping charges. Payment: VISA and MASTER- You've used these diskettes hundreds al
    Avatex Modems have everything. They're inexpen- CARD accepted. COO Orders: Add additional $3.00 Specia_I Han- times_ .. as copy-protected originals on some of
    sive, Hayes-compatible. Auto Dial, Auto Answer and dling charge. APO, FPO, AK, HI & PR Orders: Include shipping
    charges as shown and additional 5% ol total order amount to the most popular software packages. They're
    high quality (backed by a one-year warranty). cover PAL and insurance. Taxes: Illinois residents only, add 8% packed in poly-bags of 25 with Tyvek sleeves,
    Best of all, our combination includes a One-Year FREE sales tax.
    subscription to MCI MAIL and special communications Prices subject to change without notice. reinforced hubs, user identification labels and
    software for placing TOLL-FREE orders with OISK This ad supercedes all other ads . write-protect tabs.
    WORLDI Not responsible lor typographical errors. LIFETIME WARRANTY!
    Orders received via MCI MA IL are shipped within MINIMUM TOTAL ORDER: $35.00
    SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold in multiples
    24-hours (subject to product availability). FOR ORDERS ONLY: of 50 only.
    INFORMATION &
    (Cables are net included.) 1-800-621-6827 INQUIRIES:
    FORORDERSONLY: INFORMATION & FOR ORDERS ONLY: INFORMATION &
    (In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788 1-800-621-6827 INQUIRIES:
    1-800-621-6827 INQUIRIES: (In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788
    (In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time
    HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Friday Monday-Friday HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time , Monday-Friday
    WE Will BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE WE Will BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE
    WE Will BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE ON THE SAME PRODUCTS ANO QUANTITIES! ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!
    ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!
    DISK WORLD!, Inc. . DISK WORLD!, Inc. DISK WORLD!, Inc. . .
    Suite 4806 • 30 East-Huron Street• Chica o. lllinos 60611 Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron Street• Chicago. llli11os 60611 Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron Street• Chicago, !limos 60611

    DISK DISK · AuthorizedDiatributor ATHANA


    MAGNETIC
    WORLD! WORLD! MEDIA

    PRINTER - Nail down


    great prices on
    RIBBONS:
    MEMOREX
    at diskettes!
    extraordinary LIFETIME WARRAtf!YL_ _ _
    prices!
    Brand new ribbon s. manulactured to Original Equipment
    Manulacturer's specificalions. in housings. (Nol re-inked or
    S12Bi~~D sv.- s 110 ea.
    Oty.20 DSDD Oty. 20
    spools only.)
    MEMOREX DISKETTES come with
    LIFETIME WARRANTY! heavy. lintless paper sleeves. reinforced
    Epson MX-70/80 . . $3.58 ea.+ 25¢ Shpng. hubs. write -protect tabs and user ID
    labels.
    Epson MX-100 .... $4.95 ea. + 25¢ Shpng.
    Okidata Micro83 .. $1.48 ea. + 25¢ Shpng. JS ~~5~ ;;~ f~PIES
    0
    SOFT SECTOR ONl Y! r b~ 5
    ,imcH21
    S2.44 ea MINIMUM ORDER: 20 DISKETTES SJ.89 ea.
    Okidata Micro84 _. $3.66 ea. + 25¢ Shpng. INFORMATION & INQUIRIES:
    FOR ORDERS ONLY: INFORMATION & 1-312-944-2788
    1-800-621-6827 INQUIRIES:
    (In Illinois: 1-312-944-2788) 1-312-944-2788 HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time
    HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time. Monday-Friday Monday-Friday
    WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONAll YADVERTISED PRICE WE Will BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE
    ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES! ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!
    DISK WORLD!, Inc. DISK WORLD!, Inc.
    Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron Street• Chicago, lllinos 60611 Suite 4806 • 30 East Huron Street• Chicago, lllinos 60611

    Inquiry 122 APRIL 1985 • BYTE 475


    Public Domain
    AT
    Software
    :~~ IBM-PC ~~~pats
    Our New On-Line PC - SIG has one of th e most com pre -
    Computer Product Center hensi ve coll ecti on s o f p ubl ic domain and
    • PLACE YOUR ORDER user-supported software for t he IBM PC -
    • ACC ESS DATA-BASES ove r 270 disks full. Programs range fro m
    • BROWSE OUR PRODUCT CATALOG full function word pro cessors and filin g
    • SEN D ELECTRONIC MAIL programs to useful util it ies, ga mes and
    nume rous spec ialized applicati ons . 200
    for a pass w ord and a user name co ntact page directory. $6.95 + $1 .50 po stag e.
    Set o f 5 int roduc tory
    MASTERBYTE COMPUTERS disks (wo rd p rocessi ng Thl~.!"-
    1
    SIG
    filing , utilities and · rary
    OF NEW YORK
    gam es) + Direc to ry $36.
    Premium Quali t y Computers
    Online b ull etin board
    and Computer Parts also available.
    SUITE 815 19 WEST 34TH STREET (CA residents add sales tax}
    "G.ALJFOANIA RESIDENTS ADO e"i:> SALES TAX ISBN 0-915835-02-9
    NEW YORK , NEW YORK 10001
    PC HORIZONS , INC . PC Software Interest Group
    1701 E. Edinger, Ste. A6, Senta Ana, CA 92680 (212) 760-0340
    (714) 953-5396 1125 Stewart Ct. , Su ite G
    a stri de micro dealer © 1985 Sunnyva le , CA 94086 (408) 730-929 1

    Inquiry 294 Inquiry 251 Inquiry 299

    Turbo + PC Tools = Programs


    Tools for Turbo Pasca /TM on the IBM™ PC
    Window Management = mel\ua, help !ilea ...
    • Unlimited windows
    • Cursor save & jump
    • Window overlay & recall
    • Access all colors & chars
    MEMOREX
    • Window Compiler/librarian manages window files
    Graphics Drawing = HiRe s plottirlll powe r!
    FLlllBLE DISCS
    • Ellipses, polygons • Region fill and clear
    & more
    String F onnula Evaluator = e&ay calculatiol\ WE Will NOT BE UNDER-
    • 22 function s with nesting and implicit SOLDfl Call Free (800)235-4137
    mult iplication for prices and information. Dealer
    • Won 't bom b on overflow or division by zero
    Sys t em Check and Control = mAX Rexibilityl inquiries invited and C.O.D.'s
    • Time & date access • Get disk types & room accepted
    • Get & set default • 110 information
    drive
    All this for only $39.95 • . . . Incredible!
    You get 32 1K of source code on a double·sided disk
    and a 35 page manual. For single-sided drives add
    $2. Works wi th DOS 2.0, Turbo 2.0.
    ·Please include $2 for postage and handling ($4 if $54 .95
    outside of USA). Californians add 6%.
    For all 24 or 28 pin devices - 2 at a time
    Paragon Courseware 90 DAY WARRA N rEE SHIPPING & HANDLI NG
    4954 Sun Valley Road San Luis Obispo. CA
    DEAL ERS WELCOME AZ R~~ l~ENT S 9340 I . In Cal. ca ll
    Del Mar, CA 92014
    ADD 6% TAX (800)592-5935 or
    (619) 481 -1 477
    Turbo Pascal ls a trademark of Bot1and International WALLING CO. @ltJEll~'so5)543- 1 031
    IBM is a trademark of the IBM Corporation 4401 S. JUNIPER• TEMPE . AZ 85282 • (602) 838- 1277

    Inquiry 297 Inquiry 399 Inquiry 296

    ® PAL, EPROM
    •r:~:~~\j
    lifetime Warranty ! Hub Rings/ 100 % Error -Free/
    IHJyperon § oftware

    Specializi ng in innovative programm ing


    tools.
    • Complete documentation and
    PROGRAMMERS
    & UV ERASERS
    5 % " Diske ttes Soh or Hard Sector - Boxed
    SS SO .... .... .... . .......... .... ..... $ .99 Each*
    •
    C-source provided (presently DOS only).
    Reasonable prices.
    FROMS49.95
    SSDO . .... ... ........... .. .. ... ... . .. $1.20Each•
    OS DD ...... .... ........... ................. $1.45 Each• • High quality and good
    R DD IFlippyl .. ..... .. ... . $2 .19 Each• performance. LOGICAL DEVICES INC.
    SUPER SAVINGS ON BULK DIS KETTES! Products currently available:
    SSDD ........ . .... . .... . ... $ .99
    0500 ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ... . .......... $1.15
    C Preprocessor. Features include
    variab les and expressions, loops,
    'WheM, R~/Ji/J~. ~
    M inimum order - 50 Diskettes . and full macros. Price - $39 .95 .
    General purpose editor. Line orien ted
    e~s~
    Uo/~!J~
    Quantity Discounts Available
    Ml Residents, add 4 % Sales Tax . commands with a sc reen oriented
    Sh1ppmg & Handlin g $ 4 .00 1 100 D1s ke1tes
    submode. Command window. Price
    - $29 .95 SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 218
    TO ORDER : Call or Write ...

    ILMGMclelLJ
    Precision Data Products Order fro m:
    P.O. Box 83 67 HYPERON SOFTWARE
    Grand Rapids. Ml 49 508
    16161 4 52 -345 7 P.O. Box 3349
    Michigan 1-800 -632 -2468 Costa Mesa , CA 92628
    Outside Mich . 1-800-258-002 8 ORDER TOLL FREE
    1-800-EEl-PROM
    EB
    Enclose c hec k or mon ey order. Cali forn ia
    C.O.D. residents add 6%.
    (1 -800-33 1-7766)

    Inquiry 307 Inquiry 191 Inquiry 240


    Buy direct from PROGRESSIVE MICRO DISTRIBUTORS and you'll
    discover that low prices together with a knowledgeable sales staff can
    · make a surprising difference.
    You'll be shocked by the lucrative prices PROGRESSIVE MICRO
    , DISTRIBUTORS can offer on one of the largest selections of PC products
    anywhere. But you won't be surprised by our limitless supply of expert
    advice, support, service and information. After all, you expect these
    services from your computer supplier.
    But did you expect same day insured shipping, complete product
    warranties (some up to 5 years), and no surcharge on most credit cards?
    All this combined with over 25,000 square feet of computerized
    warehouse space assures you prompt and efficient service.
    Look Us Over and Compare.
    Send for PROGRESSIVE MICRO DISTRIBUTORS Free catalog. You'll
    find that our catalog prices are discounted even lower than our advertised
    prices in national magazines. Once you start receiving our FREE catalog.,
    you 'll be entitled to free product literature and reviews by prominent
    industry sources at your request, as well as our monthly PRICE HOT LIST.
    MAIL in your coupon TODAY to start receiving PROGRESSIVE
    MICRO DISTRIBUTORS monthly PRICE HOT LIST immediately. ORDER
    TODAY if you're ready to cash in on the savings right away. Call TOLL
    FREE 1-800-446-7995 for a quote on any of the thousands of PC
    products you need.

    r-------------------- r-------------------,
    1 ~Rfc'itllSS/VE BY4
    PROGRESSIVE BY4

    MICRO
    !O~~[~!!!'!!!!!~REE
    /
    oatolog.
    D Please send your monthly PRICE HOT LIST
    DISTRIBUTORS
    D Please send me your FREE catalog.
    D Please send your monthly PRICE HOT LIST.
    I D Please send me information on the following: D Please send me information on the following:
    I
    I
    I I am a D new-user D experienced-user I am a D new-user D experienced-user
    I I am a D business-user D home-user I am a D business-user D home-user
    I Name ____________________________ Name ___________________________
    I Address _________________________ Address--- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - -
    I City State Zip _ __ City State Zip _ __
    I Please clip and mail to: Please clip and mail to:
    L?o~~ach~~du~~~~~~~~~A~~~ 3oo~~htr~nd~ia1Bou le~ r~o~~~GA3007U
    Inquiry 318 APRIL 1985 • B YTE 477
    New Products to
    Expand Your PCir.
    AST 512K jrCombo w/128K - '395 95
    '299 .95
    512K Multlfunc. Card w/OK - '295 '229.
    External 360KB Disk Drive _ '499
    Parallel Printer Port - •120
    •369.95
    9
    •94.95 IBM-AT Multi-Function 20 MEGABYTE
    8087 Co-Processor Card -
    Light Pen system
    '199
    •299
    •149. 5
    95
    •229.95 Expansion Boa rd Tape Back-up System 2400 BAUD MODEM
    Simultaneous Disk/Keyboard ·- '59 •44. 5
    AST-PCnet \ljr LAN - '495 •399 .9 •IBM PC, XT, AT compatible • 0-300, 1200. 2400 baud
    25
    u,,,
    oho;~,;
    TECMAR CAPTAINjr. w/128K '499 s349.95
    •bV'" '' RA6KM;,goh•P'
    • Up '° 3 M•:,d 6'K °'
    •• Low-po
    "•nd-,d
    °'''"'
    wer, half-heigh/
    do" '"""''
    • Umgw '""b" <ohw,,,
    tape drive • Be/1 703. 113, 212A, CCITT, V.22 , V.22

    •""' ""1 •PH•·•dd•": , peod b"' ''"·by.""°' '°"'P"ro


    •Auto baud. redial, and answer
    • 8 LED status indicators
    m;,,,,_,m•9' "°''·op """'"°'
    P"':~'''
    • " " PAL °'>BM-AT h<g " ' " •Self test & spe~ker volume control
    • Low P'"'(', & DP• " ' " ,, "'' • bd"'"'"' "" "'""'" p,,,m,,.,, •Looks like a Hayes Smar/modem
    •On• po" DP''°" "" •39'.'' • A•fomo;;, " " ' " " " " • & '°""'"'" • 1200 baud & 72008 modems also avail.
    • S•oond ' . I 1 parallel - · s59
    "" "''' • '"''""'' ""'' '"" '"d & "LIST
    """' JADE LIST JADE
    JADE 1200 5399 '229.95
    '""·' "':; P"'
    S"ood " '
    "MB " " " " '""'-•p _ " '99'
    <'MB%" '''° h•Ok·op _ '95
    ""''
    ''9<.o•
    JADE 1200B IBM PC -
    JADE 2400 _
    5299
    _ _ ' 699
    '219.95
    '449.95

    External 45 MB SYstem _ 5 1495 '1094.95


    LIST
    JADE AT -Expando Plus 5 495 5395.95

    AT -Memory Master plus 5 495 '429.95


    AST Advantage-AT s495 '449.95
    STB Rio Grande 128K to 1.5M _ 5 495 5359.95

    STB Grande Byte 128K to 2.5M _ 5 395 5299.95

    Ouadport-AT 1S, 1P '154 •139.95


    4 Serial port kit 5 195 '179.95 Plug-n -run. ready to go, co mplete with controller LIST JADE
    Six Pak Plus OK 5249.95 Ouadmeg-AT 1 MEG · 5 2465 '1995.95 card, data cable. and mounting ha rdwa re. totall y HA YES Smartmodem 2400 _ _ 5 895 •649.95
    Six Pak Plus 64K 5 395 269.95 Quadmeg-AT 2 MEG 5 495 '3195.95 PC/XT compat ibl e, faster than XT, handles 4 HA YES Smartmodem 1200 _ _ 5 699 '429.95
    Six Pak Plus 256K 5695 Ouadmeg-AT 4 MEG 57490 CALL different operating sys tems, streamer tape back-up HA YES 1200B w/o Smartcom II _ 5539
    '339.95
    '399.95
    128K Upgrade Kil 5395 '169 .95 available . External model includes cabinet & power HA YES 1200B for IBM PC _ __ 5599 '369.95
    Six Pak Plus 384K s945 '469 .95
    Mega Plus 64K s395 5269.95 20 Megabyte Hard Disk _ _ _ 5 1790 supply . Fu ll one year manufacturers warranty . HA YES Smart modem 300 _ _ _ ' 289 '199.95
    Mega Plus 256K 5379.9 5 HA YES Chronograph ' 249 '199.95
    LC I Li& .IL LIST JADE HAYES Micromodem 100 _ _ _ ' 399 5299.95
    Mega Plus 512K '699 .95 10 MEGABYTE Internal _ _ _ ' 1795 5689.95 5 299
    HAYES Micromodem lie _ _ _ '239.95
    1/0 Plus - - -- -- - - - '129.95 10 MEGABYTE External _ _ _ 5 2095 '849.95 HA YES Smartmodem lie _ _ _ ' 399 '249.95
    '309.95 JADE
    Hercules Color '189 .95 15 MEGABYTE Internal _ _ _ ' 1995 5879.95
    HA YES PLEASE Software - - - 5
    395 '299.95
    5339.95 15 MEGABYTE External _ __ 5 2295 '1069.95 HAYES Smartcom II ' 149
    Hercules Graphic - -- - - -
    5 '379.95 22 MEGABYTE Internal _ _ _ 5 2495 5 1399_95
    Plantronics Color Plus 549
    22 MEGABYTE External _ _ _ 5 2795 '1599.95
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    399
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    5
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    5 1000
    '1999.95
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    from PROMETHEUS
    Jade Hercules work-a-like _ __ 399 '199.95
    Ouadcolor I 5
    295 '209.95 10 MEGABYTE External Tape _ 5 1295
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    5
    High speed RAM upgrade kit with FREE' parity Ouadcolor II 5
    275 ' 209.95 1200B ProModem for IBM PC _ 399 '289.95
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    1200A ProModem for Apple _ _ 5 449
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    thousands of these kits to satisfied customers every
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    LIST JADE Dual Disk Controller 1()()
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    89 '59.95 CP/M 3.0 Card with 64K _ _ _ 5399
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    Taxan TV Tuner for RGB Monitor 599 OPTION #3


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    IBM PC- 5 1995 JADE XPC _ 5 2695
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    ,~ PRINTERS
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    Inside California

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    StarWriler F10-40 40 cps _ _ '1199 Serial Cable - -- - - - -- -
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    Inquiry 437 Inquir y 430

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    Inquiry 148 Inquiry 13 7

    ,
    DIP SWITCHES
    74LIOO .Z3 74Ll125 .41 74Ll2BO .51 1 MHZ 2 MHz
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    74LS09 .21 74U139 .64 mmo .II 8632 9.90
    mSIO .24 74LS14& 1.16 mszn .II 8545 9.90 3 MHz
    mm .34 ml147 2.45 74UH5 .u 8651 9.90 85028 ......... 7.90
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    74LSZ1 .28 mll&B .Bl 74U353 115 BB02 .. .. .. .. . 7.90 61600 ........ 9.90
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    74LIZI . .34 74U1B1 .84 74Ll3BB .41 6609 .. . .. .. .. B.90 61B09E .. .. .. . 11.90
    74Ll30 .24 74Ll1B2 .Bl 74U387 .44 6810 .. .. .. .. . 2.90 81810 .. .. .. .. 5.90
    74LS3Z .28 74LS1B3 .84 74Ll3BI .44 &BZO .. .. .. .. . 4.30 81821 .. .. .. .. 5.90
    74U33 .64 74U1B4 .61 74Ll373 1.35 BIZI .. .. .. .. . 2.90 BBl40 ........ IUD
    mm .34 74Ll1B5 .94 74U374 1.36 6626 ......... 13.90
    8840 .. .... . .. 11.90 88645 ....... . 16.90
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    74U40 .24 74LS181 1.70 74U371 1.13 8843 ......... 33.90
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    6846 ...... .. . 11.80 68000
    mm .74 74LS170 1.46 74U315 1.16
    74L141 .74 74Ll173 .Bl 74Ll31B .44 8847 ......... I 0.90 68000·1 ....... 34.90
    8850 . .. .. .. .. 2.90 81047 . . . . . . . . 23.90 14 ,11 ZIF .. . .. .. .. . . .. • .. .. .. . .. . .. .. 4.BI
    mm .74 74Ll174 .64 ml380 1.16 16 ,11 Zif . .. . .. .. .. .. • • .. . . .. . .. .. . .. 4.BI
    ml51 .24 mm5 .54 m1m 1.16 6B&Z .. .. .. .. . 6.90 BB4BB .... .... 18.90
    74Ll54 .!I 74Ll111 2.10 mm& 1.16 BBBO .. .. .. .. . 7.90 24 ,11 ZIF .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . 5.11
    6882 ...... ... I 0.90 88152 ..... .. . IUD 2B ,11 ZIF .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . B.11
    74LI&& .!I 74U119 uo msm 1.45 6BBBI ....... . UO
    74LIB3 1.20 74Ll190 .II 74Ll4Z4 uo 6675 .. .. .. .. . 6.90 40 ,11 ZIF . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 9.89
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    74Ll74 .34 ml192 .71 74Ll490 uo Bl7BB ... . .. . . 19.95
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    74Ll76 .41 mm& (1 to 99)
    .61 74Lll4& 2.16 8031 ......... IUD 1253 ...... .. .. 6.90
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    74LH5 .II 74Ll197 .71 mam 1.15 1039 .. .. .. .. . 6.90 1255 ...... .. .. 4.45
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    2114l·4
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    1024 I 4 J45011J Jl1J
    1.10
    1.20
    74LI l1Z
    74Ul13
    .31 74LSZ49
    .31 74U2&1
    .u
    .&I
    11Ll9&
    llLIH
    1.45
    1.46
    BOB9 . ... .. ... 59.90 1279 ..........
    1279-5 .. .. .. .. 7.90
    =
    ST Soldertall WW = Wlrewrep
    !114l·3 I 02 4 1 4 (300n) (Lr( 1.30 m1114 .31 74U2&3 .51 llLl97 1.46 1282.. ........ B.45
    2114L·2 1024 I 4 (200111 (LP) 1.40 74U122 .44 74LS257 .&I llLlll 1.45
    8100 1213. .. ....... B.45 CRYSTAL CLOCK
    2147 4018 I I (6611( 3.15
    TMS4044-4 4011 I I (45011) 2.16 mll23
    mllZ4
    .71 74LSZ51
    2.15 74U2&9
    .&I
    2.70
    2&U2&21
    mazm
    2.76
    420
    8131
    8155 .. .. .. .. .
    2.90
    B.90
    1264 .. .... ....
    1288.. .. .. ....
    4.90
    B.45
    OSCILLATORS
    TMS4044-3 4016 I I (30011) 3.46
    TMS404H 4018 I I (20011) 3.15 B156-Z .. .. .. .. 7.90 8267 .. . ....... 6.45 PART NO. FREQUENCY PRICE
    MK4111 1024 11 (25011) 1.15 8155 • . . •. . • .. B.90 1211 .......... 12.90 1.000 1.0000 MHz B.99
    TUZOll-20 20411 I (20011) 3.16 BIB5 ......... 28.90 8219 .......... 4UO l.B43
    TU2011·15 20411 I (150111 4.45 6185-Z . .. .. . .. 31.90 am .......... 1uo 1.8432 llHz B.99
    TU2016 ·10 2048 1 I (I 0011( 5.15 2.000 2.0000 MHz B.99
    HMllll-4 20411 I (20011( (Cllll( UO 8300 4.000 4.0000 MHz B.99
    HMlll6·3 2048 1I(15011(1••111 UO CRT CONTROLLERS 8200 8.000 B.0000 MHz 6.99
    HM6116·2 2048 1 I (12011) (<1111( 5.10 8303 ........ .. 2.90
    8202 ......... 23.90 1304 ...... .. .. 1.90 10.000 10.0000 MHz B.99
    HM6116LP-4 2041 1 I (20011( (0•111lLPJ 4.90 6846 ........ 11.96 6275 ...... .. 21.95 6!03 . . .... . . . 38.90 1307 .. ... .. . .. 2.90 lB.000 IB.0000 MHz 8.99
    HM6116LM 20411 I (150111 (c•111lLPJ 5.10 8205 2.90 1301 .......... uo 18.432 lB.4320 MHz B.99
    HM6116LM 2041 1 I 112011) (o.,.lllPJ 7.10 86846 .. .. . .. 18.96 mo .... .... 31.9&
    am 1.75 1310 ....... ... 3.90 19.680 19.BBOB MHz 6.99
    l-1132 4096 1 I (30011( 101~11 21.15 H04B5051, . .. . 11.95 CRT5027 .. .. .. 1B.96 BZl4 3.76 1311 .... .. .... 3.90
    HM5264P:15 1112 1 I (16011) ,,..., 19.15 20.000 20.0000 MHz 6.99
    HM6264LP-15 1192 1 I (15011( (0•11J(lPJ 22.96 8847 . . ...... 10.95 CRT&037 ...... 28.96 6ZIB 1.76 32.000 32.0000 MHz B.99
    HM6264LP·l2 1112 1 I (12011) (c•nllLPI 24.95 MCl372 ...... B.90 TMl9911A .... 38.95 8224 . .. .. .. .. 2.20 8700
    BZ2B .. .. .. .. . 1.75 CRYSTALS
    LP = Low Power Ootat = OuHl·Statlc 68047 . . . . . . . 23.95 OPB3&0 ....... 41.95 BZZB .. .. .. ... 3.46 1741 ......... 21.90
    am ... ... ... 1z.uo 1741 ......... IUD
    1.0000 MHz . .... 2.89 B.0000 MHt .... 1.91
    DYNAMIC RAMS 8237-6 ........ IUD 1749 ..... .. . . 2UO 1.8432 MHz . . ... 2.89 I 0.0000 MHt .... 1.91
    am . . . . . . . . . 4.4& 8755 ......... 23.90
    TMS4027 4095 I I (25011( 1.45 BZ43 . .. .. .. .. 4.45 2.0000 MHz ... .. 1.95 10.7318 llHt .... 1.91
    UP0411 4096 1 I (30011( 1.95 DISC CONTROLLERS 8250 .. .. .. .. . 9.90 80000 2.0972 MHz . . .. . 1.95 12.0000 MHt .... 1.15
    MM5260 40961 I (30011( 1.15 B251 .. .. .. .. . 3.90 10118-6 ....... 9UO 2.4578 MHz ... . . 1.95 14.3182 MHL ... . 1.115
    MK4101 6192 1 I 1200111 .49 1771 .... . .. . IU& 2m . .... ... 5U5 B251A . ...... .. 4.45 10111 ........ IUD 3.2781 MHz . .... l.llli 15.0000 llHz. . .. • 1.95
    MM5296 1192 1 I (25011( .49 1791 ...... .. 21.96 8843 . . .. .... 33.95 3.5796 MHz · · · · · I.II& 11.0000 MHt .... 1.91
    4116-20 16314 1 I (200111 .79 Z·80
    4116·15 15314 1 I (15011( .99 1793 ........ 25.95 am ........ 18.95 4.0000 MHz .... . 1.96 17.4300 MHt .... 1.95
    1795 . . . .. . . . 21.95 UP07B5 . . . ... I B.95 2 MHz 4·1943 MHz ''''' 1.11&
    4116·12
    2116
    4164-25
    4164-20
    163141 I (120u)
    16314 I I 115011( (5tJ
    65535 I I 125011( (5•1
    65536 I I 120011( (hi
    1.49
    3.15
    2.00
    2.22
    1797
    2791
    2793
    ..... . ..
    ........
    ... . . . . .
    21.85
    49.95
    49.95
    MBBB7& . ... . . 23.95
    MB6B77 . ..... 26.95
    1691 B.96
    ZBO-CPU .. . ....
    ZIO·CTC .... ...
    ZIO·OART ......
    1.95
    1.95
    B.95
    ZIOA-110/0
    ZIOA-110/1
    ZIOA-110/2
    . .. ..
    . ....
    .. . . .
    U5
    U5
    U5
    ::~m
    5.0BIB MHz
    ::: :::::1:::
    .... . 1.95
    II.ODDO MHL .. .. 1.91
    11.4320 MHL . ... 1.91
    19.BBOI MHt .... 1.91
    4164·15 65536 I I (15011( (5t) 2.50 2795 . . ...... 54.85 2143 : : : : : : : : 6.95 ZIO·OMA ... .. .. 7.95 ZIOA-110/9 ..... U5 5.1850 MHz . . . . . 1.95 20.0000 MHt .... 1.91
    41256·20 262144 I I 120011( 12.95 ZIO·PIO 5.2429 MHz . . . . . 1.115 22.1114 MHt . . .. 1.95
    41256·15 262144 I I (150n( 15.95 1.95
    ZID·llD/O . . . .. . 1.95 6 MHz 5.7143 MHz . . . . . 1.95 32.0000 MHt .... 1.91
    5Y =Single 5 Volt Supply ZBO·llO/I . : : : : : U& ZIOl-CPU ...... 7.95 B.0000 MHz ... . . 1.95 38.0000 MHt .... 1.95
    ZIO-SI0/2 ...... 1.95 ZIOB·CTC ...... 1.95 B.1440 MHz . . . .. 1.95 48.0000 MHt . . . . 1.91

    1702
    EPROMS
    2511 I (1111 3.15
    UV ERASERS ZBO·ll0/9 ... . ..
    4 MHz
    1.95 ZIOl-PIO ......
    ZIOl-OART . . . . .
    ZIOI 110/0 ....
    1.95
    11.95
    28.95
    B.4000 MHz
    B.5538 MHz
    .... . 1.95
    . . .. . 1.95
    49.4350 llHt .... 1.95
    49.1900 MHt ... . 1.95
    32.788 KHz.. . .. . .99
    2706 1024 I I (45011( 2.49
    2751 I 024 1 I (46011( 5.10 QUV·T8/1 $49.95 ZIOA-CPU . . . . . .
    ZIOHTC . . .. ..
    Z.45 ZIO 110/2 ... . .
    t .45
    26.95
    2716
    2716·1
    20411 I (45011115•1
    20411 I (35011( (5•1
    2.15
    3.15 ECONOMY Model ZIDA·DART ..... 7.15 ZILOG VOLTAGE REGULATORS
    TMS2516 20411 I (450nl (5•1 3.15 ZIOA·DMA . .. . .• 1.15 7B05T.. .. .. .. .. .74 790&T ..... .... . J4
    TMl2716 20411 I (450nl 6.15 ZIOHIO ... ... 2.46
    TMS2532 4011 I I (450111(5ti
    71M05C ...... ... 34 79011 .. .. .. .... J4
    3.15
    2732 4Dil 1 I (450ul(5tl 3.15 7101T .. .. . .. . .. .7 4 711ZT .. .. .. . .. . J4
    2732A·4
    2732 A-35
    4Dil I I {450u( (2hl
    4015 1 I (360u( (2h(
    3.15
    3.15 WlL ::::::: :::
    7124T .......... .74
    nm ...... .. .. Jc
    7924T ..... . .. .. J4
    2732A 4011 I I (250u( (!hi 5.15
    273ZH 4011 1 I (ZOOuJ (Zill 1.15 71051 ........ . 1.34 7105K .. . .... .. 1.44
    2714
    2764-25
    1112 1 I (450u( (5•(
    1112 1 I (26011( (5•1
    4.95
    5.15
    mu ... .. .. .. 1.34 mu .. .... .. · w
    7l15K .... .. . .. 1, 34 7915K .. . .. .. .. 1.41
    2714-20 1112 1 I (ZOOu( (5t( 1.15 7124K ......... 1.34 7924K .... .. ... 1.4~
    TMS2514 1192 I I (45011( (5t( 8.15
    MCM61764 1112 1 I (450ul (5tl 124 · ~•1 17.15 mo5 ........... BB mos .... . .... . .71
    MCM66761 1112 1 I (35011( (5•1 (24·~•1 19.15 71LIZ.. ......... Bl 79LIZ.. ....... ..71
    27121-45 16314 1 I (250111 (5tl 14.95 7BLI 5 ...... . .... BB 79Ll5 .......... .71
    27121-30 16314 I I (30011( (5t( 16.95 71H05K ... . .. .. UO LM323K .. . .. . . . 4.90
    27121-25 11314 I I (!5011( {5t( 11.15 71HIZK . . . . .... UO UA71140 . . . . . . . 1.90
    27261-25 32718 1 I (25011( (14t( 71.15
    C,T=T0·220 K=T0·3
    L=T0-92
    ROBOT KITS!
    ,IPER·MOUSE
    ~~

    80 Column Apple II+ ...


    80 Column Apple HE ...
    149.95
    119.95
    APPLE or IBM JOYSTICK
    ;ontrolled by sound sensor and 1·channef
    Z80 Apple 11+ . . . . . . . . . . .
    Z80 Apple llE .. .. .. .. .. .
    89.oo
    89.00 $29. 95 2·way sensor detects noise or solid objects
    •lectronic circuit. Use the whistle in this kit 16K Card .. . . • .. .. .. .. .. . 39.95 Compatible for either: in its path. When front sensor contacts an
    ind Piper·Mouse follows your commands, Coollng Fan.. . .......... 38.95 obstacle or hears a loud noise (hand-clap),
    1rning felt or right, stopping and starting. Power Supply........... 74.95 APPLE II and APPLE lie Peppy automatically turns to the left.
    fses 2 AA and 1 gv battery (not included). Joystick .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 29.95
    OR Uses 2 AA and 1 gv battery (not included).
    'AV-915 $44.95 RF Modulator........... 13.95
    Disk Drive ............... 169.95 IBM·PC, JR., & IBM·XT MV·916 $24.95
    RIBBON CABLE Controller Card ..•.......• 59.95
    Paddles................... 7.95
    MULTIFUNCTION CARD
    Reg. Power Supply
    Model 4A/PS (99/4)
    3 DC Outputs:
    VIEWMAX-80 149. 95 • 64K to 384K RAM • Clock Calandar
    12V@ .4A, +5V@ 1.1A
    -5V @ .2A Highly Fiitered
    80·Column card for Apple II series • Parallel Porl • Soflware Included
    • Video Soft Switch
    • Inverse Video
    • Serlal Porl • 1·Year Wuranty )
    • VIDEX's Vldeoterm compatible
    $249.95
    MEMORY CARD
    SINGLE COLOR COLOR CODED
    CDMTACTS 1' 10' 1' 10"
    10 .45 4.30 .7a 7.%0
    16 .50 4.70 .95 a.70 VI EWMAX-80e 119. 95
    20 .60 5.60 1.15 ID.90 80·Column extended video card for
    25 .70 6.SD 1.22 I I.SD Apple lie • Expandable lo 512K
    26 .70 a.so 1.27 II.SD • Fully compatlble with IBM soflwm
    • 84K RAM, expandable to 128K
    34 .13 a.so I.SS 14.40 • Fully compatlble w/IBM diagnostic utllltles
    40 1.27 I II.SD 1.12 16.70 • Double Hlgh·resolutlon circuit
    • Sarl1I Porl Anllabla
    50 1.21 12.DD 2.40 21.10 • Compatlble with f>ascal & CP/M

    RESISTORS
    /4 WATT 5% CARBON FILM
    ALL STANDARD VALUES
    =ROM 1 OHM-10MEGOHM
    iO PCS •.•.•.•...•.•. 1.25 PRINTMAX
    00 PCS ............. 2.00 Parallel printer card, Apple II series
    ,000 PCS ........... 15.00 • Csntronlcs compatlble
    • Varlable print widths
    Checkmate • Up to 5000 characters/second
    echnology,
    Inc. APPLE & IBM Compatible
    .. DISK DRIVES
    ~PPLE lie Special
    : x t e n d e d 80-Col. 111111111

    VIDEO CARD
    5 1/4" .
    $69.95 SOFT SECTOR
    ATHANA: ( w/HUB RING )
    * 64K to 128K249.oo*
    ULTIVIEW 80/160
    25 per package

    J·160 columns with any monitor! • Shugart mechanism. made 1n U.S.A. SS/DD ...... 29.75 or 1.19 ea.
    • Directly replaces Apple Disk II DS/DD ...... 34.75 or 1.39 ea.
    Screens: 80x24, 80x32, 80x48,
    • Fully compatible with Apple Controller
    96x24,132x24,132x30,160x24 LIFETIME WARRANTY
    or other Apple compatible controllers.
    On-screen BOLD and Underllne • One Year Warranty ON ALL ATHANA DISKETTES
    Reverse scrolllng
    Easy·to·read W/de·11n9/e mode
    FULL or Y2-Height SOFT SECTOR
    Apple II and lie compatible 16K RAM Card -Apple II+ NO LABEL:( w/HUB RING)
    Prompt lines • 2·Year Warranty 25 per package
    SS/DD ...... 24.75 or .99 ea.
    DS/DD . . . .. . 29.75 or 1.19 ea.
    COM

    The Comrex Comscriber I is the ideal solution to make most personal computers.
    short work of translaling financial and numeric data into The Comscriber I is manufactured for Comrex by lhe
    The NEC JC-14010 1s a 13·· medium/high resol ut ion RGB monitor a graphic presentation. Enter Computer Corporation. The plotter is marketed
    suitable for use wilh the Sanyo MBC-5501555 or the IBM/PC. The Many ready to run programs such as Lotus 1-2-3, ·iy Heath Kit and also sold under Enters own ··sweet p··
    monilor lea lures a resolution al 400 dots by240 lanes. Colors available _abel. This is your opportunity to purchase a graphic
    are Red. Green . Blue . Yellow. Cyan. Magenla. Black and While. Vi si-on and Apple business graphics already support
    These monitors are currenlly being used in app11cat1ons lar more this plotter. ilotter which was originally priced at S795 for only
    critical than microcomputers.
    The Comscriber I features programmable paper sizes )2 19.
    The NEC monitor carries the Lil!On·Monroe label and was or1g1nally
    scheduled for use in their ··Office of the Future·· cqwpmenl. A change up to 8V2 by 120 inches, 6 inch per second plot speed \lso available is a support package which includes
    m Monroe·s marketing slrategy has made lhese units excess inven· and 0.004·· step size. .lemonstration soflware, interface cable. amulticolor
    lory which were sold to California Digr!al. We are offering lhese prime
    new ·· RGB monitors at a fraction of !heir original cost. Sanyo com· Easy to implement Centronics interface allows the pen assortmenl and a variety of paper and transpa-
    patible NE C ·140 1IS: IBM/ P1C Computer compatible NEC ·140 t/PC Comscriber I immediate use wilh the printer porl of rency materia l.

    MONITORS l200BAUD
    BMC· l2A 7895
    BMC· 12EN 11900

    MODEM
    At,'X·300G 12895
    AMK-300A 13895
    A'-IK·3 10A 15895
    ZTH-122 8995
    ZTH ·Z!23 8995
    NEC-J B1201 15900
    NEC.JB1260 119.00
    CON·BW9 59 00
    The T earn 212A offers all the lea lures of lhe Hayes•~-liii~
    COLOR Smart Modem 1200 for a fraction of the price. Now is I
    NECJC1.io10Mea,um1Htgh 13 RGB NEc. 1.10 1 x 25900
    BMC AU9 191 U Color cornpos•I video w1lll souncl BMC·9l91 23895 you r opportunily lo purchase a 1200 baud modem al
    BMC 9191 M RGB designed lor use w•lh the IBM compu te1 BMC·9 191M 379,00 lhe price of a 300 baud modem.
    NEC JC 12030M. RGB color mon•lo• NEC·l203 69900
    NEC JC12 15colo1 compos11 NEC·JC\215 339.00 California Digita l is so confident of your complete
    Zenith ZVM 135 RGB & COmj)OS1le Su11able lor IBM PC ZTH·Z135 47500
    Amdei\ Co~or I 13 compos11\/ldeo AMK·lOO 29900
    satisfaction that we will allow lhe return the Team
    Amdek Color II · 13 RG8h1lfCSOIUl10n AMl<-200 41995 212A and apply lhe full credil lowards lhe purchase
    Amcek Color Ill . 13 RGB. medium resolulucri AMK.300 35995
    Princeton HX·\2 RGB IBM1PCcomo.:i l1ble PAN·HX12 ·17895
    of any ot1 1er 1200 baud modem. TEM-SM 1200

    PRINTERS MA TRIX PRINTERS


    PROMETHEUS
    StarGem1ni·IOX 120cha11sec
    StarGem1111·15X.100char1sec 15 paper
    Star Gem1n1Delta10 160Char1sec
    STR·G10X
    STR·G15X
    STR-010
    24900
    36500
    35900
    ProModem 1200

    ~119
    ToshtbaP1351 . 192c1 1ar1s-ec IC llCfquahry TOS-1351 149500
    Ok1dat.:i82Ascm.:i1&p.:ir.:i1lcl!l'1 " oaoe1 0Kl·62A 299 00
    Ok1data92AparalleT1nterlace. 160char1sc c 0Kl·92A 37900
    Okidata83A&para11el 15 paper OKl·83A 549 00
    Ok1da1a8-1A&paraue1 is-paper OK1·84A 929 00
    EpsanRX·8010 120Char1sec EPS·RX80 23900
    Epson RX·B01FT Inchon & t1aC10• EPS·AX80FT 27900
    Epson FX80FT. 10 160char.isec w1lh g1aphtrax EPS·FX80 39900
    Epson FX100FT 15 160 char.1scc w•lh gri!phlra.~ EPS·FX100 59900
    EpsoriL01500. 1S ' corcsporidericequa111y EPS·l01500 \07900
    EpsonJX80 Color pnnter EPS·JX80 57900
    P•awrner8510pa•atle19 1 2·paper PA0·8510P 32900
    Pr01w11erll. pa1allel 15 .. paper.g1aph1cs PR0·2P 59900
    The Promelheus Promodem 1200 is besl value that wehaveseen in a
    Dataproducts 8·600·3. band prin1er 600 LPM DPS-8600 698500 30011200 baud modem. This Hayes compatible modem features
    Pnnt<0rnx PJOfl high speed pnnter 300 lines per m1nure PTX-PJOO 399500 completely unattended operallon. auto answer/auto dial and even
    P11ntron1x P600 ull1a high speed 600 lines per m,nule PTX·P600 579500

    WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS


    includes ··redial number when bu sy"" lniernal diagnos!ics makes the
    Promodem 1200 an easy modem to install. Help commands. real time
    clock and internal speaker add to !he ease of use of this unit.
    1-----------------
    D- ,i.I
    lf,efUfn 0 a
    ·-----=--·---
    S1arwntcr FlOparaUcl. 40chartscc PAO· Ft OP -199.00
    NEC88 10 55chartsecond. serial 1n1erlace NEC·8810 165900 An optional proce.ssor accessory allows balte1y back up. extra mem-
    NEC8830 55char1scc. par"l1nterlace NEC·B830 165900
    (Im""'" RJ "'e"'flu \ -
    u,·sI .Ji
    A AW
    NEC3550 popular p11n\er designed !01 the t8 M1PC NEC-3550 159900 ory space ror s!oring addilional phone numbers. messages received.
    ant1 can ac1asa1rJnshn bulrerwhen Q:Xcha091fl9tnograms. ~j a~, II~
    ~l~~~~~Jig~4~:~~~20p~~;:~;: 1 ~~g:~~~~
    "n
    68900
    31900 Th e Alphanumeric display op11on allows messages saved to be dis·
    Silver Reed EXP550 17 Char1scc par I 1n1erlace
    D1abn630 .ioc11a11sec seual
    SAD·EXP550
    D8L·630
    ~2900
    156900
    7691)0
    played when they were received. diagnostic test results. numbers in
    1he directory. as well as modem stalus. ,,
    JIfltlJ
    l{lf
    O.ablo 620. p1oporhona1 spacing. hor i & ve11 lab 20 cps DBL·620
    Juk1 6 100. 18 cha • 1sec JUK.6100 39900

    TERMINALS t~'5m,:~ M.!D~~!~o ~;~~ 't.'19


    Juk16300.40char ISCC JUK·ti300 69900
    Comrex CF\2. 5k bu!lcr. p1opor11orial so.:icirig. o.:ir I CRX·CR2P 395 00

    Terminal soltl'laie lor CTS 212AH C fS ·212SFT 35 ()Cl


    Promenieus 1200 suce• rea1ures PAM·P1200 319 00
    Promet!1eus 12008 1n1c111al PC PRM·P1200B 279 00
    Signalman M ..111<. 12. 1200 baud. Hayes r.ompa11bl e SGL·MK 12 2:J900
    F1eedom 100. split screen. de1archab le Keyboard Ll8 -F100 49500 . S1gnalma11 Ma1k l .d11ectconnect w1 thtc rm1na lcable SGL·MKl 7500 Compalib!e with nios.t Radio Sl1ack ~olor 1putc-r sof1ware. Th e world famous Dragon
    Oume 102greenphosphor1erminal OtJM -102 53900 Hayes Smart Modem 1200 baud. au1oanswer. auiOd1al HYS·212AD 429 00
    Ampex Dialogue 125 green screen.
    computer 1s now available in !he Umted States . Manutactured by lhe Tano Corp under
    APX·D125G 67500 Hayes 12000101 use w11hthe IBM PC 1200 baud HYS.12008 399 00
    Ampex 01alouge 175 amber sc1een. two page. lune keys APX·0 175A 71900 HayesSmanrnodem 300baudonly. auloanswer auK:I c111 HYS·103AD 22'J 00 license of the British Broadcasting Company. The Dragon corr:iescomplele with 64K Byte of
    WyseS0. 14·· greenpr1osphor WYS·SO 59500 Hayes M1cromodem !I. 103 Appled11ect connect HYS·MM2 279 00 memory. seria l modem port. along with a Centrorncs prinler interlace This unrque m1cro-
    Wyse300. E1ghtcolordisplay. sphlscreen. WYS·300 1159.00 H.:iyes Ct11011oq;ipt1 lime & 0.:JlC ttYS·CHR2J2 199 00 c~mputer fealures Motorola s advanced 6809E microprocessor q.nd comes standard with
    Zeri~h 29 termrnal. VT52 compaOble detalen.ble keyboard ZTH·Z29 765 00 US Robo trcs 2 12 A :!1011200 !Jaud Hul• dr;1l1.:inswcr USR-212A .139 00
    Televrdeo 910 Prus, block mode TV1·910P 57500 Penni 300112001ntlustna14ual1ty PEN·12AD .195 00
    Microsofl Color Basic. dala base manager. and a complete word processing package The
    Televideo 925. detatchab!ekeyboard.221unc11onkeys TVl.925 759.00 Universal Data 103LP. 11neoowe1. .:i11swer (L origma1e UDS·103LP 1(;9 oo ~omp u t er outputs color compos 1 1e . v~deo along wrtll R.F . video !hat allows lhe unit 10 be used
    Te1ev<deo950.graphicchar..splllsc1ecn.22 runc TV1·950 95000 Unrversat DOJla 202 . 1200baud. halt duple• onty UDS·202LP ;>19 oo in con1unc t1~ n wl!h any color television. This is the Ideal low cost compu1er to be used wilh
    Tele111dea970. 14 · green. 132 column. Eu1opean TVl·970 109500 Unrversal0.lta212LP lull 1200bauddupte. hflepo.~er
    Novat1on J Cat. d"ec1 connec t. .iuto answe<
    UDS·212LP
    t~V .JCAT
    35800
    I l !t oo
    i;{e ~~~~ ~~,=~11on system such as the Source. Western Unions Easylmk or any other
    C.ITOH FlO STARWRITTER
    ~
    LETTER
    ••••
    '> . . ., . ,

    (lUALITY
    •A• .... I •

    ~RINTER-------------•
    C. ltoh·s ST ARWRITER F-1 O is the answer for the perfect daisy cepts paper up to 15 inches in width.
    wheel printer. The F-10 produces letter quality printing at 40 char- Thes e printers were originally priced to sell at over $1400. Through a
    acters per second. Auto installs with Wordstar and Perfect Wri tter. special arrangment California Digital has purchase these units from
    Features extensive built-i n word processing functions that allow a major computer manufacturer and is offering these printers at a
    easy adaptability and reduced software complexity. Industry stan- fraction of their original cost.
    dard Centronics interface provides instant compatibility with all com- Options available include tractor feed, buffered memory and an
    puters equiped with a parallel printer port.The Starwriter F-1 O ac- assortment of printer cables for a variety of computers.

    LO MEGABYTE When the March Issue of


    Byte Magazine went to press
    California Digital was nego-

    WINCHESTER tiating for the purchase of


    several thousand 1 o Mega-
    byte Winchester disk drives.

    SPECIAL -
    The Manufacturer has asked
    not to advertise their name.
    Please telephone for details.

    ShUflBlt TE11111 •lcsse ssF Your Choiee


    48TPl·96TPI
    OneTwo Ten
    60 NCH ESTER Five Inch Double Sided Drives

    ~~·~ 1 1tr9 TEAC FD55B half height 11 g 11 5 1 og


    TEACFD55F96TPl,halfht. 119 115 109
    CONTROL DATA 9409 PC 169 159 155

    '
    SHUGART SA455 Half Height 11 g 115 109
    SHUGARTSA465 1h Ht. 96TPI 119 115 109
    I ,, TANDON 100·2 full height 149 145 139
    fh ese 6. 7 Megabyte drives TANDON 101-4 96TPI full ht. 299 289 279
    ire new units recently re- MITSUBISHl4851 half height 139 135 129
    32 + 100 +
    41 6 4150ns.6<0K 128re!resh IC M - 4 16 4 150 2.95 1.99
    eased by the Shugart division MITSUBISHl485396/TPIV2Ht.155 149 139
    41256150ns . 2SG K lCM-4\256150 9.95 8 .50 7 .75 ) f Xerox . The Shugart 604 is MITSUBISHI 4854 8" elec. 295 285 275
    .:1116150ns . 16K lCM-4 1161 50 1.75 1.65 1.45
    41 l6200ns.l6K ICM-4116200 1.75 1.65 1. 45 lully 506 industry compatible. QUME 142 half height 219 205 199
    4228 f or IBM / AT
    DP8409dynamic conttoller
    ICM-41213150
    ICT-8409
    12.95
    39.00
    11 .50
    JS.DO
    9.95
    29.00
    ::ach drive is tested before
    shipment and is supplied wilh Eight Inch Single Sided Drives
    STATIC MEMORY SHUGART 801 R 159 159 154
    2TL02200ns. 1K s l<111C ICM·21 l 02200 1.49 1.15
    a 90 day warranty. SHU-604
    2 1L 02450ns. 1Kstatic ICM-21L02450 1.29 1.15 .99 SIEMENS FDD 100-8 119 115 109
    2112450ns.2Kslahc lCM -2112450
    2114300ns.1K 1..1 ICM-2114300
    2.99
    1.95
    2.85
    1.85
    2.75
    1.75 Five Inch Winchester Hard Disk Drives TANDON 848E· 1 Half Height 369 359 349
    4044TMS450ns. 4K J. 1 ICM-4044450 J .49 J.25 2.%
    5257300ns. 4Kx 1 ICM-5257300 2.50 2.25 1.99 FUJITSU M2235AS 27 Meg. 999 959 Eight Inch Double Sided Drives
    6116P4200n s. 2K x 8
    6116PJ 1SOns. 2K )(II
    ICM-6116100
    ICM -6116150
    J.95 3.85 J"" RODIME R0-208 53 Meg. 1589 14g3 SHUGART SA851 R 495 485 475
    4.55 4.35 4.1-
    MAXTOR XT1 065 65 Meg_ 1995 1965 QUME 842 "QUME TRACK 8" 319 319 313
    EPROMS
    2708 4S0 ns.1K 1 8 ICE-2708 4.95 4.75 4.55 SHUGART 712 13 Meg. 1/2 Ht 495 465 TANDON848E-2HalfHeight 459 447 435
    2716450ns.2K x 8
    2716TMS450ns. Tti·voltage
    ICE -2716
    ICE-2716TMS
    4.50
    7 .95
    4.25
    7.65
    J.97
    7.25
    SHUGART 604 6- 7 Meg. 1 59 149 REMEX RFD-4000 219 219 209
    2731450ns.4K x 8 ICE -2732 4.50
    5.95
    3 .75
    5.75
    J .55
    6 .25
    TANDON 502 10 Meg. 419 395 MITSUBISHI M2896-63 V2 Ht- 459 449 409
    276..iJSOns .BK 18 ICE· 2764
    .,.,,.,A -.en"~ OCll .. A ll"'l=.?71?R TANDON 503 19 Meg. 695 675
    - -- - -
    -- - --- ---- --- -- - ---
    -TM
    •
    --••
    - -
    - --
    - -- ••
    - ··-
    WW-

    --
    !

    - I

    - -
    -
    . ----
    ••
    ------
    - -
    - ·
    -
    --
    .--------
    ;
    I
    •
    - . ~
    I I
    I
    •: ••
    • ••

    IDEAL FOR MEGA-BOARD™ XT OR ANY IBM-PC PC-Xr


    COMPATIBLE BOARDS
    OEM AND DEALER
    QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

    FLIP-TOP-CASE'" EXCLUSIVE
    OPENS FOR EASY FLIP-TOP-CASE™
    ACCESS TO INSIDE!! Overcomes Problems
    With PC Case

    Bus Expansion Slot


    Allows External
    Access To PC Bus

    Mounts Standard
    '----.----=--; Half or Full Height
    Floppy Disk
    Blank Label Inset or Hard Disk Drives
    For Your Company Or
    University Name Here

    COMPLETE
    !ADVANCED KEYBOARD! FEATURES: • Horizontal Return Key
    • Caps Lock and
    Num. Lock Indicators
    Full PC Compatibility
    • Enter Key for Numeric Keypad

    ONLY
    s14995
    Fully Assembled and Tested with One Year
    Limited Warranty

    © 1984 Display Te lecommunications Corporation


    486 BYTE • APRIL 198 5 Inquiry 124
    -- - - --- --- ----
    - - --
    -- -- - - .•
    .....
    - ----
    --TM
    •• • •
    •!
    - --- ----
    -------
    - - - -- ---------
    . --
    -- --
    --
    •
    •• .--- •
    ;
    -~--
    -~-~

    ___
    I

    ---------
    I I
    I I
    .. I
    ~
    I
    • •
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    I

    - -- - w -
    --- -•- -
    : •••
    • ••I
    ---..r" - - ·

    _...

    • FULL IBM PC-XT* COMPATIBILITY! THOUSANDS


    • FULL MEGA-BYTE RAM CAPACITY SOLD
    ON MOTHERBOARD! WORLD WIDE!
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    QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

    Eight Compatible Power Connector


    1/0 Interface - - - - l (Full IBM' pinout
    Connectors compatible)
    (Full PC compatible)
    (compatible with all
    IBM-PC' plug-in cards)

    8087 Numeric
    Special J1 Processor
    Interface (Same as PC)
    (Allows horizontal mount-
    ing or compatible expan- Peripheral
    sion cards for easy bus ~.111l....----1Support Circuits
    expansion and custom
    (Same as PC)
    configuring) (Board has
    62 pin gold plated compat-
    ible connector)
    Configuration
    Switches
    (Same as PC)
    Extended ROM
    Speaker/ Audio
    Capability Port
    (Runs all compatible PC
    (Same as PC)
    ROMS) (Jumper program-
    mable to accommodate all
    popular 8K, 16K, 32K and Wire Wrap Area
    64K ROM chips and NEW To facilitate special custom

    ---y
    EE ROMS! VPP power pin applications!
    available for EP ROM
    burning!) (External Mega-Board™Evaluation Board Kit!
    VPP voltage required)

    Full Mega-Byte Ram Capacity!


    $9995 ~-~---~ (Blank board with full assembly
    instructions and parts list.)

    On board!
    (With parity)
    o 256K Bytes using 64K chips
    ____
    Evaluation
    Board ,,..
    Kit
    Includes highest quality PC board
    with gold plating, sil k screen,
    solder mask
    o 1 Mega Bytes using 256K chips Board Size 10.5 inch X 13.5 inch

    0 MEGA-BOARDN - XT
    0 BARE BOARD KIT . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 99.95
    0 ASSEMBLED AND TESTED
    SOCKET KIT ........ . .... . . $199.95
    (LESS IC'S) (FULLY SOCKETED)
    0 ASSEMBLED AND TESTED· FREE! Displaytel'"
    COMPLETE .... .... .. . . ... $499.95
    (INCLUDES USERS MANUAL Exclusive.
    AND MEGA-BIOS ROM) Our Commitment to
    0 USERS MANUAL WITH THEORY OF
    Microcomputer
    OPERATION, SCHEMATICS, BLOCK
    DIAGRAM, APPLICATION Education!
    NOTES ... ............ .. .... $ 19.95
    0 MEGA-BIOS'" ROM (2764) FULLY XT
    COMPATIBLE, MS-DOS,
    FREE Intel 8088
    PC DOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. $ 29.95 Data Book with each
    0 HARD TO GET PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . CALL Mega-Board™Order!

    "IBM and IBM pc·are trademarks of International Business Machines © 1984 Display Telecommunications Corporation

    Inquiry 124 APRIL 198 5 • BYTE 467


    32.768 KH<r. 1.95
    2101 256x4 (450ns) 1 .9 5 1 702 256x8 (1us) 4.50 1.0MHz 3.95
    5101 256x4 (450ns )(cmos ) 3.95 2708 1024x8 (450ns) 3 .95 1.8432 3.95
    2102-1 1024x4 (450ns) .89 2758 1024x8 (450ns)(5V) 5.95 2 .0 2.95 1.0MHz 7.95 8 .0
    2102L·4 1024x1 (450ns)(LP) .99 2716·6 2048x8 (650ns) 2.95 2 .097152 2.95 1 .8432 7 .95 10.0
    2 102l-2 1024x1 (250ns)(LP) 1 .45 2716 2048x8 (450ns)(5V) 3.95 2 .4576 2.95 2.0 7 .95 12.0
    2125 1024x1 (45ns) 2.95 2716-1 2048x8 (350ns)l5V) 4.95 3 .2768 2.95 2 .4576 7 .95 15 .0
    2111 256x4 (450ns) 2 .49 TMS2516 2048x8 (450ns)(5V) 4.95 3.579545 2 .95 2.5 7 .95 16.0
    2111L 256x4 (450ns)(LP) 2 .95 TMS2716 2048x8 (450ns) 7.95 4 .0 2 .95 4.0 7 .95 18.432
    2112 256x4 (450ns) 2.99 TMS2532 4096x8 (450ns )(5V) 4.95 4 .032 2 .95 5.0688 7 .95 20.0
    2114 1024x4 (450ns) 8 / 9 .95 2732 4096x8 (450ns)(5V) 4.25 5 .0 2.95 6.0 7.95 24.0
    2114-25 1024x4 (250ns) 8 / 10.95 2732A·4 4096x8 (450ns)(5V)(21V PGM) 4 .95 5 .0688 2.95 6.144 7 .95
    2114l-4 1024x4 (450ns)(LP) 8 / 12.95 2732A-35 4096x8 (350ns)l5V)l21V PGM) 4.95 5 .185 2 .95

    ~
    2114L-3 1024x4 (300ns)(LP) 8 / 13.45 2732A 4096x8 (250ns)l5V)(21V PGMJ 6.95 5 .7143 2 .95
    2114L·2 10 24x4 (200ns)(LP) 8 / 13.95 2732A-2 4096x8 (200ns)(5V)l21V PGM) 10.95 6 .0 2 .95
    2114L-15 1024x4 (150ns)(LP) 8 / 19.95 2764 8192x8 (450ns )(5V) 4.95 6 .144 2 .95
    TC5514 1024x4 (650ns)(cmo s) 4 .95 2764-250 8192x8 (250ns}(5VJ 5.25 6 .5536 2 .9 5
    2141 4096x1 (200ns ) 2.95 2764-200 8192x8 (200ns)(5V) 8 .95 8.0 2 .95
    2147 4096x1 (55ns ) 4 .95 TMS2564 8192x8 (450ns)(5V) 10.95 10.0 2 .95
    2148 1024x4 (70ns ) 4 .95 MCM68764 8192x8 (450ns)(5V)(24 p in) 24.95 10.738635 2 .95
    TMS4044·4 4096x1 (450ns) 3 .49 MCM68766 8192x8 (350ns)(5V)(24 pin) 42.95
    TMS4044-3 4096x1 (300ns) 3.99 27128-45 16384x8 (450ns )(5V) 12.75
    14. 31818 2 .95 NC GND
    15.0 2 .95
    TMS4044-2 4096x1 (200ns) 4 .49 27128-30 16384x8 (300ns)(5V) 13.50 16.0 2.95
    TMS40l44-2 4096x1 (200ns)(LP) 4.95 27128 16384x8 (250ns)(5V) 13.95 17.430 2.95
    UPD410
    MK4118
    4096x1
    1024x8
    ( 1 OOns)
    (250ns)
    3 .95
    9 .95
    27256 32768x8 (250ns1!5VI 29.95
    5V=Single 5 Volt Supply 21V PGM=Progra m a t 21 Volts
    18.0
    18.432
    2 .95
    2.95
    74LSOO
    TMM2016-200 2048x8 (200ns) 3.25 20.0 2 .95 74LSOO .24 74LS189 8.95
    TMM2016-150 2048x8 (150ns ) 3 . 75 22.1184 2 .95 74LS01 .25 74LS190 .89
    TMM2016-100
    HM6116·4
    HM6116·3
    2048x8
    2048x8
    2048x8
    (100ns)
    (200ns ){c m o s}
    (150ns)(cmos)
    4.75
    3.69
    3 .95 ****HIGH-TECH* *** 24.0
    32.0
    2.95
    2.95
    74LS02
    74LS03
    74LS04
    .25
    .25
    .24
    74LS191
    74LS192
    74LS193 .79
    .89
    .79
    HM6116-2
    HM6116LP-4
    HM6116LP·3
    2048x8
    2048x8
    2048x8
    (120ns }l cmos )
    (200ns)(cmos )(LP)
    (150ns)(cmo s)(LP)
    5.95
    3.95
    4.25
    µPD765 $19.95 74LS05
    74LS08
    74LS09
    .25
    .28
    .29
    74LS194 .69
    74LS195 .69
    74LS196 .79
    HM6116LP-2 2048x8 (120ns)(cmos)(LP) 6 .95 GENERATORS 74LS10 .25 74LS197 .79
    TC5516 2048x8 (250ns)(cmo s) 9.95 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER 74LS11 .35 74LS221 .89
    TMS4016 2048x8 (200ns) 6 .95 * AS USED IN IBM PC BIT RATE 74LS12 .35 74LS240 .95
    Z-6132 4096x8 (300ns)(Qs tat) 34.95 MC14411 11 .95 74LS13 .45 74LS241 .9 9
    HM6264P-15 8192x8 (150ns )(cmos ) 17.95 * SUPPORTS UP TO FOUR 5114' BR1941 11 .95 74LS14 .59 74LS242 .99
    HM6264LP-15 8192x8 (150ns)(c m o s)(LP) 1 9.95 OR 8" DISK DRIVES 4702 12.95 74LS15 .35 74LS243 .99
    HM6264LP-12 8192x8 (120ns)(cri'los)(LP) 23.95 COM5016 16.95 74LS20 .25 74LS244 1.29
    LP=Low p ower Ost at ..Qua si·Static * SINGLE OR DOUBLE DENSITY, COM8116 10.95 74LS21 .2 9 74LS245 1.49
    DYNAMIC RAMS SINGLE OR DOUBLE SIDED MM5307 10.95 74LS22 .25 74LS247 .75
    7 4 LS26 .29 74LS248 .99
    TMS4 027 4096x1 *OMA OR NON-OMA OPERATION FUNCTION 74LS27 .29 74LS249 .99
    [2500111 , .99
    2107 4096x1 1200nsl 1 .95 74LS28 .35 74LS251 .59
    MM5280
    TMS4050
    UPD411
    4096x1
    4096x1
    4096x1
    (300011)
    (30 0nsl
    i300nsl
    1.95
    1 .95
    1.95
    ****SPOTLIGHT**** 74LS30
    74LS32
    74LS33
    .25
    .29
    .55
    74LS253 .59
    74LS257 .59
    74LS258 .59
    TMS4060 4096x1 [30 0ns) 1.95 74LS37 .35 74LS259 2 .75
    MK4108 8192x1 (200nsl ..49 74LS38 .35 74LS260 .59
    MM5298 8192 x1 (250ns) .49 74LS40 .25 74LS261 2 .25
    4116-300 16384x1 (300ns) 8 16 .95 74LS42 .49 74LS266 .55
    4116-250 16384x1 [250n1) 8/ 6 .95 74LS47 .75 74LS273 1.49
    4116-200 1638 4x1 (200nsJ 81 8 .95 74LS48 .75 74LS275 3 .35
    4116-150 16384x1 [1 5 0ns] 8 / 10 .95 74LS49 .75 74LS279 .49
    4116-120 16384x1 [120ns] 8 / 12 .95 74LS51 .25 74LS280 1.98
    2118 16384x1 (15 0nsl[5v) 4 .95 74LS54 .29 74LS283 .69
    MK4332 32768x1 12oon1I 9 .95 74LS55 .29 74LS290 .89
    4164-200 65536x1 [20 0nsl[5v) 91 19.95 74LS63 1.25 74LS293 .89
    4164-150 65536x1 (150n•l{5'oll) 9 / 2 1.95 74LS73 .39 74LS295 .99
    4164-120 65536x1 (1 20n.1 (5vJ 8 .95 74LS74 .35 74LS298 .89
    MCM6665 65536x1 (200n.1[5vl 4 .95 74LS75 .39 74LS299 1.75
    TMS4164-20 65536x1 (200nsl[5VI 4 .25 74LS76 .39 74LS322 5.95
    TMS4164-15 65536x1 (150nsl[5vl 4.95 74LS78 .49 74LS323 3 .50
    4164 -REFRESH 65536 x1 [1S Onsl!SVl[REFRE SHI 8 .95 74LS83 .60 74LS324 1.75
    TMS4416· 20 16384x4 i200n1J15VI 8 .95 74LS85 .69 74LS348 2 .50
    TMS4416·15 1 6384x4 (150n.J15vl 9 .95 74LS86 .39 74LS352 1.29
    41256-200 262144x1 [200n1l (Sv) 10 .95 74LS90 .55 74LS353 1.29
    41256 -150 262144x1 (150 ns)[5v) 12.95 74LS91 .89 74LS363 1.35
    5v=Single 5 Volt Supply REF RES H aP i!" 1 Roh0&h 74LS92 .55 74LS364 1 .95
    74LS93 .55 74LS365 .49
    74LS95 .75 74LS366 .49
    74LS96 .89 74LS367 .45
    Z-80 6500 1771 15.95
    74LS107
    74LS109
    .39
    .39
    74LS368 .45
    74LS373 1.39
    6 8000-8 39.95 8202 1791 23.95 74LS112
    2.5 MHz 1.0 MHz 6800 2 .95
    8031 29.95
    8203
    24.95
    1793 23.95 74LS113
    .39
    .39
    74LS374 1.39
    :s~~
    5 .95 3 9 .95 74LS375 .95
    6502 4 .95 6802 7 .95 5 .95 8205 3 .50 1795 23 .95 74LS114 .39 74LS377 1 .39
    2.49 1797
    2.95 65C02(CMOSI 12.95 6 803 19.95 INS-8060 17.95 8212 1.80 23.95 74LS122 .45 74LS378 1.18
    6504 6.95 6808 13 .90 INS-8073 49.95 8214 3 .85 2791 39.95 74LS123 .79 74LS379 1 .35
    7 .95 2793 39.9 5
    8.95 6505 8.95 6809 8 .95 8080 3 .95 8216 1.75 74LS124 2 .90 74LS385 3 .90
    6507 9.95 680 9E 8 .95 8085 4.95 8224 2.25 2795 39.95 74LS125 .4 9 74LS386 .45
    2 .95 2797
    6520 2.95 681 0 2 .95 8085A-2 11 .95 8226 1.80 39.95 74LS126 .49 74LS390 1 .1 9
    9.95 6843 34.95
    9.95 6522 5.49 6820 4 .35 8086 24.95 8228 3 .49 74LS132 .59 74LS393 1.19
    6532 9.95 682 1 2.95 8087-3 129.00 8237 13.95 8272 19 .95 74LS133 .59 74LS395 1.19
    9.95 UPD765 19.95
    9.95 6545 9.95 6828 14.9 5 8087·6 119.00 8237-5 15.95 74LS136 .39 74LS396 1.89
    6551 9.95 684 0 12.95 8088 19.95 8238 4 .49 MB8876 29.95 74LS137 .99 74LS399 1.49
    6843 34.95 8089 69.95 8243 4 .45 MB8877 34.95 74LS138 .55 74LS424 3.95
    1691 7 .95
    2.0 MHz 6844
    684 5
    25.95
    12.95
    8155
    8155-2
    6 .95
    7 .95
    8250
    8251
    10 .95
    3.95 2143 7.95
    74LS139
    74LS145
    .55
    1.20
    74LS447
    74LS490 1.95
    .95
    5.95 684 7 11 .95 8156 8251A 4 .49 74LS147 2.49
    5 .95 6 .95 74LS540 1.95
    6850 3.25 8185 29.95 8253 6 .95 74LS148 1.35 74LS541 1.95
    9 .95 6 852 5.75 8 185-2 8253-5 7 .9 5 74LS151 .55 74LS624 3 .99
    11 .95 39.95
    6860 7.95 8741 29.95 8255 4 .49 74LS153 .55 74LS640 2.20
    12.95 6 875 6 .95 8255-5 74LS154
    11 .95 8748 24.95 5.25 1.90 74LS645 2.20
    6880 2.25 8749 39.95 8257 7.95 74LS155 .69 74LS668 1.69
    6883 22.95 8755 24.95 8257-5 8 .95 74LS156 .69 74LS669 1.89
    3.0 MHz 6 8 04 7 24 .95 8259 6 .9 0 74LS157 .65 74LS670 1.49
    e .95 68488 19.95 8259-5 7 .50 74LS158 .59 74LS674 14.95
    8271 7 9.95 74LS160 .69 74LS682 3 .20
    6800== 1 M Hz MISC. 8272 19.95 74LS161 .65 74LS683 3 .20
    8274 39.95 74LS162 .69 74LS684 3.20
    UARTS 68800 8275 29 .95 74LS163 .65 74LS685 3 .20
    68802 8279 6 .9 5 74LS164 .69 74LS688 2.40
    68809E 8279-5 7 .95
    CLOCK 74LS165 .95 74LS689 3.20
    68809 8282 6 .50 CIRCUITS 74LS166 1.95 81 LS95 1 .49
    688 10 8283 6 .50 74LS168 1.75 81LS96 1 .49
    6 8 8 21 8284 5 .50 74LS16 9 1.75 25LS2518 4 .13
    68840 8286 6.50 74LS170 1.49 25LS2521 2 .80
    6 8 945 8287 6 .50 74LS173 .69 25LS2538 3.74
    6 8850 8288 14.95 74LS174 .55 25LS2569 2 .80
    8289 49 .95 74LS175 .55 26LS31 2.19
    8292 14.95 74LS181 2.15 26LS32 2.19

    488 BY T E • APR IL 1985 Inq uir y 2 13


    74SOO .32 74S135 .89 74S244 2.20 4000 .29 4S31 .9S A new family of high speed CMOS logic f eat\Jring
    74S02 .3S 74S138 .8S 74S2S1 .9S 4001 .2S 4S32 1.95 the speed of low ?O\IVer Schottky (8nstypicalgate p rop·
    74503 .35 74S139 .8S 745253 .9S 4002 T0-220 CASE PACKAGE
    .2S 4S38 1.95 ogation delay), combined vvith the advantages of CMOS;
    74504 .36 74S140 .SS 74S257 .9S 4006 .89 780ST
    4539 1.95 ~J/,C:.;,~~=~~~~~~d~!i:.n· superior noise immun·rty. .7S 7905T
    74S05 .35 74S1S1 .9S 74S2S8 .9S 4007 .29 7808T
    74S08
    4541 2.64 .7S 7908T
    .3S 74S1S3 .9S 74S260 .79 4008 .9S 4543 7812T .75
    1.19 7912r
    74S09
    74S10
    .40
    .3S
    74S1S7
    74S1S8
    .95
    .9S
    74S273 2.45
    74S274 19.95
    4009
    4010
    .39
    .4S
    4SS3 S.79 74HCOO 7815T
    7824T
    .7S
    .7S
    7915T
    74S11
    4SSS .9S 74HC: Operate at CMOS logic levels and are ideal 7924T
    .3S 745161 1.95 745275 19.95 4011 .2S 4SS6 for new. all-CMOS designs.
    74515 .3S .95 T0-3 CASE PACKAGE
    745162 1.9S 745280 1.95 4012 .25 4558 74HCOO .S9
    74S20 .3S 2.4S 74HC175 .99
    74S163 1.9S 74S283 3.29 4013 .38 4560 4.2S 74HC02 .S9 74HC193 780SK 1.39 7905K 1.49
    74S22 .3S 745168
    1.25 7812K 1.39
    3.9S 74S287 1.90 4014 .79 4569 3.49 74HC04 .S9 74HC194 1.04 7912K 1 .49
    74S30 .3S 74S169 3 .9S 74S288 1.90 4015 .39 4S81 74HC08 .S9 781SK 1.39 791SK 1.49
    74532 .40 1.95 74HC195 1.09
    745174 .9S 74S289 6.98 4016 .39 4582 1.95 74HC10 .S9 74HC238
    7824K 1.39 7924K 1.49
    74S37 .88 74S175
    1.35
    .95 74S299 7 .35 4017 .69 4S84 .7S 74HC11 .S9 74HC240 1.89 T0-92 CASE PACKAGE
    74S38 .85 74S180 11.95 74S301 6.9S 4018 .79 4S8S 74HC14 .79
    74S40 .75 74HC241 1.89 78L05 .69 79L05
    .3S 74S181 3.9S 745373 2.4S 4019 .39 4S1S1 12.9S 74HC20 .S9 74HC242
    74SS1 .35 1.89 78L12 .69 79L12
    74S182 2.95 74S374 2.4S 4020 .7S 4702 12.95 74HC27 .S9 74HC243 1 .89
    74S64 .40 74S18S 78L15 .69 79L15 .79
    16.95 74S381 7 .95 4021 .79 4724 1.SO 74HC30 .S9 74HC244 1.89
    74S6S .40 745188 1.95 74S387 1.95 4022 .79 74COO 74HC32 .69 74HC245 OTHER VOLTAGE REGS
    .3S 1.89
    74S74 .so 74S189 6.95 74S399 2.95 4023 .29 74C02 .3S 74HCS1 .S9 . 74HC2S1 .89 78MOSC Svolt 1hamp T0-220 .3S
    74S8S 1.99 74S194 1.49 74S412 2.98 4024 .6S 74C04 74HC74 .7S 74HC257 LM323K Svolt Jamp T0-3 4.95
    .3S .85
    74$86 .so 74S19S 1.49 745470 6.95 402S .29 74C08 .3S 74HC7S .8S 74HC259 1.39 LM338K Adj. Samp T0-3 3.95
    74S112 .so 74S196 1.49 745471 4.95 4026 1.65 74C10 .3S 74HC85 1.3S 74HC273 1.89 78HOSK Svolt Samp T0-3 9.95
    745113 .so 745197 1.49 74$472 4.95 4027 .4S 74C14 .S9 74HC86 .69 74HC299 4 .99 78H12K 12volt5amp T0-3 9.9S
    74S114 .S5 745201 6 .9S 74$474 4.95 4028 .69 74C20 74HC93 1.19 78P05K Svolt 1Oamp T0-3 14.95
    .35 74HC367 .99
    74S124 2 .7S 74S225 7.95 74S570 2.95 4029 .79 74C30 74HC125 1.19 74HC373 UA78S40 FAIRCHILD DIP 1.9S
    745132
    .35 2.29
    1.24 745226 3 .99 74S571 2.9S 4030 .39 74C32 .39 74HC132 1.19 74HC374 2.29
    74S133 .4S 74S240 2.20 74SS73 9.9S 4034 1.9S 74C42 1.29 74HC138 .99 74HC393 1.39
    74S134 .so 74S241 2.20 87S181 16.25 403S .8S 74HC139 .99
    87S185 16.95 4040 .7S
    74C48
    74C73
    1.99
    .65 74HC151 .89
    74HC4017
    74HC4020
    1.99
    1.39 LINEAR
    4041 .75 74C74 .6S 74HC1S3 .89 74HC4024 1.59 LM301 .34 NE570
    4042 .69 74C76 74HC1S4 2.49 74HC4040 LM301H .79 NES71
    .80 1.39
    4043 .8S 74C83 1.95 74HC1S7 .89 74HC4049 .89 LM307 .4S NES90
    LM308 .69 NE592
    7400 4044
    4046
    .79
    .85
    74C8S
    74C86
    1.95
    .39
    74HC161
    74HC164
    1. 15
    1.25
    74HC4050
    74HC4060
    .89
    1.29
    LM308H 1.1S LM709
    7400 .19 7483 .so 74172 5.9S 4047 .9S 74C89 4.50 74HC166 2.95 74HC4S11 2.39
    LM309H 1.9S LM710
    7401 .19 748S .S9 74173 .7S 4048 .69 74C90 74HC174 .99 74HC4538 LM 3 09K 1.2S LM711
    1.19 2.29 LM310
    7402 .19 7486 .3S 74174 .89 4049 .35 74C93 1.75 1.75 LM723
    7403
    740'1
    .19
    .19
    7489
    7490
    2 .1S
    .3S
    74175
    74176
    .89
    .89
    40SO
    4051
    .35 74C9S .99 74HCTOO LM311
    LM311H
    .64
    .89
    LM723H
    LM733
    .79 74C150 5.75 74HCT: Direct, drop-in replacements f orl5 n ·Land
    7405 .25 7491 .40 74177 .7S 4052 1.99 can be intermi"ed with 74LS in the same circuit . LM312H 1.7S LM741 .35
    74C1S1 2.2S
    7406 .29 7492 .so 74178 1.15 4053 .79 74C154 3 .2S 74HCTOO .69 74HCT175 1.09
    LM317K 3.9S LM741N-14 .3S
    7407 .29 7493 .3S 74179 1.7S 4060 .89 74C157 1.75 74HCT02 .69 74HCT193 1 .39 LM317T 1.19 LM741H .40
    7408 .24 7494 .65 74180 .75 4066 .39 74HCT04 .69 74HCT194 LM318 1.49 LM747 .69
    74C160 1.19 1. 19
    7409 .19 749S .SS 74181 2.25 4068 .39 74HCT08 .69 74HCT195 LM318H 1.59 LM748 .S9
    74C161 1.19 1.29
    7410 .19 7496 .70 74182 .7S 4069 .29 74HCT10 .69 74HCT238 LM319H 1.90 LM1014 1.19
    74C162 1.19 1.49
    7411 .2S 7497 2.75 74184 2.00 4070 .3S 74C163 74HCT11 .69 74HCT240 2.19 LM319 1.25 LM1303 1.9S
    1.19
    7412 .30 74100 1.75 7418S 2 .00 4071 .29 74HCT14 .89 74HCT241 LM320 see7900 LM1310 1.49
    74C164 1.39 2 .1 9
    7413 .3S 74105 1.14 74189 2.99 4072 .29 7 4 C16S 74HCT20 .69 74HCT242 2.19 LM322 1.6S MC1330 1.69
    2.00 LM323K 4 .9S MC1349
    7414 .49 74107 .30 74190 1.1S 4073 .29 74C173 .79 74HCT27 .69 74HCT243 2 .19 1.89
    7416 .2S 74109 .4S 74191 1.15 407S 74HCT30 .69 LM324 .S9 MC1350 1.19
    .29 74C174 1.19 74HCT244 2.19
    7417 .2S 74110 .45 74192 .79 4076 74HCT32 .79 LM329 .6S MC1358 1.69
    .79 74C175 1.19 74HCT245 2.19
    7420 .19 74111 .SS 74193 .79 4077 .S9 74HCT51 .69 74HCT251 LM331 3 .9S MC1372 6 .9S
    74C192 1.49 1.09
    7421 .3S 74116 1.SS 74194 .8S 4078 .29 74C193 1.49 74HCT74 .85 74HCT257 .99 LM334 1.19 LM1414 1.S9
    7422 .3S 74120 1.20 74195 .8S 4081 .29 74C195 1.39 74HCT75 .95 74HCT259 1.59 LM33S 1 .40 LM1458 .S 9
    7423 .29 74121 .29 74196 .79 4082 .29 74C200 S.7S 74HCT85 1.49 74HCT273 2.09 LM336 1.7S LM1488 .69
    742S .29 74122 .4S 74197 .7S 408S .9S 74C221 1.7S 74HCT86 .79 74HCT299 S.2S LM337T 1.95 LM1489 .69
    7426 .29 74123 .49 74198 1.3S 4 086 .9S 74C244 2.2S 74HCT93 1.29 74HCT367 1.09
    LM337K 3 .9S LM1496 .8S
    7427 .29 7412S .4S 74199 1.35 4093 .49 74HCT125 1.29 74HCT373 2.49
    LM338K 3 .9S LM1558H 3.10
    74C373 2.4S LM339
    7428 .4S 74126 .45 74221 1.3S 4094 2.99 74C374 2.45 74HCT132 1.29 74HCT374 2.49 .99 LM1800 2 .37
    7430 .19 74128 .5S 74246 1.35 4098 2.49 74HCT138 1. 15 74HCT393 LM340 aee7800 LM1812 8.2S
    74C901 .39 1.S9 LM348 .99
    7432 .29 74132 .4S 74247 1 .25 4099 1.95 74HCT139 1.1 5 74HCT4017 LM1830 3.SO
    74C902 .8S 2.19 LM3SOK
    7433 .45 74136 .so 74248 1.8S 14409 12.95 74C903 .8S 74HCT151 1.05 74HCT4020 1.S9 LM350T
    4 .9S
    4.60
    LM1871
    LM1872
    5.49
    7437 .29 74141 .6S 74249 1.9S 14410 12.95 74C905 10.95 74HCT1S3 1.0S 74HCT4024 1.79 5.49
    7438 .29 74142 2.95 74251 .7S 14411 11.95 74HCT1S4 2.99 74HCT4040 1.59
    LM3S8 .69 LM1877 3.S2
    74C906 .9S LM359 1 .79
    7439 .79 74143 4.95 742S9 2 .2S 14412 12.9S 74HCT157 .99 74HCT4049 .99 LM1889 1.95
    74C907 1.00 LM376 3.7S
    7440 .19 74144 2 .9 5 7426S 1.35 14419 7 .95 74C908 2.00 74HCT161 1.29 74HCT40SO .99 LM1896 1.75
    7442 .49 7414S .60 74273 1.95 14433 14 .9 5 74C909 2.75 74HCT164 1.39 74HCT4060 1 .49
    LM377 1.9S ULN2003 1.29
    7443 .65 74147 1.75 74276 12S 74HCT166 LM378 2.50 XR2206 3 .7S
    14490 4.9S 74C910 9 .95 3.0S 74HCT4511 2.69
    7444 .69 74148 1.20 74278 3.11 4S02 .95 74C911 8 .9S 74HCT174 1.09 74HCT4538 2 .S9 LM379 4.50 LM2877 2 .05
    7445 .69 741SO 1.3S 74279 .7S 4503 .6S LM380 .89 LM2878 2.25
    74C912 8.9S LM380N-8 1. 10
    7446 .69 741S1 .5S 74283 2.00 4507 1.2S 74C914 1.95
    LM2900 .8S

    DSPECTRONICS
    7447 .69 741S2 .6S 74284 3.75 LM381 1.60 LM2901 1.00
    4S08 1.9S 74C91S 1. 19
    7448 .69 74153 .5S 7428S 3 .7S 4S10 .85 74C918 2.7S
    LM382 1.60 MP02907 1.95
    74SO .19 74154 1.2S 74290 .9S 4S11 .8S LM383 1.9S LM2917 2 .95
    74C920 17.9S LM384 1.95
    74S1 .23 74155 .75 74293 .7S 4S12 .8S MC3487 2.95
    74C921 1 5.9S
    74S3
    7454
    .23
    .23
    74156
    74157
    .6S
    .5S
    74298
    743S1
    .85
    2.2S
    4S14
    4515
    1.25
    1.79
    74C922 4.49
    74C923 4.9S
    CORPORATION LM386
    LM387
    LM389
    .89
    1. 40
    1.35
    LM3900
    LM3905
    LM3909
    .S9
    1.2S
    7460 .23 741S9 1.6S 74365 .65 4S16 1.55 74C92S S.95 .98
    7470 .35 74160 .85 74366 .6S 4S18 .89 74C926 7.95 EPROM ERASERS LM390
    LM392
    1.95
    .69
    LM3911
    LM3914
    2.25
    3.9S
    7472 .29 74161 .69 74367 .65 4S19 .39 74C927 7 .9S Capacity Intensity
    7473 .34 74162 .8S 74368 .6S 4520 .79 Timer Chip (uW/ Cm 7 ) LM393 1.29 LM3915 3.9S
    74C928 7.9S 4.60
    7474 .33 74163 .69 74376 2.20 4S21 4 .99 74C929 19.95 PE-14 9 8.000 883.00
    LM394H LM3916 3 .9S
    747S .45 74164 .8S 74390 1.7S 4522 LM399H S.00 MC4024 3 .95
    1.2S 74C930 4 .9S PE-14T 9 8,000 $119.00
    7476 .3S 74165 .8S 74393 1.3S NE531 2 .9S MC4044 4.SO
    4S26 1.2S 80C9S .8S PE-24T 12 9 ,600 $175.00
    7480 .S9 74166 1.00 74425 3 . 1S 4S27 1.9 5 PL-265T 30 9 ,600 $255.00 NESS5 .34 RC4136 1.2S
    80C96 .9S NESS6 .6S
    7481 1.10 74167 2 .96 74426 .8S 4528 1.19 PR-125T 2S 17,000 S349.00 RC4151 3 .95
    80C97 .9S NESS8 1.50
    7482 .9S 74170 1.65 74490 2.5S 4S29 2.9S 80C98 1.20 PR-320T 42 17.000 S595.00 LM42SO 1.7S
    NES64 2 .9S LM4500 3.25
    LM565 .99 RC4558 .69
    LMS66 1.49 LM13600 1.49
    TRANSISTORS IC I NTERFACE DATAACQ 9000 LMS67 .89 LM13700 1.4 S
    H=T0 -5CAN, K =T0-3, T=T0-220
    8T26 1.59 ADC0800 15.65 9304 .9S
    2N918 .so 2N3772 1.85
    MP5918 .25 2N3903 .25 SOCKETS 8T28
    8T95
    1.98
    .89
    ADC0804 3.49
    ADC0809 4.49
    9316
    9328
    1 .00
    1.49 76477 3 .9S RCA
    2N2102 .7S 2N3904 .10 2.75 CA3083
    8T96 .89 ADC0816 14.9S 9334 2.50 76488 S.95
    2N2218 .so 2N3906 .10 1-99 100
    8T97 .89 ADC0817 9 .95 9368 3 .96 76489 8 .9S
    1.29 CA3086
    2N2218A .so 2N4122 .2S 8 PIN ST .13 .11 8T98 .89 ADC0831 8 .9S 940 1 9 .95 SSl-263 39.9S
    1.25 CA3089
    2N2219 .5 0 2N4123 .2S 14 PIN ST • 1S .12 DM8131 2.95 AVJ-8910 12.95
    2.90 CA3096
    DAC0800 4.49 9601 .7S 2 .90 CA3130
    2N2219A .50 2N4249 .25 16 PIN ST .17 .13 DP8304 2.29 DAC0806 1 .9S 9602 1 .50 AVJ-891212.95
    2N2222 .25 2N4304 .75 18 P1N ST .20 .18 DS8833 2.25 MC3340 1.49 1.7S CA3140
    DAC0808 2.95 9637 2..95 1. 10 CA3146
    PN2222 .10 2N4401 .25 20 PIN ST .29 .27 DS8835 1.99 DAC1020 8.25 96502 1 .95 SP1000 39.00
    MPS2369 .25 2N4402 .25 22 PIN ST .30 .27 1.65 CA3160
    DS8836 .99 DAC1021 7.95 1.65
    2N2484 .25 2N4403 .25 24 PIN ST .30 .27 DS8837 1.65 CA3183
    DAC1022 5 .96
    2N2905 .50 2N48S7 1.00 28 PIN ST .40 .32 OPTO-ISOLATORS
    2N2907 .25 PN4916 .25 40 PIN ST .49 .39
    DS8838 1.30 MC1408L6
    MC1408L8
    1 .95
    2 .95
    Tl
    PN2907 .13 2NS086 .25 64 PIN ST 4.25CALL INTERSIL 4.20 7S365
    1.65 75450
    2N30S5
    3055T
    .79
    .69
    PNS129
    PN5139
    .2S
    . 2S ST=SOLDERT AIL EXAR 3.2 5 7S4S1
    2N3393 .30 2N5209 .25 1.49 7S4S2
    2N3414 .2S 2N6028 .35 1.49 75453
    2N3S63 8 PIN WW .S9 .49 1.95 7S4S4
    .40 2N6043 1.75 14 PIN WW .69 .S2
    2N3S65 .40 2N6045 1.75 1.95 7S477
    16 PIN WW .69 .58 1.95 7S491
    PN3565 . 25 MPS-ADS .2S 18 PIN WW .99 .90
    MPS3638 .2S MP5-A06 .25 4.95 7S492
    20 PIN WW 1.09 .98 1.2S 75493
    MPS3640 .2S MPS-A13 .40 22 PIN WW 1.39 1 .28
    PN3643 .25 MPS· ASS .25 1.2S 7S494
    PN3644
    24 PW WW 1.49 1.3S
    .2S MPU - 131 .99
    MPS3704 . 15 TIP29 . 6S
    28 PIN WW 1.69 1 .49
    40 PIN WW 1.99 1.80
    BIFET
    MPS3706 . 1S TIP31 .7S .99 LF347
    TIP32 .79 \llW<WI REWRAP .79 LF3S1
    1.19 LF3S3
    2 .19 LF3S5
    .79 LF3S6
    1.19 LF3S7
    1.19 LF411
    2 .19 LF412

    Inquiry 2 13 APRIL 19 8 5 BYTE 489


    EMI FILTER
    *MAJOR MANUFACTURER~
    CAPACITORS
    TANTALUM
    : ~~~ fg~i BELOW / 1.0µf
    6.8
    15V .40
    15V .70
    .47µ1
    1.0
    (ASTEC UM1082) $4.95 10 15V .80 2.2
    22 15V 1.35 4.7
    QUANTITIES LIMITED LINE CORDS .22 35V .40 10
    LC-2 2 CONDUCTOR 6 ft .39
    * PRESETTO CHANNEL3 LC-3 3 CONDUCTOR 6 ft .99 DISC
    •USE TO BUILOTV· LC- HP 3 CONDUCTOR WITH ST ANO ARD 10pf 50V .05 560 50V
    COMPUTER INTERFACE FEMALE SOCKET 6 ft 1.49 22 50V .05 680 50V
    $17.95 * +5 VOLT OPERATION
    LC-CI R CIGARETTE LIGHTER 25 50V .bs 820 50V
    PLUG WITH 6 ft COILED CORD 2.95 27 50V .05 .0 01µf 50V
    $3.25 33 50V .05 .001 5 50V
    $3.69 $6.95 MUFFIN FANS 47 50V .05 .0022
    .005
    50V
    50V
    4.68" SQUARE 1 4.95 56 50V .05
    3" SQUARE 14.95 68 50V .0 5 .01 50V
    82 50V .05 .02 50V
    100 50V .05 .0 5 50V
    220 50V .05 .1 12V
    MONOLITHIC
    _,,,r
    .01µf 50V .14 50V
    .047µ1 50V . 15 .41µ1 50V
    ELECTROLYTIC
    RADIAL AXIAL
    1µ1 25V . 14 1µ1 50V
    2 .2 35V .15 4.7 16V
    4.7 50V .15 10 16V
    10 50V . 15 10 50V
    47 35V . 18 22 16V
    100 16V .18 47 50V
    220 35V .20 100 15V
    470 25V .30 100 35V
    2200 16V .60 220 25V
    330 16V
    .25
    COMPUTER 500 16V
    1000 16V
    .25 GRADE 2200 16V
    25/1.00 44.000µ1JOV3.,5 6000 16V
    12/1 .00
    10/1.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
    :~~ LE D DISPLAYS
    .55 HP5082 -7760 CC .43"
    1.39 MAN- 72 CA .3"
    1.95 MAN- 74 CC .3"
    5/1.00 2.25 FND·357(359) CC .315·•
    .35 FND·500(503) CC .5••
    FN0 -50 71510) CA .5"
    Tll-311 4x7 HEX W/LOGIC .270"
    DIP CONNECTORS
    CONTACTS HEAT SINKS
    DESCRIPTION ORDER BY T0-220 SCREW ON .35 DIFFUSED LEDS
    16 18 20 22 24 28 40 T0·220 CLIPON .35 1-99
    T0·3 SCRE W ON .95 JUMBO RED TH'. .10
    .99 1 .69 1.89 1 .89 1 .99 2.49 2 .99 T0-220 INSULATOR 10 / 1.00 JUMBO GREEN TH'. .18
    T0 · 3 INSULATOR 10 / 1.00 JUMBO YELLOW T1 3/4 .18
    HIGH~L:~~~:!:e~~OLED AUGATxxWW 1.30 1 .80 2.10 2.40 2.50 2 .90 3.15 3.70 5 .40 MOUNTING HOW TP!. . 10
    SWITCHES MINI RED T1 .10
    COMPONENT CARRIES SPOT MINI· TOGGLE-: ON-ON 1.25 T1 .18
    ICCxx MINI GREEN
    (DIP HEADERS) DPDT MINI-TOGGLE ON -ON 1.50
    MINI YELLOW T1 .18
    DPOT MINI -TOGGLE ON -OFF -ON 1.75
    SPST MINI-PUSHBUTTON N.O . .39 RECT RED 2x5mm .25
    SPST MINI -PUSHBUTTON N.C . .39 RECT GREEN 2x5mm .30
    FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS SEE /DC CONNECTORS BELOW BCD OUT 10 POSITION 6 PIN DIP 1.95 RECT YELLOW 2x5mm .30

    D-SUBMINIATURE TEXTOOL ZERO INSERTION FORCE


    · ....·~
    :
    DESCRIPTION ORDER BY
    CONTACTS SOCKETS AND RECEPTACLES
    15 25 37 50 ..

    ~~
    DBx:itP 1.19 1.59 1.90 2115 4 .25 IOB37S
    SOLDER CUP DBu 1 .5 0 1.85 2 .25 3.90 6.25
    2.20 3 .00 4 .83
    RIGHT ANGlE
    PC SOLDER
    OBXJ1.PR
    OBxxSR
    08:101.P\Wll
    6.19
    5.60
    Q j
    WIRE WRAP 9.96 DB37S SCREWDRIVER CLAMP
    6.95 ECO NO ZIF
    .95
    HOODS 1.09 1.19 14

    MOUNTING HARDWARE-S1.00 0825SA 4.95


    FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS SEE IDC CONNECTORS BELOW 8 .25

    IDC CONNECTORS RIBBON CABLE


    CONTACTS SINGLE COLOR
    DESCRIPTION ORDER BY CONTACTS
    10 20 26 34 40 50 1· 10' 1'
    SOLDER HEADER IOHxxS .82 1.29 1 .68 2.20 2 .58 3.24
    RIGHT ANGLE SOLDER HEADER IDHxxSR .85 1.35 1 .76 2 .31 2.72 3 . 39 10 .18 .83
    'INJ HEADER IDHxxW 1.86 2 .98 J.84 4.50 6 . 63 IDH20W 16 .28 1 .00
    RIGHT ANGLE WW HEADER IDHx.icWR 2 .05 328 4 .Z2 4 .45 4 .80 7.JO 20 .36 1.25
    RIBBON HEADER SOCKET ID Su .79 .99 1.39 1 .59 1.99 2.2 5 25 .45 1.32
    RIBBON HEADER
    RIBBON E UU~ CARO
    IOMu
    IDEiui:
    -·
    1.75
    5.50
    2.25' ..
    6 .25
    '"
    7 .00
    '·'"
    ORDERING /NSTUCTIDNS: INSERT THE NUMBER OF CONTACTS IN THE POSITION MARKED "u" OF THE
    7 .50 8.50
    '·"' J 26 1.32

    "ORDER BY- PART NUMBER LISTED. EXAMPLE: A 10 PIN RIGHT ANGLE HOLDER STYLE WOUlD BE IDH!OSR

    490 BYTE • APRIL 1985 Inquiry 214


    FR-4 EPOXY GLASS LAMINATE
    WITH GOLD-PLATED EDGE-CARD FINGERS
    .·- - -- , I · I "IP--
    i , ' , L.. ,-.
    mm. TEACFD-SSB
    CABINET #1

    CABINET #2
    •Complete with power supply, switch,
    line cord, fuse and standard power
    529.95
    •Fits one full height 5 1A"disk drive
    • Color matches Apple
    579.00
    • Fits one full height 5 1A"disk drive

    . ' I I I L> " <. connector


    • Please specify Grey or Tan

    CABINET #3 589.95
    IBM • Fits two half height 51/~'"disk drives
    •Complete with power supply, switch.
    BOTH CARDS HAVE SILK SCREENED LEGENOS
    line cord. fuse and standard power
    :~~N.C:vu~~~~oRu;::;,Gps.;.~~KE.T • .. S27.95 connectors
    AS ABOVE WITH DECODING CIRCUITRY 529.95 8" DISK DRIVE CABINETS
    ALSO AVAILABLE-PLEASE CALL
    S-100 "fANDON TM100·2
    PLEASE INCLUDE SUFFICIENT
    BARE· NO FOIL PADS •••• , • ••••• 515.15 AMOUNT FOR SHIPPING ON ABOVE ITEMS
    HORIZONTALBUS • , ••.••••••••• 521.80
    VERTICAL BUS • .. •• . •• •• .••••• 521.80
    SINGLE FOIL PADS PER HOLE •••.•. 522.75
    SWITCHING OK INDUSTRIES
    APPLE EX-1 IC EXTRACTION TOOL
    BARE-NOFOILPADS •.•• • ••••. , 515.15 POWER SUPPLIES * ONE PIECE MET Al CONSTRUCTION
    HORIZONTALBUS .. • , . •. • . . . • • • 52.75 • EASILY EXTRACTS8-24 PIN DEVICES
    SINGLE FOIL PADS PER HOLE , • • •• , 521.80 PS-IBM 5175.00 •LOW COST S2.19
    FOR APPLE lie AUX SLOT , , •• , • , •• 530.00 • FOR IBM PC-XT COMPATIBLE
    • 130WA1TS EX-2 IC EXTRACTION TOOL
    GENERAL PURPOSE • -tSV@ 15A, +12V@ 4.2A
    • EXTRACTS 24-40 PIN DEVICES

    ~
    221-W PIN EDGE-CARO (.156" SPACING) -5V @ .SA. -12V @ SA •HEAVY DUlY METAL CONSTRUCTION
    '<1'~4':"'"'.;"l::Jflt •ONE VEAR WARRANTY •GROUND LUGS FOR MOS EXTRACTIONS
    BARE - NO FOIL PADS 4 .5" x 6.0'' . , ••• 59.45
    0
    e
    VERTICAL BUS 4.5" x 6.0" • • • .. . . . . 513.95 •EASY ONE HAND OPERATION S12.74
    SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x 6.0" •• , ••• 514.20 PS-A 549.95 IC INSERTION TOOLS
    BARE· NO FOIL PADS 4.5" x 9.0" .•.• 510.40 •USE TO POWER APPLE lVPE
    VERTICAL BUS 4.5" x 9.0" . . .• • ••• . 514.20 SYSTEMS INS-1416 for 14-16 pin IC's 55.15
    SINGLE FOILPADS4.5" x 9.0" • . • ••• $13.50
    36172 PIN EDGE-CARD ( .f" SPACING)
    • -f 5V @ 4A, +12V @ 2.SA
    -SV @ .SA. -12V@ .SA
    MOS-1416
    MOS-2428
    for 14- 16 pin IC's
    for 24-28 pin IC' s
    510.92
    S10.92 0
    •APPLE POWER CONNECTOR MOS-40 for 40 pin IC's $12.43
    BARE • NO FOIL PADS 4.5" x 6.0" . . . . . S9.45 MOS series inserlion tools hlllle metal Constuction
    INS-1416 INS-2428
    VERTICAL BUS 4 .5" x 6 .0" ••• • •••.• 513.25 and lncludegrounding lug for CMOS applications.
    SINGLE FOILPAOS4.5" x 6.0" • • •• , • 514.20 PS-3 539.95
    BARE - NO FOILPADS4.5" x 9.0" •• •• 510.40 • AS USED IN APPLE Ill BW-630 WIRE WRAP GUN
    ~ _: ~~~ ~ i~A+-. ~~~~ct:~~A.
    VERTICAL BUS 4.5" x 9.0" •. -. • ••••. $14.20 •BATTERY POWERED- USES 2 NI-CAD
    SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x 9.0" . • • . • . 515.15
    ~~"-?. .. 15.5" x 4 .5" x 2", .884 LBS.
    C CELLS{NOT INCLUDED)
    • POSITIVE INDEXING
    BARE GLASS BOARDS EXTENDER •ANTI-OVERWRAP DEVICE 541.55
    NO EDGE-CARO FINGERS OR FOIL CARDS PS-ASTEC 519.95 WSU-30 WIRE WRAP TOOLS
    2.5'' J&:4.5"
    4.5" x6.5''
    52.40
    $4.70
    IBM
    APPLE
    S45.00
    S45.00 M.'.:~ • CAN POWER TWO S W ' FOOS
    • 1SV @ 2.5A. +-12V @ 2A
    •WRAPS, STRIPS, AND UNWRAPS
    • WSU-30M WRAPS AN EXTRA TURN OF
    ~
    4.5" x 8.5'" S6.20 MULTIBUS S86.00 - 12V @ .1A INSULATION
    4.5" )I; 17.0" $11.35 • 15V @ 5A IF +12V IS NOT USED
    8.5" )I; 17.0" $18.95 4.o··
    • 6 .J" x x 1.9" WSU-30 58.84/WSU-30M $1 0.14
    WIRE WRAP TERMINALS
    WWT-1 SLOlTED 25/$7.06
    WIRE WRAP WIRE TRANSFORMERS MICROCOMPUTER WWT-2 SINGLE SIDED 25/54.25
    FRAME.STYLE HARDWARE WWT-3 IC SOCKET 25/$7.06
    PRECUT AND STRIPPED WWT-4 DOUBLE SIDED 25/2.80
    12.GVAC 2 AMP 4.95 HANDBOOK INS-1 INSERTION TOOL S3.64
    Note: 1 inch of insulation is stripped on 12.6V AC CT 2 AMP 5.95
    each end. A 3.5" wire has only 1. 5" of insu· 12.6V AC CT 4 AMP 7.95 FROM ELCOMP 514.95 WSU-30/30M
    12.6V AC CT 8 AMP 10.95 Ovar 800 pages of manufacturer's
    WIRE DISPENSER
    lat ion.
    LENGTH QUANTITY 25.2VAC CT 2 AMP 7.95 lllatasheeSonthemostconvnonly •WITH 50'ROLLOFWIRE
    {INCHES) 100 500 1000 used IC's •BUILT IN PLUNGER CUTS WIRE
    PLUG CASE STYLE •BUILT IN STRIPPER STRIPES 1"
    2.5 1.60 4.70 8.20 12V AC 250ma 3.95 •TTL· 74, 74LS & 74F
    • REFILLABLE
    3 1.60 4.70 8.20 12V AC 500ma 4.95 •CMOS
    3.5 1.65 5.00 8.90 12V AC 1 AMP 5.95 •Voltage regulators WD-30 56.50 WD-30TRI 59.50
    4 1.75 5.40 12V AC '2 AMP 6.95 •Memory- RAM, ROM. EPROM Specify Blue. white, With 50' of each:
    9.60
    4.5 1.80 5 .75 10.30 • CPU'S - 6800, 6500, Z80. Yellow or Red Red, Blue and White
    5 1.85 6.10 11.00
    DC ADAPTER 8080, 8085 & 8086/8
    5.5 1.90 6.50 11.75
    • MPU Support & Interface, SOCKET-WRAP 1.D.TM
    6 2.00 6.85 12.50 6800, 6500, Z80. 8200, etc. • SLIPS OVER WIRE WRAP PINS
    6.5 2.30 7 .80 14.30 • IDENTIFIES PIN NUMBERS ON WRAP
    7 2.40 8.20 15.05 SIDE OF BOARD
    7.5 2.50 8.55 15.85 • CAN WRITE ON PLASTIC; SUCH AS IC #
    8 2.60 8 .95 16.60 PINS PART# PCK. OF PRICE
    8.5 2.65 9.30 17.40
    9 2.70 9.80 18. 15 8 IDWRAP08 10 1.95
    9.5 2.80 10.00 18.95 14 IDWRAP14 10 1.95
    10 2.90 10.50 19.70 16 IOWRAP 16 10 1.9S
    18 lDWRAP 18 s
    1.95
    20 IDWRAP20 5 1. 95
    PRECUT ASSORTMENT 22 IDWRAP22 s
    1.95
    IN ASSORTED COLORS 527.50 24 IOWRAP24 5 1. 95
    100ea: 5.5'', 6'', 6.5". 7"
    28 IDWRAP28 s
    1.95
    40 IDWRAP40 5 1.95
    250ea: 2.5" . 4.5'". 5"
    500ea: .3", 3.5", 4" PLEASE ORDER BY NUMBER OF
    PACKAGES (PCK. OF)
    SPOOLS
    S4.30 250 feet s7.25
    S13.25 1000 feet S21.95
    Please specify color: 20 MHz DUAL TRACE MULTIMETER PEN
    Blue. Black, Yellow or Red
    OSCILLOSCOPE
    FROM
    GE NICKEL-CADMIUM
    RECHARGABLE BATTERIES RAMSEY ELECTRONICS
    NI-CAD CHARGER PACKAGE UNSURPASSED QUALITY ATAN UNBEATABLE PRICE
    PRICE INCLUDES CHARGER (WALL PLUG). • BAND WIDTH · DC: DC TO 20MHz (-3db) AUTO RANGING, POLARITY & DECIMAL!
    BATTERIES, & MODULAR BA TT ERV HOLDER AC: 10Hz TO 20MHz (-3db) • LARGE 3'12 DIGIT DISPLAY
    AAA CELLS QTY.2 S11.71 • SWEEP TIME- .2 µSEC TO .5 SEC/DIV ON 20 RANGES •DATA HOLD SWITCH FREEZES READING
    AA CELLS QlY. 2 S11 .71 * VERT./HORZ. DEFLECTION: 5mVTO 20V/OIV ON 20 RANGES • FAST. AUDIBLE CONTINUITY TEST
    C CELLS QlV. 2 S13.21 * COMPLETE MANUAL AND HIGH QUALllY •LOW BATTERY INDICATOR

    l~~~-.~Np~~~:~~:l~i,'-~g~~M
    DCELLS QlV. 2 S13.21 • OVERLOAD PROTECTION
    9 VOLT QTY. 1 S13.21 • $399.95 •ONLY 1Ve" x 6 1h" x l,4"
    •TV VIDEO SYNC FILTER •DC VOLTS .1mV-500V
    BATTERIES ONLY • x. v AND ZAXIS OPERATION WITH PROBES • AC VOL TS 1mV-500V
    • 110/220 VOLT 50/60H:r OPERATION • .1 OHM-20 MEG OHMS
    • COMPONENT TESTER •WEIGHS ONLY 2.3 OUNCES
    • LP CONSUMPTION-19 WATTS •LOW PARTS COUNT-CUSTOM 80 PIN LSI INSURES RELIABILllV
    • BUilT IN CALIBRATOR • INCLUDES MANUAL. BATTERIES, SOFT CASE, 2 PROBE TIPS,
    • AUTOMATIC OR TRIGGERED TIMEBASE AND ALLIGATOR CUP

    Inquiry 214 APR IL 19 85 • BYT E 491


    ~-
    FOR APPLE COMPUTERS
    . RP525
    $79.95
    $8 95 •
    IF PURCHASED
    WITH 50 DISKETTES
    OR MORE

    «OW COST! •
    *DUPLICATE OR BURN ANY
    STANDARD 27xx SERIES EPROM
    * EASY TO USE MENU-DRIVEN
    SOFTWARE INCLUDED
    *MENU SELECTION FOR
    2716, 2732, 2732A, 2764 & 27128
    *HIGH SPEED WRITE ALGORITHM MPI
    *LED INDICATORS FOR ACTIVITY MODELB52
    *NO EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY
    REQUIRED $109.95
    IBM ACCESSORIES
    MAXIMIZER
    SIGMA MULTIFUNCTION CARO
    HAVES SMARTMODEM 5%" SOFT SECTOR
    1200BFORIBM
    OS/DD WITH HUB RINGS
    PRINTER CABLE BULK PACKAGED IN FACTORY SEALED BAGS
    PARALLEL 6' SHIELDED CABLE OF SO. INCLUDES DISKETTE SLEEVES AND
    KRAFT JOYSTICK WRITE PROTECTTABS. IDEAL FOR SCHOOLS,
    CLUBS, AND USERS GROUPS. THIS IS A
    SPECIAL PURCHASE, SO QUANTITIES ARE
    LIMITED. THERE IS AS VEAR WARRANTY.
    DISK DRIVES
    FOR APPLE COMPUTERS
    41) BMC MONITOR STAND $1.39ea. $1.49ea. $1.59ea.
    MODEL PA-900 QTY 250 QTY 1DO QTY 50

    --
    NASHUA DISKETTES WERE JUDGED TO HAVE
    TILTS .AND SWIVELS~~-;---.::;::-.---. THE HIGHEST POLISH AND RECORDED
    TO PROVIDE ~.~I AMPLITUDE OF ANY DISKETTES TESTED.
    OPTIMUM VIEWING (SEE "COMPARING FLOPPY DISKS", BYTE 9/84)
    ANGLE, REDUCES
    OPERATOR FATIGUE -

    * Y, HEIGHT-ALPS MECHANISM
    * 100% APPLE COMPATIBLE
    $14.95
    * FULL 1 VEAR WARRANTY SOFT SECTOR
    10 SECTOR HARD

    -
    SOFT SECTOR
    ,.,
    - - - --- IBM COMPATIBLE
    * TEAC MECHANISM- DIRECT DRIVE
    * 100%APPLE COMPATIBLE- 35 TRACK
    POWER SUPPLIES
    * 40 TRACK WHEN USED WITH
    OPTIONAL CONTROLLER 130 WATT - ~· :
    $159.95 . (;•..I}
    XT COMPATIBLE , ~~
    MITAC • +SV @ 1SA, +12 @ 4 .2A
    - S @ .SA, - 12 @ .SA
    AD-1 • UPGRADE YOUR PC, POWERS HARD DISK
    • POWER CABLES FOR 4 FODs
    • ONE VEAR WARRANTY
    $179.95 • SWITCH ON SIDE (FITS IBM CASE)
    * FULL HEIGHT SHUGART
    MECHANISM 100 WATT
    sw1T'~!·PE~R
    * DIRECT REPLACEMENT FOR APPLE
    DISK II
    VIEWMAX-80 •
    *FOR USE IN OTHER
    VIEWMAX-80e
    DISK DRIVE ACCESSORIES GRAPH MAX
    IBM TYPE MACHINES .
    *AVAILABLE IN 100W
    DISK CONTROLLER CARD S49 .95 THUNDERCLOCK OR 130WVERSIONS
    APPLE lie ADAPTOR CABLE $19.95 * 90 DAV WARRANTY .
    KRAFT JOYSTICK
    NOW FOR APPLE lie POWER SUPPLY

    492 BYTE • A PRIL 19 8 5 Inquiry 2 15


    U·N·C·L·A·S·S·I·F·I·E·D A·D·S

    WANTED: Children's Service Society of Wisconsin Ellis King. 6520 Selma #209. Los Angeles. CA WANTED: SYM-1. KIM-I. and accessories. Send
    seeks tax-deductible donation of Apple lie or II+ 90028. 1213) 467-3000. or Dick Myers. 12J31 specifics. SASE. and price. Brian Jacoby. RR I. Box
    for information management. Carole Montemayor. 652-4071. 8-9 a.m. 157. Vesta. MN 56292.
    Children's Service Society. 2059 Atwood Ave .. NEEDED: Epson OX-JO people interested in sharing FOR SALE: 'l\vo IBM SS/DD 51'l-inch disk drives.
    Madison. WI 53704. 1608) 2 49-8506. information and resolving application problems. perfect condiditon: SI 00 each. both for SI 50. or
    WANTED: Charitable nonprofit organization seeks Patric Lee Howley. 4 54 Barcelona Dr.. Satsuma. AL best offer. A. Neil Hermanson. 2039 Parkdale.
    donation of computers. peripherals. printers. mon- 36572. Kingwood. TX 77339. 1713) 358-9153 after 6 pm
    itors. terminals. disk drives. memory expansion. etc. FOR SALE: Z·IOOcomputer. two drives. 192K plus col- FOR SALE: Sony ·1ypecorder with serial commun ica-
    Certified receipts furnished: will pay reasonable or video RAM. 8-MHz. etc: S2 J95. Also twin tions module and microcassette storage unit: S500.
    shipping. Holdeman International. POB 329. West Siemens 8-inch drives with power and enclosure: Also. Olivetti model 231 word processor with wafer-
    Point. MS 39773. S200 !need adjustment) . George 11.JCker. I J6J5 tape storage unit and many spin-wheel type
    WANTED: Donations of any personal computer. Mississippi. Los Angeles. CA 90025.12 J3) 473-7691. elements: SI 500. Lee D. Miller. 932 North Lakeshore
    peripherals. and supplies to advance work of stut- FOR SALE: Hewlett-Packard equipment IDS 560G Dr. Lincoln . NE 68528 14021 435-3864 .
    tering self-help organization. Tax-deductible: will pay 200-cps. wide-forms printer: S7 50: 9J 30A disk drive FOR SALE: 8-slot S-JOO bus system. includes 280 B.
    shipping. Speak Easy Intl Foundation. 2 33 Concord !for 86A): S450. HP4JC calculator with statistics. serial and parallel. 64K: Gurne DS/DD 8-inch floppy.
    Dr. Paramus. NJ 07652. 1201) 262-0895 . time. HPIL interface. and quad memory modules: Ampex 20-megabyte hard disk with Monitor
    WANTED: A group of Malaysian students in Fresno S285 : 82161 HPIL tape drive: S285: both for S580. Dynamics controller card. TeleVideo 92 5 terminal.
    would like advice and support from experienced Randy Webb. 622 East I Jth St. . Bloomington. JN Daisywriter printer. and more: S4 500 for all.
    IBM PC users. Hasnu/ Hashim. Apt. D. 2127 East 47401. 1812) 335-1858 or 339-7661. negotiable. Kirk 11.irner. 22054 DeBerry. Grand 1er-
    Shaw Ave. Fresno. CA 93710. 1209/ 229-1214 . NEEDED: Dr. DoWs Journal issues 57 . 58. 59. 62. 63. race. CA 92324. 17J4J 783-0636.
    AVAILABLE: Free to all MS-DOS. PC-DOS. and Z-DOS and 64: any reasonable price paid. Also I have spare WANTED: Omron J2SR. Pickett N4ES. Corvus 500.
    users: disk containing 55-page book about tech- copies of issues 48. 49. 51. 53. and 55. David Millne. State condition and price in letter. William B. Adams.
    niques for structured programming. plus demo pro- c/o NVR. Front St. W. Bedlington. Northumberland. POB J467. Springfield. VA 22151.
    grams. Send disk. mailer. and stamps to Dennis NE22 5UB. England. FOR SALE: IBM-compatible with 8088 and 280 pro-
    Baer. 25 Miller Rd .. Farmingdale. NY 11735.1516) FOR TRADE: Our small public-domain users group cessors: runs PC-DOS. MS-DOS. CP/M-86. CP/M-80;
    694-5872. for Apple II and TRS-80 Model Ill disk systems is two disk drives: I 28K memory: serial port: parallel
    WANTED: Nonprofit antiabortion group needs com- expanding its software database. Send your public- port. portable with 9-inch green monitor; RGB and
    puter equipment and peripherals for national office. domain software list or disklsl and we'll return them. composite color outputs: SI 500. Cory Barker. 1715
    The Pro-Life Brotherhood. 3 50 South Orchard Dr.. Arthur Hamlyn. 1\villingate. Newfoundland AOC East 1750 N. Layton. UT 84041. i80JJ 546-2084 .
    Park Forest. IL 60466. i 312) 7 4 7-0348 . 4MO. Canada. FOR SALE: Onyx C8002 computer with 40-megabyte
    NEEDED: Information about Systems Engineering FOR SALE: Sabtronics LCD digital multimeter !bench hard disk. 512 K main memory. and peripherals.
    Enterprise iSEEJ Corp.. their users. technicians. or type): S85. Sabtronics functional generator !bench Wallace Landholm. 3 20 Superior Ave. #3 50.
    employees. My SEE 6684 System lost IPL PROM in- type): S85. Heathkit 10-4235 35-MHz. dual-trace. Newport Beach. CA 92663. i7J41 631-4780.
    formation. Last address was in Rockville. MD: delayed-sweep oscilloscope: S685. All like new 1tlm NEEDED: Computer-controlled auto-dial unit that
    telephone disconnected. Miguel Martinez. Puerto Lee. Apt. 240, JOO North Whisman St.. Mountain uses a serial RS·232C port. Have Bell 212AR 300/
    Rico 4 I 9B. Leon. Guanajuato. Mexico 3 7360. View. CA 94043. 1408) 946-3000or14 J5) 969-5734. J2 00-bps modem. Would like circuit diagram and
    WANTED: Implementation of Kevin Weilers Hidden FOR SALE: BYTE volume 2. numbers 5. 11. J2 ; parts list for building. or company address. S50 or
    Surface algorithm I" Hidden Surface Removal Using volume 3. numbers I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . Like-new condi- less. Tom Brown. 65 Hillside Ave.. Berkeley Heights.
    Polygon Area Sorting: · SIGGRAPH. August 1977). tion: S5 each or S37 .50 for all . Kilobaud numbers 1-22 . NJ 07922.
    Ernie Pyle. Apt. I. Building 38. 214 7 Linton Blvd .. like-new condition: S90. Numbers J4. 15. 16. 17 . like- NEEDED: Correspondence with other HP 7 5 users
    Delray Beach. FL 33445. 13051 272-1744 or new condition: S5 each or SJ7.50 for set. /. C. Ar- who want to exchange ideas. Letters received will
    998-12 59. quette. 218-B Marshall St. Princeton. NI 08540.16091 be copied or digested and sent to others who write.
    WANTED: College student requests any information 924-8919. but this is not a newsletter per se. Particularly in-
    on catastrophe theory andklr fractals and their im- FOR SALE: Radio Shack Model JOO. 32K !factory in- terested in business and financial applications.
    plementation on a computer. Chris Mathews. 416 stalled). case. AC adapter. GE Computer Data Re- Patrick Cully, 77 Labau Ave. Staten Island. NY
    Redondo N. Litchfield Park. AZ 85340. corder. modem-phone and parallel-printer iCen- 10301.
    NEEDED: Information on programs involving concept tronics-type) cables: SJ 395 value for S899. First cer- WANTED: I need information on starting a BBS. Any
    of "Music of the Spheres:· Has anyone composed tified check takes it. M. Neidich. 18 Hillside Lane. help appreciated: tips. public-domain or user-written
    music using sound analogs of planetary orbits. etc.. Syosset. NY Jl791.15J6) 92J-3603 for UPS collect software for the Apple 11 . articles. etc. Will pay
    as themes? Musicological research paper in prog- shipment. postage and expenses. Paul Allen. POB 29874. 65th
    ress needs references. Tom Shinnick. Apt. 3. 1905 FOR SALE: Quay 520 desktop computer. Includes 64K Infantry Station. San luan. Puerto Rico 00929.
    Brunson. Houston. TX 77030. RAM. parallel-printer port. RS-232C serial port: asyn- WANTED: Will buy used Digicomp DR70. Astrion Sys-
    FOR SALE: IMSAl-original. unassembled. mint con- chronous communications software. owner-written: tem 30. and/or Epson OX-10. Kaypro 4. or Apple
    dition. /. I. Haugh. 3970 North Oakland Ave. Mil- S900 plus shipping. Bill Connor. 6 Schooner's Cove. lie. Also system with dot-matrix and letter-quality
    waukee. WI 53211. 1414) 962-5022. 9 a.m.-5 p.m. East Setauket. NY JJ733. 1516) 23J-0333. printer. Need a user group on the central Oregon
    FOR SALE: C. ltoh FI0-40 printer: S899: Gurne WANTED: lbmy 11.Jtor-compatible cassette recorder: coast and astrological software sources. /. Robin-
    OVTI02: S438: Morrow MPIOO printer: S308: Tl 855 will pay up to SI 50 for new. or patch cord for regular dottir. Venus. POB 24 35. Lincoln City. OR 97367 .
    with tractor: S698: Morrow MDT60 video terminal : recorder and information on start-up. Bruce Turner. 15031 996-3665.
    S278; Morrow MD2 !new): S798; Liberty 100: S318 . 353 Wisteria. Las Vegas. NV 89J07. FOR SALE: Quante! Color Frame Grabber: system in-
    All near new. original packing. G. S. Schacter. POB WANTED: Contact with HP 8 5/86/87 users for club. cludes NTSC decoder and encoder. J6-bit CPU. two
    1002. South Gate. CA 90280. 1213) 567-8758. Andre Lechat. case postale 3. CH-1510 Moudon. 8-inch floppy-disk drives. documentation. source
    FOR SALE: Intel 8087 for IBM ceramic chips: S17 5. Switzerland. code. bit pad. terminal. and 19-inch 1ektronix 670
    Steve Rank. 1260 Monument Blvd .. Concord. CA NEEDED: Any information on a Measurement color monitor. Dave Sieg. 7232 Leota Lane. Canoga
    94518. Systems and Controls Inc. 64 K dynamic RAM board. Park. CA 91304. 1818) 883-4853.
    FOR SALE: SD Systems S-100 board set. including Model DMB-6400. Rev. B. Hal Arthurs. Bloomfield FOR SALE: T\vo S-100 boards. J6K dynamic RAM.
    SBC 200 280 CPU/10. Versafloppy II 5- and 8-inch Station. Prince Edward Island COB I EO. Canada. 32K static RAM. video interface. three parallel and
    controller. ExpandoRAM II 64K memory fully 1902) 882-2746. serial ports. 2K PROM. and music boards. lim
    populated. all manuals: S500 or best offer. Isaac WANTED: BYTE August 1980 for articles on FORTH. Heires. 5J04 South 79th Ave.. Ralston. NE 68127.
    Davidian. 2329 East Ashlan. Fresno. CA 93726. 1209) Charlie Hottel. 5900 Kentucky Ave .. Forestville. MD 1402) 33J-6749 or 345-8400.
    227-2005 or 224-9212. 20747. i30JJ 735-7495. FOR SALE: 1exas Instruments Professional computer.
    FOR SALE: S-JOO boards. CompuPro CPU 8085/8088: desktop model. Almost new 13-inch hi-res color
    S200: CompuPro CPU ZBO: SI 50: Vector Bitstreamer monitor: 3-plane 18-colorl graphics card; 2 56K: two
    3 serial 2 parallel 1/0: S7 5: two 3 2K dual-memory UNCLASSIFIED ADS MUSf lie noncommercial. from disk drives: documentation and instructions. S2900
    boards: S75. Bob Lankford. 4J 17 Spruce Hills Dr.. readers wlio liave computer equipment to buy. self. or trade or best offer. Elizabeth Peterson. 240 North Oak St ..
    Cedar Falls. IA 506J3. 1319) 277-2424. lanesville. IA 50647. i3J9) 987-2286.
    WANTED: Information or instructions on building a
    on a one-time basis. Alf requests for donated computer FOR SALE: 'l\vo IBM 5 l'l-inch I 60K disk drives in
    heat laser. I pay all postage and handling. Tom equipment must lie from nonprofit organizations. Programs original cartons. Excellent condition. practically new.
    Chrisman. Rt 3. Box 194. Hamburg. AR 71646 . to lie exclianged must lie written by tlie individual or lie Were S578. asking S260 or SJ40 each. With docu-
    NEEDED: Correspondence with Victor 9000 users. in tlie public domain. Ads must lie typed double-spaced. mentation. E. v. Allegretti. RD 3. Lois Lane. Katonah.
    groups. clubs. or newsletters. lohn Howard. POB NY J0536. i9J4) 232-4470.
    712. North Haven. CT 06473 . contain 50 words or fess. and include full name and ad- FOR SALE: Assorted S-100 boards SD Systems Ex-
    WANTED: Other HX-20 owners to form a U.S.-based dress. Tliis is a free service: ads are printed as space per- pandoRAM II 64K: SJ75; lade Big Z 280 CPU: S50;
    club. lames Stensrud. 26 East Superior St.. Duluth. mits. BYTE reserves tlie riglit to reject any unclassified Z80B CPU: Sl75; SSM VB3A 80character by 50-line
    MN 55802 . video board and 160 by 200 matrix graphics: S3 50:
    FOR SALE: 1\vo 8-inch Gurne disk drives in Vista
    ad that does not meet tliese criteria. Wlien you submit CCS 2422 floppy-disk controller: S250. Dale Barrett.
    cabinet. DS/DD. hardly used. Includes manual. your ad (BYTE. Unclassified Ads. POB 372. Hancock. J6544 San Jacinto Ave .. Fontana. CA 92335. i7J4J
    Scotch disks. head-cleaning kit. two cables: S700. NH 03449). allow at feast four montlis fa' it to appear. 822-25JI.

    APRIL 1985 • BYTE 493


    B·O·M·B
    BYTE's ONGOING MONITOR Box
    ARTICLE# PAGE ARTICLE AUTHOR( SI LINEAR RELIABILITY
    I 96 What's Not . . ........... . . BYTE staff
    2 102 Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar: Readers voted most favorably for
    Build the Home Run Control System . "Understanding Linear Power Supplies:·
    Part I : Introduction ..... Ciarcia Steve Ciarcia·s Circuit Cellar project
    3 113 Coprocessing in Modula-2 . . ........... Wilson appearing in January. In second place is the
    4 120 A Million-Point Graphics Tablet .. . ....... Hawley second part of the interview with Steve
    5 126 Communication with Alien Intelligence .... Minsky Wozniak: "The Apple Story: More History
    6 143 The Quest to Understand Thinking . . . . .. Schank. and the Apple 111 :· conducted by BYTE
    Hunter senior technical editor Gregg Williams and
    7 159 The LISP Tutor . .... . . ..... ........... Anderson. Rob Moore. Rob wins $100. Jerry Pournelle's
    Reiser whi rlwind tour in 'The Fast Lane" of
    8 179 PROUST . . . ... . .. ... ... . . .. _ . .. .. Johnson. Computing at Chaos Manor wound up
    Soloway winning third place. "A Glimpse into Future
    9 193 Architectures for Al .. ....... .. . ....... Deering Television" placed fourth in the survey:
    10 209 The LISP Revolution .. Winston Joseph Nadan earns $50. And fifth mention
    11 223 The Challenge of Open Systems . . . ... Hewitt goes to an article written about a tool for
    12 24 5 Vision . . . . ..... . . .... .. .. Ballard. thinking: "The Visual Mind and the
    Brown Macintosh" by Bill Benzon.
    13 265 Learning in Parallel Networks ........... Hinton
    14 277 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . Feldman
    15 286 Reverse Engineering the Brain ..... .. ... Stevens
    16 303 The Technology of Expert Systems ....... Michaelsen.
    Michie.
    Boulanger
    17 315 Inside an Expert System .. ... .. .. ...... Thompson .
    Thompson
    18 338 The ITI XTRA . . . . Unger
    19 345 Insight-A Knowledge System . D'Ambrosio
    20 355 Computing at Chaos Manor:
    Over the Moat . . .. . ......... Pournelle
    21 379 BYTE West Coast Lasers.
    Office Publishing. and More . . ..... .... Markoff .
    Robinson
    22 389 BYTE U.K.: New Database Ideas ..... . ... Pountain
    23 401 BYTE Japan:
    The Fifth Generation in Japan ..... .. . ... Raike

    BYTE ADVERTISING SALES STAFF:


    ). Peter Huestis. Advertising Sales Manager, 70 .Main Street, ~. NH 03458, tel 46031924-9~81
    NEW ENGLAND SOUTHEAST SOUTHWEST, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NORTH PACIFIC
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    494 BYTE • A PRI L 1985


    R·E·A·D·E·R ~·E·R·\l·I·C:·E

    Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No.

    69 !ST PLACE SYSTEMS. . 148 72 COMP COMPNTS. UNLTD. 386. 387 143 ENTER COMPUTER .. . 232 220 L.~BOll.~TORY .llKROSYS. • 18
    2 500 AD SOFTWARE , 220,221 73 COMPEl'ITIV E EDGE . . . 360 144 ENTER COMl'UtfR .. . . 232 LANGLEY-STCl.Alll . 147
    4-1-6 WORLD . 466 437 COM POl'lm . 481 EPSON 1\ MlRIC•\ . 281 219 LANIER BUSN PROD ". __. 398. 399
    162 \K COMPUTrnS . , . . . 462 CO.vlPUMAl l. 458 146 EVEREX SYSTEMS . . . - 56. 57 231 LATTICE INC . . 198
    4 XOO SOITWA RI': .. . 222 77 COMPUSEKVI: 215 147 EXSEL SYS. CORP.. . 462 232 LEADING EDGE PROD. . 49
    S AST RESEARCH . 19 78 COMPUTE/.: AFFA IRS INC. ..... 117 148 EXI M INTERNATIONAL . . 481 233 LE\ 'EL 5 RESEARCH . . 299
    6 AST RESEARCH .. - 19 79 CO.\IPU TER AFFA IRS IN C. _. . 470 149 EXPOTEK ___ 166 427 LIFF.BOAT ,\SSOC . 419
    7 AB COMPUTERS. .. 314 80 COMPUTER Cli1\NNEL _.. _. . 363 150 EXPRESS llUSINF.SS SOFTWARE . 16 428 LIF EBOAT ASSOC 266
    8 ABC DATA PRODUCTS . 464 COMPUTER CHRONICLES. 302 51 F,\CIT A;J __ 367 235 LINDE TECHNOLOGY INC . . 26
    415 AD PS... .. . . 86 81 CO.'vlPUTrn CONNECTION INC. 453 151 l';\LCON 5Mll \' PllOD. 54 236 LI NTEK INC 470
    10 ADDM,\STrn CORP.. . 4 72 82 COMf, UTER DISCOUNT PROD 455 152 FLAGS'l:AIT ENGINEER ING .. 381 237 UONI 1£ART l' RlS. 416
    11 ADV BUSINES.", (OMI' SYS. . . 403 COMPUTER FlllENDS . 190 153 FLAGSTAFF ENGIN EERING _ . 381 238 LOCKHEED-GETF.X . 149
    12 ADV. COMP PROD . . ... , . . . 469 83 COMPUTER HUT OF N E. , 130 154 FORTRON. INC .. 4 71 440 LOGIC PR OGRAMM ING. . . .. 37 1
    13 ADV. COMPUTER SYSTEMS ... 3 7 6 84 COMPUTEll INNOVATIONS. . 343 15 5 FORTRON. INC. , . 4 71 441 LOGIC PROGRAMMING. . _371
    14 ADV. DIGITAL CORP 247 85 COMPUTER IN NOVATIONS 365 15 7 FOX SOFTWARE INC. . 464 239 LOGICAL DEVICES. 218
    15 ADV. DIGITAL CORP .. _. 247 86 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 300. 301 158 FlllENCX.V COMPUTER . 78 240 LOGICAL DEVICES . . 476
    16 ADVANCED LOGIC SYSTEMS __ 234 87 COMPUTER PARTS MART _ _. 470 159 FUllTSU ,\MERICA . ' 272. 273 241 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS .. 203
    17 AFTEK BUSN .MACH IN ES. . 35 COMPUTEll WAREHOUSE , .. , . 154 430 Gf.N l~ i\I . JJ,\T1\ (0.\ 1\'I 481 242 1.Yl:IEN COMI' SYS 470
    18 A LF PRODUCTS. INC. . 320 89 COMPUTrnB ANC . , , , , .. , _ .. 60 163 GENE.RAL MICRO SYSTEMS . 474 243 IYBf'.N C0.\11' SYS .472
    19 ALLIED M ICRO DEVICES . • . .• 460 90 COMPUTrnLANE UNLTD . IN C. 474 164 GU >J £RAL TECHNOLOGY . .. _ 187 24 4 l .YCO COMPU TER 211
    20 ALLOY CO:VIPUTF.R PRODUCTS. 344 91 COMPUTERS AND MORE. 356 165 GENESIS MICROSYSTEMS . 161 245 MAGNUM PC 290
    21 AMARAY CORI' . 405 92 COMPUTERS ll'HOl.FSALE . . . 465 166 GIFF ORD COMP SYS . 321 247 MANX SOFT\\',\ RE SYS . . . . 53
    22 AMBER SYSTEMS. 122. 123 93 COMPUTR ADI-. . 422 167 GOLD HILL COMPU TER S 129 248 MARTIN M A~l tTTA l l T SFTW . 133
    429 AMBER SYSTEMS . 329 94 CONROY-LAPOINTE. , .. , . 156, 157 168 GOLD HILL CO.\ll'UTERS 307 249 MARVEL SOFTWARE. 433
    24 AMER ICAN MICROSYSTEMS . . 466 95 CONROY-L APOINTE , , . , . 156, 157 169 GOLD HILL COM l'Ul ERS 309 250 MA RY MAC INDUS TRIE S . . 472
    57 AM ERICA N RESEAllCH CORP... 313 96 CONROY-LAPOINTE . ,. , .. 156. 157 170 GOLD Hll.\. COMPll TERS . 311 251 MASTElmYTr. COMI'. OF NY ' 476
    25 AMPRO COMPUTERS INC. 205 97 CROMEMCO .5 171 GOUltN HOW SYSTl' MS , 460 252 M1\XELL D,\l:.\ PRODUCTS. .7
    26 ANCHOR AU OMA TION , 397 98 CUESTA SYSTEMS 358 172 GOULD INC 351 253 M,\YNARl.l ELECTRONICS. 15
    27 ANTHRO CORP . _. 369 408 CUS M COMI' TECH .. 153 174 GREYWOLF MARKETING _ 390 2 54 Mf.C ArfL CO:Vl l'UTEll TECH .. 86
    28 APOLLO MARKnlNG . _. , 452 409 CUSTOM CO.\ IP TECH ___ 449 175 GTCO CORP. . 437 255 MERRITT CO.I ll' PRODUCTS 466
    APPLE COMPUTER INC. .. Cll. I 410 CUST0.\1 C0:-11' TFCfl 448 176 GTEK INC . 69 256 .\\Fl E:>:TERPRISES INC . . . . 150
    29 APPLIED SOFTWAHE TECH. 242 102 CYMA CORPORATION 331 177 H&E COMPU l !IONICS . 383 257 .\llCll,W ELEC 'RONICS . . . 174
    30 APROPOS TECHNOLOGY . . , . 472 103 CYMA CORPORATION . . 331 178 HARMOllY VIDEO & COMP. _84 433 .'.tlCRO AG~ COMP STORES 217
    31 AR TIFICIAL llffL RESRCH.GRP.. 474 104 DATA BANK .. ... . 422 179 M ,\RM O~ Y VIDfO & COMP 360 258 i>ll C ~ DATA BASE SYS. . 67
    32 ARTISOFT .. . . . •.• , •. , .. . , .. 380 105 DATA EXCHANGE 474 181 HAYES MICllOCOMP PllOD .. 407 259 \llrnO DESIGN INTI. 378
    33 AR TISOFT , • _. . . .. 380 107 DATA SPEC _66 182 HE .\TH CO \.IP,\N\' 357 260 \ ll CllO M,\RT INC 62 . 63
    431 AR TISOFT. . . . _84 108 DATA SPEC 66 183 HERCULES CO.\lf>lJTER TE CH 25 261 MICRO PRODUCTS INC 456
    432 ARTISOFT . ' .. ' 84 109 DATA TR ANSLAJ'ION INC . . 85 184 HERCULES COMPUTER TECH ... 111 262 MICROCOMPUTER />CC SSORIF.S . 295
    34 ASHTON-TATE . 139 110 DATACOPY CORP. 382 185 HERMES PRECISA INTL . ... .. 93 26 3 MICROCO\·IPUTER .!\CCESSORIES . 295
    35 AT&T GENER1\L BUSN. SYS. . . 257 111 DAYNA COMM. 71, 72. 73 186 HITECH EQUIP CORP. . 464 264 MICROGRAFX ... 323
    36 AUS TIN SCIENTIFIC _.. _ . 392 112 DECISION ll F.SOURCES. , . 375 187 HOFFMAN INT'L. , 4 72 MICROMINT INC 413
    132 AVATEX MODEM . . . .. . . . 118, 119 113 DECMATION .. . .. .. .. . .. 470 HOLIDAY INN S. INC . 176. 177 412 MICKOVRO 80. 81
    37 AVOCET .... . . .. .. ... . . . 173 114 DIGITAL ELECT SYS.. . . 450 190 HUM AN EDGE SOFT\V,'\RE . 142 265 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD . . . 460
    38 B&B ELECTRONICS ... , .. , , . . 466 117 DIGITAL PRODUCTS INC .. . . .. 152 191 HYPErlON SOFT\VAllE . .• ,, . 476 266 - MICROSHOP. " . " " . " . 450
    B&C MICROSYSTEMS .. ...... , 472 DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP.. . 70 192 I DSYSTF::VIS . 366 MICROSOFT CORP - 20. 21
    39 BARR .SYSTEMS INC. , .. , ...... 64 118 DIRECTCONNECT DEVICES . _ 462 193 IBM - 1ISG1 SEl~VICES . . . .. 400 MICROSOFT CORP .. 253
    40 BASF SYSTEMS. , , . , •.. . . .. . 135 DISCOUNT COMPUTm CENTERS 291 194 IB M CO l ~ P , • . , . • . . 46. 4 7 MICROSOFT CORI' . .. 255
    41 BAY Tf.CH~'ICA L 1\SSOC .. 23 119 DISKETTE CONNECTION. . 424 195 IL AR SYSTEMS. INC . . . 284 M ICROSOll CORP.. . 271
    42 BEST POWER ECHNOLOGY . . 361 120 DISKS 'N THINGS. 462 196 ILAR SYSTEMS. INC , . . . , , 284 MICROSOFT COiii' . 279
    BEST WES TERN IN T L . .. , . . • 30 121 f;,SKS PLUS . ' . 468 197 1N Dus:rooL . 460 267 MICl<OSTUF INC . 236
    45 BLACKSHIP COMP. SUPPLIES . . 462 122 DISKWORLD' . INC 475 198 INOVION CORP . . , 32 268 MICROTIME
    46 BLAISE COMPU TI NG INC. 394 123 DISKWORLD'. INC , . 451 199 INTEGRAND . 402 269 MICROIV.~Y . 276
    50 BORLAND INH. . • 28. 29 124 DISPLAY TELECOMMNTNS. 486. 487 200 INTELLIGEN T CO:VIP Of.SIGNS 230 270 MIDWEST MICl<O-PrnlPHERAl.S . 34
    47 BORLt,ND INT'L __ 41 125 DIVERSIFI ED COMPUTER SYS _460 201 INTf.LLIGENT DATA SYS. IN ( . 228 MINORITY HITFCH INDUSTRIFS 25 4
    48 BORLAND INTI. .. _ 43 12 6 · DOKAY COMP PROD. INC _482. 483 438 INTERNATIONAL UNION OF 272 .\IOTEL COMPUTl'.KS LTD.. 320
    49 BORLAND INH . . 45 127 DOW !O NE S SOFTWARE . . 420. 421 COMPUTER OWNERS INC. 467 273 MTI SYSll,,\15 COllP 52
    52 HUEHLER S£RVIC[S INC. . _ 470 128 DWIGHT CO INC , 468 203 INTERFACE TECH CORP. 262 . 263 274 MULTI-TECH .'i\'STl: M:. . . 368
    53 BUSINESS TOOLS INC. . . . 308 129 DYN A SYSTf.•\I S 460 205 !OMEGA . 225 276 N ,\N 'IUC Kl l . 112
    BYTE BACK ISSUl'.5 . . . . 439 130 DYNACOMP COMPUTm SYS... 201 206 !OMEGA . . 227 277 Nt\NTUC KET. .. 112
    BYTE PUBUNC .. 415 131 DYS AN CORP. . . _ . ... 79 207 IOMEGA _229 278 NAT L. PUBLIC IJOMAIN snw - 68
    BYTE SUBSCRIBER SERVICE ... 172 133 EAR TH COM ~llT ER S _ 474 204 !OMEGA . 4 23 279 NATI ONAL INSTRUMENTS . . . 50
    BYTE TIP S. . 411 134 EASTMAN KODAK CO _ _ . . 207 210 IADE COMP. !'ROil . . .. 478 . 479 74 NCDA _ . 468
    BYTE TIPS ID CARD. . ___ . 496 436 EC\ . _ 481 211 IADE COMP. PliOD 480 281 NEC HOME INFORMATION SYS (Ill
    54 BYTEK COMP. SYS CORP. . 424 13 5 ECOSOFT _ 18 212 IAMECO ELECTRONICS ... 76, 77 282 NESTA~ Sl 'ST E,\\S INC 75
    C WAREDESMET C . . 256 136 EDUC,~T I ON1\I. MICllOCOMP . 470 213 IDll MICRODEVICF.S INC _488. 489 283 NF:W GENf .l ~ ,\TI ON SYS. _ 406
    (-SYSTEMS . _468 137 ELCOMP . 481 214 IDR MICl<ODEVICES INC 490. 491 284 NIGHTOWL SOFTWA RE . . 163
    55 C. iTOH DIGITAL PRODUCTS . . . . 38 138 ELECTRONIC DAT1\ SYS. 219 215 IDR M I CRODE V IC ~ INC. .. 492 285 NORTH AMEll lCA N HUSN.SYS . 410
    56 C ITOH DIGITAL f>llODUCTS . . 38 139 ELEK'fEK . 364 216 IUKI IN DUSTRY OF AMER ICA . 185 NORTH Hll.1.5 COiii' . 466
    CALIF DIGITAL 484 . 485 140 ELEXOR INC 468 217 KADA K PRODUCTS . 324 NORTH HILLS COR I' . • . . 468
    CA LIF MICRO COMPUTER ... 474 ELLIS COMPUTING IN C 171 218 KIM TRON CORP. 388 NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 417
    423 CALI F: MICRO HOUSE . . . . . . 280 141 ENCHANTEt> FOR.EST . 468 221 KliUEGER TECHNOLOGY INC _ 473 286 OBERON INTEllNATIONAL . 178
    58 CANON U.S.A. _. . , . . 283 287 ODESTA PUHLISH ING 36, 37
    59 CANON U.S.A. . . . . 285 288 OLDEN 136
    60 CAPITAL "-OU ll•M o.Nf CORP.. .. 359 289 OPTO·ll . 352
    62 CDR SYSTEMS. 460 290 OPf0-22 . . 352
    63 CEN TR OID CORP . ' 464 292 OR ION INSTRUMENTS. . . 396
    64 CERMETEK MICRO ELECTRONICS 425 10 GET FURTHER information on the products advertised in BYTE. either 420 ORYX SYSTEMS . . 426. 427
    65 CHIPS 'N DIPS . . . .. . 4 72 pick up yo ur touch-tone telephone a nd use TIP S Iii you a r e a subscriber). 421 ORYX SYSTEMS . . . 426. 427
    66 CHORUS DATA SYSTEMS. . 115 422 ORYX SYSTEMS . . 426. 427
    or fill o ut the reader service card. Ei t her way full in st ruction s a re pro-
    67 CLINI CA L MICROSYSTEMS INC . 68 294 P.C. HOR IZONS . . 476
    vided following t his reader service index which is provided as an addi-
    68 CLOCK COMPUTER CO. LTD.. . 4 72 295 PC NET WORK .. . .. . 332. 333
    439 COASTLIN E COMPUTER . . . 454 tional serv ice by the publisher. who assumes no l iabil i ty for errors or 296 PACIFIC EXCHANGES .
    71 COMP. COMPNTS. UNL TD. ..... 385 omissions . • co rrespond directly w ith company. 466. 468. 474. 476

    APRI L 1985 • BYTE 495


    READER SERVICE

    Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No. Inquiry No. Page No.

    297 PARAGON COURSEWARE ..... 476 334 ROGERS LABS . . ••.••.... 155 363 SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 386 TOPAZ. INC .. ..•. .... .. .... 240
    298 PC PIPELINE ,., .. , .. , .. . .• , . 466 335 ROGERS LABS . ...... . .•.... 155 365 STAR MICRONICS . .. .. . . 434. 435 388 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC .. 274, 275
    299 PC SIG ...... •. .......... .. 476 336 l~O L A ND CORP .•.... . .. 5 5 366 STARBUCK DATA CO . 468 389 TRANSTECTOR SYSTEMS INC. . 393
    300 PC S LI M ITED ... .. , . • , •. . • .. 463 · 33 7 ROSE ELECTRONICS . ..... ... 460 419 STARSHINE . .............. .. 299 391 UBIQUITOUS SYSTEMS . 464
    301 PERSOFT INC. .. •.•• .•..•. , . 297 338 S·IOO DIV . 696 CORP .. . 457 367 STRIDE MICRO . .. .....•.. .. . 208 392 UNISOURCE . . . • . . . . . . . . 59
    302 PINNACLE SYSTEMS. INC. . . .. . 137 339 S·IOO DIV. 696 CORP....... ... 457 416 STSC INC. . .•....... . . . ...•.. 61 393 UNLIMITED PROCESSING INC.. 195
    303 POCKET TECHNOLOGY . . . . . 349 340 SAB·LINK. INC. . .... , .... , .• 464 368 STSC INC. . . • . . . ..•... .. •. .. 298 394 VEN-TEL INC. .. .•••. ... ..•..• 27
    305 POL AROID CORP. . . . .. .. 88, 89 341 SAFEWAR E . . . , ..... . . .... 472 369 SUMMIT SOFTWARE TECHN. INC 412 426 VERTEX . .. • • • .. .. .. • • .. .. . 418
    306 POLAROID CORP. . . . . . ....• . 233 342 SAKATA . , .. •. ..•.. • . .. . . . . 238 370 SUNNY INTL .. . , ., . . , ...... , 448 395 VI ASYN . .. ........... ...... 259
    307 PRECI SION DATA PRODUCTS . . 476 343 SATELLITE SOFTWARE. • . . 319 371 SUNTRONICS CO. INC. .. . ..... 452 396 VICTORY ENT TECHNOLOGY . 92
    413 PRINCElDN GRAPHIC SYS . . . .. . , 8 344 SAV-ON COMPUTERS. . .. 459 417 SUPER COMPUTER .....•. . 12. 13 397 VLM COMPUTER ELEOR ..... 474
    312 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS .. .. ... . SCOTfSDi\P ': SYSTEMS . . 82 418 SUPER COMPUTE!~ ....... . 12. 13 398 WH .FREEMAN & COMPANY . .. 462
    •. ' ..... ' 235. 237. 239. 241. 243 346 SEMIDISK !;ysrEMS . ' . ' . . ' .. 336 373 SUPERSOFT .. ..... ...... .. . 152 399 WALLING COMPANY . ... , .... 476
    313 PRINTERLAND INC. . ' .. .. 347 SILICON SPECIAL TIES . 302 374 SUPERSOFT . .. .. ..... . . . . . 391 WAREHOUSE DATA PRODUCTS 267
    314 PRIORITY ONE . ........ ... . 461 SILVER FOX . ••.. • . . , . .... . . 188 375 SYNALTA SYSTEMS . .•• . . . . . 470 400 WATERLOO DISTANCE EDU. INC. . 66
    315 PRO CODE INTERN ATIO NAL . . 372 .347 SL WABER . .. , . . , .. ........ 158 SYSGEN INC. .. ....... . , •. , . 409 402 WINTEK CORP . , .......... , . 362
    317 PROGRAMMERS SHOP . . . 354 348 SLR SYSTEMS ............. .. 374 376 SYSTEMS AUlDMATION CORP . 151 403 WINTEK CORP . . . . , .. , .. , . .. 470
    318 PROGRESSIVE MICRO DISTR . . 477 3 4 9 SMALL BUSINESS COMP.SYS . • . 464 3 7 7 SYSrEMS MANAGMNT ASSOC... 213 404 WYSSWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
    319 PROMETHEUS PRODUCTS 17 350 SOCIETY-APPLIED LRNG.TECH . . 416 3 7 8 SYSTEMS STRATEGIES . . 206 405 XEROX CORP.. . .. . ....... 94. 95
    320 PURPLE COMPUTING . . 464 SOFT WAREHOUSE. INC .. . .... 91 379 TATUNG . , .•.. . , ......... . . 145 406 YORK 10 . . • , .......... . • .. , 474
    321 OANTE X DIV . . . .... 226 3 51 SOFTCRAFT INC. . • ..•.. . .... . 24 424 TAXAN CORP . . , ....• . .. .... 199 407 ZSTEM COMMUNICATIONS DIV.. 481
    322 O IC RESEARCH . . . 264 352 SOFTLINE CORP . ...... • ..•. . 87 425 TAXAN CORP . . .. .... .... . 199
    323 OUADRAM CORP.. , . ........ . 191 353 SOFTSTYLE INC. ....... . ... .. 52 TEKTRONIX INC '. 192 • Com•svond direalt1 will1 ((1111P.Tl!\1.

    324 QUALITY PRINTERS . , .. .. , . . 462 354 SOFTWARE LINK. THE. . . 231 381 TELELBYTE TECHN OLOGY INC. 324
    325 QUANT SYSTEMS .. . , .. , .. , . . 466 355 SOFTWARE SOLUTI O NS INC. 395 382 TE LETEK ENTERPRISES. INC. .. . 31
    326 QUARK IN CORPORATED . . 146 356 SOLA ELECTRIC . .... .... . .. . . 51 TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS . . .... 325 INTERNATIONAL ADVERTISING SECTION
    327 OUBIE. .. . . • , .. , . . . . . . 167 316 SOLUTION SYSTEMS . . . . . . 358 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS ..... • . .. 11
    328 OUHIE . • • . • • ........•... . 169 358 SOLUTION SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . 361 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. . . . 98. 99 500 AMER ICAN BUYING & EXPORT 320
    329 OUELO .. . . . . . . .......... . 462 357 SOLUTIONWARE CORP . 464 384 THREE M COMPANY . .. . . 140, 141 BYTE . . . . . . . . .... 328
    330 OUESTI ONAIRE SERVICE CO .. 462 359 SOURCE TELECOMP CORP .. 293 142 TIGERTRONICS . ....... . . . . . 460 501 CASIO COMPUTER CO. . ...... 32C
    331 RADIO SHACK . . . . . CIV 360 SP COMPUTERS . . . . 78 TINNEY. ROBERT GR A PHICS . . 289 502 MULTITECH INDUSTRl.~L CORP 32A
    332 RA IMA CORP . . . , .. , . . •. . • . . 200 361 SrECTRUM SOFTWARE . .. .... 165 TINNEY ROBERT GRAPHICS ... 428
    333 RAINBOW TECHNOLOGIES . •• . 466 362 SPRUCE TE CHNOLOGY CORP .. 132 385 TOPAZ. INC. ' 240 No dM1cstic i11quirirs. plrt1S1',

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    496 BYTE • APRIL 1985

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    I purchase li th is t1 'PY by D S ubsrnp r1 o n D Newssra n li . com p ute r store. or bookstore
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