Plant Cells

Plant Cells
Structure and
functions
What is a cell?
• the smallest unit that can carry
on all of the processes of life.
Early Scientist that led to the Cell Theory
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Robert Hooke – coined the
(1600s) – given credit for deve- term “cell” when he looked
loping the 1st mini microscope, at slices of cork and dead
looked at pond water and made plant cells
detailed drawings
• Robert Brown (1833)- • Matthias Schleiden (1838)
observed a dark structure near – stated all plants are made
the center of the cell (we now of cells
know this is the nucleus)
• Theodor Schwann (1839) • Rudolph Virchow (1855) –
– discovered all animals are stated all cells come from the div
made of cells ision of preexisting cells
Cell Theory
 All living things are composed of cells.

 Cells are the basic units of structure an
d function in living things
 All cells come from pre-existing cells
Characteristics that all living things share
 Consist of organized parts (cells)
 Obtain energy from their surroundings
 Perform chemical reactions
 Change with time (evolution)
 Respond to their environments
 Reproduce
 Maintain constant internal environment
(homeostasis)
 Share a common history
Relationship between a cell’s shape
and its function
• Diversity of • Can be simple Cell shape
shapes reflect or complex de evolved to
s diversity of pending on its allow the cell
functions function to perform its
function
effectively
What factor limits the size that most
cells are able to obtain?
• Limited by the • Most cells range

relationship of the cell’s from 10-100µm
outer surface area to
its volume
Structurally Speaking, cells
can either be
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Characteristic Prokaryote Eukaryote
Cell membrane ✔ ✔
Cytoplasm ✔ ✔
Genetic material ✔ ✔
Nucleus ✘ ✔
Organelles ✔(only ribosome) ✔
Archaea ✔ ✘
Bacteria ✔ ✘
Plants, animals, fungi, ✘ ✔

protists
Parts of a Plant Cell
• Cell Wall
• Plasma Membrane
• Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- Dictyosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Microbodies
- Plastids
- Cytoskeleton
- Vacuoles
- Nucleus
Cell Wall
• Only in plants, bacteria and fungi
• Structure
- lies outside the cell membrane
- made of fibers of cellulose (plants)
- very porous
• Function
- helps to protect and support the
cell
- gives rectangular shape to plant
cells
Cell Membrane
• Structure:
- Phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic
tails
- Contains lipids, proteins
(channels) and carbohydrate
chains (identification cards)
• Function:
- Regulates what enter and
leave the cell
- Semi-permeable membrane
- Protection and support
Mitochondria
• Structure
- Double membrane
Cristae – inner folds, increase
surface area
Outer membrane for protection of
organelle
• Function
-”Powerhouse” of the cell- produces ATP (cell energy)
- Able to self replicate (↑# in cells with high energy
need)
- Releases energy from food for organism to use in
the process of cellular respiration
Dictyosomes (Golgi bodies)
• Disk-shaped sacs that are
stacked-up together in a
flat or cup-shaped array
close to ER.
• Produce secretory vesicles
that are either for export to
the outside of the cell or
for its own use – repair of its
worn-out parts or for the
formation of lysosomal vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum
• Structure
-network of flattened sacs
-can be rough (with ribosomes)
or smooth (without ribosomes)
• Function
-transport materials within or
out of the cell- intracellular
highway
-synthesis of macromolecules
- Rough – proteins, lipids
and carbs
- Smooth – lipids
Ribosomes
• Structure
- little “dots”
- small (25 nm) ball like
structure
- found free floating in
cytoplasm or attached to
rough ER
- composed of RNA and
protein
• Function
-synthesis of proteins
(where proteins are made)
Microbodies
• Numerous spherical bodies about 0.5-1.5 µm
in diameter
• Two classes:
1. glyoxysomes – only found in plant cells
- involved in converting stored fats into
sugars in plants
- important in germination of oily seeds,
such as those of sunflower, peanut and
coconut
2. peroxisomes
 Both types isolate reactions that either produce or use

the compound hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Contain
enzyme catalase, which detoxifies peroxides
Plastids
• Always have inner and outer membra
nes and an inner fluid called stroma
• Maybe group into:
Chromoplast- colored
plastids (include chloroplast
and carotene
Leucoplasts – large
unpimented plastids (include
proplastids and amyloplasts)
 All of these pigments help in the

process of photosynthesis.
Cytoskeleton
• In plants – microtubule, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
• Function - maintains cell shape and provides internal support
Microtubules – hollow tubes of proteins, hold organelles in
place, maintain shape, acts as tracks that
guide organelle movement
Intermediate filaments – rods that anchor organelles in place
Microfilaments – long and threadlike, used for cell movement
Cilia – short, hairlike projections used for cell movement
Flagella – long, hairlike projections used for movement
Centrioles –organize microtubules during cell division
Vacuole
• In plants – 1 large, central

• Function:
- storage of water, salts,
protein, carbohydrates,
waste products
- Pressure system for
plants, prevents wilting
Nucleus
• Control center of the cell (where chromatin material is
found). Its main parts are:
Nuclear envelope – outermost covering of the nucleus

Composed of membrane perforated
by numerous pores
Nucleoplasm – granular fluid inside nucleus
Chromatin- darkly-staining bodies inside nucleus,
contains genes
Nucleolus – site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA
The End!

Plant Cells

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Plant Cells

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Plant Cells

 All living things are composed of cells.

• Limited by the • Most cells range

Organelles ✔(only ribosome) ✔

Plants, animals, fungi, ✘ ✔

 Both types isolate reactions that either produce or use

 All of these pigments help in the

• In plants – 1 large, central

Nuclear envelope – outermost covering of the nucleus

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