Experiment 1

Aim : To study various operating systems and their components

Introduction
An operating system (OS) is a software program that intermediates computer hardware and
user applications. It manages and controls various hardware resources, provides a user
interface, and offers a platform for running and executing software applications. An
operating system is the foundation upon which all other software and user interactions rely.
Operating systems play a crucial role in managing the complex interactions between
hardware and software, enabling users to interact with computers and devices in a seamless
and efficient manner.

Features
Operating systems offer a wide range of features and functionalities to manage hardware
resources, provide a user-friendly interface, and facilitate the execution of software
applications.
1. Multitasking: Operating systems enable multiple applications or processes to run
concurrently, sharing the CPU's time and resources. This allows users to switch between
tasks seamlessly.
2. Multiuser Support: Many operating systems support multiple users with different accounts
and privileges. This is common in server environments and systems shared by multiple users.
3. Memory Management: Operating systems manage system memory to allocate and
deallocate memory to processes efficiently, preventing memory leaks and optimizing overall
system performance.
4. File System: Operating systems provide a file system to organize and manage files and
directories on storage devices. This includes methods for creating, deleting, moving, and
accessing files.
5. Device Management: OSes handle communication with hardware devices such as printers,
disks, network interfaces, and USB devices. They provide device drivers to enable proper
interaction.
6. Security and Access Control: Operating systems implement security measures to protect data
and resources. This includes user authentication, password policies, access controls, and
encryption.
7. User Interface: Operating systems offer user interfaces for interaction. This can be a
command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI), which allows users to
interact with the system and applications easily.
8. Networking: Many modern OSes include networking capabilities, enabling communication
over local and wide area networks. This is essential for sharing resources and data between
systems.
9. Error Handling and Logging: OSes monitor system events and errors, logging them for
troubleshooting purposes. This helps administrators diagnose issues and maintain system
health.
10. Virtualization and Containerization: Some OSes support virtualization technologies, allowing
multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical machine. Containerization is a form of
lightweight virtualization that enables isolated application environments.
Architecture

Functions of Operating Systems

1. Process Management: The OS handles processes (individual instances of programs) by

allocating resources, scheduling their execution, and managing their termination.
2. Memory Management: The OS manages the computer's memory hierarchy, allocating and
deallocating memory as needed by different processes to ensure efficient usage.
3. File System Management: The OS manages files on storage devices, organizing them into
directories and providing methods for creating, deleting, reading, and writing files.
4. Device Management: It controls and coordinates the use of various hardware devices, such
as printers, disks, and network interfaces.
5. User Interface: The OS provides a user interface that allows users to interact with the
computer, whether through a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface
(GUI).
Differentiate between Cloud OS and Mobile OS

Aspect Cloud OS Mobile OS

Definition An OS for managing cloud infrastructure An OS for mobile devices like smartphones
and resources in data centers. and tablets.

Purpose To manage and provide cloud services To provide a user-friendly interface and app
and resources. compatibility on mobile devices.

Usage Used by cloud service providers and data Used by individual users on their mobile
centers. devices.

Focus Infrastructure management, resource User interaction, app compatibility,

allocation. hardware integration.

Key Features Virtualization management, container Touch-based UI, app stores, power
orchestration, scalability. management, hardware integration.

Security Emphasizes network and data center Focuses on securing user data and apps.
security.

Examples OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack, Android (Google), iOS (Apple), HarmonyOS
VMware Cloud Foundation. (Huawei).

Resource Virtual machines, containers, storage, Apps, CPU, memory, battery, sensors.
Allocation network.

Scalability Emphasizes dynamic scaling and resource Prioritizes efficient use of mobile hardware.
optimization.

App Ecosystem Offers APIs and tools for cloud service Supports app development and distribution
deployment. through app stores.

Management Data center management, resource App management, device settings, updates.
orchestration.

Integration Focuses on integration with cloud Integration with mobile hardware

services and APIs. components (camera, GPS, etc.).
Cloud OS
Comparison of CloudMe, Amoeba OS and Slap OS

Aspect CloudMe Amoeba OS SLAP OS

Definition A cloud storage and file A distributed operating A decentralized operating

synchronization service. system for high-performance system for networked
computing. devices.

Purpose Cloud storage, file syncing, High-performance Decentralized and

and sharing. distributed computing. collaborative computing.

Usage Used by individuals and Used in research Designed for collaborative

businesses for file storage. environments for parallel and distributed tasks.
computing.

Focus Cloud storage and Distributed computing across Decentralized and peer-to-
synchronization services. a cluster of machines. peer computing.

Key Features File syncing, sharing, data Distributed process Peer-to-peer architecture,
backup. management, fault data sharing.
tolerance.

Security Emphasizes data security and Security mechanisms for Focuses on secure and
encryption for cloud storage. distributed computing. decentralized operations.

Examples CloudMe (Cloud storage Research project, not widely SLAP (Self-certifying,
service). adopted. Linkable, and Anonymous
Packets).

Resource Utilizes cloud storage Efficient utilization of cluster Distributed resource

Usage resources. resources. sharing.

Scalability Scalable storage and file Scalable computing across Scalable peer-to-peer
synchronization. multiple nodes. networking.

Integration Emphasizes integration with Integration with distributed Focuses on decentralized

file systems and devices. computing frameworks. networking.

Collaboration Limited collaboration Collaboration features not a Collaboration and data

features beyond file sharing. primary focus. sharing emphasized.
Mobile OS
Comparison between BlackBerry OS, Android OS and Windows Mobile OS

Aspect BlackBerry OS Android OS Windows Mobile OS

Developer BlackBerry Limited Google Microsoft

Purpose Designed for BlackBerry Designed for a wide range Designed for smartphones
devices. of mobile devices. and handhelds.

Usage Primarily used in older Used in various Primarily used in older

BlackBerry devices. smartphone brands. Windows devices.

Focus Security and productivity Customizability, app Integration with Windows

features. ecosystem. ecosystem.

Key Features Secure communication, Open ecosystem, diverse Integration with Microsoft
enterprise features. app availability. services.

Security Strong emphasis on Security mechanisms, app Security features,

security and encryption. permissions. enterprise integration.

App Ecosystem Limited app availability Large app ecosystem via Windows Store for apps
compared to rivals. Google Play Store. and games.

User Interface Initially had a distinctive Customizable interface Interface evolved with
interface. across devices. different versions.

Business Strong focus on enterprise Used by businesses and Focus on integration with
Integration communication. consumers alike. Office suite.

Customizability Less emphasis on user High level of customization Customizable interface

customization. and flexibility. and settings.

End of Life BlackBerry OS 10 reached Active and evolving with Discontinued in favor of
its end. new versions. Windows 10.

Legacy Known for physical Varied hardware designs Popular in enterprise and
QWERTY keyboards. and features. consumer markets.