[3oe —_ [530 Macroscopic —— PY eArcKcopte. Clypsicul lechories —> Sueandum SMechonics Newton a Plan PLarke b Guartein , Bohr, Schrodinger, de. Brake , Heisentery, Barn, Wave Prrticle Dua bity Jo The pheten Gncepf gril Wa lave tseny of Utr Ganphamiacdy each coher . wave pasture Rurhicle naferre, Inderferen& a Photo -electuc efgect (id Diffraction : WD Cmhtn effect. de Breghie Waves :- de-Broglie Fasfuleted thet 0 gree pordiele, cork mas ym moving 2th fbeed py fhald fave a wavebyglh A heLaded fo J$8 momensum exactly ths fame way od ft & photon. A pheto of Liykt of fey. D fea the memenfum,Black Godly Kediotion A: Body which abror anddent on st eshout Lechon 2 knevon op a bck bo patohor. Tp Wr not poss! bla. to make a perfectly Mack bodg sn actual prac che, a body closely Ch ee reD a blk body Gn fe Consfructeol wang. a holleoo abject coated (fot 4, toile. pith Laney black wma hevieg « Are hole 3 almost compe tly obsorbed due 42 multiple pagan In 18593, kirchoff formlded, (1? A btsele booty not only absorbs all He Padkidion dnddendt on J bed b abo a poyfect radiator a higher. temp. GD The Radiation emfed y q block books. Apacs a on Fhe temperatura ond nor ot FAR native of Ha boty. bs a the padatiorye) In 1884, Stefan ond Boldgnenn Aheoedl ee total energy Aadlated 4 a black body por onl area per unt Arma i Proper tonal to Phe frurth poser of ts shrolute pony. ees EE las Be Tee ohne GF Id ptefon’s Groton st. In 1893, Wien obteined srs following taro pralations knoon ay Wey AT= Grtmt- et & T= Gorton eS) A> Loavelng dh corte greatest enryy clewsidy , T > Pbxlute top, Ersvyy pachated per unit area pr Unit Are, oyu" @ abo expremed oD CH — She re E,daA = as e aa Bp eee Boe ee tk finite. ’This Confyadichs Stefan? fourth power Low ard homes rod valid for very high demp. Thx Wein tans feild #0 predic ths Ma a pr ae dave bys ame very Pee) The Key lah - Jor forrle clevelepesl inn 190°. a Goa = Soe) x» te. pr very Are Save bong ths , the oe dhnwidy on sncroming, . This Cntradhcd Observations thee Ae enrgy a PO on creas. fer rey Aro wsovelong thsThus the Wiens formals explained pra experimentel curve at prof 1.1. bet fered ot Joven 09.4. and Kayleigh - Jeans formula ts bo geod of ay oot, bet foils at Amol v9.4, Frere forrliire #2 explain da entine blewk bo peadjahor Apect vir Undicates dhe ele Ha cloosier! prove theory es Lo Lao ie W A black body cowab oF 2 oy number of od Nedig forties, cach cndifebing colle choracterbdtc G) The csulladors emit Aachation rtich fod 42 pore We. oo He fry gf esellaton Y osciMatan . Gi The padiation 2 emitted in packets or bandeld ¥ anergy called guanda oF Prekrs Inbded of condinuors wave.All photers apsociosed ott Liybt poy, D° Awe sha Aare emery gow bp, | -34 Gher hws Plorrk boot. ha b626xI0 FS Undors esther absorb or enut— (iv> The ode! facliatrony energy which jd pr dypla CS) ie ge 7 E,= nhY bu ie Sas ee poith tetel Derivation’ et pun be’ oc cilladorh ary En, . Then average ery af Oe ascrlloden yD, (z eee — (1) : N valuas spr He cscilladorAr Ne, The. possibe crea -nhy ere. Oy Prov, EN GSO a= number gf gpcllaters Lote Ahaar eneagid ere. be Me) We Ny, --- Nn Ace. 40 Maxee 3 cbiodr'budier , —hh es N. 2 ooher ae ee N, = nN, =e foe ie es As N = No +N, + M2 P--- ie _phy ~3be KT ee fron Binomial Cxpernsion. [4 24 oc pe ~~ (I 1-2 2 ee — @ poe Plo crc'lladors with ertezgy oe ee A en N - e Bo eee a ce L energy. coil! be. Baba ef aD Gels ae ip thy? De ie pone Ent che hae Dib ne — 2h? ~ AD se RT ee 52 ee ea Eee = No hv 2 (14+ 2 pee td Aom Binomial e a f= Srnec ae js BR ESN ER Fo ~ > se el De AY a " (1-2) - few ope” @ 4@ : No hY x See ee to = ee = =) le I-x = he oa, E = ee) : pee ee Volaursr ae. as The number Gf 2° any abot: pee A ee Z Tha erayy pt anit eC am wok Aang A # Arda Eye oe : a pea Baa = oe etBodh a | ET oA. hA ” 98) a La oe The Prk 6 (ano 1309 abe #° completely explain black body dition Peer Wein Doplacement La fron Ranks bo! Cita faditinn Go), Ba ORES well da me ene) wet Ber pmall foup. nt yal wwavelasg7h are pmol. he eon =» 4 Ue raglecding 1, Hence he I yyy eee a da aA — rene : See Eda = eS aad a oe Chih y wens lo,‘@®© Te find the 19.1. of tohich Hae montomuny emarory 1a Radiosed , phe mathemebic Guolid'onr M. d& dA ” h | ee DY rod As and pebstiduding x Coho &e cor} ar hee. Gages ee RE Che 2S Goof Aon #7 4-963-K Me ela 2.898 x10 mK Tie ee equ” preci pot fro ‘ oN toh manimam amernt A pooliodion er Hreol Ahafbs fouls Ahorter OLKay eth Jeans, avs for Gents far ® For os valug o aT ALS becann very are, Macs he or Seq he Soi iis: o = ag ee Be ten Nepscies Ng len crdbr fears, abies he Ak ‘ie NR a apes BiB Scbsb beding fry Radhidhion fromonde,, ne Be [ be Jo A we FE — thick by hey dgh Jean LO: Stemfan’s ous from Checks Joss !- The 4otal erswy esithin 4 car igy ge all wd Con be obtained by tndeproding opm ver A=o #02 A =S0 f= faaae ee Smo 7s fo : ae = 3 ve let oe he he Gs AKT ae ie T an ESE dw Peaks Hence Pra erorgy vacated per arr rem pecunit AI ber'll abo bX propetiored so 4 : T | which ty Abe fan ~ Boltzmsns dod.Cjfee fi- Ta Sodlerng of 4 baton an 2 Calle! thr Cron effect. Cnargy cmd yromendum Bt Conserve! th Anh evend-, om oo 4 pesult fta pcabhersd pheton bos Lets energy (lerger waveloy/t,) thon Pbodorn the tncjdlenf- get nn iat Lg ~ooTOO—O—=eeET | Sanaa) by E=hd — Targp Jé 2 poe i p= he ee E = frre pee for - PSB Sen No : eeIn toa orignal) poten direction aad Tnittiol momsndam = Big f mers Heet, Bi4o = oer poo. L” te Hy beech. mathe Leif) mamocstima = firs! nevmsotesm. otros = Sing — PSIne. —@ Pail Hi bly by Cc oxd pep te bc @e pp — he! @P —@? pe Sine = hy Sing (2 ; OX A OOP + (aadSing pec* = (he BUY bY - = (hy — aly Gr? oop + ar) ‘ prc™ Y the portich Ee = KE +mer 2 € = [ment prce (Ke tmet) = mechs pies pret = KE + 4p 2 (ED ACP _ mye ter ce perms ame bE 2 hy- ho’ = KE :pret = (hv)*= 2622 G22 12D 2 mer (ArT —( Bb body Hip votes inte @2. amc® (ry-hv) = 2 (hor (1- wg) Dividing thr ee” 2) ake 5 < 2 ms. (2 =2 ”' - &p _ l1- @f ee me (4 - i ae aa 2 A me -a Ve a As p= (352 ae = ee fe (-@g) Thy ege™ a” ts. phates be 7 omebegt aif fot / poterd threwgxh ety gn Pat ew" sah TR ”y Jndupon ded gf ihe aA go the dn cident fe photen: pete wptig OP pote APE Gupim = os bbe ES Wavebaghr . “ me ~ g1x10 Thy A ax 108 i = 9.426 pm. 7 hot Sih _ E/Sin # ae won d= ee E-€'@£ chick pres oa ogee of fot] FJele) Worveboh Ce. a ft snudheud Pbote | from ay we rote Y2,/ Hy peel: weet Choiass, Pommb l. Orerporcb to $= 180°, when ts Ware Chena 7! be tisicx Ye Cntr seve bog h, ae Because Ae = 2436 pm ff an @ amd even Ly f2 other porticls ooirg to tal Lair peo Trae) , thy morwmum Save. ee Dy As Cup ten effect 5 4.852 pm. Ze Kreg) of OSA orn Aco. by aC ina block of Grbon trrrngh 90°. Fire ths. wave lungs Gf 45H pub A BO ON ao as tod Bett. pdm = AAA = OSB4L, one Aorags Af wavelogpl jon ons. prot from 2 bagat Peta fe: ae 7 ts X-rays Aodt trregp, ECO eae aie coave baht promet th Aot Cea) tLe mordmum Roo. fecotl 2, 7 fe COZ: A Lew = o-/o71« CP Ale ar dhs Got = o14arn” OP ee aces = boc ei marimam Ke. phecoll © = he (K- Ainan dD = AP A = 4.037 x10" ev,Cnatten wave oy de Broglie save) e@ de Brogden eooweloagdh aie Phedurr! Es KD Plonks peladjorr Ene. Ensteinta peloton. pateg from hv = mer FF kD = Pe CLR re) A act ? ey) fe KS Poe = fe ¢ ») a ee For mote Rial porbirke © 1 KE. pm ‘mateusl Payoh ke ie ba pomaes a) aimee z: a me - £ A eC P= Jame teufn [a= Pea REE = DD ber a chorgect able he a ome Gi? ot tenperahrx T, ES A ————— [SM kgT Keb soyTn 192% Deviseen amd Garner. pdichd exparimerdally the cleahon waves pucicted by de Bopha. Dorvivnon an Garmen wert Atudying tax 4rabvew of 24 om a nickel peigel wnrg an op prt Als. thot jffepehad yn Ge Election Tretderf- | efecto? bear ZBva bora beam, Nick Tas ic Fig . Darinen rand Cxrmer Exe fatwimont-We The enwnpy of He er m #2 primary foarre , ths af, which they ar tnajtent rpen dhs tes can Ais. ferbion of ts detector cartel alf be prried. The ntakel darget is subjected to ruck 2 Aigh tomb pre otmerd Mot Js Cv woe) A reo vee oer aptly. In fu pe ae Bpeaame anomalas Ord tre. Adflected fer Laity dheved Sfrtking maxima and minkmr rmSfend of a pa ciaeiad fem aes y Aca teud Beet Loney, Te Portion of de parma or minima observed pended! upon the 2° erenyy, hin, Hey purprcded ees me Oo BE te Ap meie een tee L hea Argh. Ty phos tot e+ tehwe. rE) rnder ebrsein evrewm Moros) Toprol , Ls oF ) fobe paph Ye dtennity oper ths hood rear - pert axe Ahoveny f heom 4av 4+8v 4ov Sav + GeV ‘cals TH ty chsered Hot a aie tepins fo -afpcer, Ir the ceurnt at 44 KU elhethrors, The Gar ph mvs Leper for SY voy wet eotabibAe 9h s0° 2, S54 yells drs. alia -agelin climiniyhes TAs —_

Amplitude 4 = Angulor frequency k > love number or wove vector x > Space Note :— W= ary & k= ae y= VA = VARET = Any. ar (2%) wa LH rk uv ¥ z Phase and Gneup Velocity '- =o x= Wave packet :- 7 A wove packe# oy concentroted bunch ob waved Corresponding #0 a certain wavelength A compris a Gr“. 4 number G waves Aug) thy tiff ar velocity ad asave bug th, lott phere and cof isu Auch © Hed- Uilergars construchely ever a Are on BS pppoe foretcharr tebe Lo/ thin tobvels ta porticle cam be Located and cut dice tus Apacer ey inten here dertnuedively Ao thod the ampbrfrcle fcuce 4 zenro. The velocity with which a poave packet moves forcorel m the medium js called Gu. velocity - The averes Veloity of the advancement of indi dual “monochromate wave im the medium bsrth totich a wave poacket /5 Constructed 73 called wove veloctty er phare Velo ty. ’B® Y, = A @ (wt - kx) Wy = A G [Wot awdt -—Ke raed x] 1G&C+@®D=2H eam) G (C=?) = Y = 2ACos | 0 + w+ Aw)t = CK+ K+AK) 7] es Go [(4=y4=awr# = Cy ye ak) x] 2 y= PAs [ @ezee)+ - (2k ta") x] Gs @bt- Ak» “@ED -@B Aw & Ak ip very Amal Gmporwe( te WO #k 2O+ 40 BH 2w okt AR BY 2k Y= 2AG (od - fer) Go (APA = A xc) & \ i Me I » a 4 SIX } Fd “—s pS " ~[s aepor velocity a Ab, _ plo ¢ the Ak ohen 1 amd k have continuous Spreads then [ee wu = SH a dk CP de - Broglie Phove velocity : k= 28 aA Since farticle velocity < ¢ then Up 2 € (Hos is i+ possible 2) “Wid de-~Breglie Group velouity | - Oe to= any= anE_ aemch_ grimec™ A ont i % v ef f= ye du _ grmc* d hn dv ~~ gp Ca) = tare [oy (8 wy Tg ay ey) ay 2nrMev (wD hh =e 3A. a (1 a) k= #2 2 An _ amp. army A Ce) bh A 25 a arin “ye Se e v(t- ¥, hf ie My eve i, dk. ame ot [y (i v2)” dk v li- YZ.) | ape [rpenies rE] = 4nis [ vy bh = Ene om ia | 2) Se CO ae (age (Ro BES ds _ ar Me ea — (Ao sfwoe = _ de leo /y a5 @ a dk aAkK/quo Ly = y Aubstiteting ths volus e frm en’(19 & >. Hence the group velouty i» egual to tre Velocs’ tes particle. Hence a moving particle 1 equivalent to a wave packet or Gr? of waver: Gi Relation bo Group yelooty ancl Phase velocity >- Vp = OA, oF w= kp oa _ du, B= ke) = wt k ae = vw + 2 de eo ae eR bend (ve) SS ty ante = TR den — vy, Lb _dvp 0" Con Vg =Vp-A oe for dispersive modium- For non-dispersive medium inn which weave veleuty b independent of pyre ten (dve 0) an Vg = Vp for free space-lave punchin omal cave eguacton '- os loaves par tn genstel abserciated tari guontieed tot yor periocicolt DL core of wetter weve , Hes guonsities pst vanes porwdticaly Wy called save feretion YW, Y per no dined pigncl Bymipicomes In by ret om obervebl Gucrntidg. However, tHe palit qf fru wave farcton ty pelted fo #2 probability 4 pe"4 dhe pantiel. at a given lor oF 0 given dims. A Complex (orre porter Y con Be written in ts peor Y= ArtB poten A ond Bore frac a y= A-tB , Tras YR Js aleoogs Le pondive root Bsc HF pur ave] of oe Get Pol | het vz dx ddde a Pespex Hes 7. wave finer! WD YL must be fide every whore, D + west be Sieg Ie valued WD PY must be Cyrus oma Nove a Grinuous p jueti ee Gfirtt cerivetive eveyy (ieee 2%, 24.85 Normalized and Brthogaral ie ponebin ne. dv= 1 Fama ee porrcton. * Obes ame porction. Not Aecepyable 4 oo YK dv 2 0 Looa a eee Lndipandlort Sredingen Eu? - Steady =e Grd a Ape Ze Atatlonoay woe eg fo bo Ve anrceitded wth Ppulith.. Lee Y&v pe Jad wave cheyactersiics wf” Ha. de. Broglie save Levg hh, af- og diuthion drs Pree + zk a dime t. ae st ty ay ‘ aot y ot =e On ag~ a& u ot” pate pherr UD the ave vred 2 yetociey. a att a : a Th gonsscl fol gf te ee” OD adot % by he an decls. yp = te € oe Port Gotdered “= fot eee Oe ot ot J = Hw YH , “eC SKbshilifpe Hos value undo op yp re -= -7 w=A2KyY a 2u a ze) w= 2 Ve rere a ge arn? _ ae mal ee YWse EU A= Ke + pees _ gmvs Vv mr £ me or mv cam (E-V) Sebstibute tvs tr ep) fr) tot e E-v = OF, 4m ame 4 = ay ann E- $ 9 Tre Tee es Were. ZOE - Ere vy + pee i Fa Veo L, nds yen oe o, 5 :2 NE Lamar. Dependhrt Schrodinger Ea” '- = ender fo obfain a time dependerod Schrodinger oyun, Let dot a P= Be . fot 2 i Gry ier EY ( ~ Eahy 2D Ey = ik et : Substiteing tho ales br bime. independent Sborodinge— eye's : vive ay fin ot vo} =o ry 2 2m fix St — ve K eae ves (~ es , avr le Vv +v )# 3% ot TR equ" Ww dno ms defpovdo I debovoling Pre operate (Aer) py called Haribforusen ener Ped oy H a frtatke re ane AES EY in opener fam. Jue =eMifphictction of Schrodinger. WR8 f0\!- e) @& Fantiole im 0 tee Veo ft ocx eb Vises tenn oe oor Sefrodlingor. ware ee” 2 fortes esi don well as ar ame Soe ge b+ _ oe py KY 20 hee Ke ame Oxr tha pred jet” of 2 eg Y = A Sin kx +B Qk Crilifion. . __-(@) Alig He bows Y=z0 at * = potseh means phe prbability of PAT te porbich at to will x20 YD 2re- =O A Sin O + BO?a ee ee Oe A Sin KL + BOs kl =o ASin kL =o the pum fonseypied (how Lk = nr => k= a “ ko = nr of ame _ neee [Ee RP L ot ae yin kK (herr n= 4, 2,3,.-- ) oe TiS (49) ls kneson OD Eneagy eigen valor , poo come pncin fs Lian phon) 5 gon eq (2 Y =A Sin nee 22 TK dino He pales of A, WE we the normalization [Lt a seg Mh pprtdicts. roith br Since He poobebility of POI box. a>) Dd ctf - L par? [ Sin” BES de =] Gs 20 = | 25inB 2 “Z ial 7 2 | Ci- Ge epee ji 2 ale eo - Ss - & 20 Sint a3 aoe ° oytal’ { bal - [sexsi eee f = Gy @ * {a-29 = ¢ (e-e)} =4