Sita1502 Customer Interface Design and Development-165-219

UNIT – III – Customer Interface Design and Development – SITA1502
UNIT 3 SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING
Introduction To PHP – Data Types – Control Structures – Arrays - Function – HTML Form with
PHP – Form Handling and Validation - File Handling – Cookies – Sessions – Filters – Exception
Handling - Database Connectivity with MySQL.
Introduction to PHP
• Acronym for “PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor”.
• PHP is a widely-used, open-source server-side scripting language that is embedded in HTML.
It is used to manage dynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build entire e-
commerce sites.
• It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle,
Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.
• PHP Syntax is C-Like.
• PHP scripts are executed on the server
• PHP is free to download and use
Common uses of PHP
• PHP performs system functions, i.e. from files on a system it can create, open, read, write,
and close them.
• PHP can handle forms, i.e. gather data from files, save data to a file, through email you can
send data, return data to the user.
• You add, delete, modify elements within your database through PHP.
• Access cookies variables and set cookies.
• Using PHP, you can restrict users to access some pages of your website.
• It can encrypt data.
What is a PHP File?
• PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code
• PHP code is executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain HTML
• PHP files have extension ".php"
What Can PHP Do?
• PHP can generate dynamic page content

• PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
• PHP can collect form data
• PHP can send and receive cookies
• PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
• PHP can be used to control user-access
• PHP can encrypt data
With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images, PDF files, and even Flash
movies. You can also output any text, such as XHTML and XML.
Why PHP?
• PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)

• PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
• PHP supports a wide range of databases
• PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP resource: www.php.net
• PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
Example: - "Hello World" Script in PHP
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello World</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php echo "Hello, World!";?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Hello, World!
All PHP code must be included inside one of the three special markup tags which are recognised by
the PHP Parser.
<?php PHP code goes here ?>

<? PHP code goes here ?>
<script language = "php"> PHP code goes here </script>
A most common tag is the <?php...?>
PHP Variables
• All php variables are denoted with a leading dollar sign ($).
• The value of a variable is the value of its most recent assignment.
• Variables are assigned with the = operator, with the variable on the left-hand side and the
expression to be evaluated on the right.
• Variables can, but do not need, to be declared before assignment.
• Variables in PHP do not have intrinsic types - a variable does not know in advance whether
it will be used to store a number or a string of characters.
• Variables used before they are assigned have default values.
• PHP does a good job of automatically converting types from one to another when necessary.
PHP Data Types

Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do different things.
PHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct our variables −
• Integers − are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.
• Doubles − are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.
• Booleans − have only two possible values either true or false.
• NULL − is a special type that only has one value: NULL.
• Strings − are sequences of characters, like 'PHP supports string operations.'
• Arrays − are named and indexed collections of other values.
• Objects − are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can package up both other
kinds of values and functions that are specific to the class.
• Resources − are special variables that hold references to resources external to PHP (such as
database connections).
The first five are simple types, and the next two (arrays and objects) are compound - the compound
types can package up other arbitrary values of arbitrary type, whereas the simple types cannot.
1. Integers
They are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195. They are the simplest type .they
correspond to simple whole numbers, both positive and negative. Integers can be assigned to
variables, or they can be used in expressions as following,
$int_var = 12345;
$another_int = -12345 + 12345;
2. Doubles
They like 3.14159 or 49.1. By default, doubles print with the minimum number of decimal places
needed. For example, the code −
Example:
<?php
$a = 2.2888800;
$b = 2.2111200;
$c = $a + $b;
print("$a + $b = $c <br>");
?>
Output:
2.28888 + 2.21112 = 4.5
3. Boolean
They have only two possible values either true or false. PHP provides a couple of constants especially
for use as Booleans: TRUE and FALSE, which can be used like so −
if (TRUE)
print("This will always print<br>");
else
print("This will never print<br>");
Each of the following variables has the truth value embedded in its name when it is used in a
Boolean context.
$true_num = 3 + 0.14159;
$true_str = "Tried and true"
$true_array[49] = "An array element";
$false_array = array();
$false_null = NULL;
$false_num = 999 - 999;
$false_str = "";
4. NULL
NULL is a special type that only has one value: NULL. To give a variable the NULL value, simply assign
it like this –
$my_var = null;
Or
$my_var = NULL;
5. String
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!". A string can be any text inside
quotes. You can use single or double quotes:
Example:
<?php
$x= "Helloworld!";
$y= 'Helloworld!';
echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>
Output:
Helloworld!
Helloworld!
6. Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable. In the following example $cars is an array. The
PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and value:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
array(3) {
[0]=>
string(5) "Volvo"
[1]=>
string(3) "BMW"
[2]=>
string(6) "Toyota"
}
7. Object
•Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented programming.
•A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.
•When the individual objects are created, they inherit all the properties and behaviors from the
class, but each object will have different values for the properties.
• Let's assume we have a class named Car. A Car can have properties like model, color, etc.
We can define variables like $model, $color, and so on, to hold the values of these properties.
• When the individual objects (Volvo, BMW, Toyota, etc.) are created, they inherit all the
properties and behaviors from the class, but each object will have different values for the
properties.
• If you create a __construct() function, PHP will automatically call this function when you
create an object from a class. Notice that the construct function starts with two underscores
(__)!
Example:-
<?php
class Car {
public $color;
public $model;
public function construct($color, $model) {
$this->color = $color;
$this->model = $model;
}
public function message() {
return "My car is a ". $this->color . " " . $this->model . "!";
}
}
$myCar = new Car("black", "Volvo");

echo $myCar -> message();
echo "<br>";
$myCar = new Car("red", "Toyota");
echo $myCar -> message();
?>
Output:
My car is a black Volvo!
My car is a red Toyota!
8. Resource
The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a reference to functions and
resources external to PHP. They are special variables that hold references to resources external to PHP (such
as database connections). A common example of using the resource data type is a database call.
PHP Control Structures and Loops: if, else, for, foreach, while
The control structure controls the flow of code execution in application. Generally, a program is
executed sequentially, line by line, and a control structure allows you to alter that flow, usually depending
on certain conditions.
Control structures are core features of the PHP language that allow script to respond differently to
different inputs or situations. This could allow script to give different responses based on user input, file
contents, or some other data.
PHP supports a number of different control structures:
• if
• else
• elseif
• switch
• while
• do-while
• for
• foreach
1. PHP If Statement
The ‘if’ construct allows you to execute a piece of code if the expression provided along with it evaluates
to true.
Example:
<?php
$age = 50;
if ($age > 30)
{
echo "Your age is greater than 30!";
}
?>
Output: Your age is greater than 30!
2. PHP Else Statement

The ‘if’ construct, which allows you to execute a piece of code if the expression evaluates to true.
On the other hand, if the expression evaluates to false, it won't do anything. More often than not, you
also want to execute a different code snippet if the expression evaluates to false. That's where the
‘else’ statement comes into the picture.
Example:
<?php
$age = 50;
if ($age < 30)
{
echo "Your age is less than 30!";
}
else
{
echo "Your age is greater than or equal to 30!";
}
?>
Output: Your age is greater than or equal to 30!
3. PHP Else If Statement

We can consider the elseif statement as an extension to the if-else construct. If there are more than
two choices to choose from, we can use the elseif statement.
Example:
<?php
$age = 50;
if ($age < 30)
{
echo "Your age is less than 30!";
}
elseif ($age > 30 && $age < 40)
{
echo "Your age is between 30 and 40!";
}
elseif ($age > 40 && $age < 50)
{
echo "Your age is between 40 and 50!";
}
else
{
echo "Your age is greater than 50!";
}
?>
Output : Your age is greater than 50!
4. PHP Switch Statement

The switch statement is similar to a series of IF statements on the same expression. In many
occasions, you may want to compare the same variable (or expression) with many different values,
and execute a different piece of code depending on which value it equals to.
Example:
<?php
$favourite_site = 'Code';
switch ($favourite_site) {
case 'Business':
echo "My favourite site is business.tutsplus.com!";
break;
case 'Code':
echo "My favourite site is code.tutsplus.com!";
break;
case 'Web Design':
echo "My favourite site is webdesign.tutsplus.com!";
break;
case 'Music':
echo "My favourite site is music.tutsplus.com!";
break;
case 'Photography':
echo "My favourite site is photography.tutsplus.com!";
break;
default:
echo "I like everything at tutsplus.com!";
}
?>
Output: My favourite site is code.tutsplus.com!
In the above example, check the value of the $favourite_site variable, and based on the value
of the $favourite_site variable, print a message.
For each value you want to check with the $favourite_site variable, you have to define the case block.
If the value is matched with a case, the code associated with that case block will be executed. After
that, you need to use the break statement to end code execution. If you don't use the break statement,
script execution will be continued up to the last block in the switch statement.
Finally, if you want to execute a piece of code if the variable's value doesn't match any case, you can
define it under the default block. Of course, it's not mandatory—it's just a way to provide a default
case.
Loops in PHP
5. While Loop in PHP

The while loop is used when you want to execute a piece of code repeatedly until the while
condition evaluates to false.
Example:
<?php
$max = 0;
echo $i = 0;
echo ",";
echo $j = 1;
echo ",";
$result=0;
while ($max < 10 )
{
$result = $i + $j;
$i = $j;
$j = $result;
$max = $max + 1;
echo $result;
echo ",";
}
?>
It outputs the Fibonacci series for the first ten numbers.

Output:
0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,
6. Do-While Loop in PHP

The do-while loop is very similar to the while loop, with the only difference being that the while
condition is checked at the end of the first iteration. Thus, we can guarantee that the loop code is
executed at least once, irrespective of the result of the while expression.
Example:
<?php
$handle = fopen("file.txt", "r");
if ($handle)
{
do
{
$line = fgets($handle);
// process the line content
} while($line !== false);
}
fclose($handle);
?>
7. For Loop in PHP

Generally, the for loop is used to execute a piece of code a specific number of times. In other
words, if you already know the number of times you want to execute a block of code, it's the for loop
which is the best choice.
Example:
<?php
for ($i=1; $i<=10; ++$i)
{
echo sprintf("The square of %d is %d.</br>", $i, $i*$i);
}
?>
The above program outputs the square of the first ten numbers. It initializes $i to 1, repeats as long
as $i is less than or equal to 10, and adds 1 to $i at each iteration.
Output:
The square of 1 is 1.
8. For Each in PHP

The foreach loop is used to iterate over array variables. If you have an array variable, and you
want to go through each element of that array, the foreach loop is the best choice.
Example:
<?php
$fruits = array('apple', 'banana', 'orange', 'grapes');
foreach ($fruits as $fruit)
{
echo $fruit;
echo "<br/>";
}
$employee = array('name' => 'John Smith', 'age' => 30, 'profession' => 'Software Engineer');
foreach ($employee as $key => $value)
{
echo sprintf("%s: %s</br>", $key, $value);
echo "<br/>";
}
?>
Output:
apple
banana
orange
grapes
name: John Smith
age: 30
profession: Software Engineer
If you want to access array values, you can use the first version of the foreach loop, as shown
in the above example. On the other hand, if you want to access both a key and a value, you can do it
as shown in the $employee example above.
PHP Arrays
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time. If you have a list of items
(a list of car names, for example), the array can be created as follows:
Example:
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
Output: I like Volvo, BMW and Toyota.
Create an Array in PHP
In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array. In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
• Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

• Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
• Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays
The count() Function - Get The Length of an Array
The count() function is used to return the length (the number of elements) of an array:
Example:
<?php
echo count($cars);
?>
Output: 3
1. PHP Indexed Arrays
There are two ways to create indexed arrays. The index can be assigned automatically (index always
starts at 0), like this:

(Or)
The index can be assigned manually:
$cars[0] = "Volvo";
$cars[1] = "BMW";
$cars[2] = "Toyota";
Example:
<?php
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
Output: I like Volvo,BMW and Toyota
Loop Through an Indexed Array:
To loop through and print all the values of an indexed array, you could use a for loop, like this:
Example:
<?php
$arrlength = count($cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {
echo $cars[$x];
echo "<br>";
}
?>
Output:
Volvo
BMW
Toyota
2. PHP Associative Arrays
Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them. There are two ways to
create an associative array:
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

(Or)
$age['Peter'] = "35";
$age['Ben'] = "37";
$age['Joe'] = "43";
The named keys can then be used in a script:
Example
<?php
echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
Output: Peter is 35 years old.
Loop Through an Associative Array:
To loop through and print all the values of an associative array, you could use a foreach loop, like
this:
Example:
<?php
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
Output:
Key=Peter,Value=35
Key=Ben,Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
3. PHP - Multidimensional Arrays
A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays. PHP supports multidimensional
arrays that are two, three, four, five, or more levels deep. However, arrays more than three levels deep are
hard to manage for most people. The dimension of an array indicates the number of indices you need to
select an element.
For a two-dimensional array, two indices are needed to select an element. For a three-dimensional array,
three indices are needed to select an element.
PHP - Two-dimensional Arrays:
A two-dimensional array is an array of arrays (a three-dimensional array is an array of arrays of

arrays). Table.3.1
Table 3.1 Array information
Name Stock Sold

Volvo 22 18
BMW 15 13
Saab 5 2
Land Rover 17 15
We can store the data from the table above in a two-dimensional array, like this:
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
array("Land Rover",17,15)
);
Now the two-dimensional $cars array contains four arrays, and it has two indices: row and column.
To get access to the elements of the $cars array we must point to the two indices (row and column):
Example:
<?php
echo $cars[0][0].": In stock: ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0][2].".<br>";
?>
Output:
Volvo: In stock: 22, sold: 18.
BMW: In stock: 15, sold: 13.
Saab: In stock: 5, sold: 2.
Land Rover: In stock: 17, sold: 15.
We can also put a for loop inside another for loop to get the elements of the $cars array (we still have to
point to the two indices):
Example:
<?php
for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++) {
echo "<p><b>Row number $row</b></p>";
echo "<ul>";
for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {
echo "<li>".$cars[$row][$col]."</li>";
}
echo "</ul>";
}
?>
Output:
Row number 0
Volvo
22
18
Row number 1
BMW
15
13
Row number 2
Saab
5
2
Row number 3
Land Rover
17
15
PHP Sorting Arrays

The elements in an array can be sorted in alphabetical or numerical order, descending or ascending.
The following are the PHP array sort functions:
1. sort() - Sort arrays in ascending order
2. rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
3. asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value
4. ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key

5. arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the value
6. krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key
1. sort()
The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in ascending alphabetical order:
Example:-
<?php
sort($cars);
$clength = count($cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $clength; $x++) {
echo $cars[$x];
echo "<br>";
}
?>
Result:
BMW
Toyota
Volvo
2. rsort()
It sorts the elements of the $cars array in descending alphabetical order:
Example:-
<?php
rsort($cars);
$clength = count($cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $clength; $x++) {
echo $cars[$x];
echo "<br>";
}
?>
Result:
Volvo
Toyota
BMW
3. asort()
It sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the value:
Example:-
<?php
asort($age);
echo "<br>";
}
?>
Result:
Key=Joe,Value=29
Key=Ben,Value=35
Key=Peter, Value=37
4. ksort()
The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the key:
Example:-
<?php
ksort($age);

echo "<br>";
}
?>
Result:
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Peter, Value=35
5. Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Value - arsort()
It sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the value: For the same example given
above, the result for arsort() is as follows,
Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Peter, Value=35
6. Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Key - krsort()
It sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the key. For the above example, the result
for krsort() is as follows,
Key=Peter, Value=35
Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Ben, Value=37
PHP Functions
PHP has more than 1000 built-in functions, and in addition we can create our own custom
functions.
PHP Built-in Functions
PHP has over 1000 built-in functions that can be called directly, from within a script, to perform a
specific task.
PHP Date/Time Functions:

Function Description
date_add() Adds days, months, years, hours, minutes, and seconds to a date
date_diff() Returns the difference between two dates
date_format() Returns a date formatted according to a specified format
PHP String Functions:

Function Description
print() Outputs one or more strings
printf() Outputs a formatted string
str_pad() Pads a string to a new length
str_repeat() Repeats a string a specified number of times
PHP User Defined Functions
Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions.
• A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.

• A function will not execute automatically when a page loads.
• A function will be executed by a call to the function.
• Create a User Defined Function in PHP
• A user-defined function declaration starts with the word function:
Syntax:
function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}
Note: A function name must start with a letter or an underscore. Function names are NOT case-
sensitive.
Example:-
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg(); // call the function
?>
Output: Hello world!
PHP Function Arguments
Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An argument is just like a variable.
Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many arguments as
you want, just separate them with a comma.
The following example has a function with one argument ($fname). When the familyName() function
is called, we also pass along a name (e.g. Jani), and the name is used inside the function, which outputs several
different first names, but an equal last name:
Example:
<?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname <br>";
}
familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("Kai Jim");
familyName("Borge");
?>
Result:
Jani
Hege
Stale
Kai Jim
Borge
The following example has a function with two arguments ($fname and $year):
<?php
function familyName($fname, $year) {
echo "$fname Born in $year <br>";
}
familyName("Hege","1975");
familyName("Stale","1978");
familyName("Kai Jim","1983");
?>
Result:
Hege Born in 1975
Stale Born in 1978
Kai Jim Born in 1983
PHP is a Loosely Typed Language:
In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type the variable is. PHP
automatically associates a data type to the variable, depending on its value. Since the data types are not set
in a strict sense, you can do things like adding a string to an integer without causing an error.
In PHP 7, type declarations were added. This gives us an option to specify the expected data type when
declaring a function, and by adding the strict declaration, it will throw a "Fatal Error" if the data type
mismatches.
In the following example we try to send both a number and a string to the function without using strict:
Example:
<?php
function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is NOT enabled "5 days" is changed to int(5), and it will return 10
?>
Result: 10
To specify strict we need to set declare(strict_types=1);. This must be on the very first line of the
PHP file. In the following example we try to send both a number and a string to the function, but here we
have added the strict declaration:
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement

function addNumbers(int $a, int $b) {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(5, "5 days");
// since strict is enabled and "5 days" is not an integer, an error will be thrown
?>
Result:
PHP Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError:
PHP Default Argument Value:
The following example shows how to use a default parameter. If we call the function setHeight()
without arguments it takes the default value as argument:
Example:
<?php
function setHeight(int $minheight = 50) {
echo "The height is : $minheight <br>";
}
setHeight(350);
setHeight();
setHeight(135);
setHeight(80);
?>
Result:
The height is : 350
The height is : 50
The height is : 135
The height is : 80
PHP Functions - Returning values

To let a function return a value, use the return statement:
Example:
<?php
function sum(int $x, int $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5,10) . "<br>";

echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7,13) . "<br>";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2,4);
?>
Result:
5 + 10 = 15
7 + 13 = 20
2+4=6
PHP Return Type Declarations
PHP 7 also supports Type Declarations for the return statement. Like with the type declaration for
function arguments, by enabling the strict requirement, it will throw a "Fatal Error" on a type mismatch.
To declare a type for the function return, add a colon ( : ) and the type right before the opening curly
( { )bracket when declaring the function.
In the following example we specify the return type for the function:
Example:
<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : float {
return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>
Result: 6.4
Passing Arguments by Reference

In PHP, arguments are usually passed by value, which means that a copy of the value is used
in the function and the variable that was passed into the function cannot be changed. When a function
argument is passed by reference, changes to the argument also change the variable that was passed
in. To turn a function argument into a reference, the & operator is used:
Example
Use a pass-by-reference argument to update a variable:
<?php
function add_five(&$value) {
$value += 5;
}
$num = 2;
add_five($num);
echo $num;
?>
Result: 7
HTML Form with PHP

An HTML form is used to collect user input. The user input is most often sent to a server for
processing. The PHP superglobals $_GET and $_POST are used to collect form-data.
PHP - A Simple HTML Form

The example below displays a simple HTML form with two input fields and a submit button:
Example:
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">

Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>
E-mail: <input type="text" name="email"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Result:
When the user fills out the form above and clicks the submit button, the form data is sent for
processing to a PHP file named "welcome.php". The form data is sent with the HTTP POST method.
To display the submitted data you could simply echo all the variables. The "welcome.php" looks like
this:
<html>
<body>
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?><br>

Your email address is: <?php echo $_POST["email"]; ?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Welcome John
Your email address is [email protected]
The code above is quite simple. However, the most important thing is missing. The form data
need to be validated to protect the script from malicious code. Think SECURITY when processing
PHP forms! This page does not contain any form validation, it just shows how to send and retrieve
form data. However, the next topic will show how to process PHP forms with security in mind!
Proper validation of form data is important to protect the form from hackers and spammers!
GET vs. POST
Both GET and POST create an array (e.g. array( key1 => value1, key2 => value2, key3 => value3, ...)).
This array holds key/value pairs, where keys are the names of the form controls and values are the input data
from the user.
Both GET and POST are treated as $_GET and $_POST. These are superglobals, which means that
they are always accessible, regardless of scope - and you can access them from any function, class or file
without having to do anything special.
$_GET is an array of variables passed to the current script via the URL parameters.
$_POST is an array of variables passed to the current script via the HTTP POST method.
When to use GET?
Information sent from a form with the GET method is visible to everyone (all variable names and
values are displayed in the URL). GET also has limits on the amount of information to send. The limitation is
about 2000 characters. However, because the variables are displayed in the URL, it is possible to bookmark
the page. This can be useful in some cases. GET may be used for sending non-sensitive data.
Note: GET should NEVER be used for sending passwords or other sensitive information!
When to use POST?
Information sent from a form with the POST method is invisible to others (all names/values are
embedded within the body of the HTTP request) and has no limits on the amount of information to send.
Moreover, POST supports advanced functionality such as support for multi-part binary input while uploading
files to server. However, because the variables are not displayed in the URL, it is not possible to bookmark
the page.
Note: Developers prefer POST for sending form data

Form Validation
Proper validation of form data is important to protect your form from hackers and spammers!
The HTML form contains various input fields: required and optional text fields, radio buttons, and a
submit button:
First write the plain HTML code for the form:
Text Fields
The name, email, and website fields are text input elements, and the comment field is a
textarea. The HTML code looks like this:
Name: <input type="text" name="name">

E-mail: <input type="text" name="email">
Website: <input type="text" name="website">
Comment: <textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="40"></textarea>
Radio Buttons
The gender fields are radio buttons and the HTML code looks like this:
Gender:
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female">Female
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male">Male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="other">Other
The Form Element

The HTML code of the form looks like this:
<form method="post" action="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]);?>">
When the form is submitted, the form data is sent with method="post".
$_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] variable
The $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] is a super global variable that returns the filename of the
currently executing script.
So, the $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] sends the submitted form data to the page itself, instead
of jumping to a different page. This way, the user will get error messages on the same page as the
form.
htmlspecialchars() function
The htmlspecialchars() function converts special characters to HTML entities. This means
that it will replace HTML characters like < and > with < and >. This prevents attackers from
exploiting the code by injecting HTML or Javascript code (Cross-site Scripting attacks) in forms.
The validation rules for the form above are as follows:
Field Validation Rules

Name - Required. + Must only contain letters and whitespace
E-mail - Required. + Must contain a valid email address (with @ and .)
Website - Optional. If present, it must contain a valid URL
Comment - Optional. Multi-line input field (textarea)
Gender - Required. Must select one
In the following code we have added some new variables: $nameErr, $emailErr, $genderErr,
and $websiteErr. These error variables will hold error messages for the required fields. We have also
added an if else statement for each $_POST variable. This checks if the $_POST variable is empty
(with the PHP empty() function). If it is empty, an error message is stored in the different error
variables, and if it is not empty, it sends the user input data through the test_input() function.
<?php
// define variables and set to empty values
$nameErr = $emailErr = $genderErr = $websiteErr = "";
$name = $email = $gender = $comment = $website = "";
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
if (empty($_POST["name"])) {
$nameErr = "Name is required";
} else {
$name = test_input($_POST["name"]);
}
if (empty($_POST["email"])) {
$emailErr = "Email is required";
} else {
$email = test_input($_POST["email"]);
}
if (empty($_POST["website"])) {
$website = "";
} else {
$website = test_input($_POST["website"]);
}
if (empty($_POST["comment"])) {
$comment = "";
} else {
$comment = test_input($_POST["comment"]);
}
if (empty($_POST["gender"])) {
$genderErr = "Gender is required";
} else {
$gender = test_input($_POST["gender"]);
}
}
?>
PHP - Display the Error Messages

Then in the HTML form, we add a little script after each required field, which generates the
correct error message if needed (that is if the user tries to submit the form without filling out the
required fields):
Example:
<form method="post" action="<?php echo htmlspecialchars($_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]);?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="name">
<span class="error">* <?php echo $nameErr;?></span>
<br><br>
E-mail:
<input type="text" name="email">
<span class="error">* <?php echo $emailErr;?></span>
<br><br>
Website:
<input type="text" name="website">
<span class="error"><?php echo $websiteErr;?></span>
<br><br>
Comment: <textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="40"></textarea>
<br><br>
Gender:
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female">Female
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male">Male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="other">Other
<span class="error">* <?php echo $genderErr;?></span>
<br><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
The next step is to validate the input data, that is "Does the Name field contain only letters
and whitespace?", and "Does the E-mail field contain a valid e-mail address syntax?", and if filled
out, "Does the Website field contain a valid URL?".
PHP Forms - Validate E-mail and URL

PHP - Validate Name:
The code below shows a simple way to check if the name field only contains letters, dashes,
apostrophes and whitespaces. If the value of the name field is not valid, then store an error message:
if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z-' ]*$/",$name)) {
$nameErr = "Only letters and white space allowed";
}
Here the preg_match() function searches for pattern, returns true if the pattern exists, and false
otherwise.
PHP - Validate E-mail:

The easiest and safest way to check whether an email address is well-formed is to use PHP's
filter_var() function. In the code below, if the e-mail address is not well-formed, then store an error
message:
if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
$emailErr = "Invalid email format";
}
PHP - Validate URL:

The code below shows a way to check if a URL address syntax is valid (this regular expression also
allows dashes in the URL). If the URL address syntax is not valid, then store an error message:
if (!preg_match("/\b(?:(?:https?|ftp):\/\/|www\.)[-a-z0-9+&@#\/%?=~_|!:,.;]*[-a-z0-
9+&@#\/%=~_|]/i",$website)) {
$websiteErr = "Invalid URL";
}
Now, the script looks like this:
Example:
<?php
// define variables and set to empty values
$nameErr = $emailErr = $genderErr = $websiteErr = "";
$name = $email = $gender = $comment = $website = "";
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
if (empty($_POST["name"])) {
$nameErr = "Name is required";
} else {
// check if name only contains letters and whitespace
if (!preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z-' ]*$/",$name)) {
$nameErr = "Only letters and white space allowed";
}
}
if (empty($_POST["email"])) {
$emailErr = "Email is required";
} else {
// check if e-mail address is well-formed
if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
$emailErr = "Invalid email format";
}
}
if (empty($_POST["website"])) {
$website = "";
} else {
// check if URL address syntax is valid (this regular expression also allows dashes in the
URL)
if (!preg_match("/\b(?:(?:https?|ftp):\/\/|www\.)[-a-z0-9+&@#\/%?=~_|!:,.;]*[-a-z0-
9+&@#\/%=~_|]/i",$website)) {
$websiteErr = "Invalid URL";
}
}
if (empty($_POST["comment"])) {
$comment = "";
} else {
$comment = test_input($_POST["comment"]);
}
if (empty($_POST["gender"])) {
$genderErr = "Gender is required";
} else {
$gender = test_input($_POST["gender"]);
}
}
?>
Output:
Result after validating form:

After hitting the Submit button, the error message will be generated in the form output like
this,
PHP - Keep The Values in The Form
To show the values in the input fields after the user hits the submit button, we add a little PHP script
inside the value attribute of the following input fields: name, email, and website. In the comment textarea
field, we put the script between the <textarea> and </textarea> tags. The little script outputs the value of
the $name, $email, $website, and $comment variables.
Then, we also need to show which radio button that was checked. For this, we must manipulate the
checked attribute (not the value attribute for radio buttons):
Name: <input type="text" name="name" value="<?php echo $name;?>">

E-mail: <input type="text" name="email" value="<?php echo $email;?>">
Website: <input type="text" name="website" value="<?php echo $website;?>">
Comment: <textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="40"><?php echo $comment;?></textarea
>
Gender:
<input type="radio" name="gender"
<?php if (isset($gender) && $gender=="female") echo "checked";?>
value="female">Female
<?php if (isset($gender) && $gender=="male") echo "checked";?>
value="male">Male
<?php if (isset($gender) && $gender=="other") echo "checked";?>
value="other">Other
PHP File Handling

File handling is an important part of any web application. You often need to open and process
a file for different tasks.
PHP Manipulating Files

PHP has several functions for creating, reading, uploading, and editing files.
Note: When you are manipulating files you must be very careful. You can do a lot of damage if you
do something wrong. Common errors are: editing the wrong file, filling a hard-drive with garbage
data, and deleting the content of a file by accident.
PHP readfile() Function

The readfile() function reads a file and writes it to the output buffer. The readfile() function
is useful if all you want to do is open up a file and read its contents.
Assume we have a text file called "webdictionary.txt", stored on the server, that looks like this:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
CSS = Cascading Style Sheets
HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language
PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
SQL = Structured Query Language
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics
XML = EXtensible Markup Language
The PHP code to read the file and write it to the output buffer is as follows (the readfile() function
returns the number of bytes read on success):
Example
<?php
echo readfile("webdictionary.txt");
?>
Result:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML CSS = Cascading Style Sheets HTML = Hyper
Text Markup Language PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor SQL = Structured Query Language
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = EXtensible Markup Language236
PHP File Open/Read/Close - To open, read, and close a file on the server
PHP Open File - fopen()
A better method to open files is with the fopen() function. This function gives you more
options than the readfile() function. The first parameter of fopen() contains the name of the file to be
opened and the second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be opened. The following
example also generates a message if the fopen() function is unable to open the specified file:
PHP Read File - fread()

The fread() function reads from an open file. The first parameter of fread() contains the name
of the file to read from and the second parameter specifies the maximum number of bytes to read.
The following PHP code reads the "webdictionary.txt" file to the end:
fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
PHP Close File - fclose()

The fclose() function is used to close an open file. It's a good programming practice to close
all files after finished with them. You don't want an open file running around on your server taking
up resources! The fclose() requires the name of the file (or a variable that holds the filename) we
want to close:
Example:
<?php
$myfile = fopen("webdictionary.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");
echo fread($myfile,filesize("webdictionary.txt"));
fclose($myfile);
?>
Result:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML CSS = Cascading Style Sheets HTML = Hyper
Text Markup Language PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor SQL = Structured Query Language
SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics XML = EXtensible Markup Language
Modes Description
r Open a file for read only. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
w Open a file for write only. Erases the contents of the file or creates a new file if it
doesn't exist. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
a Open a file for write only. The existing data in file is preserved. File pointer starts at
the end of the file. Creates a new file if the file doesn't exist
x Creates a new file for write only. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
r+ Open a file for read/write. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
w+ Open a file for read/write. Erases the contents of the file or creates a new file if it
doesn't exist. File pointer starts at the beginning of the file
a+ Open a file for read/write. The existing data in file is preserved. File pointer starts at
the end of the file. Creates a new file if the file doesn't exist
x+ Creates a new file for read/write. Returns FALSE and an error if file already exists
PHP Read Single Line - fgets()

The fgets() function is used to read a single line from a file. The example below outputs the
first line of the "webdictionary.txt" file:
Example:
<?php
echo fgets($myfile);
fclose($myfile);
?>
Result:
AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
Note: After a call to the fgets() function, the file pointer has moved to the next line.
PHP Check End-Of-File - feof()
The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has been reached. The feof() function is useful for
looping through data of unknown length. The example below reads the "webdictionary.txt" file line by line,
until end-of-file is reached:
Example:
<?php
// Output one line until end-of-file
while(!feof($myfile)) {
echo fgets($myfile) . "<br>";
}
fclose($myfile);
?>
Cookies and Sessions

Need for Cookies and Sessions
• HTTP is a stateless protocol
• This means that each request is handled independently of all the other requests and it means
that a server or a script cannot remember if a user has been there before
• However, knowing if a user has been there before is often required and therefore something
known as cookies and sessions have been implemented
Similarity between Cookies and Sessions
• Different mechanisms of the same solution
• Cookies
A mechanism for storing data in the remote browser and thus tracking or identifying return users
• Sessions
It is support in PHP consists of a way to preserve certain data across subsequent accesses. This
enables you to build more customized applications and increase the appeal of your web site.
What is a Cookie?
• A cookie is a piece of text that a Web server can store on a users hard disk
• A cookie is a variable, sent by the server to the browser
• Cookies allow a Web site to store information on a users machine and later retrieve it.
• The pieces of information are stored as name-value pairs
• With PHP, one can both create and retrieve cookie values
When are Cookies Created?
• When a new webpage is loaded
• If the user has elected to disable cookies then the write operation will fail, and subsequent
sites which rely on the cookie will either have to take a default action Fig.3.1, Fig.3.2, Fig.3.3.
Example (1) User sends a request for page at www.example.com for the first time. page
request
Fig. 3.1 User request
Example (2) Server sends back the page html to the browser AND stores some data in a
cookie on the user’s PC. html cookie data
Fig. 3.2 Server action for request
Example (3) At the next page request for domain www.example.com, all cookie data
associated with this domain is sent too. page request cookie data
Fig. 3.3 Response for request

Parts of a Cookie
Each cookie is effectively a small lookup table containing pairs of (key, data) values - for
example (firstname, John) (lastname,Peter)
Once the cookie has been read by the code on the server or client computer, the data can be
retrieved and used to customise the web page appropriately
Syntax for setting up a cookie
setcookie(name [,value [,expire [,path [,domain [,secure]]]]])
• name = cookie
• namevalue = data to store (string)
• expire = UNIX timestamp when the cookie expires. Default is that cookie expires when
browser is closed.
• path = Path on the server within and below which the cookie is available on.
• domain = Domain at which the cookie is available for.
• secure = If cookie should be sent over HTTPS connection only. Default false.
Examples for setcookie
setcookie(‘name’,’Robert’)
This command will set the cookie called name on the user’s PC containing the data Robert. It
will be available to all pages in the same directory or subdirectory of the page that set it (the default
path and domain). It will expire and be deleted when the browser is closed (default expire)
Examples for setcookie

setcookie(‘age’,’20’,time()+60*60*24*30)
This command will set the cookie called age on the user’s PC containing the data 20. It will
be available to all pages in the same directory or subdirectory of the page that set it (the default path
and domain). It will expire and be deleted after 30 days.
Read cookie data
• All cookie data is available through the superglobal
$_COOKIE:
$variable = $_COOKIE[‘cookie_name’] or
$variable = $HTTP_COOKIE_VARS[‘cookie_name’];
Example: $age = $_COOKIE[‘age’]
Delete a cookie
• To remove a cookie, simply overwrite the cookie with a new one with an expiry time in the
past
setcookie(‘cookie_name’,’’,time()-6000)
Note that theoretically any number taken away from the time() function should do, but due to
variations in local computer times, it is advisable to use a day or two.
Problems with Cookies
• Browsers can refuse to accept cookies
• Additionally, it adds network overhead to send lots of information back and forth.
• There are also limits to the amount of information that can be sent
• Some information you just don’t want to save on the client’s computer.
Sessions
• A Session allows to store user information on the server for later use (i.e. username, shopping
cart items, etc)
• However, this session information is temporary and is usually deleted very quickly after the
user has left the website that uses sessions
• Session variables hold information about one single user, and are available to all pages in one
application.
Starting a PHP Session
• Before you can store user information in your PHP session, you must first start up the session
• The session_start() function must appear BEFORE the <html> tag.
<?php session_start(); ?>

<html>
<body>
..
..
</body>
</html>
Storing a Session Variable
• The $_SESSION variable can be store and retrieved in PHP
<?php
session_start();
// store session data
$_SESSION[views]=1;
?>
<html>
<body
</body>
</html>
Retrieving a Session Variable
<html>
<body>
<?php
//retrieve session data
echo "Pageviews=". $_SESSION[views];
?>
</body>
</html>
Display:
Pageviews = 1
Destroying a Session
• The unset() function is used to free the specified session variable.
<?php
unset($_SESSION[views]);
?>
• You can also completely destroy the session by calling the session_destroy() function:
<?php
session_destroy();
?>
• session_destroy() will reset your session and you will lose all your stored session data.
Cookies vs. Sessions
Cookies Sessions
• Cookies are stored on client side Sessions are stored on server

• Cookies can only store strings Sessions can store objects
• Cookies can be set to a long lifespan When users close their browser,
• lifespan. they also lost the session
Filters- Introduction
• PHP Filter is an extension that filters the data by either sanitizing or validating it
• It plays a crucial role in security of a website, especially useful when the data originates from
unknown or foreign sources, like user supplied input
• For example data from a TML form
• There are mainly two types of filters
1. Validation
2. Sanitization
Types of filters
• Validation
Used to validate or check if the data meets certain qualifications or not
Example: passing in FILTER_VALIDATE_URL will determine if the data is a valid url, but
it will not change the existing data by itself
• Sanitization
Unlike validation, sanitization will sanitize data so as to ensure that no undesired characters
by removing or altering the data
Example passing in FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL will remove all the characters that are
inappropriate for an email address to contain. That said, it does not validate the data
Example PHP program to validate
Program to validate URL using FILTER_VALIDATE_URL filter
<?php
// PHP program to validate URL
// Declare variable and initialize it to URL

$url = "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org";
// Use filter function to validate URL
if (filter_var($url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL)) {
echo("valid URL");
}
else {
echo("Invalid URL");
}
Program to validate email using FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL filter
<?php
// PHP program to validate email
// Declare variable and initialize it to email
$email = "[email protected]";
// Use filter function to validate email
if (filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) { echo "Valid Email";
}
else {
echo "Invalid Email";
}
?>
Filter Functions
• The filter function is used to filter the data coming from insecure source
filter_var(): Filters a specific variable
filter_var_array():Filters multiple variable i.e. array of variable
filter_has_var(): Check if the variable of specific input type exists or not
filter_id():helps to get filter id of the specified filter name
filter_list():Returns a list of supported filter name in the form of array
filter_input():Gets an external variable and filters it if set to do so
filter_input_array():same as filter_input() but here Gets multiple variables i.e. array of
variable and filters them if set to do so
Predefined Filter Constants
• Validate filter constants
FILTER_VALIDATE_BOOLEAN: Validates a boolean
FILTER_VALIDATE_INT: Validates an integer
FILTER_VALIDATE_FLOAT: Validates a float
FILTER_VALIDATE_REGEXP: Validates a regular expression
FILTER_VALIDATE_IP: Validates an IP address
FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL: Validates an e-mail address
FILTER_VALIDATE_URL: Validates an URL
• Sanitize filter constants
• FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL: Removes all illegal characters from an e-mail address
• FILTER_SANITIZE_ENCODED: Removes/Encodes special characters
• FILTER_SANITIZE_MAGIC_QUOTES: Apply addslashes() function
• FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT: Remove all characters, except digits, +- and
optionally ., eE
• FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT: Removes all characters except digits and + –
• FILTER_SANITIZE_SPECIAL_CHARS: Removes special characters
• FILTER_SANITIZE_FULL_SPECIAL_CHARS Encoding quotes can be disabled by
using FILTER_FLAG_NO_ENCODE_QUOTES.
• FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING : Removes tags/special characters from a string
• FILTER_SANITIZE_STRIPPED : Alias of FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING
• FILTER_SANITIZE_URL: Removes all illegal character from s URL
• Other filter constants
• FILTER_UNSAFE_RAW :Do nothing, optionally strip/encode special characters
• FILTER_CALLBACK :Call a user-defined function to filter data
Exception Handling in PHP
• An exception is unexpected program result that can be handled by the program itself.
Exception Handling in PHP is almost similar to exception handling in all programming
languages
PHP provides following specialized keywords for this purpose

• try: It represent block of code in which exception can arise
• catch: It represent block of code that will be executed when a particular exception has been
thrown
• throw: It is used to throw an exception. It is also used to list the exceptions that a function
throws, but doesn’t handle itself
• finally: It is used in place of catch block or after catch block basically it is put for cleanup
activity in PHP code
Need for Exception Handling in PHP
Following are the main advantages of exception handling over error handling
• Separation of error handling code from normal code: In traditional error handling code
there is always if else block to handle errors. These conditions and code to handle errors got
mixed so that becomes unreadable. With try Catch block code becomes readable
• Grouping of error types: In PHP both basic types and objects can be thrown as exception.
It can create a hierarchy of exception objects, group exceptions in namespaces or classes,
categorize them according to types
Exception handling in PHP
<?php
// PHP Program to illustrate normal

// try catch block code
function demo($var) {
echo " Before try block";
try {
echo "\n Inside try block";
// If var is zero then only if will be executed

if($var == 0)
{
// If var is zero then only exception is thrown

throw new Exception('Number is zero.');
// This line will never be executed

echo "\n After throw (It will never be executed)";
}
}
// Catch block will be executed only

// When Exception has been thrown by try block
catch(Exception $e) {
echo "\n Exception Caught", $e->getMessage();
}
// This line will be executed whether

// Exception has been thrown or not
echo "\n After catch (will be always executed)";
}
// Exception will not be rised
demo(5) Output
// Exception will be rised here Before try block Inside try block
demo(0); After catch (will be always
executed) Before try block Inside try
?> block Exception CaughtNumber is
zero. After catch (will be always
executed)
Using Custom Exception Class

<?php
class myException extends Exception {
function get_Message() {
// Error message
$errorMsg = 'Error on line '.$this->getLine().
' in '.$this->getFile()
.$this->getMessage().' is number zero';
return $errorMsg;
}
}
function demo($a) {
try {
// Check if
if($a == 0) {
throw new myException($a);
}
}
catch (myException $e) {
// Display custom message

echo $e->get_Message();
} Output
} Error on line 20 in
/home/45ae8dc582d50df2790517e9
12980806.php0 is number zero
// This will not generate any exception
demo(5);
// It will cause an exception

demo(0);
?>
Set a Top Level Exception Handler
• The set_exception_handler() function set all user defined function to all uncaught
exception
• Example
<?php
function exception_handler($exception) {
echo "Uncaught exception: " , $exception->getMessage(), "\n";
}
set_exception_handler('exception_handler');
throw new Exception('Uncaught Exception');

echo "Not Executed\n";
?>
Database Connectivity With MySQL
BASIC DATABASE SERVER CONCEPTSBASIC
world's most popular open source database because of its consistent fast performance, high
reliability and ease of use
BASIC DATABASE SERVER CONCEPTSBASIC
Database runs as a server
Attaches to either a default port or an administrator
specified port
Clients connect to database
For secure systems
authenticated connections
usernames and passwords
Clients make queries on the database
Retrieve content
Insert content
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the language used
to insert and retrieve content
MY SQL
• MySQL can be controlled through a simple command-line interface; however, we can use
phpMyAdmin as an interface to MySQL
• phpMyAdmin is a very powerful tool; it provides a large number of facilities for customising
a database management system
CONNECTING to MY SQL
• In order for our PHP script to access a database we need to form a connection from the script
to the database management system
resourceId = mysql_connect(server, username, password);

Server is the DBMS server
username is your username
password is your password
CONNECTING to MY SQL DBMS
• In order for our PHP script to access a database we need to form a connection from the
script to the database management system
resourceId = mysql_connect(server, username, password);
The function returns a resource-identifier type
• a PHP script can connect to a DBMS anywhere in the world, so long as it is connected to
the internet
• We can also connect to multiple DBMS at the same time

SELECTING A DATABASE
• Once connected to a DBMS, we can select a database
mysql_select_db(databasename, resourceId);
Create HTML form for connecting to database
• you need to create a working folder first and then create a web page with the name
“contact.html”
• If you install xampp your working folder is in folder this “E:\xampp\htdocs”
• You can create a new folder “contact” on your localhost working folder
• Create a “contact.html” file and paste the following code
Code create HTML form for connecting to database
Create a PHP page to save data from HTML form to your MySQL database
• The contact HTML form action is on “contact.php” page. On this page, we will write code
for inserting records into the database.
• For storing data in MySQL as records, you have to first connect with the DB. Connecting the
code is very simple. The mysql_connect in PHP is
mysqli_connect.
Example:
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost","your_localhost_database_user",
"your_localhost_database_password","your_localhost_database_db");
Local Host
You need to place value for your localhost username and password. Normally localhost MySQL
database username is root and password blank or root
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>Contact Form - PHP/MySQL Demo Code</title>
</head>
<body>
<fieldset>
<legend>Contact Form</legend>
<form name="frmContact" method="post" action="contact.php">
<p>
<label for="Name">Name </label>
<input type="text" name="txtName" id="txtName">
</p>
<p>
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="text" name="txtEmail" id="txtEmail">
</p>
<p>
<label for="phone">Phone</label>
<input type="text" name="txtPhone" id="txtPhone">
</p>
<p>
<label for="message">Message</label>
<textarea name="txtMessage" id="txtMessage"></textarea>
</p>
<p> </p>
<p>
<input type="submit" name="Submit" id="Submit" value="Submit">
</p>
</form>
</fieldset>
</body> </html>
QUESTION BANK
S.No Questions (2 Marks) Competence BT Level
Contrast between echo and print in PHP? Analyze BTL4

1.
Interpret the correct and the most two common way to Understand BTL2
2. start and finish a PHP block of code?
Compare a session and cookies? Analyze BTL4

3.
Categorize the php data types. Analyze BTL4

4.
Illustrate how can PHP and Javascript interact? Analyze BTL4

5.
Construct the code to connect to a MySQL database Create BTL6
6. from a PHP script?
How can we access the data sent through the URL Knowledge BTL1
7. with the GET method?
Discover the statement to return a value from a Analyze BTL4

8. function?
How is a constant defined in a PHP script? Knowledge BTL1

9.
Criticize integer 12 and a string "13" in PHP? Apply BTL5

10.
Define Persistent Cookie? Knowledge BTL1

11.
List out the PHP String Functions. Analyze BTL4

12.
Solve and output the following code: Create BTL6
<?php declare(strict_types=1); //strict requirement
function addNumbers(float $a, float $b) : float {
13. return $a + $b;
}
echo addNumbers(1.2, 5.2);
?>
What is htmlspecialchars() function? Knowledge BTL1

14.
Identify the use of preg_match() function Apply BTL3

15.
Identify the commend for destroy a session Apply BTL3

16.
Explain the necessity of Cookies and sessions Knowledge BTL1

17.
Identify the situation for cookies creation Apply BTL3

18.
List out the parts pf cookies Knowledge BTL1

19.
Identify the problems that a cookie causes Apply BTL3

20.
Justify session information is temporary Create BTL6

21.
Explain the need of filters in PHP Understand BTL2

22.
Differentiate cookies and Sessions Understand BTL2

23.
List the type of filters in PHP Knowledge BTL1

24.
Determine the usage of filter_list(): in PHP Create BTL6

25.
Classify and define the two advantages exception Apply BTL3
26. handling
Illustrate custom exception class Apply BTL3

27.
S.No. Questions (16 Marks) Competent BT Level

Design a simple HTML form with two input fields and Create BTL6
a submit button and send the form data for processing
1. by php file. To get form data, use PHP superglobals
$_GET and $_POST.
Construct a HTML form with various input fields: Create BTL6
required and optional text fields, radio buttons, and a
2. submit button to get name, email id and gender details
and validate the above data using PHP.
Write a php function to sort an array. Create BTL6

3.
Develop HTML form for connecting to database Evaluate BTL5

4.
With neat sketch explain the database connectivity BTL3
5. Apply
with my SQL
Describe top level exception handler with example BTL6
6. Create
program
Develop a code for create a cookie and destroy the BTL6
7. Create
same
Explain the comments in connecting MYSQL Create BTL6

8.

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UNIT – III – Customer Interface Design and Development – SITA1502

UNIT 3 SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING

What is a PHP File?

What Can PHP Do?

• PHP can generate dynamic page content

• PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)

Example: - "Hello World" Script in PHP

<?php PHP code goes here ?>

PHP Data Types

$myCar = new Car("black", "Volvo");

PHP supports a number of different control structures:

2. PHP Else Statement

Output: Your age is greater than or equal to 30!

3. PHP Else If Statement

Output : Your age is greater than 50!

4. PHP Switch Statement

5. While Loop in PHP

It outputs the Fibonacci series for the first ten numbers.

6. Do-While Loop in PHP

7. For Loop in PHP

8. For Each in PHP

profession: Software Engineer

Output: I like Volvo, BMW and Toyota.

Create an Array in PHP

• Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index

The count() Function - Get The Length of an Array

1. PHP Indexed Arrays

$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

Loop Through an Indexed Array:

2. PHP Associative Arrays

$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

Output: Peter is 35 years old.

Loop Through an Associative Array:

3. PHP - Multidimensional Arrays

PHP - Two-dimensional Arrays:

A two-dimensional array is an array of arrays (a three-dimensional array is an array of arrays of

Table 3.1 Array information

Name Stock Sold

PHP Sorting Arrays

1. sort() - Sort arrays in ascending order

2. rsort() - sort arrays in descending order

3. asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value

4. ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key

6. krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key

It sorts the elements of the $cars array in descending alphabetical order:

foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {

5. Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Value - arsort()

6. Sort Array (Descending Order), According to Key - krsort()

PHP Date/Time Functions:

PHP String Functions:

PHP User Defined Functions

• A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.

PHP Function Arguments

<?php declare(strict_types=1); // strict requirement

PHP Functions - Returning values

echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5,10) . "<br>";

PHP Return Type Declarations

Passing Arguments by Reference