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Y10 Science Notes Semester 1

This document provides an overview of key concepts in science covered in a semester 1 course including: - Motion concepts like displacement, distance, speed, and velocity. It defines scalars and vectors. - Forces like gravity, friction, and their effects. Newton's Laws are introduced. - Chemistry topics such as endothermic/exothermic reactions, factors affecting reaction rates, combustion, corrosion, and acid-carbonate reactions. - Mass versus weight is defined, and formulas for weight, net force, and Newton's Second Law are shown.

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Oscar Reinitz
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31 views3 pages

Y10 Science Notes Semester 1

This document provides an overview of key concepts in science covered in a semester 1 course including: - Motion concepts like displacement, distance, speed, and velocity. It defines scalars and vectors. - Forces like gravity, friction, and their effects. Newton's Laws are introduced. - Chemistry topics such as endothermic/exothermic reactions, factors affecting reaction rates, combustion, corrosion, and acid-carbonate reactions. - Mass versus weight is defined, and formulas for weight, net force, and Newton's Second Law are shown.

Uploaded by

Oscar Reinitz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Science Notes Semester 1

Motion:
Distance, Displacement, Speed and Velocity:

 Displacement- direct route from point A to point B with direction


 Distance- measure of ground
 Scaler- just size (distance)
 Vector- size and direction (displacement)
 Speed- a scaler measurement; only size not direction
o Constant speed: speed that is not constant
o Average speed: motion of an object over distance when speed is changing overtime
o Instantaneous speed: speed measured at any instant
 Velocity- a measure of change in a position (displacement). A measure of how fast an object
is going and in what direction
o Vector measurement expressed as a size and direction.
total dispacement (m )
o Average Velocity=
timetaken (s)
Distance
 Average Speed=
Time
Forces:

 A force is a push, pull or twist that can cause an object to:


o Increase in speed
o Decrease in speed
o Change in shape
o Change in direction
 Force is measured in Newtons
 Air resistance- a type of force that exists when an object moves through the air
 Friction- the force you get when two materials rub together
 Electrostatic- the force you get between two charged objects
 Compression- the force you get when a substance is being squashed
 Gravity- the force that exists between all objects with mass
 Tension- the force you get when a material is being stretched
 Magnetism- the force that enables compasses to work
 Nuclear- the force that holds the particles in a nucleus together

Mass: Weight:
 The amount of matter contained in an  It is the size of the gravitational force
object acting upon you
 The mass of a body/ object is  Weight varies from place to place in the
unchanging throughout the universe universe depending on gravity
 Mass can never be equal to zero  Weight can be equal to zero
 Mass is scaler quantity  Weight is a vector quantity

 Weight= mass x gravity


Newton’s Law:
 1st law- an object in motion tends to stay in motion and an object at rest tends to stay at rest
unless acted upon by an unbalanced, external force
 2nd law- force equals mass times acceleration (F = m x a)
 3rd law- for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
 Inertia- an objects tendency to resist changes to its motion. The heavier an object is the more
inertia is has and the harder it is to change its current motion.
Newton’s 2nd Law:

 Net force- the force that is not completely balanced by other forces
when exerted. It results in motion of an object
 Net force= N
 M= Kg
 A= m/s/s
 The size of an objects acceleration depends directly on the size of
the net force acting on it and is irreversibly proportional to its mass.
 The bigger the mass of an object, the larger the force required to
change the objects motion and the opposite for a smaller object.
Newton’s 3rd Law:

 For every force acting on an object, there is an equal force acting in the opposite direction
 If object A applied a force on object B, object B will apply an equal force back on object A
Chemistry:
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions:

 Chemical reactions occur when two or more substances interact with each other, resulting in
atoms rearranging to form a new substance
 Chemical reactions can be seen through color change, solid formation, energy or temperature
change.
 Exothermic reactions- release energy to their surroundings in the form of heat and/or light.
Exothermic reaction is an increase in temperature
 Endothermic Reaction- absorbs energy from the surroundings. It is a decrease in temperature.
Factors affecting the Rate of Reaction:

 Temperature- increase of temperature= increased rate of reaction, whereas, a decrease in


temperature= reduced rate of reaction
 Concentration- increased concentration= increased rate of reaction, whereas, a decrease in
concentration= decreased rate of reaction
 Gas pressure- reduced space makes it easier for molecules to collide and react with each other
 Catalyst- a chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction but is not consumed in the
reaction. It lowers activation energy to allow a reaction to occur more readily
 Surface area- more surface area will equal a greater reaction
Combustion:

 Combustion reaction- when a substance reacts with oxygen and heat is released. It is also
known as burning

Hydrogen+Oxygen →Carbon dioxide+ Water


Corrosion:

 Corrosion reaction: when a metal reacts with substances around it, such as air or water,
forming a weak metal oxide layer (e.g. rust) , which makes the metal deteriorate
o Reactants – a reactive metal and oxygen and/or water

o Products – a weak metal oxide

 metal + oxygen  metal oxide

 metal + oxygen + water  metal oxide


Acid and Carbonates:

 Acids and carbonates: when any ‘metal’ carbonate is added to an acid, it results in the
production of salt, water and carbon dioxide gas. Carbonates are compounds that contain a
CO3 group (e.g. magnesium carbonate, MgCO3)
o Reactants – metal carbonate and acid

o Products – salt, water and carbon dioxide

 acid + metal carbonate  a ‘salt’ + water + carbon dioxide

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