Development of

Total Quality
Management

TQM
in Japan

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Original Article:

The Development and

Changes of Quality Control in
Japan

Writer:
Kozo Koura
Kozo Koura & Associates Japan
Source of the document: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/33260
Publicly open, and permission for reproduction has been declared in the
document.

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The Development and Changes of
Quality Control in Japan

CONTENTS:

1. Introduction: “Investigation and research

era of quality control” (1946-49)
2. “SQC Ers” (1950-54) and “Era of systematic
management reinforcement of QC” (1955-
59)
3. "Total quality control (henceforth TQC) era"
(1960-69)
4. "Era of establishment of TQC" (1970-79)
5. "Era of leap and development of TQC"
(1980-89)
6. “Era of internationalization of TQC and
TQM reconstruction" (1990-99)
7. "Era of TQM innovation" (2000- )
8. “Toward new age”
9. References

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INVESTIGATION
AND RESEARCH
ERA OF QUALITY
CONTROL
(1946-49)

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INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH
ERA OF QUALITY CONTROL
(1946-49)

In 1945 after the Second World War, we were

nearly on the verge of starvation: over 80% of
our industrial facilities had been destroyed,
and industrial production dropped to a little
over 10% of the prewar standard.
It may tell that, Japan was staying without
natural resources, nothing but "industrious
people and its brains".

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INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH
ERA OF QUALITY CONTROL
(1946-49)

Japanese Standards Association (henceforth

JSA) was established under instruction of
Industrial Standardization Law in 1945 and
Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers
(henceforth JUSE) was organized in 1946 and
have become the mother's body of the quality
control promotion of our country since then.

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INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH
ERA OF QUALITY CONTROL
(1946-49)

While Chairman of JUSE, Ichiro Ishikawa (the

first chairman of Keidanren: the Federation of
Economic Organizations) planned the
overseas technical investigation team
composed by the members of learning and
experience for revival of Japan industrial
business in 1948 with approved the grant of
investigation research cost of Economic
Stabilization Board, and as a result of
investigation it was proposed to introduce
"Quality Control (henceforth QC)" into Japan.
JUSE carried out a QC seminar (Quality
Control BASIC course) in 1949.
QCRG (QC Research Group) organized by the
members of a lecturer of this seminar had
exerted them for development of quality
control in Japan later.
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INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH
ERA OF QUALITY CONTROL
(1946-49)

In "the statement of the first publication" of

the first-issue of the "Quality Control"
(present "Quality Management") in March
1950, Ichiro Ishikawa proposed as “For
reconstruction of a peace country, a cultural
country, and a democratic country, the
product of our country must enable it to be
positive competitiveness in the world market
dignifiedly heading toward ‘The Figure which
should exist’ for the future of our country
economy and industry (sentence
abbreviated)”, as the vision of QC of Japan.

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SQC ERS
(1950-54), AND
ERA OF
SYSTEMATIC
MANAGEMENT
REINFORCEMENT
OF QC
(1955-59)
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SQC ERS (1950-54), AND
ERA OF SYSTEMATIC
MANAGEMENT REINFORCEMENT
OF QC (1955-59)
Dr. W.E. Deming was invited and the eight
days course of QC was held in 1950. The
Deming Prize founded a prize to
commemorated Dr. W.E. Deming's
contribution and friendship in a lasting way
and to promote the continued development
of Quality Control in Japan in 1951, and it
became the Driving Force of QC Development
of subsequent Japan.
Spread and application of statistical quality
control (SQC) were prosperous in this time,
and it was called SQC Era.
Also, the management and improvement by
control chart, process control table, or
process analysis were advanced by the
"Deming Cycle", and it was also called as
“Process-Control Priority-Focus Era”.

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SQC ERS (1950-54), AND
ERA OF SYSTEMATIC
MANAGEMENT REINFORCEMENT
OF QC (1955-59)
Dr. J.M. Juran was invited in 1954 and his
seminar was opened, under Dr. Juran's
concept of "QC is a part of business
management", and it went into subsequent
"the Era of Systematic Management by
reinforcement of QC", and progressed
"Establishment of the Concept and the
Technologies of Management".
A Deming Cycle was generalized as a PDCA
(Plan-Do-Check-Act) Cycle, and
systematization and institutionalization of QC,
and the QC Activity System were advocated.

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TOTAL QUALITY
CONTROL
(HENCEFORTH
TQC) ERA
(1960-69)

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TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL
(HENCEFORTH TQC) ERA
(1960-69)
By the 1960, ”Quality Control magazine”
proposed the special issue for "QC
Implementation with All Member" by one
year’s project and the TQC of Dr. A.V.
Feigenbaum was also taken into and
spreaded, and which were later developed
with a next Japanese QC (Japanese TQC).

That is, triggered from Dr. Juran’s "General

management" lecture, the concept of
“Management Item” was introduced and
further developed into the “Management
Item Table by position and rank”, “Flag
System”, and “Policy Management
(Management by Policy)”.

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TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL
(HENCEFORTH TQC) ERA
(1960-69)
Further, expanding into substantial
strengthening on “Initial Production-Flow Line
Quality Control” in new product development
and on sale stage and "Vender-Vendee
Relation's QC 10 principles", and eventually
“Quality Assurance System” were established,
and these views were further developed into
the improvement of management efficiency,
i.e., “Cross Functional Management” by
establishment of management system of
quality (Q: Quality), the cost/ price and profits
(C: Cost/Profit), and the time for delivery and
the quantity of production (D:
Delivery/Volume).
Then "Policy Management" and "Cross-
Functional Management" were established as
the fundamentals of business management
system. As horizontal management against
ordinary vertical management in organization.
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TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL
(HENCEFORTH TQC) ERA
(1960-69)
On the other hand, QC Circle was born in
1962, the base of "management of humanity
respect" was built, and "seven QC tools" and
the "QC story for problem solving" were
developed as the tools of the activities. The
1st Quality Control Symposium (henceforth
QCS) was held in 1965, and its subject had
taken as "Introduction, Promotion and
Rooting of QC”.
The QCS had the role of discussion and
discovering right approaches on QC under the
collaboration of industrial and academic
worlds. "Six Items of the Specific Features of
TQC in Japan" was deliberated upon them and
announced at the International Conference on
Quality Control in 1969 (ICQC'69 TOKYO).

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ERA OF
ESTABLISHMENT
OF TQC
(1970-79)

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ERA OF ESTABLISHMENT OF
TQC
(1970-79)
The Japanese Society for Quality Control
(JSQC) was established and the Japanese
Quality Control Medal was founded in 1970.

In 70/71 years, "QC Circle Koryo (General

Principles of QC Circle)", and "How To Operate
QC Circle Activities" were published.
QC Circle Activities were further had
organized nine branches offices in the whole
country.
Moreover, it began to spread through out the
world, and China and Korean version in 76
year, and English version of QC Circle Koryo
(word of henceforth each country) were
published in the 80-year.
The International Convention on QC Circle
was held in 1978 (ICQCC1978-Tokyo).

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ERA OF ESTABLISHMENT OF
TQC
(1970-79)
The Deming Prize awarded company came out
of the construction industry for the first time
in 1979.

The Quality Assurance was compiled into one

book as a "Quality Assurance Guide Book",
and the concept of quality was also expanded
to deal with reliability, PLP (product-liability
prevention), environmental management, QC
in office work and sales, and conservation of
resources and energy problem.
Moreover, advanced technologies
development, such as “New Seven
Management Tools”, “QFD (Quality Function
Deployment)”, and multivariable analysis
using the computer was handled in QC.

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ERA OF ESTABLISHMENT OF
TQC
(1970-79)
So called the "Quality Revolution" to which Dr.
Juran was mentioned was attained, and
made-in-Japan product was begun to export
to a world market, and Japanese TQC had
been also come to be accepted abroad.

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ERA OF LEAP AND
DEVELOPMENT OF
TQC
(1980-89)

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ERA OF LEAP AND
DEVELOPMENT OF TQC
(1980-89)
Reverse export of TQC of Japan started.
Diversification and an advancement of a
customer demand had been progressed,
"Attractive Quality" was advocated in 84,
sensitivity quality is also dealt with.
Policy Management and Daily Management
had been being substantial and clarifying role
of management, the management-strategy
problem had also been taken, and Group-
Wide QC also progressed.
Moreover, TQC was also implemented from
manufacturing industry to service industry,
the QC of Software develops, and the "Social
Quality" lecture by QC magazine had been
taken in 86.

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ERA OF LEAP AND
DEVELOPMENT OF TQC
(1980-89)
Then, the internationalization of the Deming
Application Prize was determined in 1984, and
Florida Electric-Power and Light Incorporated
Company, U.S.A became the first recipient
company as an overseas company in 1989.
ICQC'87 TOKYO was held in 1987 and "Ten
Items of the Specific Features of TQC of
Japan" was announced.

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ERA OF LEAP AND
DEVELOPMENT OF TQC
(1980-89)
The technology transfer of quality prize
started in the same year, and the Malcolm
Baldrige National Quality Award in U.S.A. was
founded by referring to Deming Prize in 1987,
and also continued to the European Quality
Award founded in 1991.

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ERA OF
INTERNATIONALIZ
ATION OF TQC
AND TQM
RECONSTRUCTION
(1990-99)

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ERA OF INTERNATIONALIZATION
OF TQC AND TQM
RECONSTRUCTION
(1990-99)
While the introduction of the ISO 9000
Quality System / 14000 Environmental
Management System to company in our
country and the integration with TQM could
be considered, it was announced “Declaration
TQM” by QCS 1997, and "the Comprehensive
Quality Management in the 21st Century" was
advocated, and "Stakeholder Relationship
Management" with stockholder, customer,
employee, society, and environment, etc.
came to be considered.

Moreover, the systematization of TQM is also

proposed and the total quality of a wide sense
was defined.

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ERA OF INTERNATIONALIZATION
OF TQC AND TQM
RECONSTRUCTION
(1990-99)
On the other side, while “Strategic Policy
Management” was advocated, “Global Quality
Management (GLQM)” came to be taken into
account in connection with the
internationalization of TQM, and international
competitiveness and TQM (Japan-U.S.A.
comparison) were also studied.

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ERA OF INTERNATIONALIZATION
OF TQC AND TQM
RECONSTRUCTION
(1990-99)
As for Japanese economy, stagnation
advanced with collapse of bubble.
Eventually, the consensus for Quality
Management had been slipped of minds, and
caused serious quality problems and ethical
business problems, which were further
apprehensions of deterioration of business
management quality, product/service quality,
and social quality which were structured for
social industrial base in Japan, and quite
afraid of losing Japanese industries
competitiveness in the international market.
In December 1999, “Hakone Declaration” was
adopted as “the Design of Establishment of
the Japan Organization for Quality Innovation”
at QCS, Hakone.
“Deming Prize Application Guide” was also
revised in the same year.

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ERA OF TQM
INNOVATION
(2000- )

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ERA OF TQM INNOVATION
(2000- )

"The TQM Encouragement Prize Guide" as

preceding step of the continuous promotion
to Deming Prize was founded in 2000.

Moreover, based on the "Hakone declaration"

in 1999, "the Japan Organization for Quality
Innovation (JOQI)" was founded on May 23
2001 by the cooperation with JSQC and
participation of five quality related
organizations, and started for the activity to
the reconstruction of a Japanese
Management model.

And while learning to the way of revival of the

U.S.A., it is Japanese Evolution of TQM
started.

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ERA OF TQM INNOVATION
(2000- )

The basic concept and the examination

standard (mark system) of Deming Prize
Application Guide were also revised in 2002.

A "Quality Control" magazine also renewed its

name under "Quality Management"
magazine, and began to study for the
integration of new management with TQM,
such as Top's Viewpoint and Corporate
Governance, Value Management, Balanced
Score Card and Customer Value Management
as a new current of quality business
management, began to be studied.

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ERA OF TQM INNOVATION
(2000- )

In November 2002 "the Asia Quality Network"

was formed as QC Research / Promotion
Organization of ten nations of Asia, to
promote "activity which raises the quality as a
factory in the world" was started.

Moreover, ICQCC2003-Tokyo was held in

October 17-20 2003 and 1400 attendants
participated from 22 countries contained Asia
13 countries and ICQCC(International
Conference for QC Circle) 2011 Yokohama on
September 11-14, 2011 had been attended 14
participating nations, 1108 participants and
177 presentations.

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ERA OF TQM INNOVATION
(2000- )

JOQI reported its activities on May 28 2004 and

finished the Objective and Role of Establishment
of New Quality Management (System) Model in
21st Century, the contents of report are as
follows;

1. New Commodity Development

2. Business Process Innovation
3. Value Creation
4. Self-assessment of management system
5. Development Program of Management Director
of Technology
6. Development Program of Quality Professional
Specialist
7. Human Resources Development at Workshop,
Evolutional-QC Circle (e-QCC)
8. Structuring of Healthcare Management System
based of ISO 9000

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ERA OF TQM INNOVATION
(2000- )

ICQ’05-Tokyo (International Conference on

Quality’05-Tokyo-) had been held on
September 13-16 2005, and attended 51
participating nation, 1066 participants, and
165 presentations.

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TOWARD
NEW AGE

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TOWARD
NEW AGE

In order to recovering from dishonor of the

Made-in-Japan product of "poor and cheap",
we have walked along the Journey of the QC
of our country toward first Keidanren
chairman Ichiro Ishikawa's vision realization.
And it has come to be exportable the product
of "good and reasonable price" to the world,
and to be called an economic big country like
today.

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TOWARD
NEW AGE

In "Upcoming Century of Quality, 21 Century”

which Dr. Juran is said, there should announce
new vision, and, probably, it should carry out
and cut after this.
Fortunately it is stated that the 8th chairman
of Keidanren, Shyoichiro Toyoda's lecture
dissemination as "To be country, Japan which
is a Country be trusted and respected by the
World", for a future of Japan.
We wish to move forward with this as the 21st
century vision of "Quality Establishment-of-a-
Country Japan" in 2003.

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REFERENCES

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REFERENCES

Kenichi Koyanagi (1963): Quality Emphasis in Japan’s

Postwar Trade, pp.4, JUSE Publishing Co.

Ichiro Ishikawa (1950): Statement of First Publication --

Quality Control, Vol.1, No.1

J.M. Juran: Upcoming Century of Quality (1),

ENGINEERS, September, 1994, pp.1-9; The Keynote
Address of ASQ 48th AQC, May 24 1994.

Shyoichiro Toyoda (1998): Quality Month-Special Event,

Lecture Gist; Refer to Syoichiro Toyoda (1996): Creation
of "Attractive Japan", Toyo Keizai Sinbunnsya, p.17,
"Fundamental Idea".

Quality Establishment-of-a-Country Japan, Vol.54. No3,

pp.36-38, Quality Management, JUSE Publisher, 2003

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Thanks!
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