INDEFINITE INTEGRAL Shu SESS TY TE Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, Integration by parts, Integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions. Definition: Basic Concept Lat F(x) be a differentiable function of x such that SFO] = f(x). Then F(x) is called the integral of fx). ‘Symbolically, it is written as J f(x) dx = F(x) + ¢, where, f(x), the function to be integrated, is called the integrand and F(x) is called the anti-derivative (or primitive function) of f(x). Basic formulae Antiderivatives or integrals of some of the widely used functions (integrands) are given below: a(x ot a 4s =x = Jo ox = Senet d 1 Fae ad = a x 4 = fio = nixise *)= 0% > Jot dx = oF sc = fata = ne a a 9 gt) a (et O Fte")=(@% no) ca (a>0) o Sienx) = cos x = foosxdx = sinx +e a DF o0s x) = -sinx uv sin x dx =-cos x 40 5 a E(tanx) = s0c? x => face? x ax =tan x se Etcosee x) = (-cotx cos ec x) = feosecx cotx dx =—cosecx +e x (00%) = s0e x tanx = fsecxtanx dx =seex +e a a Q Stoots)= =cosec?x = foosec?x ax =-cotx+ © a dx = sin & 3 ane nT or pant tan 093071X x0 9 Sftn'® % x chee ees D Steen) = dx = seo(x) +6 1 bx ve 1 Constant of Integration Now, as the differential coefficient of a constant is zero, we have a a ax F00)=1(x) > S[F(x)+e Therefore, ff(x)dx = F(x) + ¢, where c is called the constant of integration and can take any real value, Properties of Indefinite Integration Ww. fi af(x)dx = af f(x)dx. (Here ‘a’ is a constant) ) Integral of sum is equal to sum of integrals J (000+ 990) ax = [oxide + Jatwrex. If { f(u)du = F(u) + ¢, then fffax +b) dx = telex), avd. tion Mjdstration 1: Evaluate fecosx — sinx)dx. Solution: Here e*(cosx — ‘) is the derivative of e* cosx. => 1 = e’cosx +c. Mustration 2: Evaluate |= J oe sin? x.c0s* x Solution: Transform the integrand in the following way. _ sin? x+c0s* x 2 2,2 4 = sec’ x+cosec*x = [tan x — cot x] ? xcos? al 1 Mustretion 3: Evaluate [3x'%(1 + x°2) dx. Solution: Here 3x12(1 + x2) is the derivative of (1 + x®2)? 1 (1+82% +0, ee 4: Evaluate |= (1+0084x) (cotx=tanx)2cos? 2x Solution: = J cos* x-sin? x wsinx.cosx ax = {Zeo82xsin2x dx al ae = Jsinax dx = —Zoosdx +c. llustfation §: Evaluate | cos4x cos7x dx. ‘Solution: When solving such problems it is expedient to use the following trigonometric identities: sin(mx) cos(nx) = (1/2) [sin(m —n)x + sin(m + nx), sin(mx) sin(nx) = (1/2) [eos(m — n)x - cos(m + nx), cos(mx) cos(nx) = (1/2) [eos(m — n)x + cos(m + nx}. Here cos4x cos7x = (1/2) (c0s(3x) + cos 11x] oe —Afsin3x | sint 1x 2155 | (cos3x + cost'x)dx = 5 see a sail ITS rer Sera ese con) If the integrand is not a derivative of a known function, then the corresponding integrals cannot be found directly. In order to find the integrals of complex problems, generally three rules of integration are used. Integration by substitution or by change of the independent variable. 1 Integration by parts. 2 Integration by partial fractions. Method of substitution (or change of variable) consists in substituting f (x) = t, where f (x) is @ continuously differentiable function of x. Direct Substitutions @ foo rOdax = Letf(x)=t=f es = fora .c@", n+4 n+1 £') To™ (FG) iF (ii) =logl|f(x|+¢ Let f(x) = t => f (x) dx = dt > Jot=togll +c =togitGo)-+e (iy NS £0) sare NFO +6 Let f (x)=t—> dt =f (x) dx > [Garire=2W +e Qo Jootx dx = J x = Infsinx|+c sinxOD franxdx = QD foecx dx = ee = injsecx+tanx|+c¢ or In ft? = -In|cosx|+c¢ or Infsecx|+ ¢ lon(5+ 8] se0x + fanx 2°46 1 feosecx x = f 282 CEIx = eBSEE Hay = nfoot x— cose x)|+2 oF rend tion 6: ue Solution: mlenton 7: Solution: Solution: : Evaluate cotx - cosec x 2 Evaluate fe ax, x Let 1+inx=teo that Lax= at alefe at 44Inx)? oo fing, Evaluate fC) gy : Let Inx=t, Then t=. Hence | = fsint dt = — cost + ¢ = — cos(Inx) + ¢. (x? -1)ax (x4 +3x? +1)tan“* (« + The given integral can be written as Let (<+2)=t. oiterontatng wo get (-4 Jax = ot. 1 x at Hence |= [——* ___. J (2 +1)tan*t Now make one more substitution tant = u, at du aw =f nt Bain ou and JGeinjulse Returning to t, and then tox, we have fan(x+t}ee. x 1 Inftan-']+¢ =Inoe Uf Solution: Problem 2: Solution: pps & Solution: Ee rel A SoCo) Th sry Evaluate f alte Ls Yasin? x+4cos? x sinx J dx Ben? x+ 4cos x * Sara (for cosx =p, — sinx dx = dp) +008 = fobs hp FFFS) =m conn aera +e. +p Ith= Jonxr ‘dx then prove that In+ nat = x (In x). la=x(inxy" fee =x (InxP—n lien = ltnins =x (nx). Evaluate jak é tot t= [FEL oe = sin(se GF) -eaoaee. USCIS SP a i 5a ee t Solution: 1 (x) = ——_1__ thon wy (@ainxs Soonxy' M210) ls equal to “1 1 Feanxea* ©) Fatanxeay*° -1 ©) Seamxra*° Oct eee Foe f =f soca aS (2tanx +3)? Let 2tanx+3=t 2 900? x dx = ot Ag¢at 1 22tanx+a)** Hence (A) is the correct answer. (MEE Tis TIE House. 298 Kats Sata, Sarvapriya Vinay Hew Doin 1 T0OTe Prac ieooue Deed) Ton Teraoky oe 6 Ppl The value of the integral lar is equal to Ica xx (a) Vind ee (B)4Vi+ vk +0 (C) 2V14 vk +0 (D) none of these Solution: = f ox ape 1 deal ove Vie Let Vx =t, dx = 2tdt at = vx +0. te =4fietec =4vt+ve + Aaa cli * Hence (B) is the correct answer. vpaeeer) ) th Problerf: 3: dx = fog(x) + constant, then ma wer (xvinw) (Af @)= go: In (x+ Vix) (8)f@)=x,.0) (ortm=-%, 9 = In(x+ View?) {D) none of these loofx+ Sie?) a 1 Is ftat= & ia . Aloale+ VF i)) +6 210)=%, 90)=in{x+ Jie). Hence (A) is the correct answer. Integrate the following functions (1-4): af Joos(ax + 5)ax we ptsBanx Ssh gg cos cos 2x -cos2a, 23, ‘COS 2K = COS24 Scos* x+7sin® x 77 Vcesx=c0sa ™ YF ytrcoe Solution: = [—1-____. dx. oe t Integrate the following (5-8): a5 cosx+sinx 1 cosx_-sinx Y aioe 3aa a9 xttoge(ex) ag (VEX EX = feun'x| ES Jax is equal to eso) (a xolt se (B) x20" * +0 1 ie iro (0) none of these ‘Standard Substitutions a o oooo oa njftration 1: Evaluate f Solution: musraion2 Evauste{ For terms of the form x? + 2? oF 2+ a2 , put x= a tand or a cole For terms of the form x? ~ 2? oF x? a , putx= a secd or a cosecd For terms of the form a? — x" or Va? =x? , putx = a sin@ or a cos® if both ¥a+X, Ja-x are present, then put x =a cos 20 For the type y(x—a)(b- x), putx = a cos?@ + b sin?0 For the type (Ve? vate x) or (x# ie a) . put the expression within the bracket 14 Forthetype (x+a)Ta(x+b) "a or (y i (veN,n> 1), pute (+a) xta 1 For———_—, mi, n2 ¢N (and > 1), = (evay (+b) ris, na. N (and> 1), again put (x + a) = t(x +b) en oa? (ay Seaprecar *S rk x41)? (x-3) ax Vc=a) (=) Solution: . ution: Writing x = aoos*@ + bsin®e, the given integral becomes 1 J 2(b —a) sin@cos ede ((ecos?o-+ bain? 0-2) (b-acos*0-ban?o]™ Sra Sova Vr fn bn TTOOT6 Pn free seems2(b—a)sin6 cos odo J240 =20+0=28in (b=a)sindcos6 Mustration 3: Evaluate (9X _. 5 (x=) (x-ay Solution: Put x —b=t(x- a) at-b =x ee Also x—a= $=8 and x-b= ae (t-1° (0-17 ba y Gata (a-b) ae Hae x31? +3t-1y, ov e “ee 7 si figear [tes wines where t Integration of the type: {(sin™xcos"x)dx mand n ¢ natural numbers. _Ifone of them is odd, then substitute for term of even power. G1 If both are odd, substitute either of the term. 1 If both are even, use trigonometric identities only. Note: The expression sin” x cos" x also admits of immediate integration in terms of tan x or cot x ifm + n be a negative even integer, whatever m and n may be. In this case, the best substitution is tan x or cotx =z. uplatration 4: Evaluate [sin® x cos® x dx. Solution: Let |= {sin® x cos® x dx ~Jp°(1-p?) ap if (cosx = p, - sinxdx = dp). oe . ° , dp = PL Pe _ cost _ cos! x = Jp” d-fo® dp ~ & coo Alternatively lef a-P Pat (if sinx=t, cosdx = at) afPat- fae Tat = Sintx _ 2sin®x sin? x =feat—faea+ fra - = * tae Note: This problem can also be handled by successive reduction or by Trigonomettic Identities. mee tid vee se DOA Kats Sara arvapeTye Vir. News Det F001, Ph AGTODUDO, oos08493. Tax STII?SES MA-H-9 fai? xoost xo of mustration 5 Evaluate 4 mace Be ‘sonstion: Weave [sin x08 xox = fa = ft-cos2x (ene? 2x-+ 2en82+ NOR 8 20082xdx , dK _ 8 We a Joos? xix} foos2x0x 4 1 3x _1 [sin 6x see) anaes = gg SNe + Gg SIN IG Ss 2 | 2 3 sin4x | 1 x sak pore! Ry tee G6" if u and v be two functions of x, then integral of the product of these two functions is given by: [uv dx = ufv oof fv oxox. Note: In applying the above rule care has to be taken in the selection of the first functi ‘second function (v). Normally we use the following methods: (If in the product of the two functions, one of the functions is not directly integrable (4. Inx, sin’, cos", tar'x etc.) then we take it as the first function and the remaining function is taken as the second function. e.g. In the integration of x tan’x dx, tan’'x is taken as the first function and x as the second function. (i) there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second function e.g. In the integration of Jtanr'x dx, tanr'x is taken as the first function and 1 as the second function. (itl) If both of the functions are directly integrable then the first function is chosen in such a way that the derivative of the function thus obtained under integral sign is easily integrable. Usually we use the following preference order for the first function jon(u) and the (inverse, Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponent) In the above stated order, the function on the left is always chosen as the first function. This rule is called as ILATE e.g. In the integration of | xsinxdx., x is taken as the first function and sinx is taken as the second function. phat Evaluate { Vix? ~ a ax. Sounion: Here |= [ViMustration 8: Solution: a Mustration 9: Solution: Evaluate sec? odo . Leti= [sec?0 40 = seco [sec? odo | tano(seco tano}so = sec tand—[ (sec? 6-1)sec d0= secd tand ~| + In |secd + tand| => 1=1 {seco tand] + Zin|sec0 + tan +<. Evaluate fin( Ji=x + /14x) dx Here we have only one function. If we take u= In(V1=x +/1+x) as the first function and v = 1 as the second function then t= n( ER Vex) [tae - f(Sn( IHR + AFR) feo sn) - al aoa) snin( I=) ~ ica sain( ax Ses) Bf oee Sf oh xin(Vi=x+ Arex) ~X+Ssin'x+e (x= +1) fin (x2 +4) 2x} es Evaluate f z K. First we make the substitution 1 + 1/x?=t Now, this integral can be evaluated by parts, taking Int as the first function and vt as the second function.127 or 2 fr? Nel 2 P? 1/207 or 2 fer ta! Hence | =~ 25 esa | 2 sint}e Roturning to x, we obtain ADVE AD ain't bile \ ai 9x l= x An important result: Inthe integral f g(xJe"dx, If g(x) can be expressed as a(x) = f(x) + (x) then Je [f(x + Fa )x= 0G) + ©. ofe(? ss) +6, (i) fot (sin x + 208 x) &x =e" sinx vc aii) Jer(cos x ~sinx)dx =e* cosx +c. Ings tion 10: Evaluate | e* ( Solution: 2x Cy - S| a= +0. a] a Note: Some times we write J Ht) a5 je PUD ax and to solve the integral with the help of f(x) PO {p(w} integration by parts, take Be as the first function fe x Iustration 11: Evaluate { ——~——, dx. (xsinx+ cos x)" 2 Solution: Let I= (ee = f(reoex) 08) XC08X (xsinx +60s x) (xsinx +.c0sx) wx sect — C4) a - igre}, wag (xsinx + cosx) (xsinx + cos x)" -xsecx -1 5 Se = J(secx+ xsecxtanx) ei (xsinx + cosx) XSinx + 6OSX secx a x(xsinx + 60s x), © Uxsinx + 008%) (xsinx + cosx) =xsecx + tanx +c. © (xsinx + cosx)ED PROBLEMS Si f EAS PS TT a aS 2 Problem 1: Solution: Solution: | Problem 1: Sh Solution: id dx Evaluate : We = BN=ax—%) Put x= a sin?@ +8 cos?@. Then dx = 2(a.~ 8) sin8 cos® do ‘and (xa) = (Ba) cos*®, and (x-B)=(a~B) sin? 6 4 (a8) sin cos@ do Ed fee ob ome oe (a ~B) sin20 (sin? @) (8 -a) 2_ {Kay ~ B-@VG-*) +0. Evaluate [sint x dx. Let l= Jain? x sinx dx = sin? x (-cosx) + Jasin? xcos* xdx = -sin* xcosx-+ [3sin? x(1—sin® x}dx = —sin? x008x +3{ sin? xdx—3{ sin xe als msn? xconx3f 1522) alee 3f,_ sinax i sin x coor +5 [x v Jee Alternative Method; a re eeall roe Pax = tf 2 = [sin xdx J (1~c082x)* ax J (1 20082x +008# 2x) dx. 1 1 f(cos4x+4 A enoea 1 3x = six~sinaxyst [(9284%41) ay 2 1, ay are qe snza$ {{ i ) he = finde + srsindx + ae #£D I oo a 1 dx = Atan-"(e) +0, then the value of Ais +e (A)1 (B) 1/2 (C)-1 (D)- 1/2 ax ae Saree laa Let e=t,2-e%dx=dt > 1f_dt_ 2448 I= Pran-*(e) +0 Es Arh, Hence (B) isthe corect swe. MTEC Lid FITIEE House, 28 Kota Sorat Se __ Doty -1 10016, Pr 46106000, 26560405, Fox 20513942 ‘weber nije com_Bpblem 2: JP, sequal to (x+a)l (x-b)? bal Eola sac 3) (5) ei - Solution: 4 of ‘dp ud i 7 x-b\r ee we eed BF ee ee ocala) Hence (B) is the correct answer. EXERCISE — 2 Evaluate the following: sin? x ox yy ieee Oleg Jin? xcos® xdx Integrate the following functions (4-9): 44 Bsinx S/ logexsne—t OS a et Ze s0cx (1+ tan x) 2 8. — * ie cores at aaney ae J s00?!x cose‘! xdx is equal to i (A)3 tan"? x+0 (8)-3 tan"? x+e {C)~3 cot? x+0 (0)3 cot”? x0 aes:‘Standard Formulae ofp Pie mks le ase 1 Joe Let x= atan 0 => dk = a sect 40 ai eee J s0c9d0 = og, [sec 0+ tandl +k iam he Ak =tog, Wa? ox? +x] +k-logy a 21 log, be+ Va oe |+e. O fate Fae ox, Letx =a sec @ = dx = asec 6 tan @ dO Vee =o 1= f2secstanade is JPPSEES = J se 0d0 =tog,|sec0 + tandl +k = 1= log, 18 log, b+ ve? a7] +0. dx |x — al of atheal"® Af ¢ ax (x+a)(x- aa ai gilesiea tie someone OO [vR raax = Avie +a? +5 Sinks Vi ai|v0 l= [ert Let x= atan 0 > dx =a sect odo als Ja? sec? bsecodd = 2” sec® odo aa Now, | = a? [secesec? od0 (Using ILATE) als 2*[secotand— [ sec0tandtan odo] +c ale 2 [seco tant [sec0(sec* o-1)d0] +6 Zz E+ 4 +k = log, [x+ Vx? —a?|+k -log, a ale aa . z =a at ~ ec at logke+ t+ 2]+6 a a sate Ta PITJEE House 2° KalLea + Mog + Ve vetl+c. 2 fa? eFax - Bie = 2? Files ie Fre ee oe Indirect Substitutions If the integrand is of the form f(x).g(x), where g(x) is a function of the integral of f(x), then put integral of fo) =t , istration 1: Evaluate | —*— er Solution: Integral of the numerator = =>. Putx?? =t. We get! Muustration 2: Evaluate | S°* = SS ax - 9+16sin2x Solution; |= [——SRXSCOEK x 25 - 16(sinx -cosx)” Put t= sinx — cosx = dt = (cosx + sinx)dx dt 4 | 1 E 4(sinx —cosx tN += In| — | Derived Substitutions Some times it is useful to write the integral as a sum of two related integrals, which can be evaluated by ‘making suitable substitutions. Examples of such integrals are: A. Algebraic Twins B. Trigonometric Twins Jan dx, | Jootx dx, Jat 4 Bint 008% (sin x-+-c08" x) aoe: J x. (sin® x + cos® x) ‘a+bsinxcosx Method of evaluating these integrals are illustrated by mean of the following examples: Pee Cet aaanetnt Solution: inust Solution: n 5: ot 140 1 Evaluate Saat 2 ae oy 414 5x? 24 x44 14 Bx? 44(112) ow 29x24 (t)+5 = (h-b2 (say). For Is, we write x Fear(5 He) F aa a(t ens Pyeee pent ree nen rar ‘(ey Fa 8 BS ‘Combining the two results, we get | = (I1—b/2 41 1(X-1x Se aT ( v7 Evaluate [Vianx x. Puttanx=t? => secix dx = 2t dt 2tdt = oe = l=[vianx dx = ft ae aed (+1 e-4 ealaeia Ae “Tr : ‘This can be solved by the method used in previous illustration.musefation 6: Evaluate {——* dx R sin* x+cos* x Solution: # Problem 1: Solution: Apt 2 Solution: 2 2 bet = 4f tx 24 [SR eee ax x+008" x sin’ x + cos" ct xsA)oos? x (tan? x +1)sec? x (tan? x +4). cost x a Sie ay Now, put tanx = t => sec?x dx = dt 2 +t at =4f ue +4 >is tt Pat? Now, put tt =z voles Fate AZ. a tanx-1/tanx Panta 4, then the value of fot— is equal to + 2xt+1 1 Q tex-Ve2—-1 @ ol SES +6 (B) log] *** No Nx? 1 [text va? 1 Fe 1 Ltexeva? 4 tex-vx?=1 4 tex- © aes +e (0) og VET text vx? -4 awe =1 dt fetes, = (since x?> 4) +1-x Neen 1 ol -We=1],, atee=1 [text vi? — Hence (B) is the correct answer. ft =f¢ franx + cot x) dx =f (x) + c then f (x) is equal to (A) V2sin~' (sinx-cos x) (B) & -¥2cos™ (sinx-cosx) (©) V2tan~ “(ea) ~ (0) none of these sinx +008x = Jootxjdx = [ 2 SBX*2S% 4, Lot 1 = (flank + foot) dx J ee ds If sinx—cos x= pthen (cos x + sin x) dx = dp so that l= 2 Sar = V2sin'p + c=V2sin“\sinx-cosx) +e = 4 —J2cos" (sinx-cos x) E « = JB tan"? ——880X= 08x {i= (sinx -cos x a = tan ( S0%=2), Hence (A), (B), (C) are correct answers. crvapriyn Vine New Dat 170076. Ph 46706000. 26560400, Fax 26513002MAca0 (2-1) Ps Prot pa xe DE to a rede ix is equal A, ene 4 (34) w yan aa lar ape 1 gp () = sin ea +c (D) none of these a(t Solution uae j OI vaeaten al clea 44 > FeBig = ew ogee (See Hence (A), (8) and (C) are the correct answers. EXERCISE — 3 Integrate the following functions(1-8): a ioalz 1 y ca x8 43x? +9 44 4. x -x+4 (e- a (en x2 +5x43 6 1 x 43x42 NM csnxccom 2 : x44 sinx x16 — anx The value of ign is ee a) Iie +4 slog) + Pestle ®) 3 +4 log (0) -Zise +4 ~ogls + Pea (D) none of these Ky Pe adlec 2° V4 The value of lars Tanne “ ton (2 ‘se aca] ea : © ran (2) lee (D) none of these 3A Kaly Sora. Sarvapriya Vinar Now Det 710018 Pr 46100000. 20569403 ‘web wat tyes com tee (1c) FITIEE Ho