Examples on Design of Singly Reinforced Beams \m Example 5.1. Determine the area of tensile reinforcement required for singly reinforced simply supported beam of size 300 mm x 600 mm effective to resist a factored bending moment of 220 kNm. Use M20 concrete and Fe 500 grade steel. [BTE, Punjab 2015) Solution. Given, b = 300 mm, d = 600 mm M,, = 220 kNm Se © Depth required for balanced section, 20 Nimm?, f, = 500 Nimm? Kumar (9-42 ymax) Ry = 0.36 jf, “| 1- a dFor Fe S00 = 0.46 R,, = 0.36 20 x 0.46 (1 — 0.42 * 0.46) = 2.66 220 «10° = §25 mm < 600 mm Hence, it is an under-reinforced section wArea of Tensile Reinforcement (A,,) Sy Au M, = O87fy Ay if “| 500% Ay, 220 « 106 = 0.87% 500 4,, x 600} 1— ] 20% 300% 600 - 2 Ay geqg = 976 mm or using eqn. for 4,, 6 Ay = 05% 1 AOMa lpg = 05x20) 1 — fp 46822010 559, 5 : fy fey ba? 500 20x 300 x 600 A,,= 976 mm? '™ Example 5.2. Design a balanced section for a reinforced concrete beam subjected to a bending moment of 150 kNm. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. [BTE, Punjab 2013] Solution. Factored BM = 1.5 = 150 = 225 kNm* Depth required for blanced section = d= Assuming b = 300 mm, R,, = 2.76 = 521.3 mm say 525 mm Total depth = 525 +25 + 10 = 560 mm mArea of steel required fy Aw Taba) 225 x 108 = 087x415 x Ay, x s2s(1 4 20% 300 x 5 M, = O87f, And . Ay, = 1480 mm? Using 20 mm dia bars Numbers of bars required = 5 = Example 5.3. An R.C.C. beam is require d to resist bending moment of 70 kNm. Desig? the beam for flexure, taking = =0: d Use M20 conerete and TM'T (Fe 415 bars). Soluton. Given, M= 70 kNm Sy = 20 Nimm? Sy= 415 Nimm2ewroncen BEAM gon or SOLY A b d B Design oF factored moment M, = Mx4,= 70x15 fete = 105 kNm = 105 x 10° Nmm 8 Effective depth required x, 0.42 x, R. = 0.36 f, 22m ( wm | " 6 faa a = 0.48 [For Fe 415] 0.36 x 20 x 0.48 (1 - 0.42 x 0.48) 2.76 = R, bd® 2.76 (0.5) @ [b = 0.5d] 76086956.52 423.7 mm say 425 mm b = 25.125 say 215 mm B Area of steel (A,,) The balanced steel required for this section is calculated as follows: Ao 8 O87 fy (d= 042 Xuma) x, ax = 0-48d = 0.48 x 425 = 204 mm] ae 105 x 10° st "0.87 x 415 (425 — 0.42 x 204) A,, = 857.1 mm? Area of one 20 mm @ bar, Ay = x 207 =314 mm? 4 Number of bars required = ssi =2.72 say 3 . Provide 3-20 mm @ bars 45 mm Assuming effective cover Overall depth of beam = 425 + 45 = 470 mm Beam dimensions = 215 mm x 470 mm " Example 5.4. An R.C.C. beam is required to carry a uniformly distributed load of 25kN/m inclusive of its self weight. The effective span of the beam is 8 m. Design the beam ‘or flexure only. Use M30 concrete and Fe 415 steel. [BTE, Delhi 2015] Solution. Given, w = 25 kN/m Sy = 30 Nimo fy = 415 Nim? [For Fe 415 steel] [For M30 concrete]R.C.C. Desict ano Da, ty = 15) 25 x 1.5 = 37.5 kN 2 37.5x8" 8 = 300 kNm or 300 x 10° Nm @ Limiting moment of resistance factor (R,,) Xumx _ 9.48, [Table 5.2, for Fe 415 steal 7 z ee a = 026 ps (1S R, = 0.36 x 30 x 0.48 (1 - 0.42 x 0.48) R, = 4.13 " ® Minimum effective depth required Assuming 6 = 250 mm and effective cover = 40 mm M, _ [300x10° teal — VR, .b \ 4.13% 250 diggq = 539 mm say 540 mm D = 540+ 40 = 580 mm ’. Provide a beam of size 250 mm x 580 mm. Area of steel required (A,,) Area of steel required for a balanced design is calculated as follows: Xuma = 0.48 d 0.48 x 540 Xumax = 259.2 mm. " M, ~ 0.87 fy (d= 0.42 Sym) 300 x 106 ew 0.87 x 415 (540 — 0.42 x 259.2) Ag = 1927.2 mm? " Minimum area of reinforcement (A,) ‘A. = 085 bd _ 0.85 x 250 x 540 F 415 A, = 276.5 mm? < 1927.2 mm?, hence OK. Area of one 25 mm dia bar Number of bars required Provide 4-25 mm ¢ bars,wor SINGLY HEINFONCED Bem Dest oe 117 gxomple on Design of singly — beam for flexure and shear also ag Example S$. A rectangular reint 330 mm thick and 6 m apart ( ced concrete heam is simply supported on two masonry hs x re to centre). The beam is carrying an imposed load acs KN/m. Design the beam with all necessary checks. Use M25 concrete and Fe 415 steel. solution. G Ie = Om Imposed load = 15 kN/m f, = 25 Nimm? [For M25 concrete] Sy = 415 Nimm? [For Fe 415 steel] Assuming a trial total depth of 500 mm ( and b = 250 mm Effective depth, d 500 — 50 = 450 mm [Assuming effective cover = 50 mm] & Effective span (J): The effective span is least of following: () Centre to centre of supports = 6.0 m (i) Clear span +d = 5.77 + 0.45 [Clear span = 6.0 - 0.23 = 5.77 m) = 622m 1 = 60m © Design load (w,) and factored moment (M,) (Self weight of beam = 0.5 x 0.25 x 25 3.125 kN/m [Taking unit wt. of RCC = 25 kN/m*] Imposed load = 15 kKN/m Total load, w = 18.125 kN/m Design load = w x 1.5 [load factor = 1.5] 18.125 x 1.5 w, = 27.2 KN/m w, 2 _ 27.2x6? M. ere Ge e 8 8 M,, = 122.3 kNm or 122.3 x 10° Nmm imum effective depth required 0.48 [Table 5.2, for Fe 415 steel] 0.42 Xumay aa. R, = = 376 mm <450 mm. Hence OK. dea = reSince the depth of section is more than that required for balanced section. The section is designey as an under-reinforced section. Adopt D = 500 mm and 6 = 250 mm 3-22 - 462 = 500-20-8-— = 462 mm d= 500-20 % {Assuming clear cover as 20 mm, § mm as dia of stirrups and 20 mm dia main bars) w Area of steel required _ For an under reinforced section the area of steel required is calculated as follows: 4.6M, 4, = 05 £4| 1- 1S y Seybd 3 = 05x72 1 fj AOS122307" 9595. 462 a5 25x 250% 462: | Aaj yeqg = 833 mim? m Minimum area of steel (4,) 0.85bd _ 0.85 x 250 x 462 fy 415 A, = 236 mm? < 833 mm?, hence OK. Area of one 20 mm dia bars, w= 2 2 y= 5% 20° = 314mm Ag 833 Nt ee , umber of bars reqd, A 3a 7255 say3 ~ Provide 3-20 mm dia bars, A,, provided =3 « 314 = 942 mm?, Check for deflection 100 x 942 1 250% 462 ~ 0-8% Ag provided 4 L= 038f, [=] Interpolating for f, = 212 Nimm? and P, = 0.8% from Fig. 5.1 (135-12 k= 1.35-C%3=12) - it 240—199 * (212-190)pesiow oF Sinaty Reiwroncen Bean RIS i 20 x 1.29 = 25.8 ( j ) i dT provided = fe 7129 L ( L Gag > La Jpeg HOMee OK. 1 Design for shear wy L _ 27.25.77 Wee 2 78.5 KN = 78500 N Nominal shear stress (t,) {L = Clear span = 5.77 m] 78500 bd 250 x 462 0.68 N/mm* Design shear strength of concrete (t,) For P, = 0.8% and M25 concrete, from Table 4.5 0.57 + (0-64 = 0.57) T00=0.75 *(08- 0.75) = 0.58 Nimm? < 4 max lr, 1, >, hence shear reinforcement is required Shear to be carried by reinforcement = V,, ‘emax = 3-1 N/mm”, Table 4.7] Vue= V, V, ~ Teng = 78500 - 0.58 x 250 x 462 “= 11510 N Using 8 mm 2 legged stirrups, A 2 xox 8? =100.53 mm? | 0.87 fy Ag d Spacing of stirrups, S, = y 5, = 987 %415 x100 a 11510 x 462 S, = 1456 mm Maximum spacing as per minimum reinforcement O87 A, fy O.4b w QATIONSS 45 69m The spacing should be least of the following also: () 0.75 d = 0,75 x 462 = 346 mm Gi) 300 mm.WING Spacing S, = 300 mm Provide 8 mm 9 2 Igd @ 300 mm c/e throughout the length of the beam. Provide 2-10 mm 9 anchor bars in the compression zone. © Check for development length M, " 0.87 f, Ay .d 942 x 415 = 0.87x 415 x 942 x 462 1 © 250 x 462 x M, = 135856988 N My Using no bend or hook, 1, Voth +0=1730 mm Yy 78500 87 y= 08S Mtg 20 0.87x 415 - = Fx2.24 — [from Table 4.8 4,,= 1.6 x 1.4= 2.24 for HYSD] L, = 805.9 mm M, V7 tle > Ly. Hence, codal requirements are satisfied ® Design summary Beam size = 250 mm x 500 mm Main tensile bars = 3 ~ 20 mm 6 bars of Fe 415 grade Shear stirrups = § mm 92 Igd @ 300 mm cle Anchor bars = 2 ~ 10 mm o Centre of support 2Igd 8 mm @ 300 mm ole 2-#10 mm 250 mm ee 500 mm No #20 mm bars 3-#20 mm o 6.0m Fig. 5.6,[s4. DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS FOR FLEXURE Design of doubly reinforced beam generally comprises of determining area of tension and compression steel as dimensions of the beam are already fixed (or restricted) Determination of A,, (Refer to Fig. 6.3) Area of steel comesponding to singly reinforced balanced section (section 1) = Ay, 7 Muti m1 0. 87 fy (d = 0.42 Xymax ) Area of steel corresponding to section 2 = A. Moment of resistance of section 2 My = M,- Mation My, = 0.87 f, Au (d-d’) [Considering tensile steel] or Muy = UeAse Sec Agcl(d a’) [Considering compression steel] styMy ORT, hed’) Ay Ag, +4, Ay, = Determination of Area of Compression Stool fi Ay dd’) oA Mu, fi Neglecting loss of concrete area Muy © g-Ay (d=d’) [Maximum compression reinforcement + 0,04y)) ‘ M, oe” Tedad) The various steps involved is the design of a doubly reinforced beam are as follows Given: Dimension of the beam iie., b x D ot b x d Grade of concrete and type of steel Factored bending moment (M,) 1, Determine the value of f,, for ¢ ratio from Table 6.1 2, Determine xy no. He, limiting depth of neutral axis and Martin My im = 0.36 fy b (d= 0.42 x iw max) 3. Determine 4,, M, ie “0 * TRF -0 Dime) 4. Determine M,, and A,, My = M, ~ M, A lim a fra “2” O87 F, (d=d) 5. Determine A,, Ag = Ay, + Ay Choose suitable diameter of bar 6. Determine area of compression steel A, = Ma ~ Fed-d) able diameter of the bar 7. Check for deflection control and provide them Provide A,. by choosing suit For : 1 p= Ay ana p= 0.s8/, [aa bd |: find k,, from Fig. 6.1 streq, 100 A,, Pos 7 find k, from Fig, 6.2 ( alt = = 20x kx k, [For simply supporte'i) (a = 7XK, xk, [For cantilever bi ir ‘) >( t) then OK. Jax \ 4 pete (1 uy Note: Design for flexure is till Step 7, however, for full design of beams follow the Steps 8, 9 and 10 also. 8. Check for shear is to be done in the same way as explained in Chapter 5. 9, Check for development length by satisfying codal provision Fl ) then redesign the section mar 4 proved My Vth eh, 10, Design summary and a sketch showing reinforcement detailing, Problems on Design of Doubly reinforced beams for flexure only i Example 6.6. An R.C.C. beam 230 mm x 500 mm effective is subjected to a factored Moment of 200 kNm. Find the reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Solution. Given : b = 230 mm, d = 500 mm M,, = 200 kNm = 200 x 10° Nmm. Sa, = 20 Nim? f, = 415 Nimm? a = 0.1 [assuming 50 mm effective cover for compression steel] ye = 353 Nimm? [from Table 6.1] [Note: e = o.oss a €,, = 0.00277 | from IS 456, stress-strain curve of Fe 415 gives f,, = 393 N/mm’] ® Limiting moment of resistance (M, jim) My tigs = 036 fu By pan (4 = 9-42 5p max) "r= 0.48 d [Table 4.2] 0.48 x 500 = 240 mm M.. = 0.36 x 20 x 230 x 240 (500 - 0.42 x 240) 158658048 Nmm = M, ~ Matin 200 x 10° — 158658048 41341952 Nmm A, = Am + As M, Any = O87f, d= 042 Syma)a! 142 RC.C. Desi0H 400 Ona, me _ ____ 158658048 © 0.87 x 415 (500 ~ 0.42 % 240) = 1100.7 mm? M,, Au = 0.87 f,(d—d") = —— #1341952 _ 0.87 x 415(500- 50) 254.2 mm* Total area of tension steel = Ay, + Ay, 1100.7 + 254.2 = 1354.9 mm? Area of one 20 mm bar 0 sla x 8 " zg 3 5 1354.9 314 - Provide 5-20 mm diameter bar as tension steel. & Area of compression steel (A,.) My, A, = ——2_ See (d= d’) 41341952 353(500 - 50) Ag. = 260.2 mm? Number of bars required = = 4.3 say 5 *. Area of one 16 mm dia bar= X16? = 201 mm? No. of 16 mm di = 200.2 © > tim dia bars regd. = 290-2 1.3 say 9 *. Provide 2 - 16 mm diameter bars as compression steel. ‘m Example 6.7. A beam 25 moment 300 kNm. Determine Assume d’ = 50 mm. Solution. Given : b 7d M, a [For M20 concrete! f [For Fe 250 . @ d = 0.09, taking next higher value ie, 0.1 @ og ] d= Ol and Fe 250 [From Table 6.1] " Soc = 217 Nim?_ 143 fp Limiting moment of resistance M, ji, My tion = 0.36 fo B. My gpax (d = 042, an) Xy max = 0.53d [From Table 4.2] 0.53 x 550 = 291.5 mm 0.36 x 20 x 250 x 291.5 (550 - 0. = 224345079 Nmm 224.3 x 10° Nmm My ~ Ma tiog = 300 x 106 - 224345979 = 75654021 Nmm 1 Area of tension steel (A,,) M, tiem x 291.5) u Ag, = Sie "0.87 f, (d= 0.42 Xin) = = 2412.4 mm? As = TaT Ra) = 6421 = 695 mm? 0.87 x 250(550 - 50) Ag = As, + Any = 2412.4 + 695 Ag, = 3108.1 mm? Using 25 mm dia bar Area of one bar = 5%25* = 490.8 mm* 108.1 ++ Number of bars required = ae = 6.3 say7 Provide 7-25 mm diameter bars. © Area of compression steel (A,,) Muy —75654021__ Ae = Frd-d) ~ A716 Aj, = 692.3 mm Using 16 mm diameter bar Area of one bar = 692.3 : 201 * Provide 4 — 16 mm dia bars. M, jn My, = My, — My jig = 187.5 — 140 = 47.5 kNm ™ Area of tensile steel (4,,) Aa = Ag, + Ag, eee Moin 140 x 10° DST ee x0 0.87 f, (d-0.42.X sina) 0.87 x 415 (450 — 0.42 x 216) Ay, = 1080 mm? M, Ac on _ 47.5 x 10° se 0.87 f, (d=d") = 0.87 x 415 (450 - 50) = 330 mm? > W 4 = 1080 + 330 = 1410 mm? Using 20 mm diameter bars, Number of bars required = 1410 314 = 5 bars © Area of compressive steel a 50. d ~ 459 = 9-11 next higher value = 0,15 (from Table 6.1) Soe = 342 Nimm? A M, 47.5 x10 = Me . 2 “Se (d=) * 3430450 =) = 348 maRenronced Bras 7 pours REINFORCED —— sing 16 mm diameter bars 348 Number of bars = 348 <9 jy, Sor = 2 bas [Note: Alternatively 9.0035 . fe _ . Xumax Xuma ~ 0.0035 _ Ese 216 ~ 216-50 &,. = 0.0026 From stress-strain curve of steel given in IS code. fe = 345 Nimm’] & Design for shear 50 kN V, _ 150 x 10° bd 250x450 1, = 1.33 N/mm? A,, = 5.x 314 = 1570 mm? at midspan. Curtailing 2 bars at 0.08/ from face of support i.e., 0.08 x 5000 = 400 mm Ag at suppor = 3 X 314 = 942 mm? 100A, P= ha 100 x 942 ~ 250x450 0.84% For M20 and p, = 0.84, 1, = 0.58 N/mm? >t Hence, shear reinforcement is ne ™ Design of shear reinforcement V,, = Vy —t.bd = 150000 ~ 0.58 x 250 x 450 = 84750 N U ‘8 2 legged 8 mm diameter stirrups Ay = xO xB? = 100.5 mm? 0.87 f,Ay Vas 0,87 «415 x 100.5 x 450 84750 = 192 mm Spacing, §, =146 Maximum spacing as per O87, Ay ~ 0.4b 0.87 ¥ 415 x 100.5 0.4250 The spacing should also not exceed : (i) 0.75d = 337 mm (ii) 300 mm to 300 mm at midspan. ® Check for Deflection 1001570 _ | 39% Pe 250% 450 100 x 2 x 2 22x20) _ 9.36% Pe = “750x450 Le oss] 1410 = 0.58x415| M410 : (ie From IS 456 = 362 mm Astrequired provided RCC. Desion sry nominal reinforcement is calculated as follow ] = 216 N/mm? Hence providing the 2 Igd 86 strps @ 190 mm c/c at support and gradually increasing the spac, 2Igd 8mm 6 @ 190 mm cic 2-416 mm bars 5m L-section 500 mm, 250mm, 2-#16 mm ee 5-#20 mm Section at mid-span 4-920 mm Section at support