TM's

Lecture Notes in C Programming (LNCP)

UNIT 2 Part 1
Input and Output(I/O)
Ver. 1.5
TM’s C Programming Lecture Notes Ver. 1.5 Input and Output(I/O)

Table of Contents
Input/Output(I/O) Functions 3

Unformatted I/O 3

1. Reading a character 3

2. Writing a character 4

Formatted I/O 5

3. Formatted Input 5
3.1 Inputting Integers 5
3.2 Inputting real number: float and double types 6
3.3 Formatted Input: Strings 6
3.4 Reading Mixed Data Types 6

4. Formatted Output 7
4.1 Outputting Integers: 8
4.2 Output of Real Numbers 8
4.3 Output of single character 9
4.4 Output of strings 9

5. Guidelines to improve readability of output: 10

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TM’s C Programming Lecture Notes Ver. 1.5 Input and Output(I/O)

​Input/Output(I/O) Functions
I/O functions in C are categorized as:
1. Unformatted I/O functions
E.g. getchar(), putchar()
2. Formatted I/O Functions
E.g. scanf(), printf()

​Unformatted I/O
​1. Reading a character
This means taking character input from the user.
❑ General Syntax:
variable_name = getchar();
❑ E.g.
char c;
c = getchar();

Program: Reading a character

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char c;
printf("Enter a character:");

/* getchar function waits for user to type a

Character*/
c = getchar();
printf("Character %c is entered",c);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a character:A
Character A is entered

Check the type of character entered

❑ Include header file: #include<ctype.h>
❑ Use functions: isalpha() and isdigit()
❑ Reading a character(prg302)

Program: Check the type of character entered

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TM’s C Programming Lecture Notes Ver. 1.5 Input and Output(I/O)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
int main()
{
char c;
printf("Enter a character:");
c = getchar();
if(isalpha(c)!=0)
printf("Entered character is a letter.\n");
else if(isdigit(c)!=0)
printf("Entered character is a digit.\n");
else
printf("Entered character is not alpha-numeric\n");

return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a character:A
Entered character is a letter.

Enter a character:9
Entered character is a digit.

Enter a character:#
Entered character is not alpha-numeric

​2. Writing a character

Outputting a character on to standard output device
❑ Function: putchar(variable_name);
Program : prg303
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char c;
printf("Enter a character:");
c = getchar();
printf("Character entered is:");
putchar(c);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a character:A
Character entered is:A

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TM’s C Programming Lecture Notes Ver. 1.5 Input and Output(I/O)

● Changing character case(prg304)

Changing case of character entered.(Upper & lower case)
Program:
int main()
{
char c;
printf("Enter a character:");
c = getchar();
printf("Output: ");
if(islower(c))
putchar(toupper(c));
else
putchar(tolower(c));
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter a character:A
Output: a

Enter a character:a
Output: A

​Formatted I/O
​3. Formatted Input
● Formatted Input refers to input data expected/inputted in predefined format in the program.
E.g.: Entered data: 15.75 123 John
● This data is read to corresponding type variables.
● Function used for formatted Input: scanf
● General format:
scanf("control string",arg1,arg2,…,argn);
❑ Control string(format string): specifies order in which data to be entered and the type of the data
expected.
❑ arg1,arg2,…,argn : variables where data is stored.
❑ E.g: scanf("%d %c %f", &num,&ch,&fno);

​3.1 Inputting Integers

❑ General format of control string: %wd
❑ w ==> Specifies width of the data to read
❑ d ==> Indicated we want to read an integer.
❑ E.g. scanf("%5d", &num1)
❑ Reads five digits of user entered number
❑ E.g: scanf("%d", &num1)
❑ Read maximum possible digits(value) from the number entered.

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TM’s C Programming Lecture Notes Ver. 1.5 Input and Output(I/O)

Program: Formatted Input

int main()
{
int a;
printf("Enter 6 digit number:");
scanf("%5d", &a);
printf("The number is: %d",a);
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter 6 digit number:678123
The number is: 67812
❑ Formatted Input
Skipping a number from reading
❑ E.g. scanf("%d %*d %d", &a, &b) ;
❑ If user entered: 10 50 100
❑ Data read as: a <==10, b<==100
❑ 50 entered by the user is skipped.
❑ Formatted Input

​3.2 Inputting real number: float and double types

float a,b,c;
scanf("%f %f %f",&a,&b,&c);

❑ For double data type, control string is "%lf"

​3.3 Formatted Input: Strings

General format: %ws
E.g: %s , %5s

char str[10];
scanf("%s",str); // Read till first space or \n found
scanf("%5s",str); // Read first 5 characters
scanf("%[^\n]",str); // Read until \n is found. May
//not work well with all
//compilers.

​3.4 Reading Mixed Data Types

int a;
char b;
float c;
scanf("%d %c %f",&a, &b,&c);

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TM’s C Programming Lecture Notes Ver. 1.5 Input and Output(I/O)

Program: Detecting errors in input

❑ scanf function returns the number of input data successfully read.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
char b;
float c;
int d = scanf("%d %c %f",&a, &b, &c);

printf("Inputs = %d\n",d);
if(d!=3)
printf("Input Error");
else
printf("No Input Error");
return 0;
}

Output:
56 trtrtt
Inputs = 2
Input Error

​4. Formatted Output

❑ Most used output function: printf()
❑ General Syntax:
printf(“Control string", arg1,arg2,arg3,…,argn);
❑ E.g.:
int a = 10,b=5,sum;
sum = a+b;
printf("The sum of %d and %d is %d. \n",a,b,sum);
❑ Output:
The sum of 10 and 5 is 15.

Examples:
printf("hello world"); ==> hello world
printf(“ "); ==>prints a blank space
printf("\n"); ==>prints a new line
printf("hello\nworld"); ==>hello
world

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TM’s C Programming Lecture Notes Ver. 1.5 Input and Output(I/O)

printf("a=%d \t b=%d",10,5); ==>a=10 b=5(tab

inserted)

​4.1 Outputting Integers:

❑ General format specification: %wd
❑ w==> Specify minimum field width for the output.
❑ That many(w) spaces is reserved on screen for the data displayed.
❑ Output of Integer Numbers
Examples: output

1. printf("%d",9876);
2. printf("%6d",9876);
3. printf("%2d",9876);
4. printf("%-6d",9876);
5. printf("%06d",9876);

"%ld" ==> For long int

"%hd" ==> For short int

​4.2 Output of Real Numbers

❑ General format specifier
%w.pf or %w.pe (e.g 1.234e3)
❑ w ==> width specification
❑ p ==> precision specification
❑ Default precision is 6.
❑ printf("%f",2.3) ==>2.300000
❑ printf("%.3f",2.3) ==> 2.300

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TM’s C Programming Lecture Notes Ver. 1.5 Input and Output(I/O)

Output of Real Numbers

Examples: float y = 98.7654; output
1.printf("%7.4f",y);
2.printf("%7.2f",y);
3.printf("%-7.2f",y);
4.printf("%f",y);
5.printf("%10.2e",y);
6.printf("%11.4e",-y);

​4.3 Output of single character

❑ General format string: %wc
❑ w==> width c==> character output
Examples: char ch = ‘H’; output
1.printf("%c", ch );
2.printf("%6c",ch);
3.printf("%-4c",ch);

​4.4 Output of strings

❑ General format string : %w.ps
❑ (E.g. "%5.2s""%s")
char str[20] = "HELLO WORLD";
printf("%s",str);
printf("%15s",str);
printf("%15.5s",str);
printf("%.5s",str);
printf("%-15.5s",str);

Mixed Data Output

❑ printf("%d %c %s %f", a,b,c,d);
❑ Commonly used format strings

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TM’s C Programming Lecture Notes Ver. 1.5 Input and Output(I/O)

❑ Enhancing readability of output

​5. Guidelines to improve readability of output:

❑ Provide enough blank space between two data items.
❑ Introduce appropriate headings and variable names.
❑ Print special messages whenever peculiar conditions occur in output.
❑ Introduce blank lines between important sections of output.

printf("\nOUTPUT RESULTS\n");
printf("==============\n");
printf("NAME \t AGE \t ID\n");
printf("Ram \t 35 \t 10434\n");
printf("Mohan \t 36 \t 104\n");
printf("Hari \t 25 \t 12\n");

Sample Questions:
1. Differentiate between formatted input and output in C.
2. What are the formatted input/output functions in C. Explain with examples.
3. What are the unformatted input/output functions in C. Explain with examples.
4. Predict the output of following statements:
char str = "India is my country";
printf("%s",str);
printf("%13s",str);
printf("%14.5s",str);
printf("%.6s",str);
printf("%-15.5s",str)

5. Predict the output of following statements:

float y =243.45576
printf("%8.3f",y);
printf("%9.2f",y);
printf("%-7.2f",y);
printf("%f",y);
printf("%11.2e",y);
printf("%11.4e",-y);

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