STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

26

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In a previous chapter, the design of a steel-concrete composite column under axial

loading was discussed. This chapter deals with the design of steel-concrete composite
columns subjected to both axial load and bending. To design a composite column under
combined compression and bending, it is first isolated from the framework, and the end
moments which result from the analysis of the system as a whole are taken to act on the
column under consideration. Internal moments and forces within the column length are
determined from the structural consideration of end moments, axial and transverse loads.
For each axis of symmetry, the buckling resistance to compression is first checked with
the relevant non-dimensional slenderness of the composite column. Thereafter the
moment resistance of the composite cross-section is checked in the presence of applied
moment about each axis, e.g. x-x and y-y axis, with the relevant non-dimensional
slenderness values of the composite column. For slender columns, both the effects of long
term loading and the second order effects are included.

2.0 COMBINED COMPRESSION AND UNI-AXIAL BENDING

The design method described here is an extension of the simplified design method
discussed in the previous chapter for the design of steel-concrete composite columns
under axial load.

2.1 Interaction Curve for Compression and Uni-axial Bending

The resistance of the composite column to combined compression and bending is

determined using an interaction curve. Fig. 1 represents the non-dimensional interaction
curve for compression and uni-axial bending for a composite cross-section.

In a typical interaction curve of a column with steel section only, it is observed that the
moment of resistance undergoes a continuous reduction with an increase in the axial load.
However, a short composite column will often exhibit increases in the moment resistance
beyond plastic moment under relatively low values of axial load. This is because under
some favourable conditions, the compressive axial load would prevent concrete cracking
and make the composite cross-section of a short column more effective in resisting
moments. The interaction curve for a short composite column can be obtained by
considering several positions of the neutral axis of the cross-section, hn , and determining
the internal forces and moments from the resulting stress blocks.

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(It should be noted by way of contrast that IS: 456-1978 for reinforced concrete columns
specifies a 2 cm eccentricity irrespective of column geometry. The method suggested
here, using EC4, allows for an eccentricity of load application by the term α and
therefore no further provision is necessary for steel columns. Another noteworthy feature
is the prescription of strain limitation in IS: 456-1978, whereas EC4 does not impose such
a limitation. The relevant provision in the Indian Code limits the concrete strain to 0.0035
minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fibre)

P/P p

A
1.0

λ=0
M
C
P
D

B
0 1.0 M/Mp

Fig. 1 Interaction curve for compression and uni-axial bending

Fig. 2 shows an interaction curve drawn using simplified design method suggested in the
UK National Application Document for EC 4 (NAD). This neglects the increase in
moment capacity beyond MP discussed above, (under relatively low axial compressive
loads).
P

Pp A

Pc
C

0 B
0 Mp M
Fig. 2 Interaction curve for compression and uni-axial bending using the
simplified method

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Fig. 3 shows the stress distributions in the cross-section of a concrete filled rectangular
tubular section at each point, A, B and C of the interaction curve given in Fig. 2. It is
important to note that:

• Point A marks the plastic resistance of the cross-section to compression (at this point
the bending moment is zero).

PA= Pp = Aa .f y / γ a + αc.A c. (f ck)cy / γ c + A s .f sk / γ s (1)

MA = 0 (2)

• Point B corresponds to the plastic moment resistance of the cross-section (the axial
compression is zero).

PB =0 (3)

MB = Mp = py (Zpa -Zpan )+ psk(Zps-Zpsn )+ pck(Zpc-Zpcn) (4)

where

Zps, Zpa , and Zpc are plastic section moduli of the reinforcement, steel section, and
concrete about their own centroids respectively.

Zpsn , Zpan and Zpcn are plastic section moduli of the reinforcement, steel section, and
concrete about neutral axis respectively.

• At point C, the compressive and the moment resistances of the column are given as
follows;

PC = Pc= Ac pck. (5)

MC = Mp (6)

• The expressions may be obtained by combining the stress distributions of the cross-
section at points B and C; the compression area of the concrete at point B is equal to
the tension area of the concrete at point C. The moment resistance at point C is equal
to that at point B, since the stress resultants from the additionally compressed parts
nullify each other in the central region of the cross-section. However, these
additionally compressed regions create an internal axial force, which is equal to the
plastic resistance to compression of the concrete, Pc alone.

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py pck psk
Point A

x Pp

No moment

Point B pyd pck psk

hn
x MB=Mp

Zero axial force

Point C py pck psk

MC =Mp
2hn x
PC =Pc

Fig. 3 Stress distributions for the points of the interaction curve for concrete
filled rectangular tubular sections

It is important to note that the positions of the neutral axis for points B and C, hn , can be
determined from the difference in stresses at points B and C. The resulting axial forces,
which are dependent on the position of the neutral axis of the cross-section, hn , can easily
be determined as shown in Fig. 4. The sum of these forces is equal to Pc. This calculation
enables the equation defining hn to be determined, which is different for various types of
sections.
pck
2 py
x Pc
2hn

y
Fig. 4(a) Variation in the neutral axis positions

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(1) For concrete encased steel sections:

Major axis bending

2hn 2hn
x x x

y
y
Fig. 4(b)

(1) Neutral axis in the web: hn ≤ [ h/2- t f ]

{ EMBED Equation.3 }

(2) Neutral axis in the flange: [h/2-t f ] ≤ hn ≤ h/2

{ EMBED Equation.3 }

(3) Neutral axis outside the steel section: h/2 ≤ hn ≤ hc/2

{ EMBED Equation.3 }

Minor axis bending

2hn
y 2hn
y

x x
Fig. 4(c)

(1) Neutral axis in the web: hn ≤ t w/2

{ EMBED Equation.3 }

(2) Neutral axis in the flange: t w/2 < hn < b/2

{ EMBED Equation.3 }
(3) Neutral axis outside the steel section: b/2 ≤ hn ≤ bc/2

{ EMBED Equation.3 }

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Note: A′s is the sum of the reinforcement area within the region of 2hn

(2) For concrete filled tubular sections

b d

x x
h 2hn 2hn

y y

Fig. 4(d)
Major axis bending

Ac pck − As′ ( 2 p sk − pck )

hn =
2bc pck + 4t ( 2 p y − pck )
Note:

• For circular tubular section substitute bc = d

• For minor axis bending the same equations can be used by interchanging h and b as
well as the subscripts x and y.

2.2 Analysis of Bending Moments due to Second Order Effects

Under the action of a design axial load, P, on a column with an initial imperfection, eo , as
shown in Fig. 5, there will be a maximum internal moment of P.eo . It is important to note
that this second order moment, or ‘imperfection moment’, does not need to be considered
separately, as its effect on the buckling resistance of the composite column is already
accounted for in the European buckling curves.

However, in addition to axial forces, a composite column may be also subject to end
moments as a consequence of transverse loads acting on it, or because the composite
column is a part of a frame. The moments and the displacements obtained initially are
referred to as ‘first order’ values. For slender columns, the ‘first order’ displacements
may be significant and additional or ‘second order’ bending moments may be induced
under the actions of applied loads. As a simple rule, the second order effects should be
considered if the buckling length to depth ratio of a composite column exceeds 15.

P P
eo

Fig. 5 Initially imperfect column under axial

compression
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The second order effects on bending moments for isolated non-sway columns should be
considered if both of the following conditions are satisfied:

P
(1) > 0.1 (7 )
Pcr
where

P is the design applied load, and

Pcr is the elastic critical load of the composite column.

(2) Elastic slenderness conforms to:

ë > 0.2 (8 )
where

{ EMBED Equation.3 } is the non-dimensional slenderness of the composite column

In case the above two conditions are met, the second order effects may be allowed for by
modifying the maximum first order bending moment (moment obtained initially), Mmax ,
with a correction factor k, which is defined as follows:
{ EMBED Equation.3 }
where

P is the applied design load.

Pcr is the elastic critical load of the composite column.

2.3 Resistance of Members under Combined Compression and Uni-axial Bending

The graphical representation of the principle for checking the composite cross-section
under combined compression and uni-axial bending is illustrated in Fig. 6.

The design checks are carried out in the following stages:

(1) The resistance of the composite column under axial load is determined in the absence
of bending, which is given by χ Pp . The procedure is explained in detail in the
previous chapter.

(2) The moment resistance of the composite column is then checked with the relevant
non-dimensional slenderness, in the plane of the applied moment. As mentioned

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before, the initial imperfections of columns have been incorporated and no additional
consideration of geometrical imperfections is necessary.

The design is adequate when the following condition is satisfied:

M ≤ 0 ⋅ 9ì M p ( 10 )
where

M is the design bending moment, which may be factored to allow for

second order effects, if necessary
µ is the moment resistance ratio obtained from the interaction curve.
Mp is the plastic moment resistance of the composite cross-section.

P/P p

A
1.0

χd C
χc
µ
B
0 µk µd 1.0 M/Mp
Fig. 6 Interaction curve for compression and uni-axial bending using the
simplified method
The interaction curve shown in Fig. 6 has been determined without considering the strain
limitations in the concrete. Hence the moments, including second order effects if
necessary, are calculated using the effective elastic flexural stiffness, (EI)e, and taking
into account the entire concrete area of the cross-section, (i.e. concrete is uncracked).
Consequently, a reduction factor of 0.9 is applied to the moment resistance as shown in
Equation (10) to allow for the simplifications in this approach. If the bending moment
and the applied load are independent of each other, the value of µ must be limited to 1.0.

Moment resistance ratio µ can be obtained from the interaction curve or may be
evaluated. The method is described below.

Consider the interaction curve for combined compression and bending shown in Fig. 6.
Under an applied force P equal to χPp , the horizontal coordinate µk Mp represents the
second order moment due to imperfections of the column, or the ‘imperfection moment’.
It is important to recognise that the moment resistance of the column has been fully
utilised in the presence of the ‘imperfection moment’; the column cannot resist any
additional applied moment.

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χd represents the axial load ratio defined as follows:

÷d = PP ( 11)
p

By reading off the horizontal distance from the interaction curve, the moment resistance
ratio, µ, may be obtained and the moment resistance of the composite column under
combined compression and bending may then be evaluated.

In accordance with the UK NAD, the moment resistance ratio µ for a composite column
under combined compression and uni-axial bending is evaluated as follows:

{ EMBED Equation.3 } when χd ≥ χc (12)

{ EMBED Equation.3 } when χd < χc

(13)

where
Pc
χc = axial resistance ratio due to the concrete,
Pp
P
χd = design axial resistance ratio,
Pp
χ = reduction factor due to column buckling
The expression is obtained from geometry consideration of the simplified interaction
curve illustrated in Fig. 6. A worked example illustrating the use of the above design
procedure is appended to this chapter.

3.0 COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BI-AXIAL BENDING

For the design of a composite column under combined compression and bi-axial bending,
the axial resistance of the column in the presence of bending moment for each axis has to
be evaluated separately. Thereafter the moment resistance of the composite column is
checked in the presence of applied moment about each axis, with the relevant non-
dimensional slenderness of the composite column. Imperfections have to be considered
only for that axis along which the failure is more likely. If it is not evident which plane is
more critical, checks should be made for both the axes.

The moment resistance ratios µx and µy for both the axes are evaluated as given below:

{ EMBED Equation.3 } when χd ≥ χc (14)

{ EMBED Equation.3 } when χd < χc
(15)

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{ EMBED Equation.3 } when χd ≥ χc (16)

{ EMBED Equation.3 } when χd < χc
(17)

where

χx and χy are the reduction factors for buckling in the x and y directions respectively.

Mx / Mpx 0.9µx µx
x
My /Mpy

0.9 µy
µy

y
Fig. 7 Moment interaction curve for bi-axial bending

In addition to the two conditions given by Equations (18) and (19), the interaction of the
moments must also be checked using moment interaction curve as shown in Fig. 7. The
linear interaction curve is cut off at 0.9µx and 0.9µy . The design moments, Mx and My
related to the respective plastic moment resistances must lie within the moment
interaction curve.

Hence the three conditions to be satisfied are:

Mx
≤ 0.9 (18)
ì x M px

My
≤ 0.9 (19)
ì y M py

My
Mx
+ ≤ 1.0 (20)
ì x M px ì y M py

When the effect of geometric imperfections is not considered the moment resistance ratio
is evaluated as given below:

(1 − χd ) when χd > χc
µ= (21)
(1 − χc )

= 1.0
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when χd ≤ χc (22)

A worked example on combined compression and bi-axial bending is appended to this

chapter.

4.0 STEPS IN DESIGN

4.1 Design Steps for columns with axial load and uni-axial bending

4.1.1 List the composite column specifications and the design values of forces and
moments.

4.1.2 List material properties such as f y, f sk, (f ck)cy, Ea , Es, Ec

4.1.3 List section properties Aa , As, Ac, Ia , Is, Ic of the selected section

4.1.4 Design checks

(1) Evaluate plastic resistance, Pp of the cross-section from equation,

Pp = Aa f y /γa +αc Ac (f ck)cy / γc + As f sk / γ s

(2) Evaluate effective flexural stiffness, (EI)e of the cross-section for short term loading
in x and y direction using equation,

(EI)e =Ea Ia + 0.8 EcdIc + EsIs

(3) Evaluate non-dimensional slenderness, λx

and λyx and y directions from
in
equation,
1
 Ppu  2
λ =  
 ( Pcr ) 


where

Ppu = Aa f y + αcAc(f ck)cy + Asf sk

Note: Ppu is the plastic resistance of the section with γa = γc =γs = 1.0

and Pcr = π ( EI )e
2

l2

(4) Check for long-term loading

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The effect of long term loading can be neglected if following conditions

are satisfied:

• Eccentricity, e given by

e = M/P ≥ 2 times the cross section dimension in the plane of bending considered

• the non-dimensional slenderness in λ the plane of bending being considered exceeds

the limits given in Table 6 of the previous chapter ( Steel Concrete Composite
Column-I)

(5) Check the resistance of the section under axial compression for both x and y axes.

Design against axial compression is satisfied if following condition is satisfied for both
the axes:

P <χ Pp

where

χ= reduction factor due to column buckling.

{ EMBED Equation.3 }
where
[ (
and φ = 0.5 1 + α λ − 0.2 + λ ) 2
]
(6) Check for second order effects

Isolated non – sway columns need not be checked for second order effects if
following conditions are satisfied for the plane of bending under consideration:

• P / Pcr ≤ 0.1
• λ ≤ 0.2

(7) Evaluate plastic moment resistance of the composite column about the plane of
bending under consideration.

Mp = py ( Zpa -Zpan ) + 0.5 pck (Zpc-Zpcn ) + psk ( Zps- Zpsn )

where

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Zps, Zpa , and Zpc are plastic section modulus of the reinforcement, steel section, and
concrete about their own axes respectively.

Zpsn ,, Zpan , and Zpcn are plastic section modulus of the reinforcement, steel section, and
concrete about neutral axis respectively.

(8) Check the resistance of the composite column under combined axial compression and
uni-axial bending

The design against combined compression and uni-axial bending is adequate if following
condition is satisfied:

M≤ 0.9 µ MP

where
M design bending moment
Mp plastic moment resistanc
µ moment resistance ratio

4.2 Design Steps for columns with axial load and bi-axial bending

4.2.1 List the composite column specifications and the design values of forces and
moments.
4.2.2 List material properties such as f y, f sk, (f ck)cy, Ea , Es, Ec

4.2.3 List section properties Aa , As, Ac, Ia , Is, Ic of the selected section.

4.2.4 Design checks

(1) Evaluate plastic resistance, Pp of the cross-section from equation,

Pp = Aa f y /γa +αc Ac (f ck)cy /γc + As f sk / γ s

(2) Evaluate effective flexural stiffness, (EI)ex and (EI)ey, of the cross- section for short
term loading from equation,

(EI)ex = Ea Iax + 0.8 EcdIcx + EsIsx

(EI)ey =Ea Iay + 0.8 EcdIcy + EsIsy

(3) Evaluate non-dimensional slenderness, λand

x λy equation,
from
1
 Ppu 2
λ x =  
 (Pcr ) x


1
 Ppu 2
λy = 
 (Pcr ) y 
 
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where

Ppu = Aa f y + αcAc(f ck)cy + Asf sk

Note: Ppu is the plastic resistance of the section with γa = γc =γs = 1.0

ð 2 ( EI )ex
( Pcr ) x =
l2

π2 ( EI )ey
and ( Pcr )y =
l2

(4) Check for long term loading.

The effect of long-term loading can be neglected if following conditions are satisfied:

• Eccentricity, e given by

e = M / P ≥ 2 times cross section dimension in the plane of bending considered.

ex ≥ 2bc
and ey ≥ 2hc

• the non-dimensional slenderness λin the plane of bending being considered exceeds
the limits given in Table 6 of the previous chapter ( Steel Concrete Composite
Column –I).

(5) Check the resistance of the section under axial compression about both the axes.
Design against axial compression is satisfied if following conditions are satisfied:

P <χx Pp

P <χy Pp

where

{ EMBED Equation.3 }

[ (
and φx = 0.5 1 + αx λ x − 0.2 + λx ) 2
]
1
χy =

{ 
}
1
φy + φy 2 − λ y 2 2 
 

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[ ( )
and φy = 0.5 1 + αy λ y − 0.2 + λ y
2
]
(6) Check for second order effects

Isolated non – sway columns need not be checked for second order effects if:

P / (P cr)x ≤ 0.1 for bending about x-x axis

P / (P cr)y ≤ 0.1 for bending about y-y axis

(7) Evaluate plastic moment resistance of the composite column under axial compression
and bi-axial bending about both the axes.

About x-x axis

Mpx = [py ( Zpa -Zpan ) + 0.5 pck (Zpc-Zpcn ) + psk ( Zps- Zpsn ) ] x

where

Mpx plastic moment resistance about x-x axis

Zpsx, Zpax, and Zpcx are plastic section modulus of the reinforcement, steel section, and
concrete about their own axes in x direction respectively.
Zpsn , Zpan ,and Zpcn are plastic section modulus of the reinforcement, steel section,
and concrete about neutral axis in x direction respectively.

About y-y axis

Mpy =[ py ( Zpay-Zpan ) + 0.5 pck (Zpcy-Zpcn ) + psk ( Zpsy- Zpsn ) ] y

where

Mpy plastic moment resistance about y-y axis

Zpsy, Zpay, and Zpcy are plastic section moduli of the reinforcement, steel section, and
concrete about their own axes in y direction respectively.

Zpsn , Zpan ,and Zpcn are plastic section modulus of the reinforcement, steel section,
and concrete about neutral axis in y direction respectively.

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(8) Evaluate resistance of the composite column under combined axial compression and
bi-axial bending

The design against combined compression and bi-axial bending is adequate if

following conditions are satisfied:

(1) Mx ≤ 0.9 µx MPx

(2) My ≤ 0.9 µy MPy

Mx My
(3) + ≤ 1.0
µx M px µy M py

where

µx and µy are the moment resistance ratios in the x and y directions respectively.

5.0 CONCLUSION

In this chapter the design of steel-concrete composite column subjected to axial load and
bending is discussed. The use of interaction curve in the design of composite column
subjected to both uni-axial bending and bi-axial bending is also described. Worked out
example in each case is also appended to this chapter.

NOTATION

A cross-sectional area
b breadth of element
d diameter, depth of element.
e eccentricity of loading
eo initial imperfections
E modulus of elasticity
(EI)e effective elastic flexural stiffness of a composite cross-section.
(f ck)cu characteristic compressive (cube) strength of concrete
(f ck)cy characteristic compressive (cylinder) strength of concrete, given by
0.80 times 28 days cube strength of concrete.
f sk characteristic strength of reinforcement
fy yield strength of steel
f ctm mean tensile strength of concrete
p ck, py , p sk design strength of concrete, steel section and reinforcement
respectively
h height of element

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hn depth of neutral axis from the middle line of the cross-section

I second moment of area (with subscripts)
k moment correction factor for second order effects
l buckling (or effective) length
L length or span
M moment (with subscripts)
P axial force
Mp plastic moment resistance of a cross-section
Pp plastic resistance to compression of the cross section.
Ppu plastic resistance to compression of the cross section with
γa = γ c = γs = 1.0
Pcr elastic critical load of a column
Pc axial resistance of concrete, Ac pck
t thickness of element
Zp plastic section modulus

Greek letters

γf partial safety factor for loads

γ partial safety factor for materials (with subscripts)
γ*c Reduction factor(1.35) used for reducing Ecm value
λ slenderness ( λ = non-dimensional slenderness)
ε coefficient 250 / f
y
α imperfection factor
αc strength coefficient for concrete
χ reduction factor buckling
χc axial resistance ratio due to concrete, Pc /Pp
µ moment resistance ratio

The subscripts to the above symbols are as follows:

a structural steel
b buckling
c concrete
f flange
k characteristic value
s reinforcement
w web of steel section

Note-The subscript x, y denote the x-x and y-y axes of the section respectively. x-x
denotes the major axes whilst y-y denotes the minor principal axes.

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Job No: Sheet 1 of 9 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial load and Uni-axial bending
Design Project Worked Example 1
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

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PROBLEM 1

Check the adequacy of the concrete encased composite section shown below
for uni-axial bending.

y
350

350
x

ISHB 250 4 of 14 φ bars

4.1.1 DETAILS OF THE SECTION

Column dimension 350 X 350 X 3000

Concrete Grade M30

Steel Section ISHB 250

Steel Reinforcement 4 Nos. of 14 mm dia bar, Fe415 grade

Design Axial Load 1500 kN Axial Load
Design bending moment P= 1500 kN
about x-x axis 180 kNm
Design bending moment Mx = 180 kN
about y-y axis 0 kNm

Job No: Sheet 2 of 9 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial load and uni-axial bending
Design Project Worked Example 1
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

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DESIGN CALCULATIONS:

4.1.2 LIST MATERIAL PROPERTIES

(1)Structural steel

Steel section ISHB 250

Nominal yield strength f y = 250 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity Ea = 200 kN/mm2

(2) Concrete

Concrete grade M30

Characteristic strength (f ck)cu =30 N/mm2
Secant modulus of elasticity for short term loading, Ecm =31220 N/mm2

(3) Reinforcing steel

Steel grade Fe 415

Characteristic strength f sk = 415N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity Es = 200 kN/mm2

(4) Partial safety factors

γa =1.15
γc = 1.5
γ s = 1.15

4.1.3 SECTION PROPERTIES OF THE GIVEN SECTION

(1) Steel section

Aa = 6971 mm2

Job No: Sheet 3 of 9 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial load and uni-axial bending
Design Project Worked Example 1
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

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t f = 9.7 mm; h= 250 mm ; t w = 8.8 mm

Iax = 79.8 * 106 mm4
Iay = 20.1* 106 mm4
Zpax = 699.8 * 103 mm3
Zpay =307.6 * 103 mm3

(2) Reinforcing steel

4 bars of 14 mm dia, As = 616 mm2

(3) Concrete

Ac = Agross – Aa - As
= 350 * 350 – 6971 –616
=114913 mm2

4.1.4 DESIGN CHECKS

(1) Plastic resistance of the section

Pp = Aa f y /γa +αc Ac (f ck)cy /γc + As f sk / γ s

Pp = Aa f y /γa +αc Ac (0.80 *(f ck)cu) / γc + As f sk / γ s

= [6971 * 250/1.15 + 0.85* 114913 * 25 /1.5 + 616 * 415

/1.15]/1000
=3366 kN Pp = 3366 kN

(2) Effective elastic flexural stiffness of the section for short term loading

About the major axis

Ecd
(EI)ex =Ea Iax + 0.8 EcdIcx + EsIsx = Ecm / γ* c
= 31220 /1.35
Iax = 79.8 * 106 mm4 =23125 N/mm2
Job No: Sheet 4 of 9 Rev
Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial load and uni-axial bending
Design Project Worked Example 1
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

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Isx = Ah2
= 616 * [ 350/2-25-7] 2
= 12.6 * 106 mm4

Icx =( 350)4 /12 – [ 79.8 + 12.6] *106

=1158 * 106 mm4

(EI)ex = 2.0 * 105 * 79.8 * 106 + 0.8 * 23125 * 1158 * 106 + 2.0 *
105 * 12.6 * 106
= 39.4 * 1012 N mm2

About minor axis

(EI)ey = 2.0 * 105 * 20.1* 106 + 0.8 * 23125 * 1217.8 * 106 + 2.0 *
105 * 12.6 * 106
= 28.5* 1012 N mm2

(3) Non dimensonal slenderness

λ = (P pu / P cr) ½

Value of Ppu :
Ppu = Aa f y + αcAc(f ck)cy + Asf sk

Ppu = Aa f y + αcAc * 0.80 * (f ck)cu + Asf sk

= (6971 * 250 + 0.85 * 114913* 25 + 415* 616)/1000

= 4440 kN Ppu =4440 kN

ð 2 ( EI )ex
(Pcr )x =
l2 (Pcr)x
ð 2 ∗ 39.4 ∗ 10 12 =
= = 43207 kN 43207 kN
(3000) 2

Job No: Sheet 5 of 9 Rev

Structural Steel
Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Design Project Axial load and uni-axial bending
Worked Example 1
Made By Date
PU
Calculation Sheet Checked By Date
RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

(Pcr)y
ð 2 ∗ 28.5 ∗ 1012
(Pcr )y = = 31254 kN =
(3000)2 31254 kN

{ EMBED Equation.3 } = (44.4 / 432.07) ½ = 0.320 { EMBED

Equation.3 }
{ EMBED Equation.3 } = (44.4 /312.54) ½ = 0.377 = 0.320

(4) Check for the effect of long term loading { EMBED

Equation.3 } =
The effect of long term loading can be neglected if anyone or both 0.377
following conditions are satisfied:

• Eccentricity, e given by

e = M / P ≥ 2 times the cross section dimension in the plane of bending

considered.

ex = 180/1500
=0.12< 2(0.35)

ey =0

• { EMBED Equation.3 } < 0.8

Since condition (2) is satisfied, the influence of creep

and shrinkage on the ultimate load need not be considered.

(5) Resistance of the composite column under axial compression

Design against axial compression is satisfied if following condition is

satisfied:

P <χ Pp
Job No: Sheet 6 of 9 Rev
Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Uni-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 1
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

Here,

P =1500 kN

Pp =3366 kN

and χ = reduction factor for column buckling

χ values:

About major axis

αx = 0.34
χx = 1 / {φx + (φx2 - { EMBED Equation.3 } ) ½}

φx = 0.5 [1 + αx ( { EMBED Equation.3 } – 0.2) + { EMBED

Equation.3 }]

= 0.5 [1 + 0.34(0.320-0.2) + (0.320)2 ] = 0.572

χx = 1 / {0.572 + [(0.572)2 – (0.326)2 ] ½}

= 0.956

χx PP>P

0.956 * 3366=3218 kN > P (=1500 kN)

About minor axis

αy = 0.49

φy = 0.5 [1 + 0.49(0.377 –0.2) + (0.377)2 ]

= 0.61

χy = 1 / {0.61 + [(0.61)2 – (0.377)2 ] 1/2 }

= 0.918

Job No: Sheet 7 of 9 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Uni-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 1
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

χy PP>P

0.918 * 3366 = 3090 kN > P (=1500 kN)

∴ The design is OK for axial compression.

(6) Check for second order effects

Isolated non – sway columns need not be checked for second order
effects if:

P / Pcr ≤ 0.1 for major axis bending

1500/43207 = 0.035 < 0.1

∴ Check for second order effects is not necessary

(7) Resistance of the composite column under axial compression and uni-
axial bending

Compressive resistance of concrete, Pc = Ac pck

=1628 kN
Plastic section modulus of the reinforcement
Zps = 4(π / 4 * 142 ) * (350/2-25-14/2)
= 88 * 103 mm3

Plastic section modulus of the steel section

Zpa = 699.8 * 103 mm3

Plastic section modulus of the concrete

Zpc = bchc2 / 4 - Zps - Zpa
= (350)3 /4 - 88 * 103 –699.8 * 103
= 9931 * 103 mm3

Job No: Sheet 8 of 9 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Uni-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 1
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

Check that the position of neutral axis is in the web

Ac pck − A′s (2 psk − pck )

hn =
2bc pck + 2t w ( 2 p y − pck )

0.85 ∗ 25
114913 ∗
= 1.5
0.85 ∗ 25 250 0.85 ∗ 25
2 ∗ 350 ∗ + 2 ∗ 8.8 ( 2 ∗ − )
1.5 1.15 1.5

= 93.99 mm < (h/2 − t f ) = 

 250 
− 9.7  = 115.3 mm
 2 

The neutral axis is in the web.

A′s= 0 as there is no reinforcement with in the region of the steel web

Section modulus about neutral axis

Zpsn =0 (As there is no reinforcement with in the region of 2hn from the
middle line of the cross section)

Zpan = t w hn 2 =8.8 * (93.99)2

= 77740.3 mm3

Zpcn = bchn 2 - Zpsn - Zpan

= 350 (93.99)2 -77740. =3014.2* 103 mm3

Plastic moment resistance of section

Mp = p y ( Zpa -Zpan ) + 0.5 p ck (Zpc-Zpcn ) + p sk ( Zps- Zpsn )

= 217.4 (699800 -77740) + 0.5 * 0.85 *25/1.5 (9931000 – 3014200)

+ 361 (88 * 1000)

=216 kNm
Job No: Sheet 9 of 9 Rev
Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Design Project Axial Load and Uni-axial Bending
Worked Example 1
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

(8) Check of column resistance against combined compression and

uni-axial bending

The design against combined compression and uni-axial bending is

adequate if following condition is satisfied:

M ≤ 0.9 µ MP

M = 180 kNm χd = P / Pp
Mp =216 kNm
µ = moment resistance ratio =1500/3366
= 1- {(1 - χ) χd }/{(1 - χc) χ} =0.446
= 1- {(1 –0.956) 0.446}/{(1 – 0.484) 0.956}
= 0.960 χc = Pc/Pp
∴ M < 0.9 µ Mp
< 0.9 (0.960) * (216) =1628 /3366
<187 kNm =0.484

Hence the composite column is acceptable and the check is satisfied.

Job No: Sheet 1 of 11 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 2
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

PROBLEM 2

Check the adequacy of the concrete encased composite section shown below
for bi-axial bending
y
350

350
x

ISHB 250 4 of 14 φ bars

4.2.1 DETAILS OF THE SECTION

Column dimension 350 X 350 X 3000

Concrete Grade M30

Steel Section ISHB 250

Steel Reinforcement Fe415

4 Nos. of 14 mm dia bar

Axial Load
Design Axial Load 1500 kN = 1500kN
Design bending moment Mx
about x-x axis 180 kNm =180kNm
Design bending moment
about y-y axis 120 kNm My =120kNm

Job No: Sheet 2 of 11 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 2
Made By Date
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Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

DESIGN CALCULATIONS:

4.2.2 LIST MATERIAL PROPERTIES

(1)Structural steel

Steel section ISHB 250

Nominal yield strength f y = 250 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity Ea = 200 kN/mm2

Concrete

Concrete grade M30

Characteristic strength (f ck)cu =30 N/mm2
Secant modulus of elasticity for short term loading, Ecm = 31220 N/mm2

Reinforcing steel

Steel grade Fe 415

Characteristic strength f sk = 415 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity Es = 200 kN/mm2

Partial safety factors

γa =1.15
γc = 1.5
γ s = 1.15

4.2.3 LIST SECTION PROPERTIES OF THE GIVEN SECTION

(1) Steel section

Aa = 6971 mm2

Job No: Sheet 3 of 11 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 2
Made By Date
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Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

t f = 9.7 mm
h= 250 mm
t w = 8.8 mm
Iax = 79.8 * 106 mm4
Iay = 20.1* 106 mm4
Zpx = 699.8 * 103 mm3
Zpy =307.6 * 103 mm3

(2) Reinforcing steel

4 bars of 14 mm dia, As = 616 mm2

(3)Concrete

Ac = Agross – Aa - As
= 350 * 350 – 6971 –616
=114913 mm2

4.2.4 DESIGN CHECKS

(1) Plastic resistance of the section

Pp = Aa f y /γa +αc Ac (f ck)cy /γc + As f sk / γ s

Pp = Aa f y /γa +αc Ac 0.80*(f ck)cu /γc + As f sk / γ s

= [6971 * 250/1.15 + 0.85* 114913 * 25 /1.5 + 616 * 415
/1.15]/1000
=3366 kN Pp = 3366 kN

(3) Effective elastic flexural stiffness of the section for short term loading

About the major axis

Ecd
(EI)ex =Ea Iax + 0.8 EcdIcx + EsIsx = Ecm /γ* c
= 31220/1.35
Iax = 79.8 * 106 mm4 =23125N/mm2

Job No: Sheet 4 of 11 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title:Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 2
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

Isx = Ah2
= 616 * [ 350/2-25-7] 2
= 12.6 * 106 mm4

Icx =( 350)4 /12 – [ 79.8 + 12.6] *106

=1158 * 106 mm4

(EI)ex = 2.0 * 105 * 79.8 * 106 + 0.8 * 23125 * 1158 * 106 + 2.0 *
105 * 12.6 * 106
= 39.4 * 1012 N mm2

About minor axis

(EI)ey = 2.0 * 105 * 20.1* 106 + 0.8 * 23125 * 1217.8 * 106 + 2.0 *
105 * 12.6 * 106
= 28.5* 1012 N mm2

(4) Non dimensonal slenderness

½
{ EMBED Equation.3 }= (Ppu /P cr)

Value of Ppu :
Ppu = Aa f y + αcAc(fck)cy+ Asf sk

Ppu = Aa f y + αcAc 0.80 * (fck)cu + Asf sk

= (6971 * 250 + 0.85* 114913 * 25+ 415 * 616)/1000

= 4440 kN
Ppu = 4440 kN

ð 2 ( EI )ex
(Pcr )x =
l2
ð 2 ∗ 39.4 ∗ 10 12
= ( Pcr)x
(3000)2 =
= 43207 kN 43207 kN

Job No: Sheet 5 of 11 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title:Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial bending
Design Project Worked Example 2
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

(Pcr)y
ð 2 ∗ 28.5 ∗ 10 12 =
( Pcr )y = = 31254kN
(3000)2 31254 kN

λx = 0.320
½
{ EMBED Equation.3 } = (44.4 / 432.07) = 0.320
{ EMBED Equation.3 } = (44.4/312.54) ½ = 0.377 λ y = 0.377

(5) Check for the effect of long term loading

The effect of long term loading can be neglected if anyone or both

following conditions are satisfied:

• Eccentricity, e given by
e = M / P ≥ 2 times the cross section dimension in the plane of bending
considered)
ex = 180 /1500
= 0.12 < 2(0.350)
ey = 120/1500
= 0.08< 2 (0 .350)

• { EMBED Equation.3 } < 0.8

Since condition (2) is satisfied, the influence of creep

and shrinkage on the ultimate load need not be considered.

(6) Resistance of the composite column under axial compression

Design against axial compression is satisfied if following condition is

satisfied:

P <χ Pp

Job No: Sheet 6 of 11 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 2
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

Here,
P =1500 kN

Pp =3366 kN

and χ = reduction factor for column buckling

χ values:

About major axis

αx = 0.34
χx = 1 / {φ + (φ2 - { EMBED Equation.3 } ) ½}

φx = 0.5 [1 + αx ({ EMBED Equation.3 }– 0.2) + { EMBED

Equation.3 }]

= 0.5 [1 + 0.34(0.320-0.2) + (0.320)2 ] = 0.572

χx = 1 / {0.572 + [(0.572)2 – (0.320)2 ] ½}

= 0.956

χx PPx>P

0.956* 3366 = 3218 kN > P (=1500 kN)

About minor axis

αy = 0.49

φy = 0.5 [1 + 0.49(0.377 –0.2) + (0.377)2 ]

= 0.61

χy = 1 / {0.61 + [(0.61)2 – (0.377)2 ] 1/2 }

= 0.918

Job No: Sheet 7 of 11 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 2
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

χy Ppy>P

0.918 * 3366 = 3090 kN > P (=1500 kN)

∴ The design is OK for axial compression.

(7) Check for second order effects

Isolated non – sway columns need not be checked for second order
effects if:

P/(P cr)x ≤ 0.1 for major axis bending

1500 /43207 = 0.035 ≤ 0.1

P/(P cr)y ≤ 0.1 for minor axis bending

1500 / 31254 = 0.0 48 ≤ 0.1

∴ Check for second order effects is not necessary

(8) Resistance of the composite column under axial compression and bi-
axial bending

Compressive resistance of concrete, Pc = Ac pck

=1628 kN
About Major axis

Plastic section modulus of the reinforcement

Zps = 4(π / 4 * 142 ) * (350/2-25-14/2)
= 88 * 103 mm3

Plastic section modulus of the steel section

Zpa = 699.8 * 103 mm3

Plastic section modulus of the concrete

Zpc= bchc2 / 4 - Zps - Zpa
=(350)3 /4 - 88 * 103 –699.765 * 103
= 9931 * 103 mm3

Job No: Sheet 8 of 11 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 2
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

Check that the position of neutral axis is in the web

2hn
x

Ac pck − A′s (2p sk − pck )

hn =
2bc pck + 2t w(2p y − pck )

0.85 ∗ 25
114913 ∗
= 1.5
0.85 ∗ 25 250 0.85 ∗ 25
2 ∗ 350 ∗ + 2 ∗ 8.8 ( 2 ∗ − )
1.5 1.15 1.5

= 93.99 mm 〈 (h/2 − t f ) = 
 250 
− 9.7  = 115.3 mm
 2 

HE The neutral axis is in the web

A′s= 0 as there is no reinforcement with in the region of the steel web

Section modulus about neutral axis

Zpsn =0 (As there is no reinforcement with in the region of 2hn from the
middle line of the cross section)

Zpan = t w hn 2 =8.8 * (93.99)2

= 77740.3 mm3

Zpcn = bchn 2 - Zpsn - Zpan

= 350 (93.99)2 -77740.3
= 3014.2* 103 mm3
Job No: Sheet 9 of 11 Rev
Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example 2
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

Plastic moment resistance of section

Mp = py ( Zpa -Zpan ) + 0.5 pck (Zpc-Zpcn ) + psk ( Zps- Zpsn )

= 217.4 (699800 -77740.3) + 0.5 * 0.85 *25/1.5 (9931000 –

3014200) + 361 (88 * 1000)

=216 kNm

About minor axis

Plastic section modulus of the reinforcement

Zps = 4(π / 4 * 142 ) * (350/2-25-14/2)
= 88 * 103 mm3

Plastic section modulus of the steel section

Zpa = 307.6 * 103 mm3

Plastic section modulus of the concrete

Zpc= bchc2 / 4 - Zps - Zpa
=(350)3 /4 - 88 * 103 –307.6 * 103
= 10323 * 103 mm3

y 2hn

Ac pck − As′ (2psk − pck ) + t w(2t f − h)(2p y − pck )

hn =
2hc pck + 4t f (2p y − pck )

Job No: Sheet 10 of11 Rev

Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending
Design Project Worked Example
Made By Date
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Checked By Date
Calculation Sheet RN

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

114913 ∗ 14.2 + 8.8(2 ∗ 9.7 − 250)(2 ∗ 218 − 14.2 )

hn =
2 ∗ 350 ∗ 14.2 + 4 ∗ 9.7 ( 2 ∗ 218 − 14.2 )

= 29.5 mm  t w 2 < hn < b 2  = 8.8 2 < hn < 250 2

 
A′s= 0 as there is no reinforcement with in the region of the steel web

Section modulus about neutral axis

Zpsn =0 (As there is no reinforcement with in the region of 2hn from the
middle line of the cross section)

Zpan = 2t f hn 2 +(h-2t f )/4*t w2

= 2(9.7)(29.5)2 +[ { 250-2(9.7)} /4]*8.82
=21.3*103 mm3

Zpcn = hchn 2 - Zpsn - Zpan

= 350 (29.5)2 - 21.3*103
=283.3 * 103 mm3
Mpy = py ( Zpa - Zpan ) + 0.5 pck (Zpc - Zpcn ) + psk ( Zps- Zpsn )

= 217.4 (307.589 –21.3)*103 + 0.5 * 14.2 * (10323 –283.3)*103 +

361 (88 * 1000)

=165 kNm

(9) Check of column resistance against combined compression and

bi-axial bending

The design against combined compression and bi-axial bending is

adequate if following conditions are satisfied:
(1) M ≤ 0.9 µ MP

About major axis

Mx = 180 kNm
Job No: Sheet 11 of 11 Rev
Structural Steel Job Title: Design of Composite Column with
Axial Load and Bi-axial bending
Design Project Worked Example
Made By Date
PU
Checked By Date
RN
Calculation Sheet

Version II 26-{PAGE }
 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMNS-II

Mpx =216 kNm χd = P/P p

=1500/3366
µx = moment resistance ratio =0.446
= 1- {(1 - χx) χd }/{(1 - χc) χx}
= 1- {(1 –0.956) 0.446}/{(1 – 0.484) 0.956} χc = Pc/Pp
= 0.960 =1628 /3366
=0.484
∴ Mx < 0.9 µx Mpx

< 0.9 (0.960) * (216)

= 187 kNm

About minor axis

My = 120 kNm
Mpy =165 kNm

µy = 1- {(1 - χy) χd }/{(1 - χc) χy}

= 1- {(1 –0.918) 0.446}/{(1 – 0.448) 0.918}
= 0.928
∴ My < 0.9 µy Mpy

< 0.9 (0.928) * (165)

<138 kNm (My=120 kN)

Mx My
+ ≤ 1.0
(2) µx M px µy M py

180 120
+ > 1.0
0.960*216 0.928*165

Since design check (2) is not satisfied, the composite column is not
acceptable.

Version II 26-{PAGE }