A5 Buku Ajar-Sentence and Paragraph Writing
A5 Buku Ajar-Sentence and Paragraph Writing
A5 Buku Ajar-Sentence and Paragraph Writing
Pd
BASIC WRITING
FROM SENTENCE TO PARAGRAPH
Penerbit JDS
Diah Ikawati Ayuningtias, M.Pd
BASIC WRITING
FROM SENTENCE TO PARAGRAPH
Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dengan cara apapun,
termasuk dengan cara penggunaan mesin fotokopi, tanpa seizin dari penerbit
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Capaian CPL-PRODI (Capaian Pembelajaran Lulusan Program Studi) YANG DIBEBANKAN PADA
Pembelajar MATA KULIAH
an (CP)
KU1 Menguasai kaidah-kaidah tata bahasa dan kosakata bahasa Inggris;
KetK1 Mampu menunjukkan kecakapan berbahasa Inggris yang ditandai dengan pencapaian yang
setara dengan CEFR Level B2 (Setara dengan TOEFL 500)
Students are able to develop their writing skill in basic level covering constructing well-
structured sentence and various kinds of paragraph like descriptive, narrative, and expository
paragraph.
Diskripsi Students will acquire the basic skills of writing simple paragraph with ease and a fairly high degree of
Singkat MK language accuracy; awareness of the importance of lexical and grammatical mastery for purposes of self
expressions. It emphasizes the ability to write well-formed sentences in well-organized short paragraphs
of narrative, descriptive and expository types of texts; exercises on appropriate use of cohesive devices,
mark of punctuation, choice of word, major grammatical structures and sentence patterns. Topics should,
as far as possible, be related to students’ own experiences, such as describing places of residence,
responding to a penpal’s letter, describing habitual actions, narrating what happens, explaining a process,
etc. The course gives intensive practice of efficient and effective use of monolingual and bilingual
dictionaries; making use of genuine recurring errors in students’ composition for class discussion.
Daftar Utama:
Referensi
Ekawati, Rosyida. (2011). Modul Writing I (main textbook)
Pendukung:
1. Zemach, Dorothy E., et.al. 2003. College Writing: from paragraph to essay. New York:
MacMillan.
2. Langan, John. 2010. Exploring Writing: Sentence and Paragraph. Second Edition. New York:
MacGraw Hill.
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FINAL TEST
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UNIT 1
SENTENCE PATTERNS
A. What is a Sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that has at least one
subject and verb and expresses a complete idea/thought. A
sentence may have one or more clauses. Based on the
communicative function, sentence is divided into three kinds;
they are declarative, interrogative, and imperative.
Declarative sentence
The order of declarative sentence is subject and verb.
The subject tells who or what does (do) something, and is
always filled with noun or pronoun. A verb tells the action done
Interrogative sentence
Interrogative sentence is to ask question. The verb of
interrogative sentence is usually split, with the helping verb
(auxiliary or to be) precedes the subject and the remainder of the
verb following the subject. WH interrogative sentence begins
with question words like who, when, what, how; whereas yes-no
questions start with the helping verb. See the examples below
(the underlined word is the helping verb)
Did you keep the document?
When do you start to clean the house?
Were you born in Jakarta?
Imperative sentence
Imperative sentence is a kind of sentence to express
command, order, or request. It begins with base form verb like
go, run, believe, try, etc. The following are the examples
Go away!
Leave me alone!
Clean your room!
B. Sentence Patterns
There are ten patterns of English sentences, which are
grouped into two; they are basic patterns and other patterns.
Pattern 1. Subject + verb-be + complement
This pattern is used when the predicate of the sentence is not a
verb. A sentence with verb be has three kinds of complement;
they are noun, adjective, and a prepositional phrase.
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Prepositional
Subject Verb Noun Adjective
phrase
The girls are in the kitchen
He is my brother
They were my
classmates
She has been tired
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John has painted the fence
The police shot the thief at his leg
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Pattern 7. Verb [+ Object] [+ complement]
This is the pattern of imperative sentence. It is used to express a
command, order, and request. The verb is always in the base
form
Verb Object Complement
Go to your bed
Save you money
Do your homework
Keep quiet
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3. Notice ______________________________________
4. Smell ______________________________________
5. Make ______________________________________
6. Let ______________________________________
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Pattern Active Voice Passive voice
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UNIT 2
SENTENCE TYPES
A. Simple Sentence
Simple sentence is a sentence which consists of a single
clause having a subject-verb combination, and expressing a
complete thought. A simple sentence may have only one subject
and one verb, as the examples below
The children are playing an interesting game.
It may also contain one subject with more than one verb
She smiled and greeted me
The man grabbed her purse and ran away
To avoid being infected by COVID 19 we have to always
wear a mask, clean our hands, and keep distance from others.
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c. a double subject and a single verb
1. _______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________
B. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is a sentence made up of two or
more simple sentences, called as independent clauses. The
combined simple sentences in the compound sentence are joined
by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, so,
for, nor, and yet). The compound sentence is used when the two
closely related ideas of the simple sentences combined have
equal weight.
It rained very hard, so the official cancelled the flight to
Mataram
Sean wants to be an artist, but his father wants him to be an
engineer.
The girls were preparing the food, and the boys were
decorating the room.
I went to the mall, for I needed a new dress for the party
C. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence made up of two or more
clauses – one independent clause and one or more dependent
clause. The relation of the clauses is subordinating. the
independent clause is emphasized and conveys a complete
thought; whereas the dependent clause – a clause with
subordinating conjunction – is subordinated to the complete
thought.
The children go to school after they have had breakfast.
She fell down because she wasn’t careful.
Although Anne comes from a rich family, she is willing to
make friend with all students.
You will be successful as long as you are willing to work
hard and do not give up easily.
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The following are the list of subordinating conjunction
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D. Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence is a kind of sentence that
consists of two or more independent clauses and one dependent
clause. The following sentences are examples of compound-
complex sentence. The independent clauses are underlined with
solid lines; while the dependent clause is underlined with dotted
line.
When I arrived, John was studying and Emma was sleeping
Although I grew up in a small village, my parents always
want me to have good education, so they work hard to send
me to college.
Because the assignment from my professor is difficult, I try
to read more references, but I still don’t get any idea on how
to do the assignment.
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UNIT 3
PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION
A. Punctuation
Punctuation is an important element in written text. It is
like intonation in spoken text, which helps make the meaning
clear and unambiguous.
Period (.)
First, use a period to mark that a statement is completed.
The director just announced the raise on the employees’
salary.
I have sent the package via JNE.
The children are playing in the yard, and their mother is
preparing for their lunch.
Comma (,)
Coma is used to mark a temporary break or a pause in a
sentence. There are six uses of comma. The first is to separate
items in a series.
I bought vegetables, some fruits, and milk.
Rina, Santi, and Rudi went to the bookstore and bought some
interesting novels.
Yesterday we went to Bali, visited some tourism places, and
bought some souvenirs.
The second use of comma is used to separate an adverbial
clause from the main clause when it precedes the main clause
Before you leave, please check your luggage.
If you want to be successful, you must study hard.
While we were having dinner, John called me telling the bad
news.
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Comma is also used in direct speech to separate it from the
introductory clause.
Will said, “Emily had ordered some food for us.”
Lily complained, “The room of the hotel was dirty and the
service was not satisfying.”
Anne told me, “Andini had moved to another city.”
The next use of comma is to separate the independent clauses in
a compound sentence.
My sister wants to study abroad, but my father does not
allow her.
Andi can join us to the party, or he can just stay at home.
The boys are preparing the tent, and the girls are cooking for
lunch.
A comma is also used to indicate appositive (the underlined
phrase is the appositive)
JK Rowling, the writer of the famous novel Harry Potter,
has also written several adult novels.
Mr. Adam, the new teacher, teaches mathematics.
Mrs. Riyanti Hapsari, the woman in the red dress, is the CEO
of the company.
Colon (:)
A colon is used to introduce a list.
He has three sisters: Anna, Mary, and Sue.
I have three hobbies: reading, travelling, and cycling.
This punctuation mark is also used in direct speech.
Then Lionel said: ‘I am in a big trouble. You must help me.’
A colon is often used to show an explanation
They decided to study in this city for two reasons: distance
and budget
The CEO took three actions to save the company from
bankruptcy: reducing the number of employees, merging
Hyphens (-)
Hyphen has two uses. The first is connecting two words forming
adjective modifying nouns.
A horse is a four-legged animal.
We were very tired after having a six-hour trip.
It is a kind of page-turning novel.
The second is to divide a word in the end of a line of typing or
writing
Although it was raining hard, the team decided to continue
the game. They were very exci-ted and did not want to stop
until there was a team to be the winner.
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Quotation marks (“ “)
Quotation marks is used for direct quotation.
Tom said, “They are the exchange students from Japan.”
Dianne asked me, “What do we need for the program?”
Ryan told him, “Jane got angry when she knew that Anne
cheated her.”
Parentheses ( )
Parentheses is used for giving extra information or signaling a
series item when enclosing a letter or number.
You can find the information you need in this book (page
150-165).
There are some important points that you all have to
remember: (1) follow the route in the map, (2) keep close
with your friends, and (3) be always careful with your steps.
Three steps to follow in previewing a textbook are to (1)
study the title; (2) read the table of contents, and (3) read the
first and last pages.
Apostrophe (‘)
Apostrophe has two main uses. The first is used in contractions.
I am = I’m
They are = they’re
We will = we’ll
Do not = don’t
Will not = won’t
The second use of apostrophe is to show possession or
ownership by adding the letter s.
The desk that belongs to the manager = the manager’s desk
The book that belongs to Anne = Anne’s book
The expertise of Mr. Samuel = Mr. Samuel’s expertise
B. Capitalization
Capital letter is used for:
Word in the beginning of a sentence
Last Monday, my friends and I went to a book
exhibition, Big Bad Wolf. Many kinds of book are
exhibited, and the prices are very reasonable.
Proper names: person, place, geographic location.
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Inayah and her family had lived in Padang for ten years
before they moved to Malang.
Names showing family relationship
Uncle Bob and Aunt Mary will visit us next week, and
stay for a few days.
Are you feeling unwell, Mom?
Do not capitalize the letter when the words showing
relationship precede by possessive pronoun like my, your,
our, etc.
My uncle and my aunt visited us last week, and brought
me a beautiful dress.
Has your mother been better?
Titles of person when used with the name
Prof. Alex gives lecture on Philosophy.
I will see Manager Kim to ask about the memo.
Name of days, months, holidays, and festivals
We plan to meet up this Saturday to discuss about the
program.
All Muslims will celebrate the Eid Mubarak on May, 13
this year.
My family always gather in my grandparents’ house
when celebrating Thanksgiving Day
Name of product, company, association, and other similar
organization
All of the members of House Representative are having
meeting to discuss the new regulation for labor issued
by the government.
Titles of books, movie, song, magazine, and the like
Recently, I am reading JK. Rowling’s Trouble Blood.
Nation, nationality, language.
Although he spends most of his live in Japan, he can
speak other languages: French, English, and Spanish.
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Practice 4. Correct the capitalization in the following news extract.
Source:
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/sep/02/the-power-of-
no-how-to-build-strong-healthy-boundaries
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UNIT 4
WRITING A PARAGRAPH
A. What is Paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of sentences about a single topic.
The sentences, together, explain the writer’s main idea on the
topic. In academic writing, the length of a paragraph often
ranges between five sentence and ten sentences; however, it is
possible to be longer or shorter depending on the topic.
b.
c.
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Topic Sentence
Topic sentence carries the main idea of the paragraph. It
is usually located in the beginning of the paragraph. However,
there is also a topic sentence located in the end of the paragraph.
In addition, the topic sentence is the most general sentence
compared to the other sentences in the paragraph. Yet, a topic
sentence can be neither too general nor too specific. In addition,
it is usually indented
In the topic sentence there are two elements: topic and
controlling idea. The topic tells the subject that the paragraph is
going to discuss. The controlling idea tells what the paragraph
will explain about the topic. It limits the points discussed about
the topic. The following is the example (the italic word is the
topic; the underlined one is the controlling idea).
Living in a dormitory gives some benefits for college
students.
Bali is an exciting place to visit.
Good friends have four characteristics.
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friendly, so new students make friends quickly. Thus, small
colleges are better than large universities for many students.
A. Small colleges are friendlier than large universities.
B. Some reasons are stated for attending a small college
instead of a large university.
C. An excellent education you can get at a small college.
4. ______________________________________________ .
One reason is that employers want workers to be dependable.
They certainly want workers who come to work every day.
The other reason is employers want workers who are
responsible. The employers would like to give the worker a
project to do and know that it will be done well. In addition,
employers look for workers who can work well with others.
The ability to get along with co-workers is important to the
success of business. In short, employers look for dependable
and responsible team players.
A. It is difficult to find good employers these days.
B. Employers read job applications very carefully.
C. The three main qualities the employers look for in
their employees.
5. ________________________________________________ .
Green curry is the hottest Thai curry. People who will enjoy
green curry are those who like very spicy food. Red curry is
medium hot. It doesn’t burn your mouth and is flavorful.
Yellow curry is the mildest of all. This curry is usually the
choice of people who eat Thai food for the first time. To
summarize, you have three delicious choices when you order
Thai curry.
A. Thai curry has three different colors.
B. The meaning of different colors in Thai curry.
C. Different colors have different meaning in Thai food
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______ Email helps people with their work.
Practice 4. Read the following topic sentence, then list the ideas
that can support the topic sentence.
1. Bali is one of the best tourist destinations in Indonesia.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. Learning foreign language is easy.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. A cat makes a good pet.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Concluding sentence
The last part of a paragraph is concluding sentence.
Concluding sentence lies in the last part of a paragraph. It closes
the paragraph by restating the topic sentence or giving final
opinion on the topic discussed.
B. Paragraph Development
After choosing a topic and creating a topic sentence, it is
the time to develop the topic sentence into a paragraph by
giving some information to support the main idea in the topic
sentence. There are three common ways in developing a
paragraph: giving details, giving example, giving explanation.
My Hometown
My hometown, Wheaton, is famous for
several amazing natural features. First, it is noted
for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and
beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is
Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very
steep. The third amazing feature is the Big Old
Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is
probably about six hundred years old. These three
landmarks are truly amazing and make my
hometown a famous place.
2. Example
Using this way, the writer develops a paragraph by
provide example(s) that support the idea or statement in the
topic sentence. It can be person, object, or event which can be
from the writer’s own experience.
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Unreliable Son
My son, Ron is unreliable. He cannot do anything
right. If I depend on him to turn off a pot of beans
in ten minutes, the family is likely to eat burned
beans. If I ask him to turn down the thermostat
before he goes to bed, the heat is likely to stay on all
night. He also often forgets to lock the door. I really
worry to leave him alone at home.
3. Explanation
Giving explanation means telling the reader about
something or how something works. Notice the paragraph
below.
Atom
Atoms of all elements consist of a central
nucleus surrounded by a "cloud" containing one
or more electrons. The electrons can be thought
of as occupying a series of well-defined shells. The
behaviour of a particular element depends largely
on the number of electrons in its outermost shells.
Other factors, such as the total number of
electron shells, also play a part in determining
behaviour but it is the dominance of the outer
electron configuration that underlies the periodic
law and justifies the grouping of the elements into
groups or families.
Source: The sciences: Michael Beazley
Encyclopaedias
STEPS
C. Process of Writing
Writing is a process. It is not done in one step, but in a
series of steps. Writing is not only about making correct
spelling, grammar, and punctuation, but the first thing to be
concerned about is the content, the ideas or feeling that is going
to be conveyed. Writing is a skill that can be learned through
practice. Writing is a process of discovery.
Writing process is divided into four steps: pre-writing,
writing the first draft, revising, editing and proofreading.
1. Pre-writing
In this step you make a decision on the topic you want to
write. After choosing the topic, you gather relevant ideas to
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explain the topic. There are several techniques you can choose
to collect ideas.
Listing: collect ideas and details that relate to your topic. In
making the list jot down all ideas that come up in your mind.
Keep listing even you might think that the idea seems not
relevant. The following is a model.
Questioning: Generate ideas and details by asking questions
about the subject. You begin by asking who, what, when, where,
and why questions about your subject/topic. For example, if
your topic has something to do with holiday, you could begin by
asking:
Where did you go to spend holiday?
When did you go?
With whom did you go?
What did you do during the holiday?
How was your holiday?
Source:
https://www.siskiyous.edu//asc/documents/writing/writingprocess1.p
df
3. Revising
“Revising means that you rewrite a paragraph or paper,
building upon what has already been done in order to make it
stronger” (Langan, 2009). In this step, you look at your paper
thoroughly. There are two aspects that you need to pay attention
on: the content and the sentence. Revising the content means
that you focus on the organization of the idea. In revising the
content, some questions you should ask yourself are:
1. Is my paragraph unified?
• Do I have a clear, single point in the first sentence of the
paragraph?
• Does all my evidence support my opening point?
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2. Is my paragraph supported?
• Are there separate supporting points for the opening
point?
• Do I have specific evidence for each supporting point?
• Is there plenty of specific evidence for the supporting
points?
3. Is my paragraph organized?
• Do I have a clear method of organizing my thoughts?
• Do I use transitions and other connecting words?
Then, after you finish revising the content, you can start to
review your sentences in the paragraph. the following questions
can guide you in doing the revision:
1. Do I use parallelism to balance my words and ideas?
2. Do I have a consistent point of view?
3. Do I use specific words?
4. Do I use active verbs?
5. Do I use words effectively by avoiding slang, clichés,
pretentious language, and wordiness?
6. Do I vary my sentences in length and structure?
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UNIT 5
UNITY AND COHERENCE
A. Unity
Unity is important at both paragraph and essay level.
Unity in writing means that all ideas in the paragraph are
connected to a single topic stated in the topic sentence in the
beginning of the paragraph. A unified paragraph is a paragraph
in which all of the sentences work to the same end. For
B. Coherence
Besides unity, every good paragraph must have
coherence. A paragraph is coherent when the ideas in the
paragraph flow smoothly from beginning to end. A reader can
follow the ideas easily because one sentence leads naturally to
the next one; there is no sudden jumps. The key techniques to
achieving coherence in the paragraph are: 1) choosing a clear
method of organization, 2) using transition signals and other
connecting words, and 3) use nouns and pronoun consistently.
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3. Newspapers and magazines need advertising to pay their
costs. Radio and television need advertising to pay their
costs. (likewise)
________________________________________________
4. The media reach millions of people around the world. The
Internet reaches people everywhere. (like)
________________________________________________
5. Most people read a daily newspaper. Most people listen to
the radio or watch television every day. (as)
________________________________________________
6. Printed pictures are powerful advertising media. Video
pictures are powerful advertising media. (equally)
________________________________________________
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Practice 4. Identify the noun or noun phrase to which each of
the pronouns in the paragraph below refers to
Larry Page
Lawrence “Larry” Page is one of the most
influential people in the world. Page is an American
computer scientist; he is also an Internet
entrepreneur. He was a co-founder of Google with
his friend, Sergey Brin, in 1998. Now, he plays a role
as a chief executive officer (CEO) of Alphabets,
Google’s parent company.
Source: https://writerriver.com/examples-of-
descriptive-essays-about-a-person/
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UNIT 6
NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH
Source: https://www.time4writing.com/writing-
resources/narrative-paragraphs/
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1. What is the topic sentence of the paragraph?
___________________________________________________
2. What are the events depicted in the paragraph?
___________________________________________________
3. Write down the words used by the writer to connect one event to
the other events?
___________________________________________________
B. Transitions/signals
Since narrative is told in chronological order, the
transitions used are those which express time order. The
following are transition words or phrases for narrative.
after last
afterwards later
after that meanwhile
before next
during now
earlier once
eventually soon, sooner
first, second then
in the beginning today
in the end until
in the meantime when
….. ……
https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Write_in_En
glish/WL12_narrative_paragraphs.html
https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Write_in_En
glish/WL12_narrative_paragraphs.html
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Practice 2. The following sets of sentences are not in correct
time order. Number the sentences in the correct order.
1. _____ She put the clean dishes away.
__2__ She removed the dirty dishes from the table.
_____ She turned on the dishwasher.
_____ She put them in the dishwasher.
_____ She piled them in the sink and rinsed them.
__1__ It was Sarah's turn to wash the dishes last night.
_____ Finally, the dishes were clean.
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The happiest moment
Beginning a new school
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6. Look for compound sentences. Check to make sure each
compound sentence has a comma before the conjunction. Make
a note about any missing commas.
FORMAT
My paragraph is in the correct format (centered Yes No
title, first line indented, margins on both sides,
double-spaced).
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UNIT 7
DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH
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2. How does the writer describe the stairway? Can you feel
what the writer felt? Underline the words that appeal to your
five senses!
________________________________________________
3. Where does the writer begin her description at first? Where
does the writer end her description?
________________________________________________
4. How does the writer end/close the paragraph?
________________________________________________
General Specific
Mess on the floor The obstacle course of science-
fiction paperbacks, a
wristwatch, sports magazines,
and a dust-covered computer on
which my son stacks empty
soda cans
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Bad smell Unpleasant mixture of strong
chemical deodorizers, urine-
soaked newspapers, and musty
sawdust
3. Does the writer use spatial order to organize the paragraph? Yes
What is the order (front to back, bottom to top, near to, far, No
right to left, etc.)?
What spatial order words and phrases can you find? Copy
them here
4. Does the writer give specific details to help you "see" the place he or
she describes? Write three of the details:
5. Are there any sentences that are off the topic? If your answer is yes,
write them here (or mark them on the paragraph if your teacher allows
you to write on other students' work).
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SELF-EDITING WORKSHEET
FOR DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH
FORMAT
My paragraph is in the correct format (centered Yes No
title, first line indented, margins on both sides,
double-spaced).
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• Formal language – An expository paragraph commonly
uses third person voice and scientific terms, instead of
informal, emotive vocabulary;
• Evidence – Evidence is an important point that can be
included in expository paragraph to support the thesis
statement made by the writer. It includes references to
research, naming of the author(s) of the inquiry, practical
examples, and comparisons;
• Explanation – In expository paragraph the body contains
explanation on the topic and main idea stated in the topic
sentence supported with evidence;
• Background information – Since it is a fact-based text the
expository paragraph relates to already conducted
researches and their preliminary results.
Driving Safely
Source:
https://marsdenarenglish.wordpress.com/academic-
paragraphs/model-process-paragraphs
Exemplification
This type of expository paragraph develops the main
ideas in topic sentence or thesis statement by providing example
to explain the statement. Below is a model paragraph
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Dog is a man’s best friend. They’re adorable, cute, reliable
and loyal. There are some incredible dog facts that make dog
interesting creatures. Firstly, dogs are capable of understanding up to
250 words and gestures, able to count up to five as well as perform
simple mathematical calculations. The average dog is as intelligent as
a two years old child. There’s even a border collie named Chaser who
can recognize 1,022 words! Some street Russian dogs have figured out
how to use the subway system in order to travel more populated areas
in search of food. Dogs don’t enjoy being hug as much as humans and
other primates. Canines interpret putting a limb over another animal
as a sign of dominance. Two stray dogs in Afghanistan saved 50
American soldiers. A Facebook group raised a $21,00 the dogs back to
US and reunite them with the soldiers. The Beatles song “A Day in the
Life” has an extra high-pitched whistle, audible to only dogs. It was
recorded by Paul McCartney for the enjoyment of his Shetland
Sheepdog. Hyenas aren’t actually dogs. They are more closely related
to cats. Spiked dog collars were invented in Ancient Greece and were
originally designed to protect from wolf attacks. All dogs can be traced
back 40 million years ago to a weasel-like animal called the Miacis
which dwelled in trees and dens. The Miacis later evolved into the
Tomarctus, a direct forbear of the genus Canis, which includes the wolf
and jackal as well as the dog. Ancient Egyptians revered their dogs.
When a pet dog would die, the owners shaved off their eyebrows,
smeared mud in their hair, and mourned aloud for days. The shape of
a dog’s face suggests how long it will live. Dogs with sharp, pointed
faces that look more like wolves typically live longer. Dogs with very
flat faces, such as bulldogs, often have shorter lives. Plato once said
that “a dog has the soul of a philosopher.” Petting dogs is proven to
lower blood pressure of dog owners. Dogs like sweets a lot more than
cats do. While cats have around only 473 taste buds, dogs have about
1,700 taste buds. Humans have approximately 9,000. There are more
facts that makes the dog interesting creatures and that even cat lovers
can enjoy having a pet dog too. But overall, it still depends on that
person if he wants to adopt a pet dog. Dog are cute so is cats. Let’s just
love them both shall we.
Source:
https://paragraphdulceandpanton.wordpress.com/2017/02/14/first-
blog-post/
Absent-Minded Professor
Basic Writing….. | 75
Logical division
Logical division paragraph is a paragraph in which the
topic is divided into points, and discuss each point separately.
One of topic you can choose in logical division paragraph is a
reason why you do something or you think something should be
the case. Yet, you can also use logical division to organize many
kinds of topics, not just reasons. The following is a model
paragraph.
Basic Writing….. | 77
Practice 1. Write an expository paragraph on one of the
following topics. Choose one way to develop your topic
sentence and follow the steps of writing process
Study for an important exam
Travelling
Changing a car or bike tire
My two best friends
Game addict
Computer skills
Smoking in public area
Celebrating festival with family
Websites:
https://writerriver.com/topic-sentence-and-controlling-idea-
exercises/
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-
grammar/punctuation
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/sep/02/the-power-of-no-
how-to-build-strong-healthy-boundaries
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl_exercises/punctuation_exercises/basic_p
unctuation/punctuation_exercise.html
https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/sentpatt.html
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/satz/capital1.html
Basic Writing….. | 79
https://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/writing-capitalization-
practice-test2.html
https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/narrative-text/
https://www.siskiyous.edu//asc/documents/writing/writingprocess1.p
df
https://patternbasedwriting.com/elementary_writing_success/paragra
ph-examples/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-expository-text-definition-
types-examples.html