CHAPTER SOME PRELIMINARIES 11 SOLVING FIRSFDEGREE EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE 12 SOLVING SECOND-DEGREE EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE, 13 INEQUALITIES AND THEIR SOLUTION 14 ABSOLUTE VALUE RELATIONSHIPS, 15 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS ADDITIONAL EXERCISES wtatet ets ete CHAPTER TEST :CHAPTER-OBJECTIVES Discuss equations and methods of solution Present properties of inequalities and methods of solution Mlustrate absolute value relationships Introduce properties of rectangular coordinate systems——7__————————_ 4 1 Ae Rey MOU Studio 9 Le Le ity ‘This chapter provides a discussion of weléctod wlgebraie’toncepts. An understand- ing of these concepts, aa well as the fundamental concepta reviewed in Appendix A, is prerequisite to the successful atudy of the material which follows in this text. As with the material in Appendix A, many of you will find that the material in this chapter is « review of topics which you have studied in previous-mathematics courses. SOLVING FIRST-DEGREE EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE We work continually with equations in this book. It is absolutely essential that you understand the meaning of equations and their algebraic properties. Equations and Their Properties An equation states the equality of two algebraic expressions. The algebraic ex- pressions may be stated in terms of one or more variables. The following are examples of equations. 8x~10= 22— bx @ S48 109 a ut Sw =—16 «s) In Eqs. (1) and (3), the variables are x and w, respectively. In Eq, (2) there are three variables, r, s, and ¢. The term variable is weed because various numbers can be substituted for the letters. ‘The solution of an equation consists of those numbers which, when eubati- ‘tuted for the variables, make the equation true. The numbers, or values of the variables, which make the equation true are referred to as the roots of the equation, ‘We aay that'the roots are the values of the variable(s) which satisfy the equation. In Eq. (1), substitution of the number 0 for the variable x results in -10=22 which is untrue. The value x= 0 is not a root of the equation. However, substitu- tion of the number 4 for the variable x results in 3{4) — 10 = 22 — 5(4) or 2=2 ‘The value x — 4 is considered to be a root of the equation. ‘Wevcan distinguish three types of equations, An identity is an equation which is true for all values of the variables. An example of sn identity is the equation x + ep iem ete Ge————— LLL———— 1.1. SOLVING FIRST-DEGREE EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE 5 Another example B(x + y) = Sx by In each of these equations, any values that are assigned to the variables will make both sidea of the equation equal A conditional equation is true for only a limited number of values of the variables. For example, the equation x+3=5 is true only when x equals 2. A false statement, or contradiction, is an equation which is never true. ‘That is, there are no values of the variables which make the two sides of the ‘equation equal. An example is the equation xmxth We indicate that the two sides are not equal by using the symbol %; for this ‘example, x#x+6 ‘Solving an equation refers to the process of finding the roota of an equation, if any roote exist. In order to solve equations, we normally must manipulate or rearrange them. The following rulee indicate allowable operations, SELECTED RULES FOR MANIPULATING EQUATIONS. I Real-valued expressions which are equal can be added to or sub- tracted from both sides of an equation. O_ Both sides of an equation may be multiplied.av divided by an¥ non- zero constant. MI Both sides of an equation may he multiplied by a quantity which in volves variables. TV Both sides of an equacion may be squared V. Both sides of an equation may be divided by an expression whichine volves variables provided the expression ts not equal to 0 Rules I and If lead to the creation of equivalent equations. Equivalent equations are equations which have the same roots. Rules III and IV can result in roots which are not roots of the original equation. These roota are called ext; ‘oua roots. Applying rule V can lead to equations which do not have all contained in the original equation, or equations which are not equivalent original equations, In Appendix A, Sec. A.2, the degree of a polynomial is dofined as the degree " yey MOU Stalin Lee eer Gluxan CHAPTER 1 SOME PRELIMINARIES of the highest-degree term in the polynomial. If an equation can be written in the form Polynomial expression = then the degree of the polynomial expression is the degree of the equation. Thus, the equation 2x — 4 = 0 is an equation of degree 1. The equation 4r? — r+ 10 = 0 is an equation of degree 2. The equation n* — 3n* + 9 = 0 is an equation of degree 4. Solving First-Degree Equations in One Variable ‘The procedure used for solving equations depends upon the nature of the equation. Lot's consider first-degree equations which involve one variable. The following equations are examples, ax=2e-6 Se-deid+e Solving equations of this form is relatively easy. By using appropriate rules of manipulation, the approach is simply to isolate the variable on one side of the equation and all constants on the other eide of the equation. Solve the two first-degree equations given previounly, SOLUTION For the equation 3x = 2s —6, we can add —2x to both aides to get 85+ (- ) = 22 = 6 + (—28) or -6 ‘Ths only value of x which satiation thia equation ia ~6. For the equation 5x —4 = 12 + x, we can add ~x and 4 to both sides, getting Bx-4$44+ (mx) 12+ 2444-2) Br-xml2+4 or 416 Dividing both sides by 4 (or multiplying by }) gives us the root of the equation: red To solve the equation 2s +5 10+ 22 We Fy MOU Studion 9 2 Lee Steep1.1. SOLVING PIRST-DEGREE EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE 7 we can subtract 2x from both sides, resulting in Qx+5—2r—10+2x— 2x or 610 ‘This reault is a faies statement, or contradiction, indicating that there are no roots to the original equation, aint we can multiply both sides of the equation by 2, resulting in Ax— 3) 2-6 2r-6—2-6 ‘The two sides of the equation are identicol, suggesting that any value can be assigned to xand the equation will bo satisfied. If we attempt to isolate x on the left side of the equation, subtracting 2s from both sides revulte in -6=-6 ‘This is an identity, also signaling that any value can be assigned to the variable =, a PRACTICE EXERCISE Solve the following first-degree equations: (a 4x— 10" 8—2x tiieos pe 10) id 3x+3—3x—5 ‘Ansioer (eh 3, (0) any real number, (¢ 10 valyes Section 1.1 Follow-Up Exercises ‘Solve the following first-degree equations. La-5=2-8 210-23—8—3x 8 tr+4—l6—x 4—br+2—16- a2 5B Ax —3)—Hx+4) 6 5(3— x) = 3(6 +) 16—2—ar+12 8 3y—10 = 6y +20 9 3—Bie 3-5 10 10y — 20— By +4 11 3t+10~ 48-6 12 3(2t—8) 47+) sy MOU Studio 9 Lee Sveti Gu ACHAPTER 1 SOME PRELIMINARIES 13 (x +6)—(6— 22) +2=0 watxestt 18 Aix —2) = (x + 3)/2 20 (1 3)/2—(4— eA 21.3(12—x)—16=2 22 y+ 1)—3y—1) =5-y 23 e+ 1 2— (4-4) +e BA Gx 2)4 4(2— x) mx + 2x + 1) SOLVING SECOND-DEGREE EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE A second-degree equation involving the variable x has the generalized form axttbrtc=0 where a,b, and care constanta with the added provision that a 0. Second-degree ‘equations are usually called quadratic equations. If a equals zero, the x* term disappears and the equation is no longer of degree 2. Examples of second-degree equations are 6r7— 2x +1=0 Sxt= 12 Qet—1=5r+9 Solving Quadratic Equations A quadratic equation (excluding an identity) can have no real roots, one real root, or two real roota. A number of different procedures can be used to deter- mine the roots of a quadratic equation. We will discuss two of the procedures. The first atep, in either case, is to rewrite the equation in the form ax? + bx + ¢ = 0. Factoring Method If the left side of the quadratic equation can be factored, the roots can be identified very easily. Consider the quadratic equation xt=4r=0 ‘The left side of the equation can be factored, resulting in x(x—4)=0 ‘The factored form of the equation suggests that the product of the two terma equals 0. The product will equal 0 if either of the two factors equals ). For this equation the first factor is 0 when x = 0, and the second factor is 0 when x = 4. ‘Thus, the two roots are 0 and 4 i ey Ou Studio 9 2S ee Steet b ue