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Code Mixing and Code Switchingin The Pro

This document discusses a study on code switching and code mixing that occurs in classroom teaching and learning activities at Al Mawaddah Boarding School in Ponorogo, Indonesia. The study used a qualitative case study methodology. The analysis found that code mixing at this school involves the use of Javanese, Arabic, English, and Indonesian languages through insertion of words, phrases, idioms, nouns, adjectives, clauses and sentences. Factors influencing code mixing include identifying roles, desires to explain and interpret from original and foreign languages. Factors for code switching include the speakers, presence of a third person, topic of conversation and prestige. The significance of the study is to understand language use in a multilingual society

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views

Code Mixing and Code Switchingin The Pro

This document discusses a study on code switching and code mixing that occurs in classroom teaching and learning activities at Al Mawaddah Boarding School in Ponorogo, Indonesia. The study used a qualitative case study methodology. The analysis found that code mixing at this school involves the use of Javanese, Arabic, English, and Indonesian languages through insertion of words, phrases, idioms, nouns, adjectives, clauses and sentences. Factors influencing code mixing include identifying roles, desires to explain and interpret from original and foreign languages. Factors for code switching include the speakers, presence of a third person, topic of conversation and prestige. The significance of the study is to understand language use in a multilingual society

Uploaded by

DHEA HIA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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