Code Mixing and Code Switchingin The Pro
Code Mixing and Code Switchingin The Pro
/HDUQLQJ
$EVWUDFW
7KLV VWXG\ DLPHG WR GHVFULEH D IRUP RI FRGH VZLWFKLQJ DQG FRGH
PL[LQJ VSHFLILF IRUP IRXQG LQ WKH WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV LQ
WKH FODVVURRP DV ZHOO DV GHWHUPLQLQJ IDFWRUV LQIOXHQFLQJ HYHQWV VWDQG
RXW WKDW IRUP RI FRGH VZLWFKLQJ DQG FRGH PL[LQJ LQ TXHVWLRQ
)RUP RI WKLV UHVHDUFK LV GHVFULSWLYH TXDOLWDWLYH FDVH VWXG\ ZKLFK WRRN
SODFH LQ $O 0DZDGGDK %RDUGLQJ 6FKRRO 3RQRURJR %DVHG RQ WKH
DQDO\VLV DQG GLVFXVVLRQ WKDW KDV EHHQ VWDWHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV FKDSWHU
WKDW WKH IRUP RI FRGH PL[LQJ DQG FRGH VZLWFKLQJ OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV LQ
$O 0DZDGGDK %RDUGLQJ 6FKRRO LV LQ EHWZHHQ WKH XVH RI HLWKHU
ODQJXDJH -DYD ODQJXDJH $UDELF (QJOLVK DQG ,QGRQHVLDQ RQ WKH XVH RI
LQVHUWLRQ RI ZRUGV SKUDVHV LGLRPV XVH RI QRXQV DGMHFWLYHV FODXVHV
DQG VHQWHQFHV &RGH PL[LQJ GHFLGLQJ IDFWRU LQ WKH OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV
LQFOXGH ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH UROH WKH GHVLUH WR H[SODLQ DQG LQWHUSUHW
VRXUFHG IURP WKH RULJLQDO ODQJXDJH DQG LWV YDULDWLRQV LV VRXUFHG IURP
D IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH :KLOH GHFLGLQJ IDFWRU LQ WKH OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV RI
FRGH LQFOXGHV VSHDNHUV 2 SDUWQHUV VSHDNHUV 2 WKH SUHVHQFH RI
D WKLUG SHUVRQ 2 WKH WRSLF RI FRQYHUVDWLRQ HYRNH D VHQVH RI
KXPRXU DQG MXVW SUHVWLJH 7KH VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WR DOORZ
UHDGHUV WR VHH WKH XVH RI ODQJXDJH LQ D PXOWLOLQJXDO VRFLHW\ HVSHFLDOO\
LQ $/ 0DZDGGDK ERDUGLQJ VFKRRO DERXW WKH UXOHV DQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH ODQJXDJH RI WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH
FODVVURRP )XUWKHUPRUH WKH UHVXOWV RI WKLV UHVHDUFK ZLOO SURYLGH LQSXW
WR WKH XVWDG] XVWDG]DK DQG VWXGHQWV LQ GHYHORSLQJ RUDO
&RGH 0L[LQJ DQG &RGH 6ZLWFKLQJ LQ 7KH 3URFHVV RI /HDUQLQJ
$EVWUDN
3HQHOLWLDQ LQL EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQGHVNULSVLNDQ ZXMXG DOLK NRGH GDQ
ZXMXG FDPSXU NRGH WHUWHQWX \DQJ GLWHPXNDQ GDODP NHJLDWDQ EHODMDU
PHQJDMDU GL NHODV VHUWD IDNWRU SHQHQWX PHQRQMRO \DQJ PHPSHQJDUXKL
SHULVWLZD ZXMXG DOLK NRGH GDQ FDPSXU NRGH GLPDNVXG
%HQWXN SHQHOLWLDQ LQL DGDODK GHVNULSWLI NXDOLWDWLI GHQJDQ VWXGL NDVXV
\DQJ PHQJDPELO ORNDVL GL SHVDQWUHQ $O 0DZDGGDK .DEXSDWHQ
3RQRURJR %HUGDVDUNDQ DQDOLVLV GDQ SHPEDKDVDQ \DQJ WHODK
GLNHPXNDNDQ GL EDE VHEHOXPQ\D EDKZD ZXMXG FDPSXU NRGH GDQ DOLK
NRGH NHJLDWDQ SHPEHODMDUDQ GL 33 $O 0DZDGGDK DGDODK SHUDOLKDQ
SHQJJXQDDDQ EDKDVD EDLN EDKDVD -DZD EDKDVD $UDE EDKDVD LQJJULV
GDQ EDKDVD ,QGRQHVLD SDGD SHQJJXQDDQ SHQ\LVLSDQ NDWD IUDVD LGLRP
SHQJJXQDDQ NDWD EHQGD NDWD VLIDW NODXVD GDQ NDOLPDW )DNWRU SHQHQWX
FDPSXU NRGH GDODP SURVHV SHPEHODMDUDQ PHOLSXWL ,GHQWLILNDVL SHUDQDQ
NHLQJLQDQ XQWXN PHQMHODVNDQ GDQ PHQDIVLUNDQ EHUVXPEHU GDUL EDKDVD
DVOL EHVHUWD YDULDVLQ\D EHUVXPEHU GDUL EDKDVD DVLQJ 6HGDQJNDQ
IDNWRU SHQHQWX DOLK NRGH GDODP SURVHV SHPEHODMDUDQ PHOLSXWL
SHQXWXU 2 PLWUD WXWXU 2 KDGLUQ\D RUDQJ NHWLJD 2 WRSLN
SHPELFDUDDQ PHPEDQJNLWNDQ UDVD KXPRU GDQ VHNHGDU JHQJVL
6LJQLILNDQVL GDUL SHQHOLWLDQ LQL DGDODK PHPXQJNLQNDQ SHPEDFD
PHQJHWDKXL SHPDNDLDQ EDKDVD GDODP PDV\DUDNDW PXOWLOLQJXDO
NKXVXVQ\D GL SHVDQWUHQ $O 0DZDGGDK WHQWDQJ NDLGDK GDQ NDUDNWHULVWLN
YDULDVL EDKDVD GDODP NHJLDWDQ EHODMDU PHQJDMDU GL NHODV /HELK MDXK
KDVLO SHQHOLWLDQ LQL DNDQ PHQMDGL EDKDQ PDVXNDQ EDJL XVWDG] XVWDG]DK
GDQ VDQWUL GDODP PHQJHPEDQJNDQ NHWHUDPSLODQ NRPXQLNDVL OLVDQ GDQ
HIHNWLYLWDV VWUDWHJL EHODMDU PHQJDMDU GL OLQJNXQJDQ SHVDQWUHQ
,QWURGXFWLRQ
/DQJXDJH LV QRW VRPHWKLQJ UDUH WR KHDU +RZHYHU QRW DOO
SHRSOH XQGHUVWDQG DERXW WKH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH ODQJXDJH 0RVW
SHRSOH NQRZ WKDW ODQJXDJH LV RQH RI WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WRROV XVHG E\
KXPDQV WR SHUIRUP DFWLYLWLHV RI GDLO\ OLYLQJ ,Q FRPPXQLFDWLQJ
VRPHWLPHV SHRSOH GR QRW MXVW XVH RQH ODQJXDJH $Q LQWHUHVWLQJ
SKHQRPHQRQ LV QRZ RIWHQ WKH FDVH WKDW PDQ\ SHRSOH PDNH WKH
WUDQVLWLRQ DOWHUQDWLRQ FRGH ERWK RI FRGH FRGH VZLWFKLQJ DQG FRGH
PL[LQJ PL[LQJ FRGH LQ FRPPXQLFDWLQJ ZLWK RWKHUV 7KH SKHQRPHQRQ
RI FRGH VZLWFKLQJ DQG FRGH PL[LQJ FDQ EH VHHQ HLWKHU WKURXJK
HOHFWURQLF PHGLD DQG SULQW PHGLD ,Q IDFW LI ZH H[DPLQHG FORVHO\
RIWHQ RFFXUUHQFH RI FRGH VZLWFKLQJ DQG FRGH PL[HV EHWZHHQ VSHDNHU
DQG SDUWQHU VSHDNHU LQ DQ HQYLURQPHQW RI RXU GDLO\ OLYHV HLWKHU LQ
ZULWLQJ RU RUDOO\
7KH UROH RI FRGH VZLWFKLQJ DQG FRGH PL[LQJ LQ WKH FRPPXQLW\
LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK WKH XVH RI ODQJXDJH YDULDWLRQ E\
D SHUVRQ RU JURXS RI SHRSOH HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH XVH RI ODQJXDJH LQ
ELOLQJXDO RU PXOWLOLQJXDO FRPPXQLWLHV IRU H[DPSOH LQ ERDUGLQJ VFKRRO
%RDUGLQJ FDQ EH VDLG LV XQLTXH LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH XVH RI FRGH VZLWFKLQJ
DQG FRGH PL[LQJ %RDUGLQJ VFKRRO LV XQLTXH EHFDXVH LQVWLWXWLRQDOO\
FDQ EH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ WKH IRUP RI QRQ IRUPDO LQVWLWXWLRQV EXW FDQ DOVR
EH UHIHUUHG WR DV IRUPDO HGXFDWLRQ EHFDXVH LW KDV LWV RZQ HGXFDWLRQ
SURJUDP RUJDQL]HG ,Q WKH ERDUGLQJ VFKRRO WKHUH LV QR FOHDU VHSDUDWLRQ
EHWZHHQ WKH VFKRRO DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW %RDUGLQJ VFKRROV DUH
JHQHUDOO\ XQLILHG DQG RUJDQL]HG LQ D V\VWHPDWLF ZD\ VR DV WR GRXEOH DV
D IRUPDO VFKRRO HQYLURQPHQW LQ WKH IRUP RI FODVVHV DQG WU\LQJ WR JURZ
D FHUWDLQ OLIHVW\OH WKDW PDNH XS D VXEFXOWXUH LQ D JHQHUDO SRSXODWLRQ
&RGH 0L[LQJ DQG &RGH 6ZLWFKLQJ LQ 7KH 3URFHVV RI /HDUQLQJ
RYHU WKH FRGH ZDV QRW RQO\ RFFXU EHWZHHQ ODQJXDJHV EXW FDQ DOVR
RFFXU EHWZHHQ D ZLGH YDULHW\ RU VW\OHV FRQWDLQHG LQ RQH ODQJXDJH
&RGH VZLWFKLQJ KDV %HFRPH D FRPPRQ WHUP IRU DOWHUQDWHV RI WZR RU
PRUH ODQJXDJH YDULHWLHV RI ODQJXDJH RU HYHQ VSHHFK VW\OHV
&RGH VZLWFKLQJ FDQ DOVR EH GHILQHG E\ VZLWFKLQJ RU WUDQVIHU RI
D IRUP RI VSHHFK IURP RQH ODQJXDJH LQWR DQRWKHU ODQJXDJH RU IURP
RQH YDULDWLRQ WR DQRWKHU YDULDWLRQ RU IURP RQH GLDOHFW WR DQRWKHU
GLDOHFW (GL 6XEURWR HW DO &RGH VZLWFKLQJ LV FRQVFLRXV RU
GHOLEHUDWH JHQHUDOO\ RFFXUV GXH WR D FHUWDLQ UHDVRQ DQG PRWLYDWLRQ
6XZLWR PHQWLRQV WKDW WKH HYHQW RI VZLWFKLQJ FRGH LV
WKH WUDQVLWLRQ IURP RQH FRGH WR DQRWKHU FRGH 6R ZKHQ VRPHRQH
VSHDNHUV LQLWLDOO\ XVLQJ D FRGH DQG WKHQ VZLWFK WR XVLQJ FRGH % WKH
LQWHUPHGLDWH FRGH DV LW LV UHIHUUHG WR DV FRGH VZLWFKLQJ
7KXV WKH VL[ IDFWRUV WKDW FDXVH RYHU WKH VZLWFKLQJ FRGH DUH
HVVHQWLDO LQ DVVHVVLQJ WKH FRQWURO RI WKH FRGH EHFDXVH LW IRFXVHV RQ WKH
VL[ IDFWRUV WKDW ZLOO VKDSH WKH ODQJXDJH XVHG E\ WKH VSHDNHU DQG WKH
VLWXDWLRQ IDFHG E\ WKH VSHDNHU DQG KHDUHU
$ VWXG\ RI FRGH VZLWFKLQJ LV HPSLULFDO LV QHFHVVDU\ WR LGHQWLI\
FKDQJHV LQ D ODQJXDJH RU D ODQJXDJH RU FRGH WR RWKHU FRGH EDVHG RQ WKH
VSHFLILF FDXVDWLYH IDFWRUV 7KH VZLWFKLQJ FRGH FDQ EH VHHQ IURP WKH
HOHPHQW ZRUG SKUDVH RU JURXS RI ZRUGV JUHHWLQJ ZRUGV XVHG
VHQWHQFH LQWRQDWLRQ DQG HYHQ FHUWDLQ IRUPV RI VSHHFK (GL 6XEURWR HW
DO
&RGH 0L[LQJ
0L[LQJ FRGH LV WKH XVH RI ODQJXDJH XQLWV IURP RQH ODQJXDJH WR
DQRWKHU WR H[SDQG WKH VW\OH RU YDULHW\ RI ODQJXDJHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH XVH
RI ZRUGV FODXVHV LGLRPV JUHHWLQJV DQG VR IRUWK +DULPXUWL
'L\DK $WLHN 0XVWLNDZDWL
FRGH PL[LQJ ,I WKH FRGH VZLWFKLQJ IXQFWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH FRQWH[W DQG
UHOHYDQFH RI WKH VLWXDWLRQ DUH WKH WUDLWV RI GHSHQGHQF\ WKHQ LQ FRGH
PL[LQJ WUDLWV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ GHSHQGHQFH RI WKH UHFLSURFDO
UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH UROHV DQG IXQFWLRQV RI ODQJXDJH 0L[HG FRGH
LV KDSSHQ ZLWKRXW D FOHDU PRWLYDWLRQ DQG FOHDU FDXVDO IDFWRUV DV ZHOO
0L[HG FRGHV JHQHUDOO\ RFFXU LQ D UHOD[HG DWPRVSKHUH RU RFFXU EHFDXVH
RI KDELW
ODQJXDJHV HDFK RI ZKLFK KDV OHW LWV IXQFWLRQV DQG VXSSRUW IXQFWLRQV RI
ODQJXDJH LQVHUWHG 7KHVH HOHPHQWV FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WZR QDPHO\
GHULYHG IURP WKH QDWLYH ODQJXDJH DORQJ ZLWK LWV YDULDWLRQV DQG
VRXUFHG IURP D IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH 7KH ILUVW FDQ EH FDOOHG PL[HG FRGH
LQWR WKH LQQHU FRGH PL[LQJ WKH VHFRQG RQH FDQ EH FDOOHG D FRGH
PL[LQJ WR WKH RXWVLGH RXWHU FRGH PL[LQJ 6XZLWR
µ<DK DSD EROHK EXDW OHELK EDLN WHUODPEDW GDULSDGD WLGDN VDPD
VHNDOL¶
7KH FODXVHV WKDW LV LQVHUWHG
x 3HPLPSLQ \DQJ ELMDNVDQD DNDQ VHODOX EHUWLQGDN LQJ QJDUVD
VXQJ WXODGKD LQJ PDG\D PDQJXQ NDUVD WXW ZXUL KDQGD\DQL
µ GL GHSDQ PHPEHUL WHODGDQ GL WHQJDK PHPEHUL VHPDQJDW GL
EHODNDQJ PHQJDZDVL
,Q XQGHUVWDQGLQJ FRGH PL[LQJ UHVHDUFKHUV PXVW LGHQWLI\ WKH
VSHDNHU EDVLFDOO\ VSHDN WKH QDWLYH ODQJXDJH EDVH ODQJXDJH WKHQ WKH
ODQJXDJH SRVVHVVHG HOHPHQWV RI RWKHU ODQJXDJHV 0L[HG FRGH FDQ EH
UHJDUGHG DV SDUW RI WKH YDULDWLRQ RI D SDUWLFXODU ODQJXDJH VSHDNHU
FRQVFLRXVO\ DQG IXQGDPHQWDOO\ E\ XVLQJ HOHPHQWV RI RWKHU ODQJXDJHV
WKDW GR DV ZHOO DV WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ LQ RUGHU WR H[SODLQ
RU WUDQVODWH 7KXV WKH FKRLFH RI ZRUGV LQ WKH IRUP RI FRGH PL[LQJ ZDV
UHFHLYHG E\ WKH DXGLHQFH 3DUW ODQJXDJHV GHULYHG IURP RWKHU ODQJXDJHV
WKDW FDQ EH ZRUGV EXW FDQ DOVR EH D SKUDVH RU XQLWV RI ODQJXDJH ODUJHU
5HVHDUFK 0HWKRGRORJ\
7KLV UHVHDUFK LV D TXDOLWDWLYH GHVFULSWLYH VWXG\ ZKLOH WKH
UHVHDUFK VWUDWHJ\ XVLQJ D FDVH VWXG\ DSSURDFK URRWHG EHFDXVH WKH
SUREOHPV DQG WKH IRFXV RI UHVHDUFK KDV EHHQ GHWHUPLQHG LQ WKH
SURSRVDO EHIRUH WKH UHVHDUFKHUV FRQGXFWLQJ WKH VWXG\
7KH ORFDWLRQ RI WKLV UHVHDUFK LV $O 0DZDGGDK 0RGHUQ
%RDUGLQJ 6FKRRO 7KH ERDUGLQJ VFKRRO KDV D WHQGHQF\ WR RSHQ
WRZDUGV SRVLWLYH YDOXHV SURJUHVV RI WKH WLPHV DQG KDV SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ
VKDSLQJ WKH YDOXHV RI OLIH LQ VRFLHW\ SDUWLFXODUO\ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH
XVH RI IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJHV $UDELF DQG (QJOLVK 7KH ORFDWLRQ ZDV
'L\DK $WLHN 0XVWLNDZDWL
7KH XVH RI LGLRPV DERYH ZHUH WKH LGLRPV WKDW KDYH EHHQ
EHFRPH WKH ZRUGV WKDW DUH IDPLOLDU IRU WKH IHPDOH VWXGHQWV H J
µODQJXDJH FHQWUH¶ µFDPH ODWH¶ µWKH ULJKW PDQ LQ WKH ULJKW SODFH¶
7KHUHIRUH ZKHQ D XVWDG]DK H[SUHVVHG WKHVH LGLRPV WKH OLVWHQHUV RU
IHPDOH VWXGHQWV FDQ IROORZ DQG XQGHUVWDQG DERXW XVWDG]DK VDLG
)XUWKHUPRUH FRGH PL[LQJ DOVR KDSSHQHG LQ WKH HQG RI OHVVRQV ZKHQ
XVWDG]DK ZRXOG HQG DQG FORVH WKH PHHWLQJ DW WKDW WLPH
XVLQJ (QJOLVK DV WKH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WRRO IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ WR WKH HQG
RI WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV
VWXGHQW DVNHG WR XVWDG]DK IRU UHSHDWLQJ ZKDW KDV EHHQ VDLG 7KLV LV
GRQH EHFDXVH DW WKDW PRPHQW WKH OLVWHQHU QRW VR XQGHUVWDQGLQJ
WRZDUGV WKH PDWHULDO WKDW KDV EHHQ GHOLYHUHG
7KH XVH RI WKH ZRUG µWKH ODVW¶ WKDW KDV PHDQLQJ µHQG¶ WKHQ
IROORZHG E\ D VHQWHQFH WKDW LV D FRQFOXVLRQ IURP WKH PDLQ ODQJXDJH
WKDW KDV EHHQ GHOLYHUHG ,Q WKRVH VSHHFK WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WHDFKLQJ DQG
OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV XVWDG]DK WDXJKW XVLQJ (QJOLVK WKHQ VZLWFKHG XVLQJ
$UDELF ERWK ODQJXDJHV ZHUH RIWHQ XVHG E\ XVWDG]DK LQ WHDFKLQJ DQG
OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV
&RGH 0L[LQJ DQG &RGH 6ZLWFKLQJ LQ 7KH 3URFHVV RI /HDUQLQJ
7KH QH[W ILQGLQJV ZHUH WKH XVH RI DGMHFWLYH DQG QRXQ 7KH
VSHHFK EHORZ LQGLFDWHV WKH FRGH PL[LQJ EXW LW ZDV LQ DGMHFWLYH VXFK DV
WKH ZRUG DO\DGX KDQG \XPQD ULJKW \XVUR OHIW DO DVKRREL¶D
ILQJHUV DO ZXVWKR PLGGOH ILQJHU MDGLGXQ QHZ DQG DQG
VKRJKLURWXQ VPDOO +HUH DUH WKH VQLSSHWV RI WKH VSHHFK
8VWDG]DK $O DVKRREL¶D
)HPDOH 6WXGHQW -DUL MDUL
8VWDG]DK -DUL WHQJDK« MDUL WHQJDK EDKDVD DUDEQ\D
)HPDOH 6WXGHQW $OZXVWKRR«
7KH QH[W
8VWDG]DK -DGLLGXQ PD¶QDKX
)HPDOH 6WXGHQW %DUXX
7KH QH[W
8VWDG]DK 0DD PD¶QDD VKRJLLURWDQ"
)HPDOH 6WXGHQW .HFLO«
&RQFOXVLRQ
%DVHG RQ WKH DQDO\VLV DQG GLVFXVVLRQ WKDW KDV EHHQ VWDWHG LQ WKH
SUHYLRXV FKDSWHU WKDW WKH IRUP RI FRGH PL[LQJ DQG FRGH VZLWFKLQJ WKH
OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV LQ $O 0DZDGGDK %RDUGLQJ 6FKRRO LV WKH XVH RI
'L\DK $WLHN 0XVWLNDZDWL
5HIHUHQFHV