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    Sesamoid Bone: Jump To

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    Bet Mustafa Eltayep
    Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded within tendons where the tendon passes over a joint. The patella (kneecap) and bones in the hand and foot are examples. Sesamoid bones act to protect the tendon and increase its mechanical leverage. They hold the tendon farther from the joint center, lengthening the tendon's moment arm for greater force. Injuries can include sesamoiditis in the foot. The fabella is a small optional sesamoid bone in the knee. Its distance from other bones on x-ray can indicate knee effusion or masses.

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    Sesamoid Bone: Jump To

    Uploaded by

    Bet Mustafa Eltayep
    268 views8 pages
    Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded within tendons where the tendon passes over a joint. The patella (kneecap) and bones in the hand and foot are examples. Sesamoid bones act to protect the tendon and increase its mechanical leverage. They hold the tendon farther from the joint center, lengthening the tendon's moment arm for greater force. Injuries can include sesamoiditis in the foot. The fabella is a small optional sesamoid bone in the knee. Its distance from other bones on x-ray can indicate knee effusion or masses.

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    Sesamoid Bone

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    Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded within tendons where the tendon passes over a joint. The patella (kneecap) and bones in the hand and foot are examples. Sesamoid bones act to protect the tendon and increase its mechanical leverage. They hold the tendon farther from the joint center, lengthening the tendon's moment arm for greater force. Injuries can include sesamoiditis in the foot. The fabella is a small optional sesamoid bone in the knee. Its distance from other bones on x-ray can indicate knee effusion or masses.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    268 views8 pages

    Sesamoid Bone: Jump To

    Uploaded by

    Bet Mustafa Eltayep
    Sesamoid bones are small bones embedded within tendons where the tendon passes over a joint. The patella (kneecap) and bones in the hand and foot are examples. Sesamoid bones act to protect the tendon and increase its mechanical leverage. They hold the tendon farther from the joint center, lengthening the tendon's moment arm for greater force. Injuries can include sesamoiditis in the foot. The fabella is a small optional sesamoid bone in the knee. Its distance from other bones on x-ray can indicate knee effusion or masses.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Sesamoid bone

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Jump to: navigation, search


    Bone: Sesamoid bone

    Sagittal section of right knee-joint.

    Sesamoid bones at the distal end of the first metatarsal bone of the foot.

    Latin

    ossa sesamoidea

    In anatomy, a sesamoid bone is a bone embedded within a tendon. Sesamoids are found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint, such as the hand, knee, and foot. Functionally, they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect. The presence of the sesamoid bone holds the tendon slightly farther away from the center of the joint and thus increases its moment arm. Sesamoid bones also prevent the tendon from flattening into the joint as tension increases and therefore also maintain a more consistent moment arm through a variety of possible tendon loads. This differs from menisci, which are made of cartilage and rather act to disperse the weight of the body on joints and reduce friction during movement.

    Contents
    [hide]

    1 Human anatomy o 1.1 Injuries and variation 2 In other animals 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References

    [edit] Human anatomy


    Sesamoid bones can be found on joints throughout the body, including:

    In the knee the patella (within the quadriceps tendon).

    In the hand two sesamoid bones are located in distal portions of the first metacarpal bone (within the tendons of adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis). There is also commonly a sesamoid bone in distal portions of the second metacarpal bone. The pisiform of the wrist is a sesamoid bone as well (within the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris).[1] In the foot - the first metatarsal bone has two sesamoid bones at its connection to the big toe (both within the tendon of flexor hallucis brevis).[2]

    [edit] Injuries and variation


    A common foot ailment in dancers is sesamoiditis. A bi-partite sesamoid bone is when the sesamoids are in 2 separate entities usually congenital, but may be related to a history of trauma.

    [edit] In other animals


    In equine anatomy, the term sesamoid bone usually refers to the two sesamoid bones found at the back of the fetlock or metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints in both hindlimbs and forelimbs. Strictly these should be termed the proximal sesamoid bones whereas the navicular bone should be referred to as the distal sesamoid bone. The patella is also a form of sesamoid bone in the horse. In both the giant panda[3] and the red panda,[4] the radial sesamoid is larger than the same bone in counterparts such as bears. It is primarily a bony support for the pad above it, allowing the panda's other digits to grasp bamboo while eating it. The panda's thumb is often cited as a classical example of exaptation, where a trait evolved for one purpose is commandeered for another.[5]

    [edit] See also


    Fabella Cyamella

    [edit] Footnotes
    1. ^ Tim D. White, Human Osteology, 2nd edition (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000), 199, 205. 2. ^ White, Human Osteology, 2nd edition, 257-261. 3. ^ Arthro.com: The Panda's Thumb 4. ^ Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas PNAS December 30, 2005 5. ^ The Panda's Peculiar Thumb, Nature Magazine Vol. LXXXVII No. 9, Nov. 1978, by Stephen J. Gould

    [edit] References

    Gray's Anatomy (1918) (Bartleby)

    [hide]v d eMusculoskeletal system connective tissue: bone and

    cartilage (TA A02.0, TH H3.01, GA 2.8695)


    perichondrium fibrocartilage callus metaphysis Cartilage cells (chondroblast chondrocyte) types (hyaline elastic fibrous) Ossification intramembranous endochondral Cycle osteoblast osteoid osteocyte osteoclast Types cancellous cortical subchondral bone epiphysis epiphyseal Regions plate/metaphysis diaphysis Condyle Epicondyle osteon / Haversian system Haversian canals Volkmann's canals connective tissue (endosteum Structure periosteum) Sharpey's fibres enthesis lacunae canaliculi trabeculae medullary cavity bone marrow Shapes long short flat irregular sesamoid anat(c/f/k/f, u, t/p, noco/cong/tumr, l)/phys/devp/cell sysi/epon, injr Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" Categories: Sesamoid bones | Skeletal system | Horse anatomy M: BON/CAR proc, drug(M5)

    Bone

    Fabella
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Jump to: navigation, search The fabella (Latin for little bean) is a small sesamoid bone found in some mammals embedded in the tendon of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle behind the lateral condyle of the femur. It is a variant of normal anatomy and present in humans in 10% to 30% of individuals. Rarely, there are 2 or 3 of these bones (fabella bi- or tripartita). It can be mistaken for a loose body or osteophyte.

    Gastrocnemius muscle

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Jump to: navigation, search


    Gastrocnemius muscle

    Lateral aspect of right leg.

    Gray's

    subject #129 482

    Origin

    superior to articular surfaces of lateral condyle of femur and medial condyle of femur

    Insertion

    tendo calcaneus (achilles tendon) into mid-posteior calcaneus

    Artery

    sural arteries

    Nerve

    tibial nerve from the sciatic, specifically, nerve roots S1S2

    Actions

    plantar flexes foot, flexes knee

    Antagonist Tibialis anterior muscle

    In humans, the gastrocnemius (pronounced /strknimis/ or /strnimis/) muscle, meaning 'stomach of leg' (modern Latin, from Greek (gaster) stomach and knm leg, referring to the bulging shape of the calf), is a very powerful superficial pennate muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing, walking, running and jumping. Along with the soleus muscle it forms the calf muscle. Its function is plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint. In a 1967 EMG study, Herman and Bragin concluded that its most important role was plantar flexing in large contractions and in rapid development of tension. The gastrocnemius is located with the soleus in the posterior (back) compartment of the leg. The Lateral Head originates from the Lateral Condyle of the femur, while the Medial Head originates from the Medial Condyle of the femur. Its other end forms a common tendon with the soleus muscle; this tendon is known as the calcaneal tendon or Achilles Tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or mountain bone. Deep to the gastrocnemius (farther from the skin) is the soleus muscle. Some anatomists consider both to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles, which is involved in "locking" the knee from the standing and posterior tibial vein and the tibial nerve. Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial midshaft of the tibia. Frequently there is a sesamoid bone called the "fabella" in the lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle.

    [edit] Clinical significance

    The gastrocnemius muscle is very prone to spasms; the painful, involuntary, contraction of the muscle for up to several minutes.[1] This muscle is prone to injury called torn calf muscle which is disabling. The Gastrocnemius muscle may also become inflamed due to overuse. Antiinflammatory and physical therapy may be necessary. Anatomical abnormalities involving the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle results in popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

    [edit] Additional images

    Right femur. Posterior surface.

    Cross-section through middle of leg.

    Back of left lower extremity.

    Fabella sign
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Jump to: navigation, search This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (February 2009) The fabella sign is displacement of the fabella that is seen in cases of synovial effusion and popliteal fossa masses.[1] The fabella is a sesamoid bone located inside the gastrocnemius lateral head tendon on the posterior side of the knee, in about 25% of people. It can thus serve as a surrogate radio-opaque marker of the posterior border of the knee's synovium. On a lateral x-ray of the knee, an increase in the distance from the fabella to the femur or to the tibia can be suggestive of fluid or of a mass within the synovial fossa. This is of particular use in radiographic detection of knee effusions, as the cause for the effusion may obscure the subcutaneous planes on x-ray that can also be used to determine presence of effusion or effusion size.[2]

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