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COMPLEX NUMBERS
BY CHAKUAMBA FORTUNE T(CHAKS)

+263771580933

OBJECTIVES OF THE TOPIC

~Perform simple arithmetics of complex numbers

~Finding the modulus and argument of complex numbers

~Represent complex numbers on the Argand diagram

~Express complex numbers in polar form and exponential form

~Perform operations with complex numbers in polar form and

exponential form

~Derive and prove DeMoivre’s theorem

~Solving equations using DeMoivre’s theorem

~Prove trigonometric identities using DeMoivre’s theorem

~Solve polynomial equations with real coefficients and at least

one non~real roots

~ Loci of equations and inequalities involving complex numbers

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COMPLEX NUMBERS SYSTEM

If 𝑥 2 + 4 = 0 → 𝑥 2 = −4
𝑥 = √−4𝑖 = √−1 × 4 𝑏𝑢𝑡 → 𝑖 = √−1
𝑥 = √4𝑖
𝑥 = ±2𝑖

SINCE 𝑖 = √−1
∴ 𝑖 2 = −1
~A complex number can be denoted by 𝒛 where 𝒛 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐼𝑚(𝑧)

ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

If 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖
then
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) + (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖)
= 𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑖 + 𝑑𝑖 add the real parts together and the imaginary parts together
= (𝑎 + 𝑐 ) + (𝑏 + 𝑑 )𝑖

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) − (𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖)
= 𝑎 − 𝑐 + 𝑏𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖 subtract the real parts together and imaginary parts together
= (𝑎 − 𝑐 ) + (𝑏 − 𝑑 )𝑖

Example 1
𝑧1 = 4 + 3𝑖 𝑧2 = 1 − 3𝑖 Find (i) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
(ii) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
Solution
(i) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (4 + 3𝑖 ) + (1 − 3𝑖 )
= (4 + 1) + (3 + (−3))𝑖
= 5 + 0𝑖 = 5

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(ii) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (4 + 3𝑖 ) − (1 − 3𝑖 )
= (4 − 1) + (3 − (−3))𝑖
= 3 + 6𝑖

FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1) (3 − 7𝑖) + (−6 + 7𝑖)
2) (3 + 4𝑖) + (2 + 2𝑖) + (5 + 6𝑖)
3) (−4 − 6𝑖) − (−8 − 8𝑖)
4) 5(4 + 3𝑖) − 4(−1 + 2𝑖)
5) (3√2 + 𝑖) − (√2 − 𝑖)

MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

~just operate as if you expanding algebra expressions but take note that 𝑖 2 = −1
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) = 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖) + 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖)

Example 1

𝑧1 = 4 + 3𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 3 − 2𝑖 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑧1 𝑧2

Solution
𝑧1 𝑧2 = (4 + 3𝑖 )(3 − 2𝑖 )
= 4(3 − 2𝑖 )3𝑖(3 − 2𝑖 )
= 12 − 8𝑖 + 9𝑖 − 6𝑖 2
= 12 + 𝑖 − 6(−1)
= 18 + 𝑖

Example 2

𝑧1 = 3 − 2𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 4 − 𝑖 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑧1 𝑧2

𝑧1 𝑧2 = (3 − 2𝑖)(4 − 𝑖)
= 3(4 − 𝑖) − 2𝑖(4 − 𝑖))
= 12 − 3𝑖 − 8𝑖 + 2𝑖 2
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= 12 + 11𝑖 + 2(−1)
= 10 − 11𝑖

COMPLEX CONJUGATE
If 𝒛 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑧 ∗ 𝑜𝑟 𝑧
𝑠𝑜 𝒛∗ = 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖
Relationship between 𝐳 and 𝐳 ∗ is
𝑧 𝑧∗ = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑧 + 𝑧 ∗ = 2𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
𝑧 − 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑖2𝐼𝑚(𝑧)
NOTES
~Geometrical relationships between complex number and its conjugate is a reflection in the
𝑥~𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (check on worked examples page 10)
Zimsec November 2017 Paper 1(edited on part c)

~The property of complex conjugate is important when we are dealing with division of complex
numbers

DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

~Find the conjugate of the denominator and multiply both the numerator and denominator with
conjugate of the denominator

Example 1
𝑧1
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑧1 = −3 + 5𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = −3 + 𝑖 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝑧2
Solution

𝑧1 −3+5𝑖
=
𝑧2 −3+𝑖
(−3+5𝑖 )(−3−𝑖 )
= (−3+𝑖 )(−3−𝑖 )
NB: 𝒛 × 𝒛∗ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
9+3𝑖−15𝑖−5𝑖 2
= (−3)2 +12
9+3𝑖−15𝑖−(5)(−1)
= (−3)2 +12
Remember 𝑖 2 = −1
14−12𝑖
= 10

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7 6
= 5 − 5𝑖

Example 2
−1+3i
The complex number is z = . Express z in the form x + yi
2+i

Solution
(−1+3i)(2−i)
z= (2+i)(2−i)

−2+i+6i−3i2
= 22 +12
1+7i
= 5
1 7
= 5 +5i

FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1) (6 + 3𝑖)(7 + 2𝑖)
2) (2 + 3𝑖)4 hint use binomial expansion or pascals
3) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 2√2 + √2𝑖 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑧 + 2𝑧 ∗ 𝑖𝑖)𝑧𝑧 ∗ 𝑖𝑖𝑖) √2 − 𝑧 ∗ 𝑖𝑣) 2𝑧 − 2𝑧 ∗

𝑧2 2𝑧2 + 𝑧1 (𝑧2 )2 −1
4) 𝑖𝑓 𝑧1 = 2 + 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 3 + 𝑖 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖) 𝑖𝑖) 𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑧1 −1 𝑧1 𝑧1 +1

𝑧 1
5) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑧 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2−𝑖 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑧 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
5+2𝑖

NB: Number 2 of the above exercise will be dealt with it using short method later on this chapter(under
DeMoivres theorem)

MODULUS AND ARGUMENT OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

~A complex can be represented on a diagram called Argand diagram

𝑥~𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 represents the real axis and 𝑦~𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 represents the imaginary axis

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(𝐼𝑚) 𝐴 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝜃
O (Re)

If 𝐳 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 ,
𝑥 and 𝑦 are points of the complex number on the argand diagram relative to origin i. e OA
~the length of OA is the modulus of 𝐳 which is denoted by |𝐳|
|𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
~ The angle θ between the line OA and real axis is called argument of z (which is usually
referred as the principal argument)
Argument of z it lies in the range – 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 or – 180 < 𝜃 ≤ 180

NOTE: the argument of complex is not unique it can be given by 𝜃 ± 2𝜋𝒏

Notes on how to find the argument of a complex number

~The argument of a complex number is determined by the position of complex number on argand
diagram
measured from positive real axis
~Angles below the real axis are negative are measured in a clockwise direction
~Angles above the real axis are positive and are measured in a anticlockwise direction

~ Finding the principal argument of complex number

𝑦
First find 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 |𝑥 | ,
𝑦
where |𝑥 | is the absolute value [or you just take values of 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ignoring the signs]

NB: α is not the real principal argument except for first quadrant angles where 𝜃 = 𝛼
[principal argument is determined by position of complex in argand diagram]

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CHECK BELOW

Angles of complex numbers in the first quadrant

𝜃=𝛼

Angles of complex numbers in the second quadrant

𝜽=𝝅−𝜶
OR

𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝜶 𝛼 𝜃

Angles of complex numbers in the third quadrant

𝜽=𝜶−𝝅
OR

𝜽 = 𝜶 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝛼 𝜃

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~Angles of complex numbers in fourth quadrant

𝜽 = −𝜶

NB: α is acute angle between the real axis and line which joining O and position point of the complex
number

For easy remembrance the diagram below can help you

𝜃 =𝜋−𝛼 𝜃=𝛼

𝜃 =𝛼−𝜋 𝜃 = −𝛼

Worked Examples

Zimsec June 2019 Paper 1

The complex
4 − 8𝑖
𝑢=
𝑖

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i) Express 𝑢 in the form 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖

ii) Find the magnitude of 𝑢 and argument of 𝑢
iii) Sketch 𝑢 on an Argand diagram

Solution
4 − 8𝑖
𝑖) 𝑢 = 𝑖𝑖) |𝑢| = √(−8)2 + (−4)2 𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑖
(4 − 8𝑖 )(−𝑖)
= = √80 𝜃 =𝛼−𝜋
𝑖(−𝑖)
−4𝑖 + 8𝑖 2 4
= = 4√5 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) − 𝜋
−𝑖 2 8

−4𝑖 + 8𝑖 2
= 𝜃 = −2.68𝑐 (3 𝑠. 𝑓)
−𝑖 2

−8 − 4𝑖
=
1

= −8 − 4𝑖

𝑖𝑖𝑖) Sketch of 𝑢 on an Argand diagram

−8

4√5 −2.68𝑐

−4 −

Zimsec November 2016 Paper 1

1
The complex is denoted by 𝑢
1+2𝑖

i) Find the modulus of 𝑢

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ii) Find the argument of 𝑢

Solution
1 1(1 − 2𝑖) 1 − 2𝑖 1 2
𝑢= = = = − 𝑖
1 + 2𝑖 (1 + 2𝑖 )(1 − 2𝑖) 5 5 5

Now
1 2 2 2 √5
𝑖) |𝑢| = √( ) + (− ) =
5 5 5

ii) 𝑢 is in the fourth quadrant

𝜃 = −𝛼

𝜃 = − tan−1 ( 51 )
5

𝜃 = − tan−1 (2)
𝜃 = −1,11𝑐 or equivalent to degrees

Zimsec November 2017 Paper 1(edited on part c)

Given the complex numbers 𝑤 = 1 + 2𝑖 and 𝑢 = 3 − 𝑖 , find

a) In the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real
i) 𝑢 + 𝑤
ii) 𝑢𝑤
b) Find the argument of 𝑢𝑤
c) Represent on the same Argand diagram complex 𝑢 and 𝑢∗ , where 𝑢∗ is the conjugate of 𝑢
, hence state the geometrical relationship between 𝑢 and 𝑢∗

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Solution
i) 𝑢 + 𝑤 = (1 + 2𝑖 ) + (3 − 𝑖) ii) 𝑢𝑤 = (1 + 2𝑖 )(3 − 𝑖)
= (1 + 3) + (2 + (−1))𝑖 = 1(3 − 𝑖 ) + 2𝑖(3 − 𝑖)
=4+𝑖 = 3 − 𝑖 + 6𝑖 − 2𝑖 2
= 3 − 𝑖 + 6𝑖 + 2
= 5 + 5𝑖

b) 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝑢𝑤 = arg(5 + 5𝑖)

𝑢𝑤 = 5 + 5𝑖 is in the first quadrant
𝜃=𝛼
5
𝜃 = tan−1 (5)
𝜋
𝜃= 𝑜𝑟 45°
4

c) 𝑢 = 3 − 𝑖 𝑢∗ = 3 + 𝑖(conjugate)

−1 Geometrical relationship of 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢∗ is a reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 (real axis)

3 (under relationship between z and 𝑧 ∗ )

−-1

Some special properties of modulus and argument of complex numbers

Modulus
𝑧 |𝑧 |
1) |𝑧 𝑛 | = |𝑧|𝑛 2) |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 | × |𝑧2 | 3) |𝑧1 | = |𝑧1 |
2 2

Argument
𝑧
1) 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 𝒏 = 𝒏𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 2) 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧1 ) + 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧2 ) 3) 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧1 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧2
2

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Example 1
If 𝑢 = 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = 1 + √3𝑖

a) Find modulus of
5 2 4 𝑢2
i) 𝑤 ii) 𝑢 𝑤 iii) |𝑤 2 |

b) find the argument of

5 2 4 𝑢2
i) 𝑤 ii) 𝑢 𝑤 iii) 𝑤2

Solution
a) |𝑤| = |1 + √3𝑖| |𝑢| = |𝑖 |
2
= √12 + (√3) = √(−1)2

= 2 =1
Now
5| 𝑢2 |𝑢2 |
i) |𝑤 = |𝑤 |5 2
ii) |𝑢 𝑤 4|
= |𝑢 2|
× |𝑤 4|
iii) |𝑤 2 | = |𝑤 2 |

5 |𝑢|2
=2 = |𝑢 |2 × |𝑤 |4 = |𝑤|2

2 4 12
= 32 =1 ×2 = 22
1
= 16 =4

b) argw argu note :argu u check on the argand diagram

𝜋
since w is in the first quadrant 𝜃= i
2
𝝅
𝜃=𝛼 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝒖 =
𝟐

√3
𝜃 = tan−1 ( 1 )
𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝒘 = 3

Now
i) arg𝒘5 = 5𝑎𝑟𝑔𝒘
𝜋
= 5 (3)
5
= 3𝜋

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ii) arg (𝑢2 𝑤 4 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝒖2 + 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝒘4

= 2𝑎𝑟𝑔𝒖 + 4𝑎𝑟𝑔𝒘
𝜋 𝜋
= 2( 2 ) + 4 ( 3 )
4
= 𝜋 + 3𝜋
7
= 3𝜋

𝑢2
iii) arg(𝑤 2 ) = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝒖2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝒘2

= 2arg𝐮 − 2arg𝐰
𝝅 𝜋
= 2 (𝟐) − 𝟐 (3 )
2
= 𝜋 − 3𝜋
1
= 3𝜋

PROBLEMS INVOLVING COMPLEX NUMBERS

Equal complex numbers

We can solve problems of complex numbers by equating real parts and imaginary parts from
each side of an equation involving complex numbers

If 𝑎1 + 𝑖𝑏1 = 𝑎2 + 𝑖𝑏2 , then

𝑎1 = 𝑎2 ⟹ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑏1 = 𝑏2 ⟹ 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙

Example 1
Given that (𝑎 − 𝑏) + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑖 = 9 + 13𝑖 find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏
Solution
(𝑎 − 𝑏) + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑖 = 9 + 13𝑖

𝑎 − 𝑏 = 9 …..𝑖
𝑎 + 𝑏 = 13 … . . 𝑖𝑖

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Subtracting 𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖

⟹ −2𝑏 = −4
𝑏=2
Substituting 𝑏 in ii
⟹ 𝑎 + 2 = 13
𝑎 = 13 − 2
𝑎 = 11
∴ 𝑎 = 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 2

Example 2
Given that (−3 + 7𝑖) = (5 − 2𝑖)(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖).Find the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦
Hence find the modulus and argument of 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
Solution

(−3 + 7𝑖) = (5 − 2𝑖)(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖)

−3 + 7𝑖 = 5𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑖 2

−3 + 7𝑖 = 5𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦(−1)
−3 + 7𝑖 = 5𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦
−3 + 7𝑖 = 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + (5𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑖

Remember for EQUAL COMPLEX numbers

⟹REAL PARTS ARE EQUAL
⟹IMAGINARY PARTS ARE EQUAL

Now
−3 = 2𝑦 + 5𝑥 … … 𝑖 ×5
7 = 5𝑦 − 2𝑥 … … 𝑖𝑖 ×2

−15 = 10𝑦 + 25𝑥 … … 𝑖

14 = 10𝑦 − 4𝑥 … … 𝑖𝑖

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Subtracting 𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖
⟹ −29 = 29𝑥
⟹ 𝑥 = −1

Substituting the value of x in ii

⟹ 7 = 5𝑦 − 2(−1)
⟹ 7 − 2 = 5𝑦
⟹ 5 = 5𝑦
⟹𝑦=1

∴ 𝑥 = −1 , 𝑦 = 1

Now
⟹ 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖

Arg (𝑧) |𝑧| = √(−1)2 + 12

𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼 second quadrant complex number
1
𝜃 = 𝜋 − tan−1 (1) |𝑧| = √2
𝜋
𝜃=𝜋−
4
3
𝜃= 𝜋
4

Example 3
Zimsec November 2014 Paper
The complex number z satisfies the equation
13
𝑧 + 2𝑧 =
−2 + 3𝑖
Find

i) z in the form 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
1
ii) modulus and argument of 𝑧

Solution
13
𝑧 + 2𝑧 = −2+3𝑖

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Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖

13
⟹ (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 ) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖 ) = −2+3𝑖
13(−2−3𝑖)
⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑖 = (−2+3𝑖)(−2−3𝑖)
−26−39𝑖
⟹ 3𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖 = 13

⟹ 3𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖 = −2 − 3𝑖
NOW
Remember for equal complex numbers
⟹REAL PARTS ARE EQUAL
⟹IMAGINARY PARTS ARE EQUAL

2
3𝑥 = −2 ⟹ 𝑥 = − 3

−𝑦 = −3 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3

2
∴ 𝑧 = − + 3𝑖
3

1 1
Now 𝑧 = 2
− +3𝑖
3

2 2 √85
∴ |𝑧| = √(− 3) + (3)2 = 3

Example 4
Zimsec June 2012 Paper 2
The complex number 𝑎 whose conjugate 𝑎∗ satisfies the equations 4𝑎𝑎∗ + 12𝑖 = 8𝑎 + 6 find
the two
possible values of 𝑎 giving your answer in the form 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑖 where p and q are real

NB: On the original question paper the equation is 4𝑎𝑎∗ + 12𝑖 = 8𝑎 + 16 16 was supposed
to be 6

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Solution
𝐿𝑒𝑡
𝑎 = 𝑝 + 𝑞𝑖
𝑎 ∗ = 𝑝 − 𝑞𝑖
Substituting the values of 𝑎 and 𝑎∗

⟹ 4𝑎𝑎∗ + 12𝑖 = 8𝑎 + 6
⟹ 4(𝑝 + 𝑞𝑖 )(𝑝 − 𝑞𝑖) + 12𝑖 = 8(𝑝 + 𝑞𝑖) + 6
⟹ 4(𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ) + 12𝑖 = 8𝑝 + 8𝑞𝑖 + 6
⟹ 4𝑝2 + 4𝑞 2 + 12𝑖 = 8𝑝 + 8𝑞𝑖 + 6
⟹ 4𝑝2 + 4𝑞 2 + 12𝑖 = 8𝑝 + 6 + 8𝑞𝑖 dividing by 2 throughout the equation
⟹ 2𝑝2 + 2𝑞 2 + 6𝑖 = 4𝑝 + 3 + 4𝑞𝑖

Remember for equal complex numbers

⟹REAL PARTS ARE EQUAL
⟹IMAGINARY PARTS ARE EQUAL

2𝑝2 + 2𝑞 2 = 4𝑝 + 3 … … 𝑖
6 = 4𝑞 … … 𝑖𝑖

from ii
3
𝑞=2
Substituting the values of q in i
2 3 2
⟹ 2𝑝 + 2 (2) = 4𝑝 + 3
9
⟹ 2𝑝2 + 2 = 4𝑝 + 3 Multiplying by 2 throughout

⟹ 4𝑝2 − 8𝑝 + 9 − 6 = 0
⟹ 4𝑝2 − 8𝑝 + 3 = 0
⟹ 4𝑝2 − 6𝑝 − 2𝑝 + 3 = 0
⟹ 2𝑝(2𝑝 − 3) − 1(2𝑝 − 3) = 0
⟹ (2𝑝 − 1)(2𝑝 − 3) = 0
1 3
∴ 𝑝 = 2 𝑜𝑟 2

Now

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1 3 3 3
𝑎 = 2 +2𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 2 + 2 𝑖

COMPLEX NUMBERS IN POLAR FORM AND EXPONENTIAL FORM

𝐼𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 , z can be written be as

Polar form
𝑧 = 𝒓(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽)

Exponential form
𝑧 = 𝒓𝑒 𝜽𝑖

⟹ 𝑍 = 𝒓(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽) = 𝒓𝑒 𝜽𝑖

Where 𝒓 is the modulus of 𝑧 and 𝜃 is argument of z

Important fact
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽) = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜽)]

Example 1
1+𝑖
Express 𝑧 = 1−𝑖 in the form 𝒓(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

Solution
1+𝑖 (1+𝑖 )(1+𝑖) 1+2𝑖+𝑖 2 2𝑖
𝑧 = 1−𝑖 = (1−𝑖)(1+𝑖) = = =𝑖
12 +12 2

Argument of z −𝑖 modulus of z
𝜋
𝜃= 𝒓 = √12
2

𝒓=1

1+𝑖 𝜋 𝜋
Now = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
1−𝑖 2 2

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Example 2
3
Express 1+𝑖 in
√3

i) Exponential form
ii)Polar form

Solution
3(1 − 𝑖√3) 3 − 𝑖3√3)
3 − 𝑖3√3) 3 𝑖3√3
= = = −
(1 + 𝑖√3)(1 − 𝑖√3) 12 + (√3)2 4 4 4

2 2
3 𝑖3√3 3 3√3 36 3
⟹| − | = √( ) + ( ) =√ =
4 4 4 4 16 2

Complex in fourth quadrant

𝜃 = −𝛼
3√3
3 𝑖3√3
Arg (4 − ) = − tan−1 ( 4
3 )
4
4

3√3
= − tan−1 ( )
3
𝜋
= − 3 𝑜𝑟 − 60°

Exponential form

3 3 −𝜋𝑖
∴ = 𝑒 3
1 + 𝑖 √3 2

Polar form

3 3 𝜋 𝜋
∴ = [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− )] Remember (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ) = [cos(−𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃 )]
1+𝑖√3 2 3 3
3 𝜋 𝜋
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 ) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 )]
2

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NB: You can return a complex number from polar or exponential form to the form of 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
CHECK EXAMPLES BELOW

Example 1
𝜋 𝜋
Express 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 ) in form 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
Solution
𝜋 𝜋 √2 √2
2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 ) = 2 ( 2 − 𝑖 ) = √2 − 𝑖 √2
2

Example 2
19
𝜋
Express √2𝑒 4 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑖) 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 where x and y are real

Solution
𝑖) 𝜃 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
Remember the argument for the complex number is not unique and it is given by
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 = 𝜃 ± 2𝜋𝑛

Now
19 11 3
𝜋⟹ 𝜋 ⟹ 4𝜋 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2𝜋 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 − 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
4 4

19
𝜋 3 3
∴√2𝑒 4 =√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4 𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (4 𝜋))

19
𝜋 19 19
𝑖𝑖) √2𝑒 4 = √2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 𝜋))
1 1
= √2 (− +𝑖 )
√ 2 √2

= −1 + 𝑖

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FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1)Express the following in the form r(cos𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) giving the exact value of 𝜃 and 𝑟
where possible
a) −2√3 − 2𝑖
b) −8 + 2𝑖
c) √3 + 2𝑖
d) 3 − 4𝑖
e) −2√3 − 2√3𝑖

2)Express the following in the form 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅

9 9
a) 8 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜋 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜋)
7 7
b) − 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜋 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜋)
3
− 𝜋𝑖
𝑐) 3√2𝑒 4

5
𝜋𝑖
d) 𝑒 6

3)Express the following in the form r(cos𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) where −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 ,

13
− 𝜋𝑖
a) 6𝑒 6

17
𝜋𝑖
b) 3√2𝑒 5

PRODUCT AND QUOTIENTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN POLAR AND

EXPONENTIAL FORM

If 𝑧1 = 𝒓𝟏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽𝟏 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽𝟏 ) and 𝑧2 = 𝒓𝟐 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽𝟐 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽𝟐 )

POLAR FORM
NOW
Multiplying 𝒛𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛𝟐

⟹ 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 [cos(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )]
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multiply the modulus and add the arguments

Dividing 𝒛𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛𝟐

𝑧 𝒓
⟹ 𝑧1 = 𝒓𝟏 [cos(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )]
2 𝟐 divide the modulus and substrate the arguments

NB: BEFORE ANY OPERATION COMPLEX IN THE FORM cos𝜽 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

MUST BE FIRST EXPRESSED TO cos(−𝜽) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(−𝜽)
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃)]

EXPONENTIAL FORM
If
𝑧1 = 𝒓𝟏 𝑒 𝜽𝟏 𝒊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 𝒓𝟐 𝑒 𝜽𝟐 𝒊
NOW
Multiplying 𝒛𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛𝟐

⟹ 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝑒 (𝜽𝟏 +𝜽𝟐)𝒊
multiply the modulus and add the arguments

Dividing 𝒛𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛𝟐

𝑧 𝒓
⟹ 𝑧1 = 𝒓𝟏 𝑒 (𝜽𝟏 −𝜽𝟐 )𝒊 divide the modulus and substrate the arguments
2 𝟐

Example 1
Given that
𝜋 𝜋 12 12
𝑧1 = 2√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = √2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜋) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋))
15 15 5 5
Find z1 𝑧2 in the form 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
Solution

𝜋 𝜋 12 12
z1 𝑧2 = 2√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (15) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (15)) × √2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 5 𝜋) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 5 𝜋))

Remember (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = [𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃)]

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𝜋 𝜋 12 12
⟹ z1 𝑧2 = 2√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) × √2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 𝜋))
15 15 5 5
𝜋 12 𝜋 12
⟹ z1 𝑧2 = 2√2(√2) [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (15 + (− 𝜋)) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (15 + (− 𝜋))]
5 5

multiply the modulus add the arguments

𝜋 12 𝜋 12
= 4 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜋)]
15 5 15 5

𝜋 12 𝜋 12
= 4 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − 𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − 𝜋)]
15 5 15 5
7 7
= 4 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 𝜋)]
3 3

1 √3
= 4 [ + 𝑖 (− )]
2 2
= 2 − 𝑖√3

DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM

If 𝑧 = 𝒓(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

𝑧 𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏
Then
= 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃) where 𝒏 is an interger or a fraction i.e (positive or negative interger
, positive or negative fraction)

Note: Demoivre’s theorem only applies for complex number in the form (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) so any
complex number which is not in this form must be changed to that form

i) complex in the form 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒊 must be changed 𝒕𝒐 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)

OTHER HELPFUL CHANGING

𝒊𝒊) (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) = [𝒄𝒐𝒔(−𝜽) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(−𝜽)]

𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = (𝒊)(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) = (𝒊)(𝒄𝒐𝒔(−𝜽) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(−𝜽))

iv) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 − 𝒊𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = (−𝒊)(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)

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Also
𝐼𝑓 𝑧 = 𝒓𝑒 𝜃𝑖
𝒏
Then 𝑧 𝒏 = (𝒓𝑒 𝜃𝑖 )
where 𝒏 is an interger or a fractions i.e (positive or negative interger, positive or
= 𝒓𝒏 𝑒 𝒏𝜃𝑖
negative fraction)

WE CAN PROVE BY INDUCTION THE DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM CHECK CHAKS PROOF BY INDUCTION

Example 1
Express the following in the form 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖

5
(−2√3 − 2𝑖)

Solution

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = −2√3 − 2𝑖

2
|𝑧| = √(−2√3) + (−2)2 = 4

Complex z is in the third quadrant so arg z (do a sketch of complex z)

𝜃 =𝛼−𝜋

2
argz = tan−1 (2 3) − 𝜋
√

5𝜋
=− 6

−5𝜋 −5𝜋
Now 𝑧 = 4 [cos(5) ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(5) ( )]
6 6

5 5
5 −5𝜋 −5𝜋
𝑧 = (−2√3 − 2𝑖) = [4 (cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))]
6 6

apply 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃)

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−5𝜋 −5𝜋
= 45 [cos(5) ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(5) ( )]
6 6

−25𝜋 −25𝜋
= 45 [cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
6 6

= 512√3 − 512𝑖

= 512(√3 − 𝑖)

Example 2
Simplify

7𝜋 7𝜋 4
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 13 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 13 )
4𝜋 4𝜋 6
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 13 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 13 )

Solution

7𝜋 7𝜋 4
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 13 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 13 )
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽) = [𝒄𝒐𝒔(−𝜽) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(−𝜽)]
4𝜋 4𝜋 6
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 13 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 13 )

7𝜋 7𝜋 4
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
13 13
= 6
4𝜋 4𝜋
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− ))
13 13

apply 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃)

7𝜋 7𝜋
(cos(4) ( 13 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(4) ( 13 ))
=
4𝜋 4𝜋
(cos(6) (− 13 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(6) (− 13 ))

28𝜋 28𝜋
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
13 13
=
24 24𝜋
(cos (− 13 𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− ))
13

28𝜋 24 28𝜋 24
= cos ( − (− 𝜋)) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( − (− 𝜋))
13 13 13 13

52𝜋 52𝜋
= cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
13 13

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=1

Example 3
Simplify
(1 + 𝑖)4
giving answer in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
(2 − 2𝑖)3

Solution
Let 𝑢 =1+𝑖
𝑧 = 2 − 2𝑖

|𝑢| = √12 + 12 = √2 |𝑧| = √22 + 22 = 2√2

𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 = − 4
4

Now
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑢 = √2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 ] 𝑧 = 2√2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 4 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 4 )]

𝜋 𝜋 4
(1 + 𝑖) 4 [√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 )]
⟹ = 5
(2 − 2𝑖)3 𝜋 𝜋
[2√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 4 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 4 ))]

apply 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃)

4 𝜋 𝜋
(√2) (𝑐𝑜𝑠4 ( 4 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛4 ( 4 ))
= 3 𝜋 𝜋
(2√2) (𝑐𝑜𝑠3 (− 4 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3 (− 4 ))

4(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋)
=
3𝜋 3𝜋
16√2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− ))
4 4

Divide the modulus subsract the arguments

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4 3𝜋 3𝜋
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋 − (− )) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋 − (− ))]
16√2 4 4

1 7𝜋 7𝜋
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
4√2 4 4

1 1
= − 𝑖
8 8

NOTE: THE ABOVE EXAMPLE CAN BE WORKED AS FOLLOWS

(1 + 𝑖)4 (1 + 𝑖)4
=
(2 − 2𝑖)3 23 (1 − 𝑖)3

By observing the denominator ⟹ −𝑖(1 + 𝑖 ) = 1 − 𝑖

3
⟹ (−𝑖(1 + 𝑖 )) = (1 − 𝑖 )3
⟹ (−𝑖 )3 (1 + 𝑖)3 = (1 − 𝑖 )3
(1 + 𝑖)4 (1 + 𝑖)4
=
23 (1 − 𝑖)3 23 (−𝑖 )3 (1 + 𝑖)3

(1 + 𝑖)4
=
8𝑖(1 + 𝑖)3

1+𝑖 (1 + 𝑖 )(−8𝑖 )
= =
8𝑖 8𝑖(−8𝑖 )
8 − 8𝑖
=
64
1 1
= − 𝑖
8 8

Example 4

Find the real part of

1
𝜋 𝜋 5
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 )

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Solution

1 1
= 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 5 (−𝑖)5 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )5
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 3 3
3 3

remember 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (−𝑖)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

𝜋 𝜋 −5
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 )
=
−𝑖

apply 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃)𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

−5𝜋 −5𝜋
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
3 3
=
−𝑖

1 √3 1
=( + 𝑖) ×
2 2 −𝑖

1 √3 1𝑖
=( + 𝑖) ×
2 2 −𝑖(𝑖)

√3 1
=− + 2𝑖
2

√3
∴ The real part is − 2

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FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1)𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦
a) (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)5
6
𝑏)(−2√3 − 2√3𝑖)

(2 − 2𝑖 )7 (2 + 3𝑖 )7 (2 + 5𝑖 )6
c) 𝑖) 𝑖𝑖) 𝑖𝑖𝑖)
(1 + 𝑖 )5 (3 − 2𝑖 )6 (5 − 2𝑖 )5
5
2) Find the imaginary part for (−3 + 𝑖3√3)

3) Simplify
1
− 𝜋
(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 )3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 )5 100𝑒 4
𝑖) 𝑖𝑖) 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 3
(𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃)2 − 𝜋
25𝑒 4

4) Simplify
1 1 5 9 9 5
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜋) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜋 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝜋)
𝑖) 2 𝑖𝑖) 2
1 1 7 7
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜋) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝜋 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝜋)

3
− 𝜋𝑖
5)𝑖𝑓 𝑧 = 3√2𝑒 4 . Find 𝑧 5 in the form 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖

APPLICATION OF DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM IN PROVING TRIGONOMETRIC

IDENTITIES

Expressing trigonometric identities of Cos𝒏𝜽 and Sin𝒏𝜽 in powers of Cos𝜽 and Sin𝜽

We know that by Demovre’s theorem

(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏

We can expand the RHS then

~equate the real parts of the expansion to 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃
~equate the imaginary parts of the expansion to 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃

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You can expand using pascals or binomial expansion

Example 1
Show that 𝑆𝑖𝑛3𝜃 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
Solution
Using (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏

⟹ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝟑𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟑𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝟑

RHS
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝟑 let 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠
⟹ (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑠)𝟑
= 𝑐 3 + 3𝑐 2 (𝑖𝑠)1 +3𝑐 1 (𝑖𝑠)2 + (𝑖𝑠)3 by pascals
= 𝑐 3 + 𝑖3𝑐 2 𝑠 − 3𝑐 𝑠2 − 𝑖𝑠3
NOW
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝟑𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟑𝜃 = 𝑐 3 + 𝑖3𝑐 2 𝑠 − 3𝑐 𝑠2 − 𝑖𝑠3 )
Comparing the imaginary parts
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟑𝜃 = 3𝑐 2 𝑠 − 𝑠3
But 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟑𝜃 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
Appying 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟑𝜃 = 3(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟑𝜃 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃

𝑆𝑖𝑛3𝜃 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 shown

Example 2
Express

𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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in powers of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Solution
Using (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏

Considering the numerator

⟹ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝟒𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟒𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝟒

RHS
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝟒 let 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠
⟹ (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑠)𝟒
= 𝑐 4 + 4𝑐 3 (𝑖𝑠)1 +6𝑐 2 (𝑖𝑠)2 + 4𝑐 1 (𝑖𝑠)3 + (𝑖𝑠)4 by Pascals triangle
= 𝑐 4 + 𝑖4𝑐 3 𝑠 − 6𝑐 2 𝑠2 − 𝑖4𝑐𝑠3 + 𝑠4

Comparing the imaginary parts

⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟒𝜃 = 4𝑐 3 𝑠 − 4𝑐𝑠3 but 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟒𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃

NOW
𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝜃 4𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝜃
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Applying 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1

𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝜃 2
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝜃 2
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃
= 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃+4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 as required

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Example 3
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(16𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 5)
Solution
Using (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏

⟹ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝟓𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝟓𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝟓

𝐿𝐻𝑆

𝟓
⟹ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) let 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠

𝟓
⟹ (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑠)

= 𝑐 5 + 5(𝑐 )4 (𝑖𝑠)1 + 10(𝑐 )3 (𝑖𝑠)2 + 10(𝑐 )2 (𝑖𝑠)3 + 5(𝑐 )1 (𝑖𝑠)4 + (𝑖𝑠)5 by Pascals triangles

= 𝑐 5 + 𝑖5𝑐 4 𝑠 − 10𝑐 3 𝑠 2 − 𝑖10 𝑐 2 𝑠 3 + 5𝑐𝑠 4 + 𝑖𝑠 5

Comparing real parts

𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 = 𝑐 5 − 10𝑐 3 𝑠 2 + 5𝑐𝑠 4

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠

⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃

Using 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 =1

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ) + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)2

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(1 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃)

= ( 16𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(16𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 5) 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛

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SOME USEFUL TIPS

All proving of Cos𝒏𝜽 and Sin𝒏𝜽 to powers of Cos𝜽 and Sin𝜽 by Demoivre’s identities are derived from

(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝒏

then

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝒏𝜃 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑀𝐴𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑅𝑌 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐿 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝒏𝜃 = 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝐸𝐴𝐿 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑀𝐴𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑅𝑌 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜃

Expressing trigonometrics of 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝜽 and 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝜽 in multiples angles of Cos𝜽 and Sin𝜽

If 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽

Then
1
= 𝑧 −1 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽)−1
𝑧

applying DeMoivre’s theorem

1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜽))
𝑧
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽

Now
1
𝑧 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽
𝑧

= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽

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Also
1
𝑧− = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽)
𝑧
= 𝑖2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽

IMPORTANT RESULTS ESTABLISHED ABOVE

1 1
𝑧+ = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 𝑧− = 𝑖2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽
𝑧 𝑧

ALSO
If 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽

Then
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽

1
⟹ 𝑛
= 𝑧 −1 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽)−1
𝑧

applying DeMoivre’s theorem

1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏(−𝜽) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏(−𝜽)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽
𝑧𝑛

Now
1
𝑧𝒏 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽
𝑧𝒏
= 𝟐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽

Also
1
𝒏
𝑧 − 𝒏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 + 𝒊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽)
𝑧
= 𝒊𝟐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽

IMPORTANT RESULTS ESTABLISHED

𝒏
1 𝒏
1
𝑧 + 𝒏 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 𝑧 − 𝒏 = 𝑖2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽
𝑧 𝑧
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NOW WE CAN APPLY AS FOLLOWS WHERENEVER WE WANT TO PROVE POWERS OF COSINE

AND SINE TO MULTIPLE ANGLES OF COSINE AND SINE
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
(𝑧 + ) = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽)𝑛 (𝑧 − ) = (𝑖2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽)𝑛
𝑧 𝑧

CHECK EXAMPLES BELOW

Example 1

Express 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 in multiples angles of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃,

Solution
1 𝑛
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑧 − ) = (𝑖2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽)𝑛
𝑧
1 4
⟹ (𝑧 − ) = (𝑖2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)4
𝑧

1 4
⟹ (𝑧 − ) = (16𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃)
𝑧

Expanding LHS by Pascals

4
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
⟹ 𝑧 + 4(𝑧 )3 (− ) + 6(𝑧) (− ) + 4(𝑧) (− ) + (− ) = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
2 1
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

4 1
⟹ 𝑧 4 − 4𝑧 2 + 6 − 2 + = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧4

1 1
⟹ (𝑧 4 + 2
4 ) − 4 (𝑧 + ) + 6 = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
𝑧 𝑧2

𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
1 1
𝑧𝑛 + = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 𝑧𝒏 − = 𝑖2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽
𝑧𝒏 𝑧𝒏

Now

2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − 4(2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) + 6 = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃

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1 1 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 +
8 2 8

Example 2

Express 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 multiple angle of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Solution

Using

1 𝑛
(𝑧 + ) = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽)𝑛
𝑧

1 5
⟹ (𝑧 + ) = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽)5
𝑧

1 5
⟹ (𝑧 + ) = (32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜽)
𝑧

Expanding LHS by Pascals

2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
⟹ 𝑧5 + 5𝑧4 ( ) + 10𝑧3 ( ) + 10𝑧2 ( ) + 5𝑧 ( ) + ( ) = (32𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜽)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

1 1 1 1 1
⟹ 𝑧5 + 5𝑧4 ( ) + 10𝑧3 ( 2 ) + 10𝑧2 ( 3 ) + 5𝑧 ( 4 ) + ( 5 ) = (32𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜽)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

1 1 1
⟹ 𝑧 + 5𝑧 + 10𝑧 + 10 ( ) + 5 ( 3 ) + ( 5 ) = (32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜽)
5 3
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

1 1 1
⟹ 𝑧 5 + ( 5 ) + 5𝑧 3 + 5 ( 3 ) + 10𝑧 + 10 ( ) = (32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜽)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

1 1 1
⟹ (𝑧 + 5 ) + 5 (𝑧 + 3 ) + 10 (𝑧 + ) = (32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜽)
5 3
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
1 1
𝑧𝑛 + = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝒏𝜽 𝑧𝒏 − = 𝑖2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝒏𝜽
𝑧𝒏 𝑧𝒏

𝑁𝑜𝑤 2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 5(2𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃) + 10(2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = (32𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃) dividing by 4

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1
⟹ 4 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 20𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃

1 5
⟹ 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

WE CAN APPLY THIS TECHNIQUE TO FIND INTERGRAL VALUE OF 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒏 𝜽 and 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝜽

CHECK CHAKS SOLUTIONS QUESTION AND ANSWERS COMPLEX NUMBERS

FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1
1) Show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = − (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
4

Hence the find exact value

𝜋
4
∫ 8𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
0

2) Show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 16𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 − 20𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃

Hence or otherwise find
𝜋
4
∫ 16𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 − 20𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃
0

3) 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠7𝜃 = 64𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝜃 − 112𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 + 56𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 − 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

4) 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃

𝑆𝑖𝑛4𝜃
i) Hence find any expression of powers cos𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

ii) Solve the equation 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 − √3 = 0, for 0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋

5) Express 𝐶𝑜𝑡5𝜃 in powers of 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

6) Show that
4𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 4𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛4𝜃 =
1 − 6𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃
By using the above result find correct to 3 s.f, the 4 solutions of equation for
𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0

7) Show that 𝑡𝑎𝑛5𝜃 (1 − 10𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 5𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃 ) = 5𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 10𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝜃

Hence write the expression of 𝑡𝑎𝑛5𝜃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝜃
Use to your expression to evaluate 𝑡𝑎𝑛15° 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝜋

8) Express 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 multiples angles of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒

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𝑵𝒕𝒉 ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

𝐼𝑓 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

𝑧 𝑛 = 𝒓(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽)

Since the argument of complex is not unique so we can use this fact

⟹ 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝒓(𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜽 + 2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜽 + 2𝜋𝑘))

𝜽 + 2𝜋𝑘
𝟏 𝜽 + 2𝜋𝑘
⟹ 𝑧𝑘 = 𝒓 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝒏 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
𝒏 𝒏

For 𝑘 = 0 ; 1 , 2, 3 , … … 𝑛 − 1

ALSO

If 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

𝑧 𝑛 = 𝒓𝑒 𝜽𝑖

Since the argument of complex is not unique so we can use this fact

⟹ 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝒓𝑒 (𝜽+2𝜋𝑘)𝑖
𝟏 𝜽+2𝜋𝑘
( )𝒊
⟹ 𝑧𝑘 = 𝒓 𝑒 𝒏 𝒏

For 𝑘 = 0 ; 1 , 2, 3 , … … 𝑛 − 1

Remember that a complex number can be change from polar form or exponential form to 𝑥 +
𝑦𝑖
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So care need to be taken when attempting the question on form needed

The number of roots are determined by the degree power of 𝑧 𝒏 , so we have n roots
Some situation
We can use 𝑘 = 0 , ±1 , ±2 , ±3 … … in this case you check for 𝑧 𝑛 when you reach 𝒏 roots you
stop, follow this order
𝑘 = 0 ; 1; −1 ; 2 ; −2 ; 3 ; −3 … … 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝒏 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠

SUB TOPIC ∶ 𝑵𝒕𝒉 root of a unity

Solutions to the equation of form 𝒛𝒏 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒚

Important notes
~For a unity the modulus is 1
~The argument is zero
~The roots of a unity sum up to zero

THEN

𝒛𝒏 = 𝟏

⟹ 𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑘)) check 𝜃 = 0 and modulus = 1

2𝜋𝑘 2𝜋𝑘
⟹ 𝑧𝑘 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
𝒏 𝒏

For 𝑘 = 0 ; 1 , 2, 3 , … … 𝑛 − 1

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ALSO

𝒛𝒏 = 𝟏

⟹ 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑒 (2𝜋𝑘)𝑖
𝟏 2𝜋𝑘
( )𝒊
⟹ 𝑧𝑘 = 𝒓 𝑒 𝒏 𝒏

For 𝑘 = 0 ; 1 , 2, 3 , … … 𝑛 − 1

Remember that a complex number can be change from polar form or exponential form to 𝑥 +
𝑦𝑖
So care need to be taken when attempting the question on form needed (I REPEAT) take note

Example 1

Find the third root of a unity

Solution

𝑧3 = 1

arg𝑧 3 = 0 ; |𝑧 3 | = 1

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑘)) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑧 3 = cos(2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑘)

2𝜋𝑘 2𝜋𝑘
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑧𝑘 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
𝒏 𝒏

2𝜋𝑘 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧𝑘 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
3 3

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0,1,2

2𝜋(0) 2𝜋(0)
𝑧𝑜 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )=1
3 3
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2𝜋(1) 2𝜋(1) 1 √3𝑖

𝑧1 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )=− +
3 3 2 2

2𝜋(2) 2𝜋(2) 1 √3𝑖

𝑧2 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )=− −
3 3 2 2

1 √3𝑖 1 √3𝑖
(− 2 − ) + (− 2 + ) + 1 = 0 sum of roots a unity
2 2

SOME EXAMPLE THAT CAN BE TREATED AS 𝑁 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦

EXAMPLE 1

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑧 3 − 64 = 0 and represent your solutions on an argand diargram

Im

𝑧 3 = 64 64 Re

arg𝑧 3 = 0 ; |𝑧 3 | = √642 = 64

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑘))

𝑧 3 = 64 cos(2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑘)

2𝜋𝑘
1 2𝜋𝑘
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑧𝑘 = 𝒓 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑛 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
𝒏 𝒏

1 2𝜋𝑘 2𝜋𝑘
𝑧𝑘 = 64 (cos (
3 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
3 3

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0,1,2

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1 2𝜋(0) 2𝜋(0)
𝑧𝑜 = 64 (cos (
3 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = 4
3 3

1 2𝜋(1) 2𝜋(1)
𝑧1 = 64 (cos (
3 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = −2 + 2√3𝑖
3 3

1 2𝜋(2) 2𝜋(2)
𝑧2 = 64 (cos (
3 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = −2 − 2√3𝑖
3 3

𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

Note: the modulus of each root is 4

Im(z)

𝑧1

𝑧0 Re(z)

𝑧2

2
Label the angles between the complex roots as 𝜋
3

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SOLVING BINOMIAL COMPLEX NUMBERS EQUATIONS

WE HAVE DEDUCE THAT

𝐼𝑓 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

𝑧 𝑛 = 𝒓(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜽 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽)

⟹ 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝒓(𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜽 + 2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜽 + 2𝜋𝑘))

𝟏𝜽 + 2𝜋𝑘 𝜽 + 2𝜋𝑘
⟹ 𝑧𝑘 = 𝒓 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
𝒏 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
𝒏 𝒏

For 𝑘 = 0 ; 1 , 2, 3 , … … 𝑛 − 1

ALSO

⟹ 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝒓𝑒 (𝜽+2𝜋𝑘)𝑖
𝟏 𝜽+2𝜋𝑘
( )𝒊
⟹ 𝑧𝑘 = 𝒓 𝑒 𝒏 𝒏

For 𝑘 = 0 ; 1 , 2, 3 , … … 𝑛 − 1

Example 1
Zimsec November 2020 P2
i)Express 3 − 3√3𝑖 in exponential form , 𝒓𝑒 𝜃𝑖 , where r is the modulus of the complex number
and 𝜃 is the argument
ii)Hence or otherwise find all the roots of the equation 𝑧 4 − 3 + 3√3𝑖 = 0 in exponential form
giving the answers correct to three significant figures

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Solution
Let 𝑢 = 3 − 3√3𝑖
2
|𝑢| = √32 + (−3√3) = 6

3√3 𝜋
arg𝑢 = − tan−1 ( )=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑜 𝜃 = −𝛼
3 3

NOW
𝜋
(− )𝑖
3 − 3√3𝑖 = 𝟔𝑒 3

ii), 𝑧 4 − 3 + 3√3𝑖 = 0

𝜋
4 (− )𝑖
⟹ 𝑧 = 3 − 3√3𝑖 from part i) 3 − 3√3𝑖 = 𝟔𝑒 3

𝜋
4 (− )𝑖
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝟔𝑒 3

Since the argument of the complex is not unique

𝜋
4 (− +2𝜋𝑘)𝑖
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝟔𝑒 3

𝟏 𝜽+2𝜋𝑘
( )𝒊
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 ⟹ 𝑧𝑘 = 𝒓 𝑒 𝒏 𝒏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝜋
− 3 +2𝜋𝑘
𝟏 ( )𝑖
4
⟹ 𝑧𝑘 = 𝟔 𝑒 𝟒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3

𝜋
− +2𝜋(0)
𝟏 ( 3 )𝑖 𝟏
(− )𝑖
𝜋
𝑧0 = 𝟔 𝑒 𝟒
4
=𝟔 𝑒 𝟒 12 = 1.57𝑒 −0.262𝑖
𝜋
− 3 +2𝜋(1)
𝟏 ( )𝑖 𝟏
(
5𝜋
)𝑖
𝑧1 = 𝟔 𝑒 𝟒
4
=𝟔 𝑒 𝟒 12 = 1.57𝑒 1.31𝑖
𝜋
− 3 +2𝜋(2)
𝟏 ( )𝑖 𝟏
(
11𝜋
)𝑖
𝑧2 = 𝟔 𝑒 𝟒
4
=𝟔 𝑒 𝟒 12 = 1.57𝑒 2.88𝑖
𝜋
− 3 +2𝜋(3)
𝟏 ( )𝑖 𝟏
(
17𝜋
)𝑖
𝑧3 = 𝟔 𝑒 𝟒
4
=𝟔 𝑒 𝟒 12 = 1.57𝑒 4.45𝑖

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Example 2

Solve the equation 𝑧 3 − 32 − 32√3𝑖 = 0

Giving your answers in the form r𝑒 𝑖𝜃 , where 𝑟 > 0. and 𝜃 is the argument

Solution

𝑧 3 − 32 − 32√3𝑖 = 0

⟹ 𝑧 3 = 32 + 32√3𝑖

|𝑧 3 | = √322 + (32√3 )2 = 64

32√3 𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 3 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )=
32 3

𝜋
3 ( +2𝜋𝑘)𝑖
𝑧 = 64𝑒 3

𝜋
+2𝜋𝑘
1 (3 )𝑖
3
𝑧𝑘 = 64 𝑒 3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0,1,2

𝜋
( )𝑖
𝑧𝑜 = 4𝑒 9

7𝜋
𝑖( )𝑖
𝑧1 = 4𝑒 9

13𝜋
𝑖( )𝑖
𝑧2 = 4𝑒 9

Example 2

Solve 𝑧 4 + 2√3𝑖 = −2 leaving your answers in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

Solution

𝑧 4 + 2√3𝑖 = −2

⟹ 𝑧 4 = −2 − 2√3𝑖

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|𝑧 4 | = √(−2)2 + (−2√3 )2 = 4

2√3
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑧 4 = tan−1 ( ) −𝜋 since 𝑧 4 is in the third quadrant
2

𝜋
=3 −𝜋

2
= −3𝜋

2 2
⟹ 𝑧 4 = 4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 𝜋) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 𝜋))
3 3

Since the argument of the complex is not unique

2 2
⟹ 𝑧 4 = 𝟒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘))
3 3

2 2
𝟏 − 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘 − 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋𝑘
⟹ 𝑧𝑘 = 𝟒 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 (
𝟒 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ))
4 4

For 𝑘 = 0 ; 1 ; 2; 3

2 2
− 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋(0) − 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋(0) √3 1
⟹ 𝑧0 = √𝟐 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = √2 ( − 𝑖)
4 4 2 2

√6 √2
= − 𝑖
2 2

2 2
− 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋(1) − 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋(1) 1 √3
⟹ 𝑧1 = √𝟐 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = √𝟐 ( + 𝑖)
4 4 2 2

√2 √6
= + 𝑖
2 2

2 2
− 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋(2) − 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋(1) √3 1
⟹ 𝑧2 = √𝟐 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = √𝟐 ( + 𝑖)
4 4 2 2

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√ 6 √2
= + 𝑖
2 2

2 2
− 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋(3) − 3 𝜋 + 2𝜋(3) 1 √3
⟹ 𝑧3 = √𝟐 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = √𝟐 (− − 𝑖)
4 4 2 2

√2 √6
=− − 𝑖
2 2

Example 3
Solve 𝑧 6 + 𝑧 3 √2 + 1 = 0 leaving your answer in the form 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Solution

𝑧 6 + 𝑧 3 √2 + 1 = 0

⟹(𝑧 3 )2 + 𝑧 3 √2 + 1 = 0 this is a disguised equation

Let 𝑢 = 𝑧 3

⟹ 𝑢 2 + 𝑢 √2 + 1 = 0

2
−√2 ± √√2 − 4(1)(1)
𝑢= 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑢
2(1)

−√2 ± √2𝑖
=
2

−√2 + √2𝑖 −√2 − √2𝑖

∴ 𝑢= 𝑜𝑟
2 2

3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝜃1 = 𝑜𝑟 𝜃2 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 1
4 4

but 𝑢 = 𝑧 3

Remember argument of a complex is not unique

3𝜋 3𝜋 −3𝜋 −3𝜋
⟹ 𝑧 3 = cos ( + 2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 2𝜋𝑘) 𝑜𝑟 cos ( + 2𝜋𝑘) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 2𝜋𝑘)
4 4 4 4
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3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
+ 2𝜋𝑘 + 2𝜋𝑘 − + 2𝜋𝑘 − + 2𝜋𝑘
4 4 4 4
𝑧𝑘 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑜𝑟 cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
3 3 3 3

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0,1,2

𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋
𝑧0 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
4 4 4 4

11𝜋 11𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧1 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑜𝑟 cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
12 12 12 12

19𝜋 19𝜋 13𝜋 13𝜋

𝑧2 = cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑜𝑟 cos ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
12 12 12 12

FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1) Solve leaving your answers in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 where possible give
exact value of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 or giving your answers correct to three significant figures

i) 𝑧 3 − 8𝑖 = 0 ii) 𝑧 5 = 1 iii) 𝑧 4 + 64 = 0 iv) 𝑧 7 − 8 − 8𝑖 = 0

2) Solve the following giving your answer in the form 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) where possible give
exact value of 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 or giving your answers correct to three significant figures
3
7 4 4
i) 𝑧 − 2 + 2√3𝑖 = 0 ii) 𝑧 − √13 + 4𝑖 = 0 iii) 𝑧 = 8 − 8√3𝑖 iv 𝑧 = √6 + √2𝑖
4

3) Solve the following giving your answer in the form 𝑟𝑒 𝜃𝑖

i) 𝑧 5 = 3 − 3√3i iii) 𝑧 4 − 8 + 8√3𝑖 = 0

4)𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 √6 + √2𝑖, Hence find the fourth roots of √6 + √2𝑖 leaving your
answers in the form 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

5)Solve 𝑧 4 + 2𝑧 2 + 17 = 0 giving your answers in the form 𝑟𝑒 𝜃𝑖

6)By means of substitution 𝑤 = 𝑧 4 , solve the equation 𝑧 8 − 𝑧 4 − 6 = 0, where z

is a complex number .

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SOLVING POLYNOMIALS WITH REAL COEFFICIENTS

Quadratric equations

~If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are complex roots of a quadratic equation they occur as conjugate pairs

~Given any complex roots of quadratic equation you can find the equation as follows

𝑧 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑧 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) = 0

Polynomials of higher degree of powers

~Complex roots of a polynomial equation with real coefficients occur as conjugate pairs

~The number of roots for a polynomial are determined by the highest degree of power of the

polynomial , if highest degree of power is an odd number there is at least one real root

SO for the polynomial 𝑃𝑛

𝑎𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑧 𝑛−1 + 𝑐𝑧 𝑛−2 + ⋯ . . … + 𝑘 = 0 , the number of roots are 𝒏 roots

Then

𝑏 𝑧 𝑛−1
~𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = − 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 −
𝑎 𝑧𝑛

𝑐 𝑧 𝑛−2
~ 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝑎 𝑧𝑛

(−1)𝑛 . 𝑘
~𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 =
𝑎

Several techniques can be applied when dealing with solving of polynomial with real

coefficients

Some of techniques : Long division of polynonials , equal complex number techniques,

polynomial identities technique and so on

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Example 1

Find the quadratic equations given that one its roots is 1 − 2𝑖

Solution

1 − 2𝑖 so the conjugate is a root 1 + 2𝑖

𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑧 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑧 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) = 0

⟹ 𝑧 2 − (1 − 2𝑖 + 1 + 2𝑖 )𝑧 + (1 + 2𝑖 )(1 − 2𝑖 ) = 0

⟹ 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 5 = 0

Example 2

Given that 1 + 3𝑖 is one the root of the equation 𝑧 3 + 6𝑧 + 20 = 𝑂 , find the other roots of the

equation ,and represent the roots of the equation on the same argand diagram

Solution

1 + 3𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 , so the conjugate is also a root 1 − 3𝑖

𝑧 3 + 6𝑧 + 20 = 𝑂

We have three roots check 𝑧 3

Let the third root be 𝛼

𝑏
~𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = −
𝑎
0
(1 + 3𝑖 ) + (1 − 3𝑖 ) + 𝛼 =
1

2+𝛼 =0

𝛼 = −2

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The roots are −2 ; 1 + 3𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − 3𝑖

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑧 3 + 6𝑧 + 20 = 𝑂 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑧 3 + 0𝑧 2 + 6𝑧 + 20 = 0

Most students make this error of wrong siting the values of a; b; c….. k so check your equation properly to

determine the values of 𝑎 , 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 … 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑜 𝑘

So in this case , 𝑎 = 1 ; 𝑏 = 0 ; 𝑐 = 6 ; 𝑘 = 20

Method 2

1 + 3𝑖 is a root so the conjugate is also a root 1 − 3𝑖

Finding the quadratic quadratic factor

𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑧 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑧 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) = 0

⟹ 𝑧 2 − [(1 + 3𝑖) + (1 − 3𝑖 )]𝑧 + (1 + 3𝑖 )(1 − 3𝑖 ) = 0

𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 10 = 0

⟹ 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 10 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 quadratic factor

Therefore, since our function is a cubic function so it has three solutions(roots)

let the factor be (𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏)

(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 10)(𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏) = 𝑧 3 + 6𝑧 + 20 OR you can apply long division

Comparing the coefficients of 𝑧 3 , 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 0 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 10 𝑧 3 + 6𝑧 + 20

𝑎=1 10𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 6 10𝑏 = 20

⟹𝑏=2

𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑧 + 2

𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑧 + 2 = 0

𝑧 = −2

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So the solution are 1 + 3𝑖 ; 1 − 3𝑖 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2

Representing solution on the argand diagram

Note: the modulus of each root is 2

Im(z)

𝑧1 (1; 3)

𝑧0 −2 Re(z)

𝑧2 (1; −3)

Example 3

Given that 3 − 2𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 4 − 6𝑧 3 + 19𝑧 2 − 36𝑧 + 78 = 0

Find the other roots of the equation

Solution

Since the highest degree of power of the polynomial is four so we have four roots: check 𝑧 4

3 − 2𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 , 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 3 + 2𝑖 and let the remaining two roots be 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦

𝑏
~𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 −
𝑎

−6
(3 − 2𝑖 ) + (3 + 2𝑖 ) + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = − ( )
1

6+𝑥+𝑦 =6

𝑦 = −𝑥

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Also

(−1)𝑛 . 𝑘
~𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 =
𝑎

(−1)4 (78)
(3 − 2𝑖 )(3 + 2𝑖 )(𝑥 )(𝑦) = ( )
1

(32 + 22 )𝑥𝑦 = 78

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = −𝑥

13𝑥𝑦 = 78

−13𝑥 2 = 78

𝑥 2 = −6

𝑥 = ±√6𝑖 → 𝑦 = √6𝑖 , 𝑥 = −√6𝑖

So the roots are −√6𝑖 ; √6𝑖 ; 3 − 2𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 + 2𝑖

NOTE: WE CAN SOLVE THE ABOVE AS FOLLOWS

~ FORMING A QUADRATIC FACTOR USING OUR CONJUGATE COMPLEX PAIR ROOTS

~DIVIDE QUADRATIC FACTOR INTO THE ORIGINAL POLYNOMIAL AND HAVE ANOTHER NEW FACTOR

~SOLVE THE NEW FACTOR BY EQUATING IT TO ZERO

Example 3

Given that 1 − 𝑖 is a root of 𝑧 3 + 𝑝𝑧 2 + 𝑞𝑧 + 12 = 0, find the real numbers 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞

Hence for this value of 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 , find the other roots

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Solution

𝐼𝑓 1 − 𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡

⟹𝑓(1 − 𝑖 ) = 0

(1 − 𝑖 )3 + 𝑝(1 − 𝑖 )2 + 𝑞(1 − 𝑖 ) + 12 = 0,

13 + 3(1)2 𝑖 + 3(1) 𝑖 2 + 𝑖 3 + 𝑝(1 − 2𝑖 + 𝑖 2 ) + 𝑞 − 𝑞𝑖 = 0

1 + 3𝑖 − 3 − 𝑖 + 𝑝 − 2𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝 + 𝑞 − 𝑞𝑖 = 0

−2 + 𝑞 + 2𝑖 − 2𝑝𝑖 − 𝑞𝑖 = 0

−2 + 𝑞 + (2 − 2𝑝 − 𝑞 )𝑖 = 0

Equal complex real parts are equal and imaginary parts are equal

Now

−2 + 𝑞 = 0 … … 𝑖

2 − 2𝑝 − 𝑞 = 0 … . . 𝑖𝑖

⟹𝑞=2

2 − 2𝑝 − 2 = 0

⟹𝑝=0

𝑧 3 + 𝑝𝑧 2 + 𝑞𝑧 + 12 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = 2

⟹ 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 + 12 = 0

1 − 𝑖 is a root ,so the conjugate is also a root 1 + 𝑖

𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 + 12 = 0

We have three roots check 𝑧 3

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Let the third root be 𝛼

𝑏
~𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = −
𝑎
0
(1 + 𝑖 ) + (1 − 𝑖 ) + 𝛼 =
1

2+𝛼 =0

𝛼 = −2

The roots are −2 ; 1 + 𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − 𝑖

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LOCI OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

A locus of points refers to a set of points subject to certain conditions

Types of loci

Loci involving modulus

CASE 1

|𝒛| = 𝒌 represents a circle with centre at origin (0;0) and radius 𝒌

|𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 | = 𝒌 represents a circle with centre 𝒛𝟏 and radius 𝒌

Examples

Sketch the locus of |𝑧| = 4

Im(z)

r 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒(0; 0) 𝑟=4

0 4 Re(z)

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Sketch the locus of |𝑧 − 5 − 3𝑖| = 3

|𝑧 − (5 + 3𝑖)| = 3 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 (5; 3) , 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟 = 3

𝐼𝑚(𝑧)

0 5 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)

|𝒛| ≤ 𝒌 represents part which lies inside and on the circle with centre at origin (0;0) and

radius 𝒌 and for |𝒛| ≥ 𝒌 vice versa is also true

|𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 | ≤ 𝒌 represents part which lies inside and on the circle with centre at 𝒛𝟏 and

radius 𝒌 and for |𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 | ≥ 𝒌 vice versa is also true

ALSO

|𝒛| < 𝒌 represents part which lies inside the circle with centre at origin (0;0) and radius 𝒌

and for and for |𝒛| > 𝒌 vice versa is also true

|𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 | < 𝒌 represents part which lies inside the circle with centre at 𝒛𝟏 and radius 𝒌

and for |𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 | > 𝒌 vice versa is also true

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Example1

Sketch locus of |𝑧 + 5 − 3𝑖| ≤ 3

Im(z)

|𝑧 − (−5 + 3𝑖)| ≤ 3

𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒(−5; 3) 𝑟=3 r −3 3

Shade inside the circle

−5 0 Re(z)

Example 2

Sketch locus of |𝑧 − 3𝑖| < 3

Im(z)

|𝑧 − (3𝑖)| < 3

𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒(0; 3) 𝑟=3

Shade inside the circle 𝑟 3

0 Re(z)

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CASE 2

|𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 | = |𝒛 − 𝒛𝟐 | represents a perperndicular bisector of line segment joining 𝒛𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐

Example 1

|𝒛 − 2| = |𝒛 − 4𝑖 | Im(z)

|𝒛 − (2)| = |𝒛 − (4𝑖 )| 4

2 Re(z)

Note:

We can find the Cartesian equation of the locus above by letting 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖

As follows

|𝒛 − 2| = |𝒛 − 4𝑖|

|(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖) − 2| = |(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖) − 4𝑖|

|(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑦𝑖| = |𝑥 + (𝑦 − 4)𝑖|

√(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = √𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 4)2

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16

8𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 16

4𝑦 − 𝑥 = 8

Example 2

𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 ),

|𝒛 + 3| < |𝒛 − 4| we need region closer to (0; 3) 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 (0; 4)

-3
4

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Example 3 Im(z)

|𝒛 − 8𝑖 | ≤ |𝒛 − 2 − 𝑖 | 8

|𝒛 − 8𝑖 | ≤ |𝒛 − 2 − 𝑖 | we need locus of points closer to (0; 8) 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 (2,1)

(2; 1)

2 Re(z)

CASE 3

|𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 | = 𝒌|𝒛 − 𝒛𝟐 | where 𝒌 > 𝟎 , 𝒌 ≠ 𝟏 so we need to apply the algebra method to find

the equation of loci represented by letting 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒊

Example 1

Find the Cartesian equation of locus |𝒛 + 4 − 2𝑖 | = 2|𝒛 − 2 − 5𝑖 |

and describe it

|(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 ) + 4 − 2𝑖 | = 2|(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 ) − 2 − 5𝑖 |

|(𝑥 + 4) + (𝑦 − 2)𝑖 | = 2|(𝑥 − 2)(𝑦 − 5)𝑖 |

√(𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 4√(𝑥 − 2) + (𝑦 − 5)2

𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 4[𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25]

𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 16 + 4𝑦 2 − 40𝑦 + 100

3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 24𝑥 − 36𝑦 + 96 = 0

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 32 = 0

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𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑦 = −32

(𝑥 − 4)2 − (−4)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 − (−6)2 = −32 by completing square

(𝑥 − 4)2 − 16 + (𝑦 − 6)2 − 36 = −32

(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = −32 + 16 + 36

(𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 20

Remember equation of the circle of form (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2

The locus represented is a circle with centre (4; 6) , and radius = 2√5

NB: YOU NEED TO ABLE TO DRAW ABOVE LOCUS

Loci involving arguments

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