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Copyright ©2012 by Qbonk Media Group

This ebook is for the first time published by the author, Agus Sale S.Pd. Ebook is material

copyright so that no part of this ebook is allowed to be reproduced or

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Although every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information provided

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inaccuracies, omissions or inconvenience to anyone resulting from the information

this. Most of the tips and secrets given should only be done by personnel

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is potentially dangerous when disassembled.

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Anatomi Switching Mode Power Supply

Introduction

The Power Supply used in PCs is based on a technology called and

thus also known as SMPs, Switching Mode Power Supplies (DC-DC converters are

another name for this power supply). In this tutorial we will explain how the power supply works

switching works and I will show you your PC power supply especially the main components and what

function.

There are two basic designs of power supply: linear and switching.

Linear power supply works with input voltage of 127 V or 220 V and then lowers to

low voltage (eg, 12 V) using a transformer. It's low voltage

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which is still AC. Then rectification is done by a set of diodes, turning this AC voltage into

pulsating voltage (number 3 in Figures 1 and 2). The next step is filtering, which

carried out by an electrolytic capacitor, this transformation is then converted into a DC voltage (number 4 on

Figures 1 and 2). DC is obtained after the capacitor oscillates slightly (this oscillation is called ripple), so

the stage of setting the required voltage, is then carried out by a zener diode or by a circuit

integrated voltage regulator. After this stage the output is pure DC voltage (number 5 in Figure 1

and 2).

Figure 1: Block diagram for standard linear power supply design.

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Figure 2: Waveform in a linear power supply.

Although linear power supplies work very well for some low power applications; phone without

cables and video game consoles, but when high power is required, linear power supplies can

literally very heavy for the task.

The size of the transformer and the capacitance of the electrolytic capacitor are inversely proportional to

the frequency of the input AC voltage: the lower the frequency of the AC voltage, the larger the size

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components and vice versa. Because the linear power supply still uses a frequency of 60 Hz

(or 50 Hz, depending on the country) from the power grid which is a very low frequency,

transformers and capacitors must be very large.

The power supply used in PCs uses a better approach: the loop system

closed. The circuit controlled by the switching transistor gets feedback from the supply output

power, increase or decrease the duty cycle of the voltage on the transformer according to consumption

PC (this approach is called PWM, Pulse Width Modulation). So the power supply resets with

itself depends on the consumption of the connected device.

When your PC is not consuming much power, the power supply resets itself to rest,

make transformers and all other components remove less power i.e. more

little heat is generated. In a linear power supply, the power supply is set to provide power

the maximum remains, even if the connected circuit is in a non-working state. The result is

that all components are working at full capacity, even if they are not required. Result

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is a greater heat.

Switching Power Supply Diagram

In Figures 3 and 4 you can see the block diagram of a switching power supply with PWM feed

return used on PC. In Figure 3 we present a block diagram of the power supply without

PFC (Power Factor Correction) circuit - used by cheap power supplies and in Figure 4

we show a block diagram of a power supply with an active PFC circuit, which is used in Power

Supply high-end.

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Figure 3: Block diagram of switching power supply with PWM design (without PFC).

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Figure 4: Block diagram of switching power supply with PWM design (with PFC).

You can see what is the difference between a power supply with active PFC and one without PFC circuit

by comparing Figures 3 and 4. As you can see, Power Supply with active PFC is not

it has a 110/220 V switch and it also doesn't have a voltage doubler circuit, but it does have an active PFC.

This is a very basic diagram. We do not include additional circuits such as circuits

protection, stand-by circuit, good signal generator power, etc. to make simple diagrams

to understand. If you want a more detailed schematic, see Figure 5.

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Figure 5: Schematics for a low-end ATX power supply. For details, see our image file
include.

You may be asking yourself where is the voltage regulation stage in Figure above. In terms of

In this case, the PWM circuit performs voltage regulation. The input voltage is rectified before passing through

switching transistors, and what they send to the transformer is a square wave. So output

the transformer is a square wave, not a sine wave. Because the wave has

square, it is very simple to convert it to DC voltage. So the rectification after the transformer,

the voltage is already DC. That is why PC Power Supply is also referred to as DC-DC converter.

The loopback used to feed the PWM control circuit is responsible for creating the

all necessary settings. If the output voltage is not, then the PWM control circuit

make a cycle change in the form of a command signal that is applied to the transistor to correct

outputs. This occurs when the PC increases power consumption, a situation where the output voltage

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tends to decrease, or when the PC's power consumption decreases, the situation where the output voltage

tends to increase.

All you need to know before moving on to the next page of Figures 3 and 4) is:

1) Everything before the transformer is called "primary" and everything after it is called

"secondary".

2) Power Supply with active PFC circuit does not have a 110 V/220 V switch. Neither do they

have a voltage doubler.

3) On Power Supply without PFC, if 110V/220V is set to 110V, the power supply will be

using a voltage doubler, so that the voltage is always around 220 V before the bridge
rectification.

4) On the PC Power Supply two MOSFET transistors make a switcher. Some configurations

different can be used and we will talk more about this later.

5) The waveform applied to the transformer is square. So the wave

found at the output of the transformer is a square, not a sine.

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6) The control PWM circuit which is usually an integrated circuit is isolated from the primary through a transformer

small. Sometimes not a transformer but an optocoupler (integrated circuit

a small one containing an LED and a phototransistor packed together) is used.

7) As already mentioned, the PWM control circuit uses the power supply output to

controlling to drive the performance of the switching transistor. If the output voltage is not

normally, the PWM control circuit gives a command to the switching transistor to correct

output.

8) In the following pages we will study each of these stages with

pictures showing where you can find them in power

supply.

Inside a PC Power Supply

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After opening the power supply for the first time (do not do this with the power cord

attached), you may be a little confused by the contents. But you will recognize at least

two things you already know: a fan power supply and some heatsinks.

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Figure 6: The contents of a PC power supply.

But you must be able to recognize the components that are included in the primer and the components that are included

including secondary. You will find one large electrolytic capacitor (on Power Supply

with PFC active) or two (on Power Supply without PFC). Usually PC Power Supply has three

transformer between two large heatsinks, as you can see in Figure 7. Transformer

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main is the largest. This transformer is the medium used to generate

5VSB output and the smallest transformer is used by the PWM control circuit to isolate

secondary from the primary (this is the transformer labeled as "insulator" in Figures 3 and 4).

Some power supplies use a transformer as an insulator using one or more

more optocouplers (they look like tiny integrated circuits), so the Power Supply

using this component you will probably find only two transformers.

One of the heatsink belongs to the primary and the other belongs to the secondary. On your main heatsink you will

find switching transistors and also PFC transistors and diodes, if your power supply has PFC

active. Some manufacturers use a separate heatsink for the active PFC components, so

on Power Supply with active PFC you may find two heatsinks on the main part.

On the secondary heatsink you will find several rectifiers. They look like transistors

but they have two power diodes in them. You will also find some capacitors

small electrolyte and coil including filtering phase on the secondary.

An easier way to tell the secondary and primary apart is to just follow the power cord.

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The output cable will be connected to the secondary, while the input cable (coming from the power cable) will be

connected to the main domain. See Figure 7.

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Figure 7: Primary and secondary locations.

Transient Filter

The first stage of the PC power supply is temporary filtering. In Figure 8, you can

see the schematic of the recommended temporary filter for PC power supplies.

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Figure 8: Transient filters.

We call it "recommended" because there are many power supplies, especially cheap ones that are

will not have all the components shown in Figure 8. So a good way to

check whether your power supply is good quality or not is to check the stage

transient filtering is recommended or not.

Its main component is called MOV (Metal Oxide Varistor) or varistor, labeled RV1 as

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on the schematic, is responsible for bypassing the voltage spikes (transients) found in

Power Supply. This is the exact same component found in surge suppressors. The problem

Cheap power supplies do not install these components to save costs. On Power Supply

with MOV, surge suppressors are useless, because they already have surge suppressors in

in it.

L1 and L2 are ferrite coils. C1 and C2 are disk capacitors, usually blue. This capacitor too
"
called capacitor Y". C3 is a metalized polyester capacitor, usually with values like 100

nF, 470 nF or 680 nF. This capacitor is called "capacitor X". Some Power Supply has X . capacitor

the second, which is installed in parallel with the main power line, such as RV1 in Figure 8.

Capacitor X is any capacitor that has terminals connected in parallel to the line

main power. Capacitor Y comes in pairs, they must be connected together in series with

the connection point between them is grounded, that is, it is connected to the chassis power supply. Then

they are connected in parallel to the main power line.

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While the filter not only filters out transients coming from the power line, it also prevents

noise generated by the switching transistor to return to the power line, which will

cause interference with other electronic equipment.

Let's look at some real-world examples. Look at Figure 9. Did you see something that

weird here? It's a power supply that doesn't have a transient filter! This is a cheap power supply unit

"generic". If you pay attention you can see the markings on the power supply board where

filter components must be installed.

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Picture 9: This is a cheap ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿŽÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿwhich does not have a transient filtering stage.

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In Figure 10, you can see a cheap Power Supply transient filter. As you can see,

The MOV is absent and the mains has only one coil (the L2 is missing). On the other hand have one

additional capacitor X (placed on RV1 in Figure 8).

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Figure 10: Transient filtering on a cheap power supply.

On some power supplies, the transient filter can be split into two separate stages, one of which

soldered to the input power connector and the other on the power supply circuit board, as you can see

on the power supply shown in Figures 11 and 12.

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In this power supply you find a capacitor X (replacing RV1 in Figure 8) and

the first ferrite coil (L1) is soldered on a small circuit board connected to the AC power connector

main.

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Figure 11: First stage transient filter.

On the circuit board you can find other components, as you can see power

supply has MOV, although it is placed in an unusual position after the coil

second. If you pay attention, this power supply has more than the required number of components

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recommended, as it has all the components shown in Figure 8 plus a X . capacitor

extra.

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Figure 12: Second stage transient filter.

The MOV of the power supply above is yellow, but the most common color is dark blue.

You can also find a fuse near the transient filter (F1 in Figure 8, see also

Figures 9, 10 and 12). If this fuse is blown, be careful. The fuse does not close itself and

a fuse closing usually indicates that aa one or more components are faulty. If you

replace the fuse, a new one will probably blow right after you turn on your PC.
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Voltage Doubler and Primary Rectifier

In Power Supply without active PCF you will find a voltage doubler. Voltage doubler

using two large electrolytic capacitors. So the larger capacitor is found at power

supply that owns this second stage. As previously mentioned, the voltage doubler

only use if you connect your power supply to 127 V mains grid.

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Gambar 13: Electrolytic capacitors dari voltage doubler.

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Figure 14: Electrolytic capacitors of the voltage doubler after being removed from the power supply.

Furthermore, in addition to the two electrolytic capacitors, you will find a rectifying bridge (usually

called bridge only). This bridge can be made by four diodes or by a single component, see

Picture 15. On the high performance Power Supply this bridge has a heatsink.

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Gambar 15: Rectifying bridge.

Wÿÿÿ You will also find an NTC thermistor, which is a resistor that

Its resistance changes with temperature. It is used to reconfigure the power supply

when in use and is already starting to heat up. NTC Negative Temperature Coefficient. This component

resembles a ceramic disc capacitor and is usually olive green in color.

Active PFC

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Obviously this circuit is only found on Power Supply that has an active PFC. On your 16 Figure

can study typical active PFC circuits.

Gambar 16: Active PFC.

Active PFC circuits typically use two power transistor MOSFETs. This transistor is attached to

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the heatsink is found at the primary power supply stage. For better understanding, we give

label the name of each MOSFET terminal, S for Source, D for Drain and G for Gate.

PFC diodes are power diodes typically using a package similar to a power transistor (but

has only two terminals), and is also attached to the heatsink found in the power supply stage

first.

The PFC coil shown in Figure 16 is the largest coil in the power supply.

Electrolytic capacitors are the large electrolytic capacitors you will find in the main parts of

power supplies with active PFC. And the resistor shown is an NTC thermistor, which is

resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. It is used to reconfigure

power supply when in use and has started to heat up. NTC stands for Negative Temperature
Coefficient.

Active PFC control is usually based on integrated circuits. Sometimes this integrated circuit too

in charge of controlling the PWM circuit (used to control switching transistors). Circuit

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This kind of integration is called a "PFC/PWM combo". Now let's take a look at some world examples

real In Figure 17 we remove the main heatsink so you can see the components more

good. On the right you can see the temporary filtering component which we already discussed.

On the left you can see the active components of the PFC. Since we removed the heatsink, the PFC is active

PFC transistors and diodes are missing in this image. If you pay attention you will see that

this is a power supply that uses a capacitor X between the bridge and the active PFC circuit. Usually

thermistor, which resembles a ceramic disk capacitor and is usually olive green in color,

using rubber protection, as you can see. As we already mentioned, the coil

The largest power supply is usually an active PFC coil.

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Gambar 17: Active PFC components.

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In Figure 18 below, you can see the components attached to the heatsink found in

The main parts of the Power Supply are depicted in Figure 17. You can see two transistors

Power MOSFET and power diode of an active PFC circuit.

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Figure 18: Components attached to the primary heatsink.

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Switching Transistors

The switching part of the switching mode Power Supply can be built using the configuration

different. Below are summaries of the most commonly found:.

Number of Number of Number of Transformer

Configuration
Transistors Diodes Capacitors Pins

Single-Transistor
1 1 1 4
Forward

Two-Transistor Forward 2 2 0 2

Half Bridge 2 0 2 2

Full Bridge 4 0 0 2

Push-Pull 2 0 0 3

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Of course we only analyze the number of components required, there are some other aspects that

should be considered when deciding which configuration to use. Two configurations that

The most common for PC Power Supply are two-transistor forward and the push-pull, and both

using two switching transistors. The physical aspect of this transistor is a . type power transistor

MOSFET, can be seen on the previous page. They are attached to the heatsink found on the

primary power supply.

Below we show schematics for each of the five configurations.

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Gambar 19: Single-transistor forward configuration.

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Gambar 20: Two-transistor forward configuration.

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Gambar 21: Half bridge configuration.

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Gambar 22: Full bridge configuration.

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Gambar 23: Push-pull configuration.

Circuit Control Transformer dan PWM

As previously mentioned, a typical PC Power Supply has three transformers. Which

large are those shown on the block diagrams (Figures 3 and 4) and schematics (Figures 19 to 23),

where the main transformer is connected to the switching transistor and the secondary transformer

connected to a rectifier and filter diode which will provide a DC power supply output (+12 V,

+5 V, 3.3 V, -12 V and -5 V). The second transformer is used to produce +5 VSB output. A

Independent circuits produce this output, also known as "standby power". The reason why

is because this output is always turned on, even when your PC is "turned off" (that is, it is on

standby power mode). The third transformer is an isolating transformer, connecting

PWM control circuit to the switching transistor (depicted as an "insulator" on the block diagram).

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This third transformer is unlikely to exist, it is replaced by one or more optocouplers, which are visible

like a small integrated circuit (see Figure 25).

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Gambar 24: Power supply transformers.

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Figure 25: This power supply uses optocouplers in the PWM circuit.

The PWM control circuit is based on an integrated circuit. No active PFC power supply normally

using the TL494 integrated circuit (the power supply is depicted in Figure 26 in the section above).

compatible, DBL494 is used). On Power Supply with active PFC sometimes used

An integrated circuit to combine both PWM and PFC controls. CM6800 type IC is

a good example of a PWM/PFC combo.

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Gambar 26: PWM control circuit.

The Secondary

Finally, the secondary stage we talk about. Here the output of the main transformer is rectified and

filtered and then sent to the PC. Rectification of negative voltage (-5 V and -12 V) is carried out

by conventional diodes, because they do not demand much power and current. But for rectification

positive voltages (3.3 V, 5 V and 12 V) are carried by a Schottky power rectifier, three terminals

components that look like power transistors but they have two power diodes inside.

How rectification works depends on the power supply model and may be in two configurations, which are

shown in Figure 27.

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Figure 27: Rectification Configuration.

Configuration "A" is more often used by low-end Power Supply. As you can see,

This configuration requires three pins of the transformer. Configuration "B" is more used by Power

High-end supplies. Here only two transformer pins are used, but the ferrite coil must be

physically larger and thus more expensive, and that is one of the main reasons

why low-end power supplies don't use this configuration.

Also on high-end Power Supply, to increase the maximum current of the power supply can be

gives two power diodes can be connected in parallel, thereby doubling the circuit

can handle maximum current. All Power Supply has a complete correction circuit and

+12 V filtering and +5 V output, so all power supplies have at least two circuits

as shown in Figure 27.

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But for a 3.3 V output, three options can be used:

x Adds a 3.3 V voltage regulator to the +5 V output. This is the most common choice on

Power Supply low-end.

x Added complete correction and filtering circuits as shown in

Figure 27 for the 3.3 V output, but sharing the same transformer output used by the circuit

V+5 rectification. It is the most common choice for high-end power supplies.

x Uses a 3.3 V complete independent correction and filtering circuit. This is very rare

and will be found on high-end and expensive Power Supply. For now we have seen

only one power supply uses this option (ENERMAX Galaxy 1000 W, for the record).

Since the 3.3 V output typically uses a 5 V, (low-end) or partial (on high-end) circuit,

3.3 V output is limited by +5 V output. That's why PC Power Supply has

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rating, which states that the maximum power two outputs can draw together,

in addition to the respective maximum power output (the combined power is lower than the ratings

total power of 3.3 V and 5 V).

In Figure 28 you have an overall view of the secondary part of the power supply

low-end. Here you can see the integrated circuit that is responsible for generating

good power signal. Usually low-end power supplies use LM339 or equivalent for the task
this.

You will find some electrolytic capacitors (much smaller than those found

on a voltage doubler or active PFC circuit) and some coils. They are responsible for

screening stage (see Figure 27).

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Gambar 28: Power supply secondary stage.

For a better shot we cut and remove all wires and two coils

great filter. In Figure 29, you can see a smaller diode is used in the correction of

voltage -12 V and -5 V, and power 0.5 A on each specific power supply. Output Requirements

other voltage current is far above 1 A, requires a power diode to carry out repair
the.

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Figure 29: Rectifying diodes for 12 V and 5V voltages.

In Figure 30 we have an example of a component attached to the heatsink found on the

secondary stage of the low-end power supply.

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Figure 30: Components found on the secondary heatsink of a low-end power supply.

From left to right, you can find:

x An integrated voltage regulator circuit - even though it has three terminals and looks

like transistors, these are actually integrated circuits. In the case of a Power Supply IC, this is usually

is 7805 (5 V regulator), which is in charge of regulating the 5VSB output. As has been

As mentioned earlier, this output uses a circuit that is independent of the standard 5 V line

(see Figure 5 for a better understanding), as it will continue to provide 5 V to the

5VSB output even when your PC is "shut down" (stand by mode).

x A power transistor MOSFET to regulate the 3.3 V output. In this Power Supply example,

used is PHP45N03LT, which can handle up to 45 A. As already

mentioned on the previous page, only low-end Power Supply uses a regulator

The output voltage is 3.3 V which is connected to the 5 V line.

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x Schottky rectifier, which is just two diodes in the same package. In the example Power Supply

It uses the STPR1620CT, which can handle up to 8 A for each diode (16 A total).

This rectifier is used for the V12 line.

x Another Schottky power rectifier. In this example Power Supply is used E83-004, which can be

handles up to 60 A. This specific power rectifier is used for 5 V and 3.3 V lines. Because

5V and 3.3V lines use the same rectifier, when this rectifier is added it can't

is greater than the rectifier's maximum current. This concept is called combined power. With

in other words, a 3.3 V line generated from 5 V; the transformer does not have a 3.3 V output, different

from what happens to all other voltages provided by the power supply. This configuration

only used on the low-end. High-end use separate power supply rectifier for

outputs 3.3 V and 5 V. Now let's look at the main components used in stage

sekunder dari power supply high-end.

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Figure 31: Secondary components on the heatsink of a high-end power supply.

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Figure 32: Secondary components on the heatsink of a high-end power supply.

Here you can find:

Two electric Schottky rectifiers for +12 V output are connected in parallel instead of just one

as in low-end Power Supply. This configuration doubles the current maximum

and thus +12 V output power can be supplied. This power supply uses two

Schottky rectifier STPS6045CW, which can deliver up to 60 A each.

One Schottky rectifier power for +5 V output. In dedicated power supply one STPS60L30CW

used, which supports up to 60 A.

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One Schottky rectifier power for 3.3 V output, being the main difference between Power

High-end, and low-end (as we just pointed out, low-end power supplies)

end output 3.3 V is produced through line + 5 V). On the power supply is described the network

used is STPS30L30CT, supports up to 30 A.

One voltage regulator of the safety power supply circuit. This kind of feature varies

depending on the power supply model.

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Power Supply Troubleshooting!

Repairing the Power Supply is 3x easier than repairing the Motherboard, but Repairing the Power

Supply is 3x more dangerous than repairing the Motherboard. The power supply helps to change the ordinary current

into low DC voltage for your computer use. After the power supply fails to work,

we won't be able to use the computer. After the computer does not work, what to do

is to do power supply troubleshooting. Check the Power Supply for damage and

check all necessary connections.

Below are common signs that can be observed from the behavior of the computer when the Power Supply

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damaged;

1. Can't live. All indicator lights are off

2. The Power Supply fan doesn't work. When the computer is turned on, there is no reaction at all

3. CPU often restarts itself.

4. CPU often turns itself off after some time of use.

Note: Points 3-4 are often similar to damage caused by other devices on the motherboard.

After conducting a search, the general damages that cause

The Power Supply has failed to function properly.

1. The rectifier diode is broken so that the power is completely lost

2. The fuse is broken until the power is completely lost

3. Resistor changes in value, breaks or even becomes a short circuit

4. Transistor breaks or even becomes a short circuit

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5. The capacitor becomes dry so that the voltage is unstable or drops

6. Capacitors explode due to voltage spikes caused by damage to other components

7. IC regulator broken/damaged

8. The voltage monitoring IC does not work so the voltage is unstable

9. The connection of the component legs through the solder is bad so that the electricity flow is jammed

To make improvements to the problems above, there are 3 stages that will be passed, namely;

1. Stage of analysis and localization of the location of the damaged components

2. Level of component replacement

3. Finishing stage and test results of repairs

ATTENTION !!!

Because working on a Power Supply involves high voltage electricity, I remind you

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and it is mandatory to read some of the instructions below.

1) Do not work alone - in an emergency the presence of others is possible

important

2) Wear shoes/rubber sandals when working.

3) Do not wear any jewelry that could cause electrical contact with the circuit.

4) Organize your work area as large as possible with the excuse that it might accidentally happen

come into contact with electricity.

5) If the circuit board is removed from its place, it is placed on top of the insulating material between

boards and anything that could cause an electrical short.

6) If by necessity you have to touch the circuit associated with the capacitor

the large power supply first empty the remaining voltage with a large resistor

in an approximate 5-50 ohm V size (e.g., for a 200 V capacitor, use

resistors 1K-10K ohms). The trick is to connect the positive-negative leg of the capacitor with

using resistors.

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7) Perform as many tests as possible, first with electric current and second with

without power supply to the components. For example, the semiconductor in the power supply section

of a can be tested for short circuits with an ohmmeter.

8) Do not work if you are tired, it is high voltage electricity and small carelessness

can burn your house.

A. Simple Method

Knowing how to check a Power Supply and when or how to replace it

has its own challenges.

Here is a simple tracing method when the Power Supply is having problems.

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1. PC no power

First, no power means no electricity. You need to check the socket

to ensure that the appliance is in good working order. If you are sure the PC is connected, check

the power cord to the PC to ensure that AC voltage is connected to the system unit. If power

there, turn on the PC and check the current from the power supply to the motherboard.

2. Problem Rebooting PC itself

One thing you may encounter in dealing with Power Supply problems is when your PC

reboots. Reboot the computer itself without any meaningful information warning. Boot error

when the computer starts up initially is also a sign that the power supply is down.

3. Problems in Distributing Power

If the power supply is on but not perfect, there is a possibility that one of the devices may be

receive power supply but others do not. This means that the distribution of power is not evenly distributed.

For example, a hard drive can receive power, whereas a CD-ROM drive cannot.

4. Power Supply connection problem

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If you've checked the outlet, as well as the power cord and both are good, then thing

next is to check the connection to the motherboard. If not, then the problem is correct

right in the power supply. You can easily check the output of the power supply

using a multimeter.

B. Observation Method

The observation method was carried out after the simple method above did not bring results. Do

this method with the following steps;

1. Open the Power Supply from its place, then open the Power Supply casing. Clean up

first part in the Power Supply so that the observation goes well.

2. Check as carefully as possible every electronic component on the PCB Power Supply.

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C. Using the Measurement Method of Value and Component Polarity

If the previous two methods haven't solved the problem, then it's time now to confirm whether

all components are still in accordance with the value as written. For this method it is not

all components can be measured in value with only a simple method. Therefore in this stage

we will only measure some components such as diodes, resistors, transistors only.

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1. With the solder being heated, please free the legs of the component to be measured.

Why it should be freed is to avoid the short circuit effect of the components

another.

2. Once released, please measure the value of each component. For that I

please review the method of measuring components that have been discussed in the ebook Step by

Step Motherboard Repair.

D. Using Voltage Measurement Method

To measure the voltage, the Power Supply must be active. The problem

ÿÿÿÿÿÿ WŽÿÿÿ ^ÿÿÿÿÿ W ÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿDÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ WŽÿÿÿ ^upply dengan listrik

alone will not make the Power Supply directly active and in this situation the voltage cannot be measured.

Note: How to activate the Power Supply below is not the same for all power supplies. This test

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I took from a low end Power Supply. BEWARE OF TESTING VOLTAGE!!!

How to activate the Power Supply;

1. Connect the Power Supply with electricity via the AC Power Supply cable to an electrical outlet

2. Connect the pin end of the Power Supply as shown below;

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3. After you do like the picture above, if the Power Supply is still good then the fan will run

immediately the road shows the Power Supply is operating

4. If the Power Supply is already operating, please measure the voltage

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