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Determinations of Alkalinity

This document outlines a procedure to determine the alkalinity of water samples. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids and is imparted by bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides. The procedure involves titrating water samples with sulfuric acid using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators to measure different types of alkalinity. Alkalinity results will be reported in mg/L of calcium carbonate for two samples, including phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity, and calculations to determine hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity levels.

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Krishnaprabha K T
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23 views5 pages

Determinations of Alkalinity

This document outlines a procedure to determine the alkalinity of water samples. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids and is imparted by bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides. The procedure involves titrating water samples with sulfuric acid using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators to measure different types of alkalinity. Alkalinity results will be reported in mg/L of calcium carbonate for two samples, including phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity, and calculations to determine hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity levels.

Uploaded by

Krishnaprabha K T
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Expt No.

Date:

DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY

AIM
To determine the alkalinity of the given sample

PRINCIPLE
The alkalinity of water is the capacity of water to accept protons. Alkalinity is usually imparted
by the bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide components of natural or treated water supply. It is
determined by titration with a standard solution of strong mineral acid to the successive
bicarbonate and carbonic acid equivalence points, indicated electrometrically or by means of
colour. Phenolphthalein indicator enables the measurement of the alkalinity fraction contributed
by the hydroxide and half of the carbonate. Methyl orange indicator will help in measuring the
remaining carbonate and bicarbonate fractions of alkalinity. Alkalinity is expressed in mg/L
CaCO3.

APPARATUS

1. Burette

2. Erlenmeyer flasks

3. Pipettes

REAGENTS

a) Phenolphthalein indicator solution

b) 0.02N standard sulfuric acid

c) Methyl orange indicator solution

d) 0.1N sodium
PROCEDURE

1. Measure out 50mL of the given sample to an Erlenmeyer flask.

2. Add 1 drop of 0.1N sodium thiosulphate solution to remove the free residual chlorine if
present.

3. Add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

4. If the sample turns pink, then titrate with 0.02N standard sulfuric acid till the solution turns
colourless.

5. Note down the volume of sulfuric acid added (V1).

6. Add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator to the solution in which the phenolphthalein alkalinity
has been determined.

7. If the solution turns yellow, continue titration with 0.02N standard sulfuric acid till the
solution turns faint orange in colour.

8. Note down the total volume of sulfuric acid added (V2).

RESULT

SAMPLE 1

Phenolphthalein alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Total alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Hydroxide alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Carbonate alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Bicarbonate alkalinity=

SAMPLE 2

Phenolphthalein alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Total alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =


Hydroxide alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Carbonate alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Bicarbonate alkalinity=

DISCUSSION
OBSERVATIONS

Sample No.1 Sample No.2


Volume of acid added
(Phenolphthalein indicator) =
V1 in mL
Total volume of acid added
(Methyl orange indicator) =
V2 in mL
Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (P)
in mg/L as CaCO3
Total Alkalinity in mg/L as
CaCO3

CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE 1

1. Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (P) as mg./LCaCO3= V1 x N x 50,000 V =

2. Total Alkalinity (T) as mg/LCaCO3= V2 x N x 50,000 20 V =

The type of alkalinity present in the samples is calculated using the equations given
above and the result are tabulated.

Result of Hydroxide Carbonate Bicarbonate


Titration alkalinity as alkalinity as alkalinity as
CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3
P=0 0 0 T
P < ½T 0 2P T-2P
P = ½T 0 2P 0
P > ½T 2P-T 2(T-P) 0
P=T T 0 0

Hydroxide alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =


Carbonate alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Bicarbonate alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3=

SAMPLE 2

1. Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (P) as mg./LCaCO3= V1 x N x 50,000 V =

2. Total Alkalinity (T) as mg/LCaCO3= V2 x N x 50,000 20 V =

Hydroxide alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Carbonate alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3 =

Bicarbonate alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3=

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