Purposive TYPES OF LISTENING

APPRECIATIVE LISTENING
communication - listening for pleasure and enjoyment, as when we
listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an
BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS entertaining speech
Being able to recognize a variety of sentence patterns
enhances your ability to use those patterns in your EMPATHIC LISTENING
own writing and to understand better how grammar - listening to provide emotional support for the
functions. Plus, with an understanding of the most speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or
elemental structures, you will more easily be able to when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend
experiment with word-order variations, inversions, - focuses on understanding and identifying with a
sentence combinations, and other writing techniques. person’s situation, feelings, or motives
- there is an attempt to understand what the other
S-V (Subject—Verb) (intransitive verb) person is feeling
Examples: - listener does not necessarily agree or feel the same
The earth trembled. way with the speaker instead understand the type
Maria laughed. and intensity of feelings the speaker is experiencing
The bell rang. without judgement
Note: Intransitive verbs do not have direct objects
COMPREHENSIVE/ACTIVE LISTENING
S-TV-DO (Subject—Transitive Verb—Direct object) - listening to understand the message of a speaker,
Examples: as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to
The earthquake destroyed the city. directions for finding a friend’s house
Lilia wrote that poem. - focuses on accurately understanding the meaning
The students of Lawang Bato started a donation drive. of the speaker’s words while simultaneously
Note: Transitive verbs are verbs that require a direct interpreting non-verbal cues such as facial
object; the direct object is the receiver of the action in expressions, gestures, posture, and vocal quality
the sentence.
STEPS IN ACTIVE LISTENING
S-LV-C (Subject—Linking Verb—Complement)  Listening carefully by using all available senses
Examples:  Paraphrasing what is heard both mentally and
The result was chaos. (S-LV-PN) (Predicate verbally
Nominative)  Checking your understanding to ensure
Evelyn is the team leader. (S-LV-PN) (Predicate accuracy
Nominative)  Providing feedback
Aleena was elated. (S-LV-PA) (Predicate Adjective)
Note: A subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or CRITICAL/ANALYTICAL LISTENING
adjective that appears with a linking verb. - listening to evaluate a message for purposes of
accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the
S-TV-IO-DO (Subject—Transitive Verb—Indirect sales pitch of a used-car dealer or the campaign
Object—Direct Object) speech of a political candidate
Examples: - challenges the speaker’s message by evaluating its
Lily gave James a new jacket. accuracy and meaningfulness, and utility
The government sent the city aid.
Alex gave Ethan his final advice. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Note: An “indirect object” answers the questions “to Rules for Subject-Verb Agreement
whom or for whom,” and “to what or for what.” A verb must agree with its subject in number.
EX. : A book is on the table.
S-TV-DO-OC (Subject—Transitive Verb—Direct My books are on the table.
Object—Objective Complement)
Examples: The number of a verb does not change when one or
The citizens considered the earthquake a disaster. more phrases come between a verb and its subject or
The committee elected Simon as chairman. when there is an intervening phrase.
Note: An “objective complement” is a noun or an EX. : The box of grapes from Saratoga Farms was
adjective that describes the direct object. delivered today.
The clown with the sad eyes looks pathetic.
Lesson2 Anna, together with her friends, is going to
the party.
LISTENING The coins, along with this watch, were a gift.
WHAT IS LISTENING? The words here, there, and where are NOT subjects.
Listening is the process of receiving, constructing They introduce a sentence in inverted order. The verb
meaning from, and responding to a spoken and/ or must agree with the subject of a sentence.
non-verbal message. EX. : Here is the package of letters.
—International Reading Association.
A singular verb must be used with the singular STRATEGIES TO INCREASE COMPREHENSION
indefinite pronouns each, neither, either, anyone, AND IMPROVE NOTE-TAKING
everyone, no one, someone, anybody, everybody, USE SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
nobody, somebody, anything, everything, nothing, and When taking notes, you can reduce the
something. amount of language by shortening words and
EX. : Neither of the houses is worth much. sentences. Some ways of abbreviating are:
Everyone is bringing his own car.
 leaving out most articles and
Some subjects, although they appear plural, are conjunctions (the, a, and, but)
singular in meaning and take a singular verb.  shorten words by leaving out vowels
EX. : The news seems more and more depressing or other letters (also known as “word
every day. truncation”)
Measles is the only childhood disease I haven’t had.  using abbreviations and symbols for
commonly used words and phrases
A singular verb is generally used after words denoting
an amount (time, money, measurement, weight, Lesson3
volume). MOODS OF THE VERB
EX. : Three weeks is a long vacation. The mood of a verb indicates your attitude toward a
Two weeks was all the vacation he go statement as you make it.
e.g. stating a fact, telling a command/request,
A singular verb is generally used after a collective expressing one’s wish, giving recommendations, etc.
noun. If the individuals of a group act separately, INDICATIVE MOOD
however, a plural verb must be used. The indicative mood is for statements of fact, opinion,
EX. : The jury was out an hour only. or strong probability:
The team have received their letters. Examples:
 Variety shows were popular in the early days
When the conjunction “and” connects the parts of of television.
compound subjects, the verb is generally plural.  The spine-tailed swift flies faster than any
However, if the subject is preceded by each, any, or other bird in the world.
every, the verb will be singular.  The people will remember the flooding for
EX. : My mother and father are old. many years to come.
Each mother and father was recognized at the IMPERATIVE MOOD
meeting. The imperative mood is for commands and
requests made directly.
When the conjunction or, nor, either...or, or Examples:
neither...nor connect the parts of a compound subject,  Vote for change.
the verb will agree with the subject closer to it.  Fight pollution.
EX. : Either rain or snow is falling all over the state.  Be yourself.
Neither titles nor honors are everlasting.
 Acknowledge and embrace individual
Neither the general nor his men are at the fort.
differences.
Either the apples or the large orange is for Jack.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
The subjunctive mood is used to talk about
NOTE-TAKING actions or states that are in doubt or not factual.
Taking notes involves active listening, as well as
connecting and relating information to ideas you PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE FORM
already know. It also involves seeking answers to The present subjunctive is formed with the base form
questions that arise from the material. of a verb. It occurs only in noun clauses beginning
(Shelley O'Hara, Improving Your Study Skills: Study with that.
Smart, Study Less. Wiley, 2005) These clauses follow verbs, nouns, or adjectives that
TAKING NOTES CAN HELP YOU TO… express suggestions, demands, or requests.
 improve your understanding by making you Words of Suggestion
convert difficult ideas into your own words propose, recommend, recommendation, suggest,
 prepare for writing fuller, better connected suggestion, advise, advisable, critical, desirable,
arguments in your essays important, vital, urge
 be more focused and time-efficient in your  It is important that he sleep more.
exam revision period  The doctor’s suggestion is that they sleep
 assess your own progress as you study more.
LISTENING AND NOTE-TAKING TIPS  It is advisable that she sleep more.
 Have a clear purpose  The doctor suggested I sleep more.
 Recognize main ideas The term “present” refers to the form of the
 Identify the how information is organized subjunctive verb (base form)
 Select only the relevant ideas In subjunctive sentences, the word that is sometimes
 Have a system of recording information that omitted after certain verbs (propose, suggest, insist).
works for you It is not usually omitted in other contexts.
Words of 2. If I were taller, I could reach the top shelf.
Demand 3. You might like her if you knew her better.
demand, imperative, insist, necessary, order, require, The term “past” refers to the form of the subjunctive
required verb (past simple)
 My parents have demanded that I be quiet at
night. After the verbs suppose and imagine, expressing
 Your parents require that you be quiet at unreal conditions (usually followed by a sentence with
night. would or could)
 It will be imperative that she be quiet at night. 1. Suppose you met the president. What would
The term “present” refers to the form of the you say?
subjunctive verb (base form) 2. Imagine you were rich. What could you do?
In subjunctive sentences, the word that is sometimes The term “past” refers to the form of the subjunctive
omitted after certain verbs (propose, suggest, insist). It verb (past simple)
is not usually omitted in other contexts.
The present subjunctive is formed with the base form After as though or as if to make a comparison to an
of a verb. It occurs only in noun clauses beginning with imaginary condition
that. 1. She acts as though she were very rich, but
she’s not.
Words of 2. He drives as if he were in a Formula 1 race.
Request The term “past” refers to the form of the subjunctive
ask, beg, prefer, request, wish verb (past simple)
 I ask that you have more patience with the
other students.
 The teacher requested that Nick have his
project finished earlier.
The term “present” refers to the form of the
subjunctive verb (base form)
In subjunctive sentences, the word that is sometimes
omitted after certain verbs (propose, suggest, insist). It
is not usually omitted in other contexts.

The past subjunctive is formed with the past form of a

verb that describes a state, condition, or habit. LESSON4
It is used to talk about hypothetical or imaginary
situations. With the verb be, the form were (not was) SIMPLE TENSES
is usually used for all subjects. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
The simple present is just the base form of the verb.
After the verb wish to express an unfulfilled desire
1. I wish Sally were here to help us. USE OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
2. He wishes he could run faster. REPEATED ACTION
The term “past” refers to the form of the subjunctive The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a
verb (past simple) scheduled event or something that often happens.
EX.
After if (only) in second conditional sentences 1. I play badminton.
(followed by a clause with would, could, or might) 2. She always forgets her bag.
1. If people drove smaller cars, we would all 3. Anna leaves the house every morning at 5AM.
breathe cleaner air.
2. If I were taller, I could reach the top shelf. STATEMENT OF FACTS
3. You might like her if you knew her better. The simple present can also indicate the speaker
The term “past” refers to the form of the subjunctive believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and
verb (past simple) will be true in the future. It is not important if the
speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to
After the verbs suppose and imagine, expressing make generalizations about people or things.
unreal conditions (usually followed by a sentence with EX.
would or could) 1. Philippines offers the best customer service in
1. Suppose you met the president. What would the world.
you say? 2. Cats are amazing animals.
2. Imagine you were rich. What could you do? 3. Many people love coffee more than tea.
The term “past” refers to the form of the subjunctive SCHEDULED EVENTS IN THE FUTURE
verb (past simple) EX.
1. The train leaves tonight at 6PM.
After if (only) in second conditional sentences 2. The prom starts at 9PM.
(followed by a clause with would, could, or might)
1. If people drove smaller cars, we would all
breathe cleaner air.