SHS

Applied Subject

Creative Writing
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Elements, Techniques and
Literary Devices of Poetry

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 Creative Writing

Quarter 1

Module 2: Elements, Techniques and

Literary Devices of Poetry

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About the Module
Content Standard : The learners have an understanding of poetry as a
genre and how to analyze its elements and
techniques.

Performance Standard : The learners shall be able to produce a short

well-crafted poem

Competency/Code : Identify the various elements, techniques, and

literary devices in specific forms of poetry
(HUMSS_CW/MP11/12cf-6)

Learning Outcome/s : Write poems highlighting the elements, techniques

and literary devices of poetry

What I Know
Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer
in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following consists of 14 lines and is usually written in iambic
pentameter?
a. ode b. elegy c. sonnet d. limerick
2. What refers to series of lines grouped together and separated by a space from
others?
a. lines b. stanza c. form d. meter
3. What type of poetry is a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the
deeds of a legendary or historical hero?
a. epic b. descriptive c. ballad d. limerick
4. What stanza describes as having seven lines?
a. sestet b. septet c. tercet d. cinquain
5. What type of poetry is usually organized into quatrains or cinquains, has a
simple rhythm structure, and tells the tales of ordinary people?
a. epic b. sonnet c. ode d. ballad
6. What is called the one-line stanza?
a. couplet b. tercet c. monostich d. quatrain
7. What is referred to as a poem that is usually humorous and composed of five
lines in an AABBA rhyming pattern?
a. haiku b. limerick c. ode d. elegy
8. What type of poetry describes the world that surrounds the speaker?
a. sonnet b. lyric c. descriptive d. narrative
9. Which of the following sonnet does not consist of three quatrains?
a. Petrarchan b. Shakespearean c. Spenserian d. English sonnet

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 10. What is the lyric poem that praises an individual, an idea or an event?
a. ballad b. ode c. elegy d. sonnet
11. What syllable is stressed in the word “behold”?
a. be b. hold c. beh d. old
12. What do you call of the flow of the sound continues to the second line?
a. enjambment c. paradox
b. hyperbole d. symbolism
13. Which of the following literary devices is characterized by the use of the
same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of a verse?
a. consonance b. ballad c. alliteration d. diction
14. What do you call of a foot with two syllables; an unstressed followed by
stressed syllables?
a. iamb b. trochee c. dactyl d. anapest
15. What is the rhythmic pattern of the word “difficult” (dif-fi-cult)?
a. stressed-unstressed-stressed c. stressed-stressed-unstressed
b. unstressed-stressed-unstressed d. unstressed-unstressed-stressed

Lesson
1 ELEMENTS OF POETRY

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the elements of poetry;
2. appreciate the message of the poem; and
3. compose a poem depicting the elements of poetry.

What’s In
Direction: Read or sing the given selection below.
RED
Taylor Swift

Loving him is like driving a new Maserati down a dead-end street

Faster than the wind, passionate as sin, ending so suddenly
Loving him is like trying to change your mind
once you're already flying through the free fall
Like the colors in autumn, so bright just before they lose it all

Losing him was blue like I'd never known

Missing him was dark grey, all alone
Forgetting him was like trying to know somebody you never met
But loving him was red (re-e-e-ed, re-e-e-ed)
(Re-e-e-ed, re-e-e-ed)
Loving him was red (re-e-e-ed, re-e-e-ed)
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Process Questions:

1. In the song, what is the word “LOVE” compared to?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What color does the writer associate with the word LOVE? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. In your opinion what kind of love is the writer expressing? Is it puppy love,
unrequited love, true love or unconditional love? Why do you think so?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the message of the song?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What figure of speech is used? _____________________________________________

What’s New

Millennial write and enjoy poetry as a unique literary art form. The fundamentals of
poetic form are frequently covered in secondary and post-secondary studies. When
reading and composing poetry, understanding the elements of poetry is essential. The
first step toward a deeper comprehension of poetry is to recognize poetic devices and
elements.

What is It

ELEMENTS OF POETRY

1. Form - is the shape of the poem.

Poems can be easily identified by its form or how it looks on a page. They are
usually written in a stanza. As Collins (2019) stated, “a stanza is a grouping
of related lines of the same topic or thought and can be subdivided into the
number of lines it contains”.
Poetic Line
A line is a subdivision of a poem, specifically a group of words arranged into a
row that ends for a reason other than the right-hand margin. The length of lines
and how lines end must be considered in establishing the structure of the poem.

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 Creating lines in poetry is utterly different from the lines you write in other
genre since line must be carefully structured.
To illustrate:
Gather ye, rosebuds while ye may,
Old time is still a-flying: -Robert Herrick

Here, the first and third lines have the same length, while the second and fourth lines
may be the same.

Line Types
Poets masterpieces are controlled by the standard set of rules dictated by the
verse type like an ode, sonnet and other types. One should figure out how
thoughts and words can be expressed in each line.

Lines with sudden stops or unusual breaks

may suggest another idea or thought that can be puzzling or thrilling to the
readers.

End-stop lines, which ends at usual pauses and are indicated by a comma or
period.
The following is an example:
Gather ye, rosebuds while ye may,
Old time is still a-flying:
Stanza –is a division of lines in a poem.
TYPES OF STANZA
Monostich a one-line stanza. Monostich can also be an entire poem.

Couplet a stanza with two lines that rhyme.

Tercet a stanza with three lines that either all rhyme or the first and
the third line rhyme—which is called an ABA rhyming pattern.
A poem made up of tercets and concludes with a couplet is
called a terza rima.

Quatrain a stanza with four lines with the second- and fourth-lines
rhyming.

Quintain a stanza with five lines.

Sestet a stanza with six lines.

Septet a stanza with seven lines. This is sometimes called a rhyme

royal.
Octave a stanza with eight lines written in iambic pentameter, or
ten syllable beats per line. The more lines a stanza has the
more varieties of rhyme and meter patterns.
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 Isometric stanza Isometric stanzas have the same syllabic beats, or the same
meter, in every line.
Heterometric a stanza in which every line is a different length.
stanza
Spenserian named after Edward Spenser’s unique stanza structure in his
stanza poem The Faerie Queene. A Spenserian stanza has nine line,
eight in iambic pentameter and a final line in iambic
hexameter.

Ballad stanza often used in folk songs, a ballad stanza is a rhyming

quatrain with four emphasized beats (eight syllables) in the
first and third lines, and three emphasized beats (six
syllables) in the second and fourth lines.

2. Rhyme Scheme
We have always been able to identify poems with the sounds of words which we
usually hear at the end of the lines. This is the rhyme scheme. According to Collins
(2019), “rhyme scheme is the pattern of sounds that repeats at the end of a line or
stanza. Rhyme schemes can change line by line, stanza by stanza, or can continue
throughout a poem” and “rhyme scheme patterns are formatted in different ways.
The patterns are encoded by letters of the alphabet. Lines designated with the same
letter rhyme with each other. For example, the rhyme scheme ABAB means the first
and third lines of a stanza, or the “A”s, rhyme with each other, and the second line
rhymes with the fourth line, or the “B”s rhyme together”.

10 Different Rhyme Schemes

Rhyming poems do not have to follow a particular pattern. Any number
of new rhymes can be added to a poem to create ongoing patterns.
Some common rhyme schemes include:

Alternate rhyme. In an alternate rhyme, the first- and third-lines rhyme at

the end, and the second- and fourth-lines rhyme at the end following the
pattern ABAB for each stanza. This rhyme scheme is used for poems with
four-line stanzas.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “A Psalm of Life”
Tell me not, in mournful numbers, (A)
Life is but an empty dream! — (B)
For the soul is dead that slumbers, (A)
And things are not what they seem. (B)

Ballade. A lyric poem that follows the rhyme scheme ABABBCBC. Ballades
typically have three, eight-line stanzas and conclude with a four-line stanza.
The last line of each stanza is the same, which is called a refrain.
Andrew Lang, “Ballade of the Optimist”

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 And, sometimes on a summer's day (A)
To self and every mortal ill (B)
We give the slip, we steal away, (A)
To walk beside some sedgy rill: (B)
The darkening years, the cares that kill, (B)
A little while are well forgot; (C)
When deep in broom upon the hill, (B)
We'd rather be alive than not. (C)

Coupled rhyme. A coupled rhyme is a two-line stanza that rhymes following

the rhyme scheme AA BB CC, or a similar dual rhyming scheme. The
rhymes themselves are referred to as rhyming couplets. Shakespeare’s
sonnets end with rhyming couplets, such as this one:
William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 18”
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, (A)
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. (A)
Monorhyme. In a monorhyme, all the lines in a stanza or entire poem end
with the same rhyme.
William Blake, “Silent, Silent Night”
Silent Silent Night (A)
Quench the holy light (A)
Of thy torches bright (A)

For possess’d of Day (B)

Thousand spirits stray (B)
That sweet joys betray (B)

Why should joys be sweet (C)

Used with deceit (C)
Nor with sorrows meet (C)

But an honest joy (D)

Does itself destroy (D)
For a harlot coy (D)
Enclosed rhyme. The first and fourth lines and the second- and third-lines
rhyme with each other in an enclosed rhyme scheme. The pattern is ABBA,
in which A encloses the B.
Sonnet VII
By John Milton
How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, (A)
Stol'n on his wing my three-and-twentieth year! (B)
My hasting days fly on with full career, (B)
But my late spring no bud or blossom shew'th. (A)
Simple four-line rhyme. These poems follow a rhyme scheme of ABCB
throughout the entire poem.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (excerpt)

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 It is an ancient Mariner, (A)
And he stoppeth one of three. (B)
'By thy long grey beard and glittering eye, (C)
Now wherefore stopp'st thou me? (B)
Triplet. A triplet is a set of three lines in a stanza—called a tercet—that
share the same end rhyme.
William Shakespeare, “The Phoenix and the Turtle” (excerpt)
Leaving no posterity: (A)
'Twas not their infirmity, (A)
It was married chastity. (A)
Terza rima. An Italian form of poetry that consists of tercets, a terza rima
follows a chain rhyme in which the second line of each stanza rhymes with
the first and last line of the subsequent stanza. It ends with a couplet
rhyming with the middle line of the penultimate stanza. The pattern is ABA
BCB CDC DED EE.
Percy Shelley, “Ode to the West Wind”
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being, (A)
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead (B)
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, (A)
Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, (B)
Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou, (C)
Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed (B)
The wingèd seeds, where they lie cold and low, (C)
Each like a corpse within its grave, until (D)
Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow (C)
Her clarion o’er the dreaming earth, and fill (D)
(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air) (E)
With living hues and odours plain and hill: (D)
Limerick. A limerick is a five-line poem with the rhyme scheme AABBA.
Mother Goose, “Hickory, Dickory, Dock”
Hickory dickory dock. (A)
The mouse ran up the clock. (A)
The clock struck one, (B)
And down he run. (B)
Hickory dickory dock. (A)
Villanelle. A type of poem with five three-line stanzas that follow a rhyme
scheme of ABA. The villanelle concludes with a four-line stanza with the
pattern ABAA.
Edwin Arlington Robinson, “The House on the Hill” (excerpt)
They are all gone away, (A)
The House is shut and still, (B)
There is nothing more to say. (A)

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 Through broken walls and gray (A)
The winds blow bleak and shrill: (B)
They are all gone away. (A)
…
There is ruin and decay. (A)
In the House on the Hill: (B)s
They are all gone away, (A)
There is nothing more to say. (A)

3. Meter
To understand Rhythm and Meter, we first need to understand meter and feet.
Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to
certain words in a phrase or sentence. In English, stressed syllables are louder than
unstressed syllable. They are also longer and have a higher pitch.

Some words are monosyllabic, and some are polysyllabic. In poetry, there are also
stressed and unstressed syllables. Why do we need to know these things. It is
important for us to know the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables so that we
can organize the syllables into meaningful thought units.

The image below shows which syllable are STRESSED (boot) and which are
UNSTRESSED ( ballet slippers) from Watch Your Tongue, Cecilly Beasly by Lane
Fredrickson.

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A foot or metrical foot is a single unit of measurement that is repeated within a line
of poetry. Metrical feet are made up of STRESSED and Unstressed syllables. All
the metrical feet that are used in English poetry and verse have exactly one
STRESSED syllable and one or two Unstressed syllables. Metrical feet are the
structured building blocks that make up meter. Look at the diagram below to
facilitate understanding of the idea.

In studying poetry and determining meter, the following symbols are used:

U for unstressed syllables (light, weak ,quiet syllable)

/ for stressed syllables (heavy, loud, strong syllables)

For example: U / U / U / U / U /

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Each pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables creates a unit called foot. In the
example above, there are five feet. The pattern could be stressed and unstressed;
unstressed and stressed, etc.

In the next example, the stressed syllables are highlighted. What pattern is
shown here? How many feet are there in each line?

From Stopping By the Woods On a Snowy Evening

By Robert Frost
Ex. 1 Whose woods these are I think I know
His house is in the village though
He will not see me stopping here
To watch the woods fill up with snow.
Kinds of Feet Meaning Example
1. Iamb A foot with two syllables; (as in reduce or shall I)
an unstressed followed
by stressed syllables
2. Trochee A foot with two syllables; (as in menu, mermaid).
stressed followed by
unstressed syllables
3. Spondee A foot with two syllables, (as in bird sing)
both stressed

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 4. Anapest A foot with three (as in overcome)
syllables, two unstressed,
one stressed syllable
5. Dactyl A foot with three (as in capital, family)
syllables, one stressed
followed by two
unstressed syllables
6. Amphibrach A foot with three (as in archaic, angelic)
syllables, one unstressed,
followed by one stressed
and one unstressed
syllable
7. Cretic A foot with three (as in trampoline)
syllables, one stressed,
followed by an
unstressed, and a
stressed syllable
Kinds of meter are as follows:

4. Rhythm
When there is a pattern of sound created, that is, the pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllables, we call it rhythm. Meter therefore is the measurement of
these stressed and unstressed syllables and the pattern of the sounds is
rhythm which is the natural flow of words in a line. It is the meaningful
arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllable in a line of poetry. Now, going
back to the above-mentioned lines, be attentive to the rhythmic flow as you read
them.
1. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
ba BUM ba BUM ba BUM ba BUM ba BUM
2. Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
BUM ba BUM ba BUM ba BUM
3. I think that I shall never see
ba BUM ba BUM ba BUM ba BUM
4.Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house
ba ba BUM ba ba BUM ba ba BUM ba ba BUM
5. Whose woods these are I think I know
ba BUM ba BUM ba BUM ba BUM
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 Types of Rhythmic patterns
1. Iambic –two syllables, one unstressed syllable and one stressed syllable
2. Trochaic - two syllables, one stressed syllable and one unstressed syllable
3. Spondaic- two syllables both stressed
4. Anapestic -three syllables, two unstressed followed by one stressed syllable
5. Dactylic- three syllables, two stressed and one unstressed
6. Amphibrachic - three syllables, one unstressed, followed by one stressed and
one unstressed

5. Tone
The poet’s attitude toward the poem’s speaker, reader, and subject matter, as
interpreted by the reader. Often described as a “mood” that pervades the
experience of reading the poem, it is created by the poem’s
vocabulary, metrical regularity or irregularity, syntax, use of figurative
language, and rhyme.
It is conveyed through the authors’ use of words in the poem. It can be formal,
informal, serious, comic or any other attitude.
Keywords examples: happy, hopeful, sad, friendly, humorous
6. Speaker
Just like fiction has a narrator, poetry has a speaker–someone who is the voice
of the poem. Often, the speaker is the poet. Other times, the speaker can take
on the voice of a persona–the voice of someone else including animals and
inanimate objects.
7. Theme
The theme in a story is its underlying message, or 'big idea. ' In other words,
what critical belief about life is the author trying to convey in the writing of a
novel, play, short story or poem? This belief, or idea, transcends cultural
barriers. It is usually universal in nature.
8. Imagery
It is the name given to the elements in a poem that spark off the senses. Despite
"image" being a synonym for "picture", images need not be only visual; any of
the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell) can respond to what
a poet writes.

What I Can Do
A. Directions: Determine the rhyme scheme for this poem. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

I have been one acquainted with the night. ______________

I have walked out in rain—and back in rain. ______________
I have outwalked the furthest city light. ______________
I have looked down the saddest city lane. ______________
I have passed by the watchman on his beat ______________
And dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain. ______________
I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet ______________
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 B. Meter and Rhythm
Directions: Identify the number of syllables, stress and foot in each word
on the table. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

What I Have Learned

Poem Scansion
Directions:
1. Read the excerpt from “The Great Realization” by Tom Roberts.
2. Look for clues/words that will lead you to the message of the poem.
3. Answer the next set of questions.
4. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

The Great Realization by Tom Roberts (excerpt)

'You see the people came up with companies to trade across all lands.
But they swelled and got bigger than we could ever have planned

'We'd always had our wants, but now it got so quick.

You could have everything you dreamed of in a day and with a click.

'We noticed families had stopped talking. That's not to say they never spoke.
But the meaning must have melted and the work life balance broke.
'And the children's eyes got squarer and every toddler had a phone.
They filtered out the imperfections but amidst the noise, they felt alone.
“Coronavirus Pandemic Poem”, Express News, updated May 9, 2020,
'And every day thehttps://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1277555/Coronavirus-pandemic-poem-
sky grew thicker, til we couldn't see the stars.
this-morning-Tom-Roberts-The-Great-Realisation-poem-in-FULL
So we flew in planes to find them while down below we filled our cars.

'We'd drive around all day in circles. We'd forgotten how to run.
We swapped the grass for tarmac, shrunk the parks till there were none.
'We filled the sea with plastic cause our waste was never capped.
Until each day when you went fishing, you'd pull them out already wrapped.

'And while we drank and smoked and gambled, our leaders taught us why,
It's best to not upset the lobbies, more convenient to die.

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 The Great Realization
Subject : ___________________________________________________________
Theme/Message: ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
What type of stanza was used in the poem?
__________________________________________________________________________
What rhyme pattern was used in the poem? Cite specific example from the poem
to illustrate your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What’s More

A. TRUE or FALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, and FALSE if the statement is
incorrect. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

_____1. A stanza is a grouping of related words of the same topic or thought and
can be subdivided into the number of lines it contains.
_____2. Villanelle has ABBAA rhyme scheme.
_____3. Isometric stanzas have the same syllabic beats in every line.
_____4. Rhyme are words that repeat the same sound.
_____5. Lines with sudden stops or unusual breaks may suggest another idea or
thought that can be puzzling or thrilling to the readers.
B. Determine the metric and rhythmic pattern of each of the lines in the table.
Lines Kind of Kind of Rhythmic/Metrical
feet meter pattern
1. The woods are lovely dark and deep iamb tetrameter Iambic tetrameter
2. But I have promises to keep
3. I wandered lonely as a cloud
4. And the raven never flitting, still is
sitting, still is sitting.
5. This is the forest primeval, the
murmuring pines and the hemlocks

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 Lesson Techniques and
2 Literary Devices
What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• identify the poetic devices and techniques in specific form of poetry;
• analyze how the author’s choice and use of a genre shapes the meaning of
the literary work; and
• compose poems employing poetic devices and techniques.

What’s In
Directions. Read the following texts. Determine if the given texts are poems or not.
1. “Autumn moonlight— 2. To Miss Vera Beringer
a worm digs silently (By Lewis Carroll)
into the chestnut.” “There was a young lady of station
(Autumn Moonlight, by Basho)1 ‘I love man’ was her sole exclamation;
But when men cried: ‘You flatter,’
She replied, ‘Oh! no matter
Isle of Man is the true explanation.'”2
3. 4.

Do you have an answer in mind now? Which are poems and which are
not? Let’s find out.

1 “Autumn Moonlight”, Matsuo Basho, accessed May 18, 2020, https://literarydevices.net/haiku/

2 “To Miss Vera Beringer”, Lewis Carroll, accessed May 18, 2020, https://literarydevices.net/limerick/
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 What’s New
All of the given texts are examples of poems. The first example is a free verse, the
second one is a visual poem, the third example is a haiku, and the fourth one is a
limerick. These are just some of the different forms of poetry.

What is It

SPECIFIC FORMS, DEVICES AND LITERARY DEVICES

1. Forms of Poetry

15 Types of Poetic Forms

1. Blank verse. Blank verse is poetry written with a precise meter—almost
always iambic pentameter—that does not rhyme
Act 2, Scene 2 of Romeo and Juliet. It begins:
But soft! What light through yonder window breaks?
It is the East, and Juliet is the sun!
Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,
Who is already sick and pale with grief
That thou her maid art far more fair than she.

2. Rhymed poetry. In contrast to blank verse, rhymed poems rhyme by

definition, although their scheme varies.
3. Free verse. Free verse poetry is poetry that lacks a consistent rhyme
scheme, metrical pattern, or musical form
“Portrait of a Lady” by Carlos Williams
Your thighs are appletrees
whose blossoms touch the sky.
Which sky? The sky
where Watteau hung a lady's
slipper. Your knees
are a southern breeze -- or
a gust of snow. Agh! what
sort of man was Fragonard?
-- As if that answered
anything. -- Ah, yes. Below
the knees, since the tune
drops that way, it is
one of those white summer days,
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 the tall grass of your ankles
flickers upon the shore --
Which shore? --
the sand clings to my lips --
Which shore?
Agh, petals maybe. How
should I know?
Which shore? Which shore?
-- the petals from some hidden
appletree -- Which shore?
I said petals from an appletree.

4. Epic. An epic poem is a lengthy, narrative work of poetry. These long

poems typically detail extraordinary feats and adventures of characters
from a distant past.
• Examples of epics are: Gilgamesh of Sumer, Mahabharata and
Ramayana from India, the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, and our
own Biag-ni-Lam-Ang of the Ilocanos.

5. Narrative poetry. Similar to an epic, a narrative poem tells a story.

6. Haiku. A haiku is a three-line poetic form originating in Japan. The first
line has five syllables, the second line has seven syllables, and the third
line again has five syllables
“The Old Pond” by Matsuo Bashō
An old silent pond
A frog jumps into the pond—
Splash! Silence again.

7. Pastoral poetry. A pastoral poem is one that concerns the natural world,
rural life, and landscapes.
“The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”
Christopher Marlowe
(excerpt)
Come live with me and be my love,
And we will all the pleasures prove,
That Valleys, groves, hills, and fields,
Woods, or steepy mountain yields.

And we will sit upon the Rocks,

Seeing the Shepherds feed their flocks,
By shallow Rivers to whose falls
Melodious birds sing Madrigals.

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8. Sonnet. A sonnet is a 14-line poem, typically (but not exclusively)
concerning the topic of love. Sonnets contain internal rhymes within
their 14 lines; the exact rhyme scheme depends on the style of a sonnet.

• There are three kinds of sonnet: Petrarchan, Shakespearian, and

Spenserian. They are named after the poets who made sonnets
using their specific rhyme patterns.

Type Rhyme Scheme

Petrarchan ABBAABBA; CDECDE or

(Petrarch) CDCDCD

Shakespearean ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG

(William Shakespeare)

Spenserian ABAB, BCBC, CDCD, EE

(Edmund Spenser)
9. Elegies. An elegy is a poem that reflects upon death or loss.
Traditionally, it contains themes of mourning, loss, and reflection.
“O Captain! My Captain!”
Walt Whitman
O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

10. Ode. Much like an elegy, an ode is a tribute to its subject, although the
subject need not be dead—or even sentient.
“Ode to a Nightingale”
John Keats
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:
'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,
But being too happy in thine happiness,
That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,
In some melodious plot
Of beechen green, and shadows numberless,
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.
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11. Limerick. A limerick is a five-line poem that consists of a single stanza,
an AABBA rhyme scheme.
Opening poem from A Book of Nonsense: Edward Lear
There was an Old Man with a beard,
Who said, 'It is just as I feared!
Two Owls and a Hen,
Four Larks and a Wren,
Have all built their nests in my beard!'

12. Lyric poetry. Lyric poetry refers to the broad category of poetry that
concerns feelings and emotion.
“Because I could not stop for Death”
Emily Dickinson
Because I could not stop for Death –
He kindly stopped for me –
The Carriage held but just Ourselves –
And Immortality.

We slowly drove – He knew no haste

And I had put away
My labor and my leisure too,
For His Civility –

We passed the School, where Children strove

At Recess – in the Ring –
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain –
We passed the Setting Sun –

Or rather – He passed us –
The Dews drew quivering and chill –
For only Gossamer, my Gown –
My Tippet – only Tulle –

13. Ballad. A ballad (or ballade) is a form of narrative verse that can be either
poetic or musical. It typically follows a pattern of rhymed quatrains.
“La Belle Dame sans Merci”
John Keats
I saw pale kings and princes too,
Pale warriors, death-pale were they all;
They cried—‘La Belle Dame sans Merci
Thee hath in thrall!’

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 I saw their starved lips in the gloam,
With horrid warning gapèd wide,
And I awoke and found me here,
On the cold hill’s side.

And this is why I sojourn here,

Alone and palely loitering,
Though the sedge is withered from the lake,
And no birds sing.

14. Soliloquy. A soliloquy is a monologue in which a character speaks to

him or herself, expressing inner thoughts that an audience might not
otherwise know.

• A soliloquy is a long speech spoken by a single character that is

not intended to be heard by any other character in the play
Effectively, time stops in the action of the play, because the
soliloquy articulates thoughts that might flash through a person’s
head in the span of a few seconds.
• A monologue is spoken by a single character but is addressed to
the other characters on stage (or on screen).

15. Villanelle. A nineteen-line poem consisting of five tercets and a quatrain,

with a highly specified internal rhyme scheme. Originally a variation on a
pastoral, the villanelle has evolved to describe obsessions and other
intense subject matters.
One Art
Elizabeth Bishop - 1911-1979

The art of losing isn't hard to master;

so many things seem filled with the intent
to be lost that their loss is no disaster.

Lose something every day. Accept the fluster

of lost door keys, the hour badly spent.
The art of losing isn't hard to master.

Then practice losing farther, losing faster:

places, and names, and where it was you meant
to travel. None of these will bring disaster.

I lost my mother's watch. And look! my last, or

next-to-last, of three loved houses went.
The art of losing isn't hard to master.

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 I lost two cities, lovely ones. And, vaster,
some realms I owned, two rivers, a continent.
I miss them, but it wasn't a disaster.

—Even losing you (the joking voice, a gesture

I love) I shan't have lied. It's evident
the art of losing's not too hard to master
though it may look like (Write it!) like disaster.3

2. Devices and Literary Techniques

Writing is like cooking. If you want to make a more delectable dish, you should use a
mix of spices to add flavor to your dish. Literary devices do just that in a literary work.
When used effectively these devices add flavor and texture to your work.
According to Brinks (2019), a poetic device is a deliberate use of words, phrases,
sounds, and even shapes to convey meaning also; a poetic device is a deliberate use
of words, phrases, sounds, and even shapes to convey meaning.

A literary device is any specific aspect of literature, or a particular work, which

we can recognize, identify, interpret and/or analyze. Poetic devices are plans or
methods of arrangements of words which can assist the writer in developing
expressions that are appealing to his/her readers. Both literary elements and literary
techniques can rightly be called literary devices.
Literary techniques are specific, deliberate constructions of language which
an author uses to convey meaning. An author’s use of a literary technique usually
occurs with a single word or phrase, or a particular group of words or phrases, at one
single point in a text. Unlike literary elements, literary techniques are not necessarily
present in every text.
Literary Devices in Poetry

Alliteration: The repetition of a consonant sound at the start of 2 or more

consecutive words in a series.
-D.H. Lawrence “Snake”
“And flickered his two-forked tongue
From his lips, and mused a moment,
And stopped and drank a little more,
From the burning bowels of the earth.

Allusion: A reference or suggestion to a historical or well-known person, place or

thing.
-William Shakespeare “Not Marble Nor The Gilded Monuments”
“Nor Mars his sword nor war’s quick fire shall burn
The living record of your memory.”

Anaphora: The repeated use of word at the start of two or more consecutive lines.
-Vikram Seth “The Frog and the nightingale”

3 “One Art”, Elizabeth Bishop, accessed May 19, 2020, https://poets.org/poem/one-art

Page 22 of 29
 Said the frog:” I tried to teach her, But she was a stupid creature-
Far too nervous, far too tense.
Far too prone to influence.

Antithesis: Use of opposite words in close placement

-Kahlil Gibran “Song of the Rain”
“The voice of thunder declares my arrival;
The rainbow announces my departure.”

Assonance: The repetition of a vowel sound within a sentence.

-William Shakespeare “Seven Ages of Man”
“All the world’s a stage and all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and entrances”

Imagery: The creation of any sensory effect like visual, auditory, olfactory,
gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic, organic.( to create scenes in the poem)
-Vikram Seth “The Frog and the nightingale”
“But one night a nightingale
In the moonlight cold and pale
Perched upon the sumac tree
Casting forth her melody”

Asyndeton: A writing style in which conjunctions are omitted between words,

phrases or clauses.
-Alfred, Lord Tennyson “The Brook”
I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance

Consonance: The repetition of a consonant sound in a sentence. It can be at the

beginning, middle or end of the word.
-William Blake, “The Tyger”
“Tyger Tyger, burning bright,
In the forests of the night;
What immortal hand or eye,
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?”

Hyperbole: It is a Greek word meaning “overcasting”. The use of exaggeration to

lay emphasis.
-Percy Bysshe Shelley “Ozymandias”
“My name is Ozymandias, King of kings”

Enjambment: The sentence continues into two or more lines in a poem

Langston Hughes, “Harlem”
“What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up
like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore—
And then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar over—
like a syrupy sweet?

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 Inversion: It is also known as “anastrophe” the normal order of words is reversed,
in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis.
-Thomas Campbell “Lord Ullin’s Daughter”
“His horsemen hard behind us ride
Should they our steps discover”
Metaphor: It is direct comparison by highlighting a particular quality of two
things.
-Emily Dickenson “Hope is the thing with feathers”
"Hope is the thing with feathers
That perches in the soul,
And sings the tune without the words,
And never stops at all."
Onomatopoeia: It is the usage of sound words to create a dramatic effect
-Alfred, Lord Tennyson “The Brook”
“I chatter over stony ways,
In little sharps and trebles,
I bubble into eddying bays,
I babble on the pebbles.
Oxymoron: It is when apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction. (here
the words are not opposite to each other like it is in antithesis but their meaning is
opposite)
-William Shakespeare “Romeo and Juliet”
“Why, then, o brawling love! O loving hate!
Personification: It means to give human quality to an object or a non-living thing.
-Sylvia Plath “Mirror”
“I am silver and exact. I have no preconceptions.
Whatever I see I swallow immediately”
Simile: It is the comparison between two things or persons by using like or as.
-Samuel Taylor Coleridge “Rime of the ancient mariner”
“The bride hath paced into the hall,
Red as a rose is she”
Refrain: A verse, a line, a set, or a group of lines that repeats, at regular intervals,
in different stanzas.
- Octavio Paz “Wind, Water, Stone”
Water hollows stone,
wind scatters water,
stone stops the wind.
Water, wind, stone.
Wind carves stone,
stone's a cup of water,
water escapes and is wind.
Stone, wind, water.
Synecdoche: It is a word or phrase in which a part of something is used to refer to
the whole of it.
-Emily Dickinson "I heard a Fly buzz—when I died"
“The Eyes around—had wrung them dry—
And Breaths were gathering firm
For that last Onset—when the King
Be witnessed—in the Room”

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 What I Can Do
Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle by supplying the techniques described in
each item. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
8 9

Across
1. the use of sound words to give its meaning
2. repeating of words, lines, or verse at regular intervals
3. continuation of a sentence into two or more lines in a poem
4. putting the order of words in reverse
Down
5. the omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses
6. the use of words with opposite meaning in close placement
7. the repeating of words at the start of two or more consecutive lines
8. using two contradictory words together to give new meaning
9. the use of words which appeal to the senses.

What I Have Learned

A ________________ is any specific aspect of literature, or a particular work,

which we can recognize, identify, interpret and/or analyze. Poetic devices are
________________________ of arrangements of words which can assist the writer in
developing expressions that are appealing to his/her readers. Both literary
_________and literary _______________can rightly be called literary devices. There are
____________ types of poetry. Some literary device are _________,__________, _________.

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 What’s More
Haiku Challenge!
Directions: You are challenged to write your haiku. Choose your subject
from the pictures below. Write your haiku composition on a separate sheet
of paper.

https://tinyurl.com/4nhykpbh
https://tinyurl.com/34uf4x78- https://tinyurl.com/e9a4j952

Criteria for Haiku:

Word Choice Poem is creative and original. It is evident that the poet 10
and Creativity put thought into their words and uniquely conveyed their
ideas and emotions.
Form The poem follows the style of Haiku Poetry; this includes 10
3 lines written as follows: 5 syllables, 7 syllables, 5
syllables. Poem contains information about the season
and the time of day.
Grammar and Work is completely free of spelling and grammar errors. 10
Spelling

Post Test
Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct
answer in a separate sheet of paper.
For items 1 to 4, read the poem and answer the questions that follow.

“There was a young lady of station

‘I love man’ was her sole exclamation;
But when men cried: ‘You flatter,’
She replied, ‘Oh! no matter
Isle of Man is the true explanation.'”.

“To Miss Vera Beringer” by Lewis Carroll

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 1. What stanza is displayed in the poem?
a. couplet b. septet c. cinquain d. octave
2. Which of the following rhyming words cannot be seen in the poem?
a. station – explanation c. exclamation – station
b. flatter – matter d. matter – fatter
3. What rhyme scheme is applied in the poem?
a. ABCAB b. AABBA c. ABBAA d. AABAA
4. What specific type of poetry is used in the poem?
a. haiku b. sonnet c. limerick d. ode
For items 5 to 6, read the poem and answer the questions that follow.

“But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,

Feed'st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel,
Making a famine where abundance lies,
Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel.”

5. What stanza is displayed in the poem?

a. tercet b. quatrain c. sextain d. sestet
6. What is the rhyme scheme of the excerpt,
a. ABBA b. AABB c. ABAB
7. What type of poetry is exemplified the poem, “A single leaf dances in the breeze,/
Unguided and unafraid/ Testament to nature’s freedom/ Unconventionally beautiful/
Mesmerizing in its movements/ nature’s ballerina”?
a. lyric b. limerick c. narrative d. descriptive
8. What type of sonnet consists of an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines)?
a. Spenserian b. Shakespearian c. Petrarchan Sonnet d. all of the above
9. The “Odyssey” by Homer centers on the struggles and victories of Odysseus, the
king of Ithaca. What type of poetry is this?
a. lyric b. ode c. elegy d. epic
10. The poem, “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge tells
the story of an old sailor who has returned from his voyaging and wants to
share the terrible things he has encountered on the high seas. What time of
poetry is this?
a. ballad b. epic c. ode d. descriptive
11. What type of poem uses the page to present a picture?
a. free verse poetry b. performance poetry
c. prose poetry d. visual poetry
12. What type of poetry has 14 lines?
b. lyric b. narrative c. pastoral d. sonnet
13. What do you call of the grouping of lines in a poem?
a. couplet b. quatrain c. tercet d. stanza
14. What do you call of the repeated sound at the end of or within the lines of
poems?
a. assonance b. repetition c. rhyme d. rhythm
15. Which literary technique pertains to the use of the same consonant at the
beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse?
a. alliteration b. ballad c. consonance d. diction

Page 27 of 29
REFERENCES
Online sources:
• Barron, K. (2020). 12 Types of Poems: How to Recognize Them and Write Your Own.
Retrieved https://www.tckpublishing.com/types-of-poems/
• Collins, B. Poetry (2019). 101: Learn About Poetry, Different Types of Poems, and
Poetic Devices With Examples. Retrieved
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/poetry-101-what-is-a-petrarchan-
sonnet-learn-about-petrarchan-sonnets-with-examples#what-is-the-
structure-of-a-petrarchan-sonnet
• “Elements of Poetry”. Retrieved http://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-meter-in-poetry.html
• Brainy Quotes . “T. S. Eliot Quotes page 2”, Accessed May 21, 2020,
https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/t-s-eliot-quotes_2
• Collins, Billy. “masterclass.com”. Updated July 2, 2019.
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/poetry-101-what-is-a-stanza-in-poetry-
stanza-definition-with-examples#what-purpose-do-stanzas-serve-in-poetry.
• Collins, Billy. “masterclass.com.” https://www.masterclass.com/articles/poetry-
101-what-is-a-stanza-in-poetry-stanza-definition-with-examples#what-are-the-
different-types-of-stanza.
• Collins, Billy. “masterclass.com.” Masterclass Articles. Updated July 2, 2019.
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-a-rhyme-scheme-learn-about-10-
different-poetry-rhyme-schemes#10-different-rhyme-schemes.
• Collins, Billy. “masterclass.com.” Masterclass Articles. Updated July 2, 2019.
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/poetry-101-learn-about-poetry-
different-types-of-poems-and-poetic-devices-with-examples#what-is-a-
rhyme-scheme
• Eberhart, Lawrence. “Philippine Sonnet”. Updated November 27, 2012,
http://poetscollective.org/everysonnet/philippine-sonnet/.
• Express News. “Coronavirus pandemic Poem”. Updated May 9, 2020,
https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1277555/Coronavirus-pandemic-
poem-this-morning-Tom-Roberts-The-Great-Realisation-poem-in-FULL.
• Gupta, Ruchika. “Literary Devices in Poems.”. Accessed May 21, 2020,
https://www.successcds.net/learn-english/literary-devices-in-poems.html
• Help Teaching, “Figurative Language in Poetry”, accessed May 21, 2020,
https://www.helpteaching.com/tests/236727/figurative-language-in- poetry
• Knotek, Anatol. “Bye”, Accessed May 19, 2020,
http://www.anatol.cc/concrete_poetry.html#.XsjWoUQzbDc
• Lein, Linda Frances. “Lesson 13: Sound and Rhythm in Poetry”. Accessed May 8,
2020,https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-distanceminnesota-
creativewriting/chapter/lesson-13-sound-and-rhythm-in-poetry/.
• Literary Devices. “Autumn Moonlight”, Matsuo Basho, accessed May 18, 2020,
https://literarydevices.net/haiku/
• Literary Devices. “To Miss Vera Beringer”, Lewis Carroll, accessed May 18, 2020,
https://literarydevices.net/limerick/
• Poets. “One Art”, Elizabeth Bishop, accessed May 19, 2020,
https://poets.org/poem/one-art
• Webexhibits.“from Vision and Prayer”, Dylan Thomas, accessed May 18, 2020,
http://www.webexhibits.org/ poetry/explore_21_visual_examples.html
• Your Dictionary. “After the Ship”, Walt Whitman, accessed May 18, 2020,
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/ examples-of-free-verse-poems.html

Book:
Buhisan, A. & Sayseng, A. (2017). Creative Writing. JFS Publishing Services

Page 28 of 29
Acknowledgements:

Creative Writing- SHS (Specialized Subject)

Quarter 1- Module 2: Elements of Poetry and Literary Devices

Development Team of the Module

Compiler: Haide Mayol, TIII, Apas National High School

Editors: Marijune I. Torreon, MTII, Abellana National School

Mary Jane M. Acusar, MTI, Abellana National School
Management Team:
Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent
Bernadette A.Susvilla, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Grecia F. Bataluna, Curriculum Implementation Division Chief
Norman R. Gabales, EPSvr-English
Vanessa L. Harayo, EPSvr-LRMS

Page 29 of 29