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Industrial Internet of Things: A Review

Conference Paper · March 2019

DOI: 10.1109/OPTRONIX.2019.8862436

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 Industrial Internet of Things: A Review
Avish Karmakar Naiwrita Dey Tapadyuti Baral
Manojeet Chowdhury
Department of Applied Department of Applied Department of Applied
Department of Applied
Electronics & Instrumentation Electronics & Instrumentation Electronics & Instrumentation
Electronics & Instrumentation
Engineering, RCCIIT Engineering, RCCIIT Engineering, RCCIIT
Engineering, RCCIIT
Kolkata, India Kolkata, India Kolkata, India
Kolkata, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]

Md. Rehan
Department of Applied
Electronics & Instrumentation
Engineering, RCCIIT
Kolkata, India
[email protected]

Abstract - For the past few years internet of things (IOT) has technology is getting evolved by the next industrial revolution
become of great interest for both academic and industrial in the era of industry 4.0 which is known to be as industrial
research. The term industrial IOT evolved when IT is integrated internet of things. Industry 4.0 is an usual term for
with industrial automation and control system. The review in technologies and ideas of value chain organization. Within the
this paper provides with the insights into an overview of
flexible structured Automated Factories of Industries 4.0,
industrial internet of things (IIOT), evolution of IOT,
transformation of IOT to IIOT, architecture of IIOT, different Physical processes, CPS monitors, develops a virtual map of
case studies & IIOT in business .This research study aimed to the physical world and make dispersive decisions [6]. Over the
evaluate up to date position of IIOT in present scenario and CPS communicates and cooperates with each other and
providing some research recommendation for future researchers. humans in real world [7].Using the Internet of Services, both
internal and intra-organizational services are offered to the
Keywords – IOT, IIOT, Industrial Automation, Industry 4.0, PLC,
Data Analytics.
participants for utilizing the value chain[8].
History of IIOT
IOT was for the commercial sector, and IIOT is for the
I. INTRODUCTION industrial sector. By the technology of IIOT, it is possible to
amalgamate all this data - sensor output, user input, service
In recent years a lot of work has been carried out in real life provider availability and knowledge and more - to provide
application of IOT. Definition says that it is the technology real-time responses with the addition of accurate and effective
dealing with the interconnection of physical devices along real-time responses: first-time-fixes. And this is how the
with inter-relation of data via internet without requirement of technology is getting evolved by the next industrial revolution
human to machine, human to human interaction[1-2]. The idea in the era of industry 4.0 which is known to be as industrial
was often known to be as ‘embedded internet’ [3]. But the internet of things. Industry 4.0 is an usual term for
actual term ‘internet of things’ was introduced by Kevin technologies and concepts of value chain organization. Within
Ashton in 1999. The concept of IOT started to gain some the modular structured Smart Factories of Industries 4.0, CPS
popularity in the summer of 2010. In 2011, Gartner, the monitors physical processes, develops a virtual copy of the
market research company included a new emerging physical world and make dispersive decisions[6]. Over the
phenomenon on their list: “The Internet of Things” [4]. The IOT, CPS communicates and cooperates with each other and
very next year the theme of Europe’s biggest Internet humans in real time [7].Via the IOS [Internet of Services],
conference LeWeb was the Internet of Things. The term both internal and intra-organizational services are offered to
Internet of Things reached mass market awareness in January the participants for utilizing the value chain[8]. The review in
2014 in which Google announced to buy Nest for $3.2bn[5]. this paper has been carried out in the following aspects:
History of IIOT  Evolution & Revolution of IOT.
IOT was for the commercial sector, and IIOT is for the  Transformation of IOT to IIOT.
industrial sector. By the technology of IIOT, it is possible to  Conceptual Architecture of IIOT.
amalgamate all this data - sensor output, user input, service  How IIOT is linked with Industry 4.0.
provider availability and knowledge and more - to provide  How IIOT helps in Industrial automation.
real-time responses with the addition of accurate and effective
real-time responses: first-time-fixes. And this is how the

978-1-7281-0070-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

  What type of role is played by Data Analytics in
IIOT.
 Case Studies of some present companies based on
IIOT.
 How it is beneficial in terms of business application.

II. EVOLUTION & REVOLUTION

The Internet of things (IOT) isn’t only for connecting latest
gadgets, like voice-activated speaker or a smart thermostat, to
an increasingly connected society. In fact, some circumstances
have led to the eruption in technologies such as cloud
computing, better artificial intelligence, cheap sensors, are
also used in conjunction with big data to power the next
industrial generation, as well[9]. This new layer of technology,
known to be as Industrial internet of things (IIOT), is
Fig 1: Evolution of IOT
transforming massive industries like manufacturing, energy
consumption, mining and transportation, and it will have a
huge impact on the economic condition as a whole[10]. The III. IOT TO IIOT
path to creation of IIOT started in 1968, when Dick Marley
IOT, the kind of technology which connects the physical
made one of the most back through in manufacturing history.
objects through wired and wireless network whereas, IIOT, is
In 1968, Marley and his geek friends invented Programmable
the kind of technology which deals with the complex physical
logic controller (PLC), which became irreplaceable in
machinery which are linked with industrial sensors and its
automating assembly lines and industrial robots in
relevant software. Industrial internet of things not only
factories[11].
involves connection between machines but also has human
Due to the usage of smart devices, mobiles phones, laptops
interfacing unit for error-free system[14].
have expanded so too the internet of things. Encompassed
There is a huge chance, that the Industrial Internet of Things
within internet of things (IOT), networked devices, making
(IIOT) or Industry 4.0 will replace the simple and repetitive
use of I/O components and single board computers (SBCs)
jobs such as production assembly, administration, quality
that are increasingly utilized throughout the manufacturing
control, and planning. According to the recent report, the
process. The IIOT is making a way for quick transition to
overall picture of Industry 4.0 doesn’t look so bad. In fact, it is
industry 4.0, a set of business processes that are redefining the
very much beneficial for certain job profiles such as, IT and
manufacturing for the next generation. The IIOT and industry
R&D. Currently it is seen that the technology provided by
4.0 together can deliver a greater efficiency, high quality,
IIOT will enhance the utility of new product offers and
reduced overhead and improved safety[12].
business models such as machines-as-a-service, or on-the-spot
The Industrial internet of Things (IIOT) as shown in Fig. 1, is
3D printing [15].
presented as a revolution that is changing the face of industry
The Industry 4.0 initiated by Google in 2010 when they
in every insightful manner. In reality, IIOT is an evolution that
release there Google Street view. After that Chinese
has its origins in technologies and functionalities developed by
Government also introduced industrial internet of things into
visionary automations. The best outcome from IIOT is that
their five year plan. After that German Government pushed
end users and machine builders can now grasp their existing
the revolution.
investment in technology and people while taking advantages
IoT “things” means devices, which just not only turns on and
of available IIOT technologies. The emergence of IIOT
off remotely, they:
megatrend has made both hope and confusion among
stakeholders’ responsible for operating plants. Most of the • are “smart” devices with their self processing units.
type is to focus on impact of technological advancements on
• have several technique for exchanging information
existing automation platforms. The IIOT vision of the world is
with each other.
one where smart connected assets operate as part of larger
systems of systems that make up the smart manufacturing • send and receive information and can control the
enterprise[13]. overall network (including the internet)[16].
However, IIOT brings this to a new level, because it provides
a system and a standard for the universal interconnection via
IP (Internet Protocol). IP is the key to exchange information
over the internet, no matter what type of device is doing the
exchanging. They are able to communicate with other devices
that are on their network by using the same protocols and
architecture. Internet protocol(IP) played a very big role in the
interconnection of physical devices as well as network representation of the data objects are stored temporarily
infrastructure[17]. ensuring to ensure durability during failure of the operation
IIOT includes machine learning and big data technology along and system failure including networks.
with PLC (Programmable logic controller) and SCADA  Local Processors: They are low latency data processing
(Supervisory control and Data acquisition), it also improvised system providing fast processing of data. And which can be
automation technology by implementing self diagnosis and integrated with the device itself for data processing. This
rectification ability. However, in process control industries processor can be classified into data filters, event managers,
physical devices (pressure, temperature, vibration, flow, level data processors, rule-based engine, signal detectors,
and many more), which generally helps in only collecting algorithms, routers etc.[22]
data, but now these data are used in correction, analysis and  Application: These provide insight to the field operations
exchange in a new way[18]. According to the IIOT experts, in real time, these applications help staff to manage the
these technologies will greatly improve quality control, devices, interact with other systems, to manipulate the data.
maintain sustainability and green practices, and will improve Notification, alerts, visualization help them to make effective
supply chain management and efficiency. The transformation and calculated decisions [23].
of IOT from the commercial level to the industrial level as  Channels: These are data exchange medium between the
shown in fig. 2, affects a huge change in term of efficiency system and the application. It includes networks protocol,
and continuity of an industry throughout the globe[19]. satellite communications, API, routers etc.
 Gateways: Gateways provide a connection across various
networks and protocols enabling data transfers between
different IIOT devices. It includes intelligent signal routers,
information transfer protocol etc.
 Collectors: Collectors gather data from gateways using
standard protocols. It can be of custom made, these kinds of
devices vary from industry to industry depending upon the
needs.
 Processors: Processors are the heart in any kind of IIOT
solutions. Their primary functions involve data
transformations, signal detection, analytical models, complex
event processing, etc.
 Permanent Data Store: These are long-time data storage
Fig 2: Transformation of IOT to IIOT system connected to the IIOT system. They work as a
historian for the devices along with data from different sources
A. IIOT Architecture feeding data to the processors for advanced analytical
IIOT brings the concept of the Internet of things to processing and preparing models. It includes a massive
the enterprise level. Every enterprise has its unique clusters of amount of parallel processing data stores, cloud storage, data
devices with limited interfaces. Now considering the repositories, RDBMS, open source data etc. [24]
challenges, there is no single solution that solves all the  Models: There are basically two types of models in any
problem. IIOT solutions one is Analytical Model and another is Data
Key Components: Model. The data models provide a structure to the data while
 Industrial Control System: Industrial Control System is a the analytical models are custom builds to meet industry-
general term used to define software and hardware integration specific needs. Models play a crucial role in any IIOT
to control critical infrastructure. They are generally developed solutions, they are generally built by leveraging the data in
using distributed control system(DCS), programmable logic permanent data stores, human experiences, and industry
control(PLC), supervisory control and data standards. The analytical models are trained using a historical
acquisition(SCADA) system, remote terminal units(RTU), data set or using advanced machine learning. For example
control servers, human-machine interface(HMI), intelligent clustering, regressions, mathematical, statistical etc. And some
electronic device(IED) and many other industry-specific examples of data models are semantic models, entity-
system[20]. relationship mapping, JSON, XML/XSD etc. [25].
 Devices: Sensors, Interpreters, Translators these are some  Security: This is an important aspect of the IIOT based
industry-specific devices that interfaces with ICS, Transient system. It runs through the pipelines from the source to
Data Stores, Channels and Processors to provide data to the consumption. It includes data authorization, encryption,
application user end. They provide machine to machine authentication, user management, firewalls, masking etc. [26].
interaction, human to machine interaction and vice-versa  Computing Environments: The mentioned environment
capabilities to the Industrial Control System [21]. vary from industry to industry depending upon the business
 Transient Store: The Transient Data Store is a slave need and its landscape.
component to the master architecture where the transient • Fog Computing: Brings the analytics near to the source.
• Cloud Computing: Scaling analytics globally across the unlock production, diminish the operating costs and
industry. optimize assets.”
• Hybrid Computing: Mix of fog and cloud computing  “The Industrial Internet, a interconnection of
optimizing operations tailored for specific fields need [27]. intelligent machines working the way they are
designed, will transform business as dramatically as
the consumer Internet has changed our lives”[30].
Since then, companies across the world had tried, and even
trying to implement IIOT in their manufacturing sector, to
become the part of industrial revolution.

C. Industrial Automation & IIOT

When one looks at the categorization of the actuators,
sensors, and low-level devices that are required to enable IoT
or IIOT, Industrial Automation has an advantage. Most
industries are waiting on the categorization of the low-level
connected devices to enable IoT in that industry.
IoT on industrial automation, which transformed from
commercial level to the industrial level, brings the
contemporary and revolutionary technology of industry 4.0,
Fig 3: Conceptual architecture of IIOT known to be as IIOT[31]. The Industrial Internet of Things
B. IIOT and Industry 4.0 will improvise on how Industrial Automation networks are
The initiative of creating industry 4.0, was taken by the designed and used, both now and in the future. IIOT will
German government in the year 2010, and became the most increase the productivity of the Industrial Automation
competitive manufacturing country and even a global leader in network. With the huge amount of currently categorized
the sector of manufacturing equipments. Industry 4.0 is a era connected end devices, considering the value of new data that
of new approach and to achieve results that weren't possible is available at the end device, and the categorization of cyber
10 years ago[28]. Industry 4.0 comprises of traditional security practices. The industrial IoT can shield industrial
manufacturing and industrial practices with the increasing of system from downtime by detecting the earliest sign of
technological world around us. This includes using large-scale malfunction and preventing their aggravations. Installing IoT
Machine-to-Machine and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors into industrial system allows operators to know what’s
involvement which helps the manufacturers and consumers in going on with the equipments in near real time, with high
same manner with the increased automation, developed accuracy. Sensors provide an in-detail report and/or
communication and monitoring, along with self-diagnosis and information over the equipments status, performance, and
new levels of analysis to provide a truly productive future. security. When one can predict problems of the system, it can
Industry 4.0, takes a broad information and communication prevent going down too. As a whole, IIOT contributes a lot in
technology which brings the evolution in the supply chain and recent industries in terms speed of response, performance,
production which results in the development of both accuracy and security of the system, which sets the industrial
automation and digitization. It means self-optimization, self- automation to a next level [32].
configuration in machines and even artificial intelligence to
complete complex tasks, this results in cost efficiencies and D. Data Analytics and Cyber security
better quality goods or services. The above interests and Cyber security is the protection of internet connected system,
requirements of industries took the initiation of evolving IoT including hardware, software, and data from getting hacked.
to the new era of technology, known to be as IIOT [29]. So, a system in which IIOT is implemented, should also look
Industry experts and market analysts all over the world had over this above technique/technology for its security. Data
defined the IIOT according to their own aspects, are analysis also plays a vital role in modern industry by
mentioned bellow: improving the productivity along with its operational
 “The Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) is the next efficiency. Big data can be categorized in three parts: data
step of innovation which influences the way the storage, data security and data analysis. In IIOT, data
world connects and optimizes machines. The IIOT, analytics can be categorized as per required applications, such
through the use of sensors, advanced analytics and as offline analytics, real time analytics, business intelligence
intelligent decision making, will totally transform the level analytics, memory level analytics and massive analytics.
way, field devices connect and communicate with The data, by which further operation is done, i.e. analysis with
the system.” its sensor data, audio, images and videos[33].
 “Leading O&G companies are constructing the Data analytics can further be classified into four parts:
framework where sensors, data management, 1. Inspecting -In the data Inspecting process, a corrupted or
advanced analytics and automation are being used to inaccurate record is identified from the database and sends the
data for further operation.
2. Cleansing -In the data cleansing process, corrupted data can Hirotec Group, a Japanese company is recognized as one of
be modifying, deleting or replacing. It is performed by the the largest private production organization in the world’s
data wrangling tools through scripting. Then the resultant data automated market. They planned to implement industry 4.0
is proceeding for the transforming process. innovations for handling of arbitrary downtime. The Hirotec
3. Transforming -In the data transformation, data can be Group integrated an IOT platform to boost up its functional
converted into one format to another. And then it’s proceed for capabilities along with its predictive analytics .Minimization
the modeling of downtime in various manufacturing facilities is one of
4. Modelling data -In the data Modelling process (as shown in prime concern. As industry 4.0 manufacturing models are
fig. 4) there are creating a data model for an information introduced in market, it has become a way with major
system by applying certain formal techniques[34]. importance for all the companies to obtain desired results[40].
Three pilots of the IOT platform were completed by Hirotec
Company[41]. They first recorded and analyzed data from
CNC machines in Detroit plant of Hirotec[42]. In next pilot, in
order to perform remote observation of an automated exhaust
systems , Hirotec implemented the platform of IIOT. For this
pilot data sources are inspection robots, cameras ,various
sensors, laser based measurement equipments. The company
started incorporating the systems to perform real time
observation of the whole production line of automobile
system along with automated report generation facility.

V. IIOT APPLICATION IN BUSINESS AREA

Among the various important and turbulent applications,

Fig 4: Model of Data analysis Predictive monitoring maintenance is an important one. It
comprises of many sensor data as possible, such as vibration,
temperature, humidity, density, current, voltage etc. by the use
IV. VARIOUS CASE STUDIES of machine learning. Some machine learning algorithms can
Black and Decker predict failure in advance. Every company wants to minimize
Black & Decker which is a well known industry as the number of accidents, environmental incidents, zero safety
manufacturer of power tool has turned into Cisco to impart a incidents, and zero break downs. Sensors on any machine can
IIOT based solution for the increased complexity in it’s check the machine health data points and give warnings
manufacturing unit in Reynosa and a perceptible solution for accordingly, but what this type of devices can’t do is to tell
wireless connectivity[36]. why or when the system will fail. The idea of predictive
Company’s Wi-Fi enabled programmable logic controllers maintenance is to build a system which can provide accurate
modules are integrated with Aeroscout’s Wi-Fi tags .These probability predictions on the data, rather than only reporting
units are used to monitor certain quality criteria of any product it. For example, the whole manufacturing unit of a company
when it reaches the goal line. The plant attained an percentage can be controlled by an automated system. The system can
increase of around 10 in terms of labour efficiency and other predict when a component is going to fail and it can place an
critical resources. It improves the overall utilization rates upto order for the component so that the order arrives in time for
90%. Quality defects per million opportunities is also reduced the maintenance crew to replace within a time schedule, so the
by 16%[37]. overall efficiency of the unit remains unchanged. This creates
a productive output with high-cost efficiency [43].
Transportation is the second largest market from an IIOT
AW ,North Carolina
perspective. Transportation and logistics firms are looking
AWNC is a manufacturer of different automatic transmission
forward to the improvement of the value chain system with the
Elements in AW North Carolina. Smart technology is used for
technical communication and monitoring system based on
improvisation of manufacturing plant efficiency. They are
IIOT. As a whole, IIOT is creating a huge change in the field
using smart technology to improve efficiency of its
of automation industry across the globe [44].
manufacturing plants. AWNC’s Durham factory whose area
stretches around 1.3 million square foot. This factory has more
than 2000 employees and they supply more than 600000 VI. CONCLUSION
transmissions per year. AWNC said that each of the unit is
consist of around 700-800 parts which are highly specialized Internet of Things and Industrial Internet of Things has
.Each part has a rigid standard of its own[38-39]. immense power to provide various applications across
Hirotec: different commercial and industrial domains. This review
provides a research and application roadmap with its broad
visions. All industrial systems need to be very much sensitive 21. J. DeNatale , R. Borwick , P. Stupar , R. Anderson , K. Garrett , W. Morris
and J.J. Yao,“MEMS high resolution 4-20 mA current sensors for industrial
about the safety and security of the IIOT devices to prevent
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to be carried out related to security issues surrounding IIOT. , Volume: 2,Year 2003.
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