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Immunity Combined Lectures-1

The document discusses immunity and the immune response to HIV and AIDS. It defines immunity as the body's defense system against disease-causing microorganisms. It outlines the objectives of reviewing immune response components and mechanisms, as well as disorders like AIDS. It then describes the three lines of defense in the immune system: non-specific barriers, inflammation and phagocytes as the first line; cellular and chemical defenses as the second line; and antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses as the third line. It focuses on the roles of B cells, T cells, antibodies, and memory cells in these responses.

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Irfan Ullah
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57 views46 pages

Immunity Combined Lectures-1

The document discusses immunity and the immune response to HIV and AIDS. It defines immunity as the body's defense system against disease-causing microorganisms. It outlines the objectives of reviewing immune response components and mechanisms, as well as disorders like AIDS. It then describes the three lines of defense in the immune system: non-specific barriers, inflammation and phagocytes as the first line; cellular and chemical defenses as the second line; and antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses as the third line. It focuses on the roles of B cells, T cells, antibodies, and memory cells in these responses.

Uploaded by

Irfan Ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignments: 1

Immunity HIV & AiDS

Prepared by:
Zahoor ul islam
2

IMMUNITY DEFINITION
towards injury
caused by microorganism and their products.

• Prote
one the immune
response, which entirely is concerned with the
of the consequences of
reaction of the body against any foreign antigen.

Immunity is the body system defence against disease causing


3
Objectives
At the end of this session students will be able to:
Review the following concepts of immune response
Components f immune response
Humoral versus cell mediated immunity
Discuss the disorder of immune response including.
AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of HIV infection.


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5
Immunity 6

Non specific Specific

Physical Chemical Inflammation Humoral Cell-mediate


barrier barrier Phagocytes Immunity Immunity
(skin, mucous (lysozyme, (neutrophils,
membrane) HCl, macrophages),
interferon)
 Nonspecific Defense/immunity
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 body’s primary defense.

7/7/2023
 intact skin & healthy mucous membranes
 lysozyme (in saliva and tears) destroys bacteria
 stomach acid destroys ingested bacteria
 phagocytes engulf bacteria entering the body
 inflammatory response including fever
 Complement proteins in plasma
 Specific Defense/immunity
 directed against antigens, or molecules recognized as foreign bodies.
 produces antibodies to destroy invader.
 memory cells develop and remain in circulation.
 Two main types of cells: B cells and T cells
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Nonspecific cellular components


 Natural killer cells (NK cells): Lymphocytes that can destroy other
cells, especially tumor cells and other infected cells.
 Macrophages (phagocytes) often act as antigen presenting cells
(APCs).
 This is then identified by T cells.
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Three Lines of Defenses


First Line of Defense 10
It is nonspecific Defense:
 Intact Skin: Forms mechanical barrier that prevents
entry of pathogens and other harmful substances
into body.
 Intact mucous membranes: Form mechanical
barrier that prevents entry of pathogens.
 Mucous: Traps pathogens in respiratory and
digestive tracts.
 Nasal hair: Filter and trap microbes in nasal
passage.
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First Line cont…


 Gastric juice: Contains HCl that destroys pathogens in stomach.
 Lysozyme: Found in tears and saliva that Kills microbes.
 Urine: Flushes out lower urinary tract; and, its lower PH also inhibits
some microbial growth.
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Second Line of defense

 Nonspecific cellular and chemical defense


 Inflammatory response: Prevents spread of harmful agents to adjacent
tissues; promotes tissue repair; release chemical mediators to attract
phagocytes and stimulate third line of immune response.
 Fever: It is systemic response initiated by pyrogens (i.e. prostaglandin);
elevetaed body temperature inhibits microbial proliferation.
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Second Line cont…


 Phagocytes: Engulf pathogens and contribute immune response.
Antimicrobial proteins:
►Interferon: Proteins released by virus infected cells that protect uninfected
cells from viral overtake; mobilize immune system.
►Complement: Enhances phagocytosis by opsonization, Lyses microbes,
and intensifies inflammatory and immune responses.
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7/7/2023
Third Line of defense 15
 It’s response is antigen specific, means differentiates
pathogens.
 Third line of defense consists of humoral and cell
mediated immune response.
 For each type of pathogen, the immune system
produces cells and antibodies that are specific for that
particular pathogen.
 They fight off pathogens and provide long term
immunity by keeping record of the antigen into its
memory.
 Secondary response is thus relatively rapid and
stronger than the primary response.
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Humoral and Cell-mediated
 Humoral immunity (or antibody mediated): involves the production
of antibodies.
It is governed by B-lymphocytes.
 Cell mediated immunity: is governed by
T-lymphocytes which involve different types of T-cells
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Cell mediated Immunity
 Cell mediated immunity Involves T-lymphocytes that act
against infected cell or foreign cell or tissue.
 T cells are produced in bone marrow but mature in the
thymus gland.
 Also regulate the activation and proliferation of other
immune system cells
 Cell mediated immune response is directed against
bacteria and viruses inside phagocytic cells or infected
host cells.
 This also causes rejection of implanted tissue.
 T lymphocytes proliferate into different types of cells
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Types of T cells
 Helper T-Cells: which activate macrophages and
help B cells.
Helper T cell also produce chemicals called
cytokines such as interlukin and interferon.
 Cytotoxic T-Cells: destroy target cells on contact by
producing toxin (perforin) that lyses infected cells.
 Suppressor T-Cells: (also called regulatory T cells)
are involved in stopping the reaction once the
danger is finished.
 Memory T-Cells: are long-lived cells which give long
term immunity against that pathogen.
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Humoral immunity

 B cells or B lymphocytes are responsible for antibodies production.


 This provides resistance to bacteria and viruses and bacterial toxins
 Antibodies or immunoglobulins that recognize different types of
antigens.
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B cells cont…
 B cells are produced and matured in stem cells of bone marrow.
 Mature B cells are found in lymphoid tissues like spleen and lymph
nodes.
 B cells Recognize antigen by antigen receptors on cell surface.
 We make 100 million lymphocytes a day, so equal number must die.
This death of cells is known as ‘Apoptosis’ or ‘programmed cell death’
Activation of B cells 21
 Each B cell produces an antibody against a
particular antigen.
 When antigen comes in contact with B cells they
form plasma cells and B memory cells.
 Plasma cells start the production of antibodies
while Memory cells give long term immunity
against that pathogen by keeping its record.
 Antibodies start binding to antigen and thus
inactivate the antigens.
 Secondary response of immune system is
quicker and stronger than the primary one.
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THANK YOU !

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