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List of Formulas

This document contains formulas and definitions for various statistical concepts including: 1. Logarithm formulas including log(xy) = logx + logy. 2. Formulas for calculating arithmetic mean, median, mode, and geometric mean of data sets. 3. Measures of variation such as range, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. 4. Formulas for Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination. 5. Equations for linear regression analysis, including the regression equation and calculating the slope.

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Chironjit Das (143011001)
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29 views3 pages

List of Formulas

This document contains formulas and definitions for various statistical concepts including: 1. Logarithm formulas including log(xy) = logx + logy. 2. Formulas for calculating arithmetic mean, median, mode, and geometric mean of data sets. 3. Measures of variation such as range, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. 4. Formulas for Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination. 5. Equations for linear regression analysis, including the regression equation and calculating the slope.

Uploaded by

Chironjit Das (143011001)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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List Of Formulas

Muhammad Abu Ifkar


#21262025

Logarithm

Log (X*Y) = Log X + Log Y


Log (X/Y) = Log X - Log Y
Log (X)2 = 2 Log X
Log (2*X)2 = 2 Log (2X) = 2 (Log 2+ Log X)

Summation

5
�=1
�� = X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5
Y1 + Y2 + Y3+ ……………….. Yn = �� = 1 ��
Z1 + Z2 + Z3+ ……………….. Zn = �� = 1 ��
�
LogX1 + LogX2 + LogX3 + ………………… + LogXn = �=1
�����

Arithmetic Mean

Ungrouped Data -
�
�1 + �2 + �3+ ............... + �� �=1 ��
1. � = �
= �
�
2. � = �

Grouped Data -

��
1. � = �
(� = Frequency, X = Mid point of class, N = Total observations)

Median

Ungrouped Data -

Arrange the data in ascending or descending order. Then,


�+1
Med(X) = th observation
2

Relationship Among Mean, Median & Mode

1
Mean - Median = 3 ( ���� − ����)
Or, Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean

Geometric Mean

�
1. G.M. = �1 ∗ �2 ∗ �3 ∗ . . . . . . . . . ∗ ��
����
2. G.M. = antilog ( � )
Measures of Variation

1. Range = L - S (L = Largest value, S = Smallest value)


�−�
2. Coefficient of Range = � + �
3. Average Deviation -
� − ���
* �. �. ������ = �
(X = Values, Med = Median value, N = Number of observations)
�−�
* A.D. mean = �
(X = Values, � = Mean value of data set, N = Number of observations)
�−� 2
4. Standard Deviation, σ = �
(Higher SD implies larger variation)
5. Mathematical Properties of Standard Deviation -
* The standard deviation of the first N natural numbers (positive integer),
1
σ= 12
�2 − 1
* For a symmetric distribution, the following area relationships hold -
 Mean ± 1σ covers 68.27% observations
 Mean ± 2σ covers 95.45% observations
 Mean ± 3σ covers 99.73% observations
6. Coefficient of Variation ( To compare two or more data sets of different units ) -
σ
CV = � * 100 (Higher CV implies larger variation)

Correlation

1. Karl Pearson’s Correlation -


�−� ∗ �−�
� =
�−� 2 �−� 2

Degrees of Correlation -
 Perfect: ±1
 High/Strong Degree: Between ±0.50 and ±1
 Moderate/Medium Degree: Between ±0.30 and ±0.49
 Low/Small Degree/Weak: Below ±0.29
 No Correlation: 0
2. Probable Error of Correlation Coefficient -
1−r2
P.E. r = 0.6745 N
(r = Correlation, N = Number of observations)
No correlation: If r is less than P.E.r
Certain correlation: If r is 6 times more than P.E.r
3. Coefficient of Determination -
�2 = � ∗ �
If r = 0.5, then r = 0.25 meaning that 25% of variation in Y is explained by X
2

Regression

1. Regression Equation -

Y on X,
Y = a + bX
Where, Y = Dependent variable, X = Independent variable, a = Intercept, b = Slope/Coefficient

X on Y,
X = c + dY
2. Regression Analysis -

Regression equation of X on Y is,


X = a + bY

The equation can be written as,


� − � = ��� � − �
Here,

�−� �−� σ�
bxy = 2 =�∗
�−� σ�

Regression equation of Y on X is,


Y = a + bX
The equation can be written as,
� − � = ��� � − �
Here,

�−� �−� σ�
byx = 2 =�∗
�−� σ�

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