SIMPLE STRESS

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. MINETTE MERCA

INTRODUCTION
STATICS &
DYNAMICS
-study of external forces on rigid
bodies (bodies for which the
change in shape/deformation is Statics:
neglected) • Determine the forces at the support
• Assume the bar to be rigid and strong
enough to support the load

MECHANICS OF
DEFORMABLE BODIES Mechanics of deformable bodies:
• Investigate the bar itself to be sure that
-study of internal effects of it will neither break nor be so flexible
externally applied loads. The that it bends without supporting the load
bodies are no longer assumed to
be rigid; the deformations are of
major interest
 FORCES
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
Components:
Pxx Axial force. This component measures the pulling(or pushing) action over
the section. A pull represents a tensile force which tends to elongate the member,
whereas a push is a compressive force which tends to shorten it. It is denoted by P.

Pxy, Pxz Shear force. These are components of the total resistance to sliding the portion to one
side of the exploratory section Vy and Vz to identify their directions.

Mxx Torque. This component measures the resistance to twisting the member and is
commonly given the symbol T.

Mxy, Mxz Bending moments. These components measure the resistance to bending the
member about Y or Z axes and are often denoted merely by My or Mz.
The purpose of studying strength of materials is to
ensure that the structures used will be safe against
the maximum internal effects that may be
produced by any combination of loading
which bar is stronger?

SIMPLE STRESS
Solution:
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

500 𝑁 500 𝑁
𝜎1 = 2
= −6 2
= 50𝑥106 𝑁/𝑚2
10𝑚𝑚 10𝑥10 𝑚

5000𝑁 5000 𝑁
𝜎2 = 2
= −6 2
= 5𝑥106 𝑁/𝑚20
Given: 1000𝑚𝑚 1000𝑥10 𝑚
Bars are of equal length
Therefore, the material of bar 1 is ten times
𝐴1 = 10𝑚𝑚2
stronger than the material of bar 2
𝐴2 = 1000𝑚𝑚2
 SIMPLE STRESS
Tensile and compressive stress:
• Caused by forces perpendicular to the areas they act
• Also called normal stresses

SI Unit: 𝑁/𝑚2

𝑁
1 = 1 𝑃𝑎
𝑚2
𝑙𝑏
US Customary Unit: 𝑖𝑛2 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑠𝑖

1000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 1 𝑘𝑠𝑖

SIMPLE STRESS
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze
rod as shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress
in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100
MPa.
Sample Problem 1: Solution:

SIMPLE STRESS
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached
between a steel rod and a bronze
rod as shown in the figure. Axial
loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Find the maximum value
of P that will not exceed a stress in
steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90
MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.
Sample Problem 2:

SIMPLE STRESS
Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires
shown in the figure. The stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi.
The cross-sectional areas of wires AB and AC are 0.4 sq. in and 0.5
sq. in, respectively.
Sample Problem 2: Solution:

SIMPLE STRESS
Determine the largest weight W that
can be supported by two wires
shown in the figure. The stress in
either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi.
The cross-sectional areas of wires
AB and AC are 0.4 sq. in and 0.5
sq. in, respectively.
 SHEARING STRESS
Shearing stress
- caused by forces acting along or parallel to the area resisting the forces
- produced whenever applied loads cause one section to slide past its adjacent section
- also called tangential stress

Examples of shear:
 SHEARING STRESS
Shear stress is denoted by:
𝑉
𝜏=
𝐴
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐴 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

▪ will exist only if resultant shearing stress passes through the centroid of the cross-
section being sheared
▪ Average stress, does not give the stress at all points in the cross-section
▪ Assumption is true when distance between the applied shearing stress and the depth
of the shearing area are small
Sample Problem 3:

SHEARING STRESS
In the figure, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing
strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to
50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole
2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch
thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be
punched
Sample Problem 3: Solution:

SHEARING STRESS
In the figure, a hole is to be
punched out of a plate having a
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is
limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the
maximum thickness of plate in
which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter
can be punched. (b) If the plate is
0.25 inch thick, determine the
diameter of the smallest hole that
can be punched
 BEARING STRESS
Bearing stress
- contact pressure between separate bodies
- Examples: soil pressure beneath plates and forces on bearing plates

Bearing load is expressed by:

BEARING STRESS
The lap joint shown in the figure is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter
rivets. Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the
shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress
in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets.
Sample Problem 4: Solution:

BEARING STRESS
The lap joint shown in the figure is
fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter
rivets. Calculate the maximum safe
load P that can be applied if the
shearing stress in the rivets is
limited to 14 ksi and the bearing
stress in the plates is limited to 18
ksi. Assume the applied load is
uniformly distributed among the four
rivets.
 THIN-WALLED TUBES
Thin walled pressure vessels
A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces,
which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.

Tangential Stress Longitudinal Stress

𝑝𝐷
𝑝𝐷 𝜎𝐿 =
𝜎𝑡 = 4𝑡
2𝑡
(𝑝𝑖 − 𝑝𝑜 )𝐷
𝜎𝑡 =
2𝑡
THIN-WALLED PRESSURE
VESSELS
𝑝𝐷
4𝑡
𝜎𝑡 =
Spherical Shell
 ASSIGNMENT
Solve problems on simple stress and thin-walled pressure
vessels
● Beer & Johnston. Mechanics of materials (6th ed.)
● Hibbeler, R. Mechanics of materials (8th ed))
● (Pytel, A., & Singer, F. (1999). Strength of materials (4th ed.).

Read Chapter 2 of Strength of Materials by Singer and Pytel