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Earth and Life Science

Quarter 2 – Module 28:

The Process of Evolution

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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the process of evolution. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module covers:
 Lesson 1 – The Process of Evolution
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Explain the process of evolution;
2. Identify some scientists who contributed to the historical developments of
evolutionary thoughts;
3. Compare Lamarckian and Darwinian Evolution;

What I Know
Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What refers to the change in the gene pool of population due to chance?
A. bottleneck effect
B. founder effect
C. gene flow
D. genetic drift

2. Which of the following happens when a small population of organisms

separates from the larger group to invade a new area?
A. bottleneck effect
B. founder effect
C. gene flow
D. genetic drift

3. What refers to any movement of genes from one population to another?

A. gene flow
B. genetic shuffling
C. genetic variation
D. mutation

4. Who is the Father of evolution?

A. Alfred Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Charles Darwin
D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

5. He proposed the theory of use and disuse.

A. ALFRED Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Charles Darwin
D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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6. He believed that populations grow geometrically while resources slowly
increase leading to competition.
A. Alfred Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

7. Who is the Father of taxonomy?

A. Alfred Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

8. According to his theory of evolution, organisms change during their lifetime

to survive then pass these changes to their offspring.
A. Carolus Linnaeus
B. Charles Darwin
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

9. Who proposed the theory that involves natural selection?

A. Carolus Linnaeus
B. Charles Darwin
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

10. This is also called migration

A. gene flow
B. genetic shuffling
C. genetic variation
D. mutation

11. Differences among individuals of a species are referred to as __________.

A. adaptation
B. fitness
C. natural selection
D. natural variation

12. Refers to a change over time

A. evolution
B. gradualism
C. migration
D. mutation

13. Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over
time and as a result species today look different from their ancestors.
A. Theory of Descent with Modification
B. Theory of Modification
C. Theory of Natural Selection
D. Theory of Survival

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14. Explains the difference in survival of individual and reproduce in a
particular environment
A. evolution
B. gene flow
C. gradualism
D. natural selection

15. Occurs when there is a change in genetic makeup of organism

A. gene flow
B. genetic drift
C. mutation
D. natural selection

Lesson

28 The Process of Evolution

Charles Darwin formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection in his book
“On the Origin of Species” in 1859. It refers to a change over time and the process
by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

What’s In
Activity 1

Inside the clouds write your own thoughts about evolution.

What’s New

There were scientists who contributed to the historical developments of evolutionary

thoughts.
Activity 2 The Who?
Identify the scientists who contributed to the historical developments of
evolutionary thoughts by arranging the letters inside the box.

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A H M U T L S
1._____________________________________Believed that populations grow geometrically
while resources slowly increase or not at all, leading to competition

A N D W R I
2. _____________________________________Thought the idea of descent modification

N I L E N A S U
3 . _____________________________________
Father of taxonom y

W L E L C A A
4. _____________________________________
Realized that species evolved because fittest
individuals survived and reproduced passing their advantageous characters

A A C R L K M
5. _____________________________________ Proposed the theory of inheritance of
acquired traits and theory of use and disuse
What is It
Mechanisms of Evolutionary Changes
Mechanisms of evolutionary changes include genetic drift, migration or gene flow,
mutation, natural selection and nonrandom mating.
Genetic drift is a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. Examples
of genetic drift are bottleneck effect and founder effect. Bottleneck effect takes place
when population decreases due to various environmental factors such as fires,
earthquakes and floods. The founder effect happens when a small population of
organisms separates from the larger group to invade a new area.
Gene flow is described as the movement of genes from one population to another.
When this happens, there is a tendency to increase the gene diversity in the
populations.
Mutation occurs when there is a change in the genetic makeup caused by
environmental stressors. This process expands diversity of organisms.
Natural selection explains the difference in survival of individual and reproduce in a
particular environment.
Nonrandom mating increases the frequency of animal with desirable traits. It
causes evolution because it intrudes the natural pool of gene variations.

Activity 3

Complete the concept map

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 MECHANISMS
OF
EVOLUTIONARY

What’s More
Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Evolution
According to Lamarck’s theory of evolution, organisms change during their lifetime
to survive then pass these changes to their offspring. While Darwin’s theory involves
natural selection and struggle for existence. When an organism is fit and can adapt
to its environment, it survives and more chance to reproduce.

Activity 4
Compare Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Evolution through illustration. You may use
different animals of your interest.
What I Have Learned
Activity 5

IDENTIFICATION.

1. ______________________ refers to a change over time.

2. ______________________ is the father of evolution.
3. ______________________ is considered as father of taxonomy.
4. Thomas Malthus believed that populations grow geometrically while
resources slowly increase leading to __________________.
5. _________________________ proposed the theory of use and disuse.
6. _________________________ explains the difference in survival of individual
and reproduce in a particular environment.
7. Gene flow is the movement of ____________ from one population to another.
8. _________________ occurs when there is a change in the genetic makeup caused
by environmental stressors.
9. The _________________________ happens when a small population of
organisms separates from the larger group to invade a new area.
10. __________________ takes place when population decreases due to various
environmental factors such as fires, earthquakes and floods.

What I Can Do

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Activity 6
Look at the pictures below. This illustrates the evolution of phone. Describe each
stage and tell the changes occur in every phase.

Original graphic by Karen Hancock, LC student graphic artist – “The Evolution of the Phone”.

____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 7
Arrange the following pictures from ancient to modern based on your understanding
about theory of evolution. (Use numbers 1 to 5)

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Refers to a change over time
A. evolution
B. gradualism
C. migration
D. mutation

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2. Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over
time and as a result species today look different from their ancestors
A. Theory of Descent with Modification
B. Theory of Modification
C. Theory of Natural Selection
D. Theory of Survival

3. Explains the difference in survival of individual and reproduce in a

particular environment
A. evolution
B. gene flow
C. gradualism
D. natural selection

4. Takes place when population decreases due to various environmental

factors such as fires, earthquakes and floods A. bottleneck effect
B. founder effect
C. genetic flow
D. natural selection

5. The process the movement of genes from one population to another

A. evolution
B. gene flow
C. gradualism
D. natural selection

6. Which of the following is considered as mechanisms of change?

A. genetic drift
B. migration
C. natural selection
D. a, b and c
7. Changes in the DNA
A. gene flow
B. genetic shuffling
C. genetic variation
D. mutation

8. This is also called migration

A. gene flow
B. genetic shuffling
C. genetic variation
D. mutation

9. Differences among individuals of a s species are referred to as __________.

A. adaptation
B. fitness
C. natural selection
D. natural variation

10. Father of evolution A. Alfred Russel Wallace

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B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Charles Darwin
D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

11. Proposed the theory of use and disuse.

A. Alfred Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Charles Darwin
D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

12. Believed that populations grow geometrically while resources slowly increase
leading to competition
A. Alfred Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

13. Father of taxonomy A. Alfred Russel Wallace

B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

14. According to his theory of evolution, organisms change during their lifetime
to survive then pass these changes to their offspring
A. Carolus Linnaeus
B. Charles Darwin
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

15. His theory involves natural selection A. Carolus Linnaeus

B. Charles Darwin
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

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Additional Activities

Activity 8

Match column A with the label in column B. Draw a line from column A with
the corresponding answer in column B.
A

1.

2.

3.

4.

B
A. There was a variety of neck lengths of giraffes.
B. Small-necked and medium-necked giraffes
cannot reach the food so they die.
C. Small-necked giraffe cannot reach the food so
it dies.
D. Long-necked giraffe survived and pass the
traits to its offspring.