Urdaneta City University

College of Criminal Justice Education

Urdaneta City, Pangasinan

CDI 4
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING

CHAPTER 1
HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION, MOTOR VEHICLES AND LOCOMOTIVES

INTRODUCTION
Man’s need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human beings. Biblical
passages alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the forbidden tree, they were sent out
by God from Paradise of Eden.
“Therefore, the Lord God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from
when he was taken.”
Since then, the human race expanded and our ancestors constantly move from open place
to enable them to survive and others for various reasons.

NOMADIC
One who constantly migrate from one place to another according to their own detailed
knowledge of exploitable resources
The term nomad, from the Greek, “to posture,” was originally used to refer to pastoralists
– groups that migrate in an established pattern to find pasturelands for their domestic livestock.
However, the term has since has been generalized to include all non-settled populations.

Ancient modes of transportation

The history of transportation can be conveniently – if over-simply- -divide into period

during which motive power was most characteristically furnished by human and animal muscle,
by such natural forces as wind and gravity, and by fuel-operated machines.

A.MANPOWER. They carried their own burdens.

a. Carrying Pole- balanced on one’s shoulder or two men support the ends of the pole with goods
suspended from the pole in between.
b. Back Load and Tumpline- goods are carried on the back.
c. Sledge on rollers- place them on sledge that rested on a series of rollers.
d. Sledge on runners- A simple sledge probably man drawn was in use at the end of the e.
Travois- This travois as the pole arrangement called served as a flat form on which the burdens
are placed.

B. ANIMAL POWER. The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential power
available transportation..
a. Ox-Cattle
b. Reindeer
c. Dog

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e. Llama
f. Elephant (used in war)
g. Horse
h. Camel
i. Yak

C.WIND POWER
a. Ancient Chinese Kite- kites have been flown as a popular past time in the Far East since of the
begging of the history. According to a Korean tradition, the kite was first used for transport when
Korean general employed one in bridge building. By means of a kite, a cord was conveyed
across the river, to a cord, heavier ropes were fastened and finally the bridge cable. In the late
10th century, several European armies experimented with kites in transporting men.

b. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter- the great renaissance artist, scientist and engineer, Leonardo Da
Vinci, made study of the flight of the birds and his notebook sketched a number of ornithopter
(a.k.a. orthopter) which derives its principal support and propelling from flapping wings like
those of a bird. It was not until the 19th century hat rigid wings were envisaged.

c. Montgolfier Balloon- The Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph Michel and Jacques Estienne
have successfully released several balloons when they proposed to use to condemned prisoners
for the first ascent with passengers. Pilatre De Rozier, a natural historian protested this and
claimed the honor for himself. In 1783, he and marquis d’ Arlanoes became the first men to
make a free balloon ascent. The balloon constructed of linen and inflated with hot air traveled
9000 yards and remained in the air for 20 minutes.

d. Siemens’ Rocket plane- Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later achieved fame as an electric
industrialist, in 1847 designed rocket plane, which was to be propelled by explosive force of
gunpowder. Like da Vinci’s orthopter Siemens rocket plane was never carried beyond the
designed stage

e. Lilienthal Glider- Otto Lilienthal, a German inventor who also made a study of the flight of
birds and experimented with ornithopter going so far as to build a model ornithopter. His chief
work was with gliders. However, in 1891, he made first of a number of a glider flight which
were to exert a profound influence on the development of aviation.

f. Santos Dumont’s Airship- one of the pioneers of the development of lighter-than-air craft was
Alberto Santos Dumont, a Brazilian who experimented with the stemmed powdered balloons in
Paris. He made his first balloon ascent I n1897and in 1898 completed the construction of his first
airship. He thereafter. Built several other airships and in 1901, made 30 minutes round trip flight
between St. Louis and the Elftel tower.

g. Wright brother flying machine – inspired by Liliental’s glider experiment, two young
Americans Orville and Wilbur Wright began studying the problems of heavier-than-air flight.
They built biplane kite then over 200 different wings types which they tested in the wind tunnel
of their own invention, before they conducted their first man-carrying powered machine.

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 CHAPTER 2
ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

The following are some of the inventions and innovations and important events that lead
to modern land transportation:
Wheel was invented probably in Western Asia

Solid wheels on fixed axle- this ancient cart represents an early step in the evolution of wheeled
vehicles. It’s solid wheels which were made of a single piece of wood rotated on single axle.

Sumerian chariot with flank wheels- this chariot of about 2400 B.C, had solid wheels built up of
three pieces and so was more durable than the one.

Greek quadrica with spoke wheels – drawn by four horses, was a light and elegant vehicle for
gentleman about 250 B.C. It had spoke wheels and axles of irons or bronze, handles for aid in
mounting, and sea formed by a board placed across the handles.

Roman carpentrum – a closed, two-wheeled cart was the favored vehicle when Roman women
journeyed outside the city.

Italian cocchio – a traveling wagon in which the passengers were protected by a covering or
leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.

ROMANS - were the major road builders in the ancient world. The Romans road network
reached a total of about 50,000 miles (80,000 kms.), with FEEDER ROADS branching out from
the main highways. It was costly because its deep foundation formed by layer after heavy stones
were necessary to make roads that would carry heavy traffic for many years.

JOHN L. MACADAM - practice the theory of feeder road building and perfected the
macadamized road in England.

JOHN PALMER - introduced his first fast mail coach. Significant improvement of road
vehicle began with the adoption of coach spring about 1650. In the mid-18 th century English
roads were so bad that coaches could average only about 4 mph (6.4 km/h), and boys on horses
for delivering the mail usually carried the mail. The first mail coach run in March 1785 and by
1800 the English mail coach system was in full swing.

Bicycle in the early 19th century served as a nursery of automobile builders. One of ancestors of
the modern bicycle was the Hob horse, which could be seen on the English macadamized roads
after 1818. The wheels of these machines were of wood, with tires of iron, and riders pushed
themselves along with their feet on the ground. There was a steady improvement in the bicycle
throughout the 19th century, until the safety bicycle, with pneumatic tires, at last appeared. Some
of the earliest automobiles ran on four bicycle wheels.

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KARL VON DRAIS - introduced a steerable wheel.

KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN, - made the first machine with pedals. which were attached to
and drove the rear wheel by means of cranks.

PNEUMATIC TIRES by JOHN DUNLOP

MOTOR VEHICLE –the first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads.

ENTIENE LENOIR – invented the INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.

NICOLAUS OTTO AND GOTTLIED DAIMLER - pioneered the manufacture of gas engines
and became a successful automobile manufacturer.

RUDOLF DIESEL - developed an internal combustion engine that is similar with the gasoline
engine but requires no electrical ignition system or carburetor.

HENRY FORD - introduced the MODEL T.

FELIX WANKEL - developed an advanced-type of engine, named after him, it operates very
differently from gas and diesel engines.

Presently, the introduction of the Light Trail Transit LRT), the Metro Rail Transit
(MRT), flyovers, pedestrian and vehicle culverts, rock sheds and other modern traffic ways
contributed to the expeditious movement of traffic users.

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 CHAPTER 3

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

The word traffic originates from Greco-roman word “trafico” with reference to the
movement of people that dates back from the dawn of history: from the domesticated horse-
drawn wheels to horseless carriage. The Greek originally called the system “trafriga” after the
early horse-drawn chariots with spoke wheels.

If savants of Rome are to be believed, there is no dispute that the word “trafico” is a
Greco-roman word, but the word traffic created form the famous “Trafalgar square,” the hub-
center of commerce and culture in the heart of London.

But in Latin, the word traffic is denominated as “commercium” with reference to the
movement and control of goods in transit from un-wheeled axle to horseless carriage. This
intellectual discourse of discoveries only reinforces the universal dictum that traffic refers to the
movement of people and goods and not vehicle. Perhaps, this was missing jewels in the
systematic strategies of traffic management.

Traffic Management presupposes an understanding of the motivation behind the behavior

of motorist, commuters, and pedestrians. Any attempt to redirect their behavior without
understanding will not be able to effectively solve the traffic problems.

Traffic Management presupposes an understanding of the motivation behind the behavior of

motorist, commuters, and pedestrians. Any attempt to redirect their behavior without
understanding will not be able to effectively solve the traffic problems.

Management- refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.

Operation- pertains to a course or series of act affect a certain purpose, manner of action, or a
vital or natural process of activity.

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Roadway- refers to that part of the traffic way over w/c motor vehicles pass.

Shoulder- refers to either side of the roadway, along highway.

Traffic- refers to the movement of persons, goods or vehicles, either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn from one place to another for the purpose of travel.

Traffic way- refers to the entire width b/n boundary lines of every way or w/c any part is open to
the use of the public for the purpose of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.
R
The ff. are the major causes of traffic congestion.
1. PHYSICAL INADEQUACY: this is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges,
railroad crossing, lack of traffic facilities.

2. POOR CONTROL MEASURES: ineffective mechanical devices, inefficient traffic

officers, and implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulation characterize this.

3. HUMAN ERRORS: many traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or poor driving
habits, pedestrian mistakes, officers’ error, poor planning, poor legislation and traffic accident
w/c are mostly attributed to human errors.

4. POOR MAINTENANCE: unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished

road pavement concreting.

For a successful and effective traffic management specific rules and responsibilities are
vLested on the ff agencies:
1. Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC). The DOTC through the
Land Transportation office (LTO) is responsible for the implementation of the Land
Transportation Code of the Philippines (R.A. 4136) particularly on the assurance of driver’s
license, registration of motor vehicles, approval of franchises for public conveyances (thru the
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulator Board (LTRFB)) and conducting traffic safety
seminars.

2. City or Municipal Engineers Office. These officers are responsible for the planning,
construction and maintenance of traffic facilities w/in their respected locality.

3. DPWH. This is the main executive department w/c responsible for the planning,
construction and categorized as national highways and other major road arteries.

4. Legislation (Congress/ City or Municipality Boards) - the Legislative bodies are not
only responsible for the passing or amendment of laws concerning traffic but also, they are
involved in the planning and approval of government projects.

5. PNP (Traffic Management Group (PNP-TMG) - is responsible primarily for the direct
enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations.

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6. Academic Institution: school, both public and private, are responsible for the basic
traffic education by integrating in their respective programs and curriculum subjects or topics on
traffic safety.

7. Courts. The court is responsible for the adjudication of traffic- related cases filed before
them.

8. Public Information Offices. The government through the Philippine Information

Agency provides necessary updated information to the public by creating traffic safety
campaigns and other activities.

9. Citizen Support Groups. The private institution or organizations also help in the
prevention of traffic congestion by assisting government officers in various activities particularly
during special occasions and holidays where traffic problem is likely to happen.

10. Media. Government and privately- owner publications and radio and television
broadcasting companies provide necessary and updated traffic related information to the public
through the respective programs.

PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

1. Traffic Engineering
Is the science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of basic laws relative to the traffic
laws and regulation, the application of knowledge to the professional practice of planning.

Functions:
a. Fact-finding, surveys and recommendations,
b. Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices,
c. Planning of traffic regulations.

Road Check Objectives

The objectives of road check are to detect and inspect the following:

1. Faulty vehicle equipment.

2. Registration and licensing of violations

3. Intoxicated drivers.

4. The load or cargo of commercial transportation vehicle for load weight.

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Considerations Taken When Conducting Road Checks

1. Minimum delay to motorist.

2. Thorough checking procedure.

3. Protection, safety of both motorist and police officers.

4. Timing, location and frequency.

Agencies under Traffic Engineering

1. DPWH – National in scope
2. Provincial Governments–Municipalities within the cities.
3. Municipal Governments–within the barangays.
4. Chartered Cities – within the cities.

2. Traffic Education
It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge. (Schools, Public Information Office, Citizen Support Groups.

3. Traffic enforcement

This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and rules
and regulations.

Agencies/offices that are involved in enforcement of traffic laws:

a) Land transportation office (LTO) this office is responsible for the following:
1. Vehicle registration
2. Vehicle inspection
3. Drivers licensing (examination, suspension, and revocation.)
4. Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles.
b) Legislative bodies.
c) Police traffic enforcement
1. The metropolitan manila development authority (MMDA) for the national
capital region (NCR).
1. Police auxiliaries
2. LTO Playing squad

4. Traffic environment

This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population
explosion change in urban environment due to the scale and new activities carried out.

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Environment effect covers the following:
1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Air pollution
4. Dirt
5. Visual intrusion
6. Loss of privacy
7. Change in amount of light
8. Neighborhood Severance
9. Relocation
10. Distraction during planning and construction
11. Accident Experiences
12. Pedestrian journey
13. Congestion

5. Traffic Economy
This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic that deals with the benefits and adverse
effects of traffic to our economy. Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite the
movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any
given locality traffic adversely affect the economic status of the commuting public.

TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

Traffic Safety Education. It is the process of training roads users in the avoidance and
prevention of traffic-related accidents.

Road Safety. It refers to reduced risk of accident or injury on the roads, achieved through
multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and traffic management, education and
training of road users, and vehicle design.

A. Factors contributing to Accidents

1. Human errors include
a. . Going too fast or excessive speed;
b. Failing to give at junctions;
c. Following too closely;
d. Overtaking improperly
e. Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead;
f. Intoxication of alcohol or drug; and

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 g. Lack of skill.
2. Road deficiencies that are main contributory factors are:
a. Poor design of layout and control at junctions;
b. Inadequate signing, road making and lighting;
c. Slippery roads; and
d. Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle on going road
construction, etc.
3. Main vehicle factors are:
a. Defects in tires, brakes and lights;
b. Absence or non-using of seat belts; and
c. Poorly maintained motors vehicles.

3 principles that have been emphasized as effective in the prevention of traffic accidents are as

known the 3 “E” or pillars of traffic.

1. Engineering (traffic engineering).Effective construction and maintenance of traffic facilities

that does not only expedite the movement of traffic but also prevents the occurrence of traffic
accidents. Successful treatments have included.
a. Changes in layout at junctions to define priorities more clearly. (Use of roundabouts,
or traffic circles)
b. More wide use of road markings to delineate traffic lanes and waiting areas for turning
vehicles.
c. Improvements in skidding resistance of wet roads.
d. More uniform street lightning and
e. More highly visible and legible direction, information and warning signs.

2. Education (in traffic safety). When road users are informed of the traffic laws, rules and
regulations, accidents are likely prevented.
Further, there are strong suggestions and benefits from pre-school schemes involving parents,
and from road safety education in schools where it is an integral part of the school curriculum,
included are;
a. New approach to training and educating young drivers
b. Training in hazards perception
c. Changing of attitudes

3. Enforcement (Of traffic rules). One of the causes of accidents is the blatant non-
compliance of motorists and pedestrians to traffic rules and regulations. To minimize the
occurrence of accidents due to non-compliances of road users, enforcement must be conducted.
The following are highly recommended in areas of traffic enforcement.
a. Strengthening and simplifying the application of the law.
b. New technology to aid enforcement
c. Enhanced publicity
d. Education of teenagers in schools and

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e. The development of rehabilitation course like seminars for apprehended traffic
violators
f. Ecology/Environment. People should be educated regarding the adverse effect of traffic
to our environment that directly or indirectly affects the populations health
g. Economy. People should learn also to develop schemes that does not only to lessen
expenses but also accident-free.

Driver’s education. In general driver instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of
driving.
Secondary aims are as follows
1.to instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities
2. to teach the abilities required for a driver ‘s license.

Four (4) basic type of instruction methods used in driver Education programs
1. Comprehensive. This method places the student into real life of driving situations from the
beginning.
2. Traditional instruction. This type of instruction depends on instructor –student
communication.
3. Commentary driving method. The student-driver accompanied by an instructor .as the
student-driver drivers. The instructor has to give a commentary on his driving –what he sees.
What he does, why he does, what he proposes to do, what others are likely to do etc.
4. simulated conditions on and off the road training - the premise of simulated conditions
training is that the behavior of the driver-subject placed in condition will be relatively analogous
to normal behavior. Simulation is a static machine with all the important features of a car used in
driving methods of simulation presently adopted

BIORHYHM - it is the theory that asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life energy
and mood states. Man’s theorized cycles and interpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics of
most natural phenomena like:

1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness

2. The four seasons

3.our wet and dry season

4.the waxing and waning of the moon

Importance of biorhythm:
-To give us a hint how we will tend to feel in a certain day.

Safety Campaign. This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave more safely. These
basically focus on public information attitudes, and particular or specific behaviors, or
combination of these. It is also known as road propaganda which may be intended simply to

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inform or it may be felt that the public is already aware of the recommended behavior by need to
be persuaded into adopting it.

CHAPTER 4
TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS (RA 4136)

The following are the basis for the traffic regulations and prohibitions in the country: Republic
Acts (R. A.s)

1) R. A. 4136. This is the basic law regulating land transportation in the Philippines.
2) R. A. 6539. The Act which is known as the “Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972” the act
preventing and penalizing carnapping.
3) R. A. 5448. Act imposing a tax on privately owned passenger automobiles, motorcycles
and scooters. And a science stamp tax to constitute a special science fund defining the
programs, project and activities of science agencies to be financed therefrom and for
other purposes.
4) R. A. 8749. Also known as the Clean Air Act that regulates emission of toxic gases of
both gasoline and diesel engines and bans the use of leaded gas for gasoline engines.
5) R. A. 8750. The Act that provides for the attachment of seat belts for all types of motor
vehicles and imposes penalty for non-compliance thereof.
6) R. A. 7924. The Act creating the Metropolitan Manila Department Authority. Defining
its powers and functions, providing funds therefor and for other purposes.
7) R. A. 10586. Anti-drunk driving law overview: The law is also known as an Act
Penalizing Persons Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol, Dangerous Drugs, and Other
Similar Substances. It is a law that condemns drunk drivers and gives the law enforcers
the power to fine and imprison drugged and/or drunk driver.
8) R. A. 10913 or the Anti-Distracted Driving Act is a new law that prohibits motorists
from using communication devices and other electronic entertainment and computing
gadgets while vehicles are in motion or temporarily stopped on a traffic light or an
intersection. •
9) R. A. 10054. Known as the Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009, is the primary law that
mandates all motorcycle riders to wear helmet.
10) R. A. 10930. Meanwhile, extends the validity of the driver's license from 3 years to 5
years, reckoned from birthdate of the licensee. The extension does not apply to student
permits.
11) Presidential Decrees (P. D.s) P. D. No. 96. Regulating the use of sirens bells, horns.
etc. by prohibiting the attachment of any siren, horn bell, etc. on motor vehicle which
produce unusual or startling sounds as well as blinkers and other similar devices unless
the vehicles belong to the AFP, NBI, LTO, PNP, BJMP, Hospitals and Fire Department
and are specifically intended for use in emergencies.

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 12) P. D. No. 207. Declaring as part of the laws on the Philippines the Vienna Convention
on Road Traffic, Signs and Signals.
13) P. D. No. 1181. Providing for the abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for
other purposes.
14) P. D. No. 98. Regulating the issuance of license plate of all motor vehicles.
15) P. D. No. 1729. Authorizing the Bureau of Land Transportation to disposed of
impounded motor vehicles unclaimed by owners for a certain period of time.
16) M. C. 94-188. Issuance of driver's license to disabled person.
17) E. O. 202. Creating the land Transportation franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFBR)
Enter

 IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF R. A. 4136

 Motor Vehicle - Shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power than muscular power
using the public highways. But excepting road rollers, trolley cars, streets sweepers.
Sprinkles, Ls9Ien mowers, Bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks and cranes if
not used in public highways vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors
trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
 Passenger Automobiles - Shall mean all pneumatic tire vehicles fo types similar to those
usually known under the following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports
car, roadster, jeep, cycle car (except motor wheel and similar small outfits which are
classified with motorcycles), coupe, landaulet, closed car, limousine, cabriolet and sedan.
 Articulated Vehicle - Shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle
and so attached that part of the trailer rests upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part
of the weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such trailer shall
be called as “semi-trailer” Driver - Shall mean every or any licensed operator of a motor
vehicle.
 Professional Driver - Every and any driver hired for driving or operating a motor vehicle,
whether for private use or for hire to the public. - Any driver, driving his own motor
vehicle for hire is a professional driver.
 Owner - The actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly
registered with the LTO.
 Dealer - Every person, association, partnership or corporation making, manufacturing,
constructing, assembling, remodeling or setting up motor vehicles: and every such entity
acting as agent for the sale of one or more makes, styles, or kinds of motor vehicles,
dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the same in stock or selling same or handling with a
view to trading same.
 Garage - Any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without
drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public. But shall not include street stands public
services stations or other public places designated by proper authority as parking spaces
for motor vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting business.
 Gross Weight -The measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable
carrying capacity in merchandise freight and/or passengers as determined by the
Commissioner of the LTO. Highways - Every public thoroughfare, public boulevard,
driveway, avenue, park, alley and callejon. But shall not include roadway upon grounds
owned by private persons, Colleges, Universities, or other similar institutions.

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  Parking or Parked - Shall mean that a motor vehicle is parked or parking if it has been
brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains inactive in
that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time.
Provisions of R. A. 4136 in which Every Traffic Law Enforcer should know:

1. Duly to Procure License - No person shall operate any motor vehicle without first procuring a
License to drive for the current year. To be effective in the hands of its holder, it must not be
delinquent invalid suspended or revoked and should be carried at all times and shall be shown or
surrendered for cause when demanded by a person authorized by R. A. 4136 to inspect the same.
(Sec. 19)

2. Confiscation of Driver's License - A Driver's License may be confiscated for violations of R.

A. 4136, the rules and regulations issued by the Commissioner and of Local Traffic rules and
regulations. When a Driver's License is confiscated for any reason the traffic enforcer must,
however issue the receipt (Temporary Operator's Permit [TOP]) which is good for 72 hours
within which the driver may continue to operate his vehicle. Failure to settle the case within 15
days will cause suspension or revocation of the License (Sec. 29)

3. Exceeding Registered Capacity (Overloading) Passengers - Freight or cargo load of a motor

vehicle should not be more than its registered carrying capacity. Conductors of public utility
trucks or buses are held liable for the overloading of vehicles under their charge. All passengers
Automobiles for hire are required to have the registered passenger capacity marked plainly and
conspicuously on the sides thereof in letters and numerals not less than 5 cm. in height. Motor
trucks for passengers or freight, private of for hire, shall have the registered passenger or freight
gross and net weight capacities make plainly and conspicuously on the sides thereof in letters
and numerals not less than 5 cm. in height (Sec. 33)

4. Cargo Carrying Devices - The construction of devices for carrying cargo at the rear or sides
of trucks may be allowed Subject to the approval of the Commissioner. But the total net weight
of the device, including cargo, must not exceed 100 kilos. (Sec. 32)

5. Riding on Running Board - It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors collecting

passengers' fare (Sec. 32, c)

6. Riding on Top of the Motor Vehicle - Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of
motor vehicles. But baggage or freight may be carried on top of the truck. Provided, that the
weight thereof is not more than 20 kilos per square meter distributed in such wsy as not to
endanger passengers or the vehicles stability. (Sec. 32, b)

7. Required Motor Vehicle Accessories - Every motor vehicle when operated on a traffic way
should have the following specified accessories. a. Tires b. Brake c. Horns d. Headlight e. Tail
light f. Stop Light g. Windshield Wiper h. Use of Red Flag i. Mufflers

8. Hitching on to a vehicle - The following practices are prohibited:

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 a. Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end of any vehicle.
b. Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot or otherwise.
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride outside of or at the rear end vehicle (Sec. 51)
9. Driving while under the influence of liquir or other prohibited drugs - It is absolutely
prohibited to operate any motor vehicle under the influence of liquor or other prohibited drugs.

(Sec.53) 10. Obstruction of Traffic - Obstructions of traffic operating vehicle in such a manner
as to obstruct, block, or impede the passage of another vehicle in prohibited. This prohibition
applies even when discharging or loading passenger.
(Sec. 54) 11. Duties of Driver in Case of Accident - In the event that any accident should occur
as a result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver shall observe the
following:
a. Stop immediately
b. Show his driver's license to inspecting traffic law enforcer.
c. Give his true name, address, including that the owner of the vehicle
d. Assist injured persons e. Take measures to protect belongings of passengers
f. Report the accident.
(Sec. 55) 12. A driver could live the area of accident without being held liable for HIT-AND-
RUN if:

a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed by other persons by reasons of the accident;

b. He surrenders to proper authority; and

c. He summons the assistance of a physician or nurse to aid the victim.

Chapter 5
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL

Traffic Control

- It refers to the procedures, devices and communication systems that help vehicle and vessel safely
share the same roads, rails, waterways or air space. Traffic control establishes a set rules and
instructions that drivers, pilot, train engineers, and ship captain rely on to avoid collisions and
other hazards. Safe travel for pedestrian is an additional goal in highway traffic control.

A. Traffic Control As Applied to Land Transportation. A system of traffic engineering

employing prescribed traffic rules and regulations and devices such as signals and markings,
to relieve vehicular congestion and air pollution and to promote safety and pedestrian

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 mobility , usually in heavily populated urban areas . In smaller town, with lighter traffic,
similar but simpler control devices and engineering techniques are used.
B. Control Techniques. The primary emphasis of traffic control is on the safe and efficient
flow of cars, buses, vans, and Lorries over urban streets and highways. The means of
promoting this can vary from simple improvement of local street by installing traffic signs
and road markings to constructing comprehensive motorways control systems. Such
comprehensive system use:
1. Access-road meters to monitor and control motorway;
2. Closed-circuit television surveillance to detect quickly any deterioration in traffic flow;
and
3. Emergency services to provide and in case of accident and injury

C. Other traffic-control techniques include:

1. The use of one-ways streets
2. Enforcement of traffic low regulations
3. Channelization (building traffic islands turning lanes and so on), and
4. The use of traffic signals

D. Highways Traffic control. Motorist depends on traffic control devices to avoid collision and
travel safely to their destinations. Traffic control devices for highway travel include signs,
signals lights , pavement markings and a variety of devices placed on, over, near, or even
under, the roadway.

Primordial Purpose of Signal Control

1. To minimize traffic conflicts and time delays
2. To reduce vehicular accident
3. To economize man power

Classes of Traffic Signs

1. Danger Warning Signs

These signs are intended to warn road users of danger that lies ahead of its nature.

2. Regulatory Signs
These are intended warn the road users of special obligation, restrictions or prohibition with
which they must comply. It is subdivided into three categories:
1. Priority Signs
These signs intended to regulate priority over a particular road section or roadway
intersection.
2. Prohibitory or Restrictive Signs
These signs can be used on specified section of the road that will be easily seen by the
motorist to indicate regulation that is prohibitive or restrictive in nature.

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 3. Mandatory Signs
These signs are intended to guide road users of special rules in which they must comply for
the safety convenience and smooth flow traffic.

3. Informative Signs
These signs are intended to guide road users while travelling, and are subdivided into:
1. Advance Signs
These are the names and distance of the principal destinations or destination served by the
intersection roads.
2. Direction Signs
Unlike the advance direction signs, direction signs shall be placed at the right of the
intersection to show the direction and destination of a route. Direction sign signs are different
from mandatory signs, since these signs gave only information as to direction and destination
of place, while mandatory sign require compliance.
3. Place Identification Signs
These may be used to show the frontier between two countries or for the purpose of showing
the beginning and/or end of built up areas.
4. Confirmatory Signs
These are used to confirm the direction of a road. They shall bear the names of one or more
places. Where distances are shown, the figures expressing them shall be placed after the name
of the locality.
5. Other signs indicating facilities for road users

Types of Road

The main types of roads in the Philippines

 National road are those connecting major cites

 Provincial roads are those connecting cities and municipalities. They connect national roads to
barangay
 Municipal and city roads are roads within cities or towns. They connect to provincial and national
roads
 Barangay (village or suburb) roads are other public roads within the barangay
 Expressways are highways with interchanges. Expressways in the Philippines are toll roads. Toll
rates vary and payments are made in cash . Electronic payment is an option on some of the major
expressway in the country

The following are the main toll roads /expressways found in the Philippines:

 Manila-Cavite Expressway (Cavitex)

 North Luzon Expressway (NLEX)
 Metro Manila Skyway
 South Luzon Expressway (SLEX)

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  Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR) Tollway
 Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX)
 Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway (TPLEX)

According to Functions

1. Feeder Roads
Intended for farm-to market roads
2. Local Collector Roads
Intended to collects traffic from feeder road to municipal road.
3. Major Collector Roads
Intended as major arteries to collects inter-locality traffic to provincial road
4. Major Highway
Serve as main artery that caters on big volume of vehicular traffic on national roadway.
5. Expressway
A through traffic for free-flow of vehicular movement
6. Tunnel Road
A passage of wise section our through a hill or sea to shorten circuitous roadway
7. Subway
An underground conduct running entirely under the ground the ground for fast travel route of
commuters
8. Skyway
A modern urban system of roadway above the street level for free-flow traffic

According to Topographical Terrain

1. Flat Road
2. Zigzag road
3. Steep-Hill Climbing Road
4. Down-Hill Road
5. Winding Road
6. Mountainous Road
7. Roller Coaster Roads

Boulevards and Avenues Distinguished

Many are in quandary as to whale of difference between avenue and boulevard. There is an
international acceptance that they are both national roads. Both are broad thoroughfares, but boulevard is
more prestigious and sophisticating than an avenue. Often than not, boulevard is teeming with grass plots
and tress along the center, the sidewalk an oftentimes, boulevard is with lighted post in highly urban
centers of the world. It is for this reason that he boulevard is named after great men ad heroes.

Sidewalks

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 It is an integral part of the roadways in any metropolitan cities of the world-It also one of the
space of geometric designs. Sidewalk is the answer for the safety of pedestrian safety. Thus, sidewalk
reduced the hazards of pedestrians to slender yardstick of traffic engineering.

Intersections

Today, urban cities of the world walk on 2-legs-man and machine. But the continuity of its
locomotion depends upon the inter-link of connection road network at intersection to meet traffic demand.

The plan and design of intersection is based on traffic component, traffic volume, speed, traffic
distribution, canalizations of traffic accidents and future traffic demand.

Kind of Intersections

1. Three-Leg Intersection
1. T-Type
2. Y-Type
2. Four Leg Type
1. Right angle
2. Oblique
3. Multi-leg Intersection
4. Rotary intersection

Fundamental principles of intersections

1. Intersection should be avoided on cure Section Bridge, attaching part, cutting, and crest, near
entrance of tunnel and besides railroad crossing.
2. Intersections should not be greater than 4 legs. While 4-leg intersection is better than 3-leg
intersection however, If 5-leg intersection is unavoidable it must be used only as an exit.
3. Two roads should not intersect as a small angle. Intersect as a small angle. Intersecting at less
than 60 degrees makes it difficult for drivers to turn at acute angle and in effect constrict his
visibility particularly 10-wheeler trucks.
4. Distance between two intersections should be based on land use of density and road network.
Factors the determine the minimum distance of two intersections-queue length by the control
of traffic signals, length weaving section, length of turn and limit of driver’s concentration.

Chapter 6
Ways of Traffic Control

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 1. Traffic Signs. Traffic signs are the most extensively used form of traffic control in the United
States. More than 55 million traffic signs line the nation roadsides. They provide information
about speed limit and road conditions. They direct traffic along certain routes and to specific
destinations. By using signs and traffic control planner tell drivers what to do, what to watch for
where to drive.
2. Pavement Markings. Pavement marking separate opposing streams of traffic and direct vehicle
into proper position on the roadway. For example pavement markings delineate turn lanes at
intersection and establish no passing zones. White and yellow paint is customarily use in
pavement markings. Reflective devices are more visible at night and are used in some locations to
mark lanes and other significant places on the road.
Traffic sign and road marking follow a uniform practice-throughout the world and are
designed to convey information with a minimum of words to avoid confusing drivers unfamiliar with
the area and the language. Uniform pictorial signs and marking have been adopted throughout Europe
and United States. They include uniform sign format and sizes, and uniform codes regulating traffic
flows.
3. Traffic Signal. Traffic signals are installed to permit safe movement vehicles and pedestrian at
busy intersections. The signal light is probably the most easily recognized traffic control device.
At a busy intersection in a large city, a traffic signal may control movement of more than 100,000
vehicles per day. More than 60 percent of all miles drive each year are on roadways control by
traffic signals.
Traffic signals direct streams of vehicles and pedestrians when to go stop, or proceed with
caution. The signals increase the traffic-handling capacity of most intersections. They can work
independently on timers or connect to the computer-controlled system that operates over several
intersections. In computerized system, traffic detectors are placed at several locations-generally in the
pavement. A computer continuously scans the traffic information from each detector. The computer
then selects the best timing for each signal to reduce traffic congestion and minimize delays.

Priority Control In one of the oldest methods of traffic control, one form of transportation is giving
priority and restricting or banning other forms of transportation. In the 1 st century BC, Roman Emperor
Julius Caesar banned wheel traffic from Rome during daytime, which allowed pedestrians and horse
riders to move freely around the city. Some modern cities ban or strict truck travels though certain
neighborhoods.

Bus-lanes and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes exist in many urban areas. Only specified by type of
vehicles, primarily those carrying several occupants can use these lanes. By giving priority to high-
occupancy vehicles, transportation planners encourage carpooling and reduce congestion.

Restraints As an alternative to banning traffic; traffic control planner uses devices discourage heavy use
of route. Islands built in the centers of the intersection force driver to proceed slowly. Speed bumps
discourage high-speed commuting through residential neighborhoods. Concrete median strips and prevent
the vehicle from making turns except an intersection.

Traffic Signs

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 Refers to any device mounted and portable support whereby a message conveyed by means or
words or symbols official installed for the purpose of regulating warning, or guiding traffic. Traffic signs
are installed to serve the following function:
1. Control Traffic
2. To safeguard the Flow of traffic
3. To expedite the traffic and
4. Guide the traffic and motorists
Traffic signs, like traffic signal lights and road marking used to convey quickly and accurately the
wide range of information needed by the road users, particularly road vehicles drivers, and to promote
safe and efficient use of the road system.
Standardization of traffic signs shall conform to the standard set fourth of in the erection and
display of standard road signs and markers as prescribed by the DPWH as to shape, color, shape, size,
height, lettering and symbols.
Traffic signs shall be installed only under public authority by the official by having jurisdiction
for that purpose and it shall not bear any commercial advertisement.
A thorough knowledge of traffic signs, signals, and road and pavements marking is necessary to
all drivers. Every motorist must be able to recognized and obey them without hesitation even with the
absence of traffic police officer.

A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

In Britain, early signpost were elected by private individuals at their own expense in 1648,
parishes were require by law to place guideposts at crossroads, in 1773 and mileposts where
required to be enacted and maintained by Tumpike Trusts. The Motor act of 1903 made local
authorities responsible for placing a certain warning and prohibitory signs.
With increase international travel after World War II discussions took place in the United
Nation (UN) the introduction of international traffic signs. However, it was not until 1965 that
United Kingdom (UK) signs were changed to conform to the European system.
In 1995, it was estimated that there were 2,500.000 signs and signals, 850,000 road
markings, and 7,000 00 road studs on the road England alone.
On June 6, 1973, the Philippine through P.D. 207 declared as a part of the laws of the
Philippines the UN Vienna Convention on road traffic, signs, markings and signals. The
participating countries to those convention to which the Philippines is a signatory, have agreed to
accept the system of traffic, road signs, signals and symbols and road marking described in said
convention and to adopt the same to facilitate international road traffic and to increase road
safety.

B. INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC SIGNS

- As explained in the VIENNA CONVENTION, the system sign and signals which it has
prescribed is based on the use of shapes and colors, characteristics of each class sign,
whenever possible on the use of graphic symbols rather than inscription with few exceptions
one of which is the STOP signs of the United States. It has been adopted very likely because
it has understood practically by every motorist regardless of the nationalities. These basic
sign shapes are :

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 1. Round and red sign; regulates the movement of turning and passing traffic regulations:
2. Round and black yellow signs; a warning that are approaching a railroad crossing:
3. Equilateral triangle red signs; a sign at the intersection directing to drivers to yield the
right of way to vehicles in the road being crossed.
4. Eight-sided (octagonal) red and white stop sign; the most popular and understood sign
by all lounges and colors ; and
5. Triangle red and black sign approaching a danger zone, hill, slope, winding road, and
others.

C. CLASSIFICATION of INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC SIGNS

International Traffic Signs are classified into three
1. Danger warning signs
2. Regulatory, signs, and
3. Informative signs

TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS

Traffic lights. This refers to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic is warned
directed to take specific actions. Traffic lights signals are used to control traffic at junctions and also to
stop traffic to provide safe crossing points for pedestrian and cyclist.

The color of traffic lights is chronologically arranged to give motorist better view of signal lights.
From the top, the series of color is Red, Yellow, and Green. If there is a left or right arrow the color
alternates from green, yellow to red and is usually installed at the left sides of the green, yellow and red
lights.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
There is reason for everything even for the red, amber, and green for traffic lights. The choice of
their colors, internationally adopted, was not arbitrary. It was the result of traditions, careful
considerations and experience.

Traffic lights were first introduced o railways- The American Railroads. Their applicationand
adoption to the road came only later.

1. The Colors Today. Traffic lights taken for granted. Few realized the amount of deliberation and
various factors the lead to their selection. They begin with fundamentals conditions had to be met.
a. The colors had to be recognized easily, quickly and mistakable.
b. This had to be possible from the considerable distance and while in motion
c. The quality, intensity and contrast of the colors had to be such that they serve their purpose in
all weather, day and night.

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 As for their choice of the individual color suited to convey the essential information, some
seemed to be pre-selected. Certain colors were traditionally linked with the very purpose they
were meant to serve almost from antiquity; there association had prepared them to express to the
modern age of speed the command to stop to pay head, or go “full steam” ahead.

1. Red for “stop. Red was an obvious choice for stop, it had always represented danger. Fire
was red; man learned early on to keep a safe distance from it lest he burned. Blood was red to
shed it brought death. It is no wonder that, therefore, red become associated with emergency
and with danger.
Native tribes in many parts of the world made use of red give warning and strike terror.
The Incas in ancient Peru for instance made their messengers carry red beads when they
wished to give warnings in war. Hence “red” was best qualified through man’s constant
battle for life. In addition, in the prism of hue it was vivid and distinct.

2. White for “Go”. Though ”to give the green light” has become the proverbial permissive
signal in many a situation, green was not the original choice for “go”, white first indicated
that the railroad was safe and that the train could proceed without danger. After all, white had
always been regarded, though unscientifically so, as pure and clear color. Consequently, in
the language of symbolism if came to express purity. Therefore, it was decided upon to make
it the signal that the line was “clear”. Other factors favored the choice; as well a White light
was the most easily produced. It was “natural”, without the need of the paint or other coloring
aids. Like red for danger , It seemed the obvious selection.

3. Caution. Two “lights” were to control the running trains- white for “go” and red for”stop’. It
was then realized that safety would be served better still by introducing a cautionally light to
warn the driver of an imminent change. Its color once again was to be determined by
consideration of contrast, distinctiveness and visibility. The eventual choice was green.

4. Green for “Go”. It did not take long for “white” to prove wrong color for “go”. Bitter
experience taught that it was far from ideal. In fact, it could prove fatal and for a very
pertinent reason. At that early age, kerosene lamps served as the source of light.

Major Causes of Traffic Jams

1. Multiple Head-on Collisions

Statistics tell us that the impact of any head-on collision on the highway is beyond
comprehension for flesh and debris littered on the roadways. An even experience investigator is
sometimes shocked at the gory sight of the tragedy and may cause his investigation in snail pace.
This undue delay is an invitation to traffic jams.
2. Flooded Area
The cause may be attributed to clog drainage networks or engineering failure to consider the
interplay of ecology in road construction
3. Bridge Collapsed

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 Rampaging flood due to heavy downpour may cause soil erosion of the riverbank and in the
process weak bridge foundation, collapsed
4. Landslide
Denudation of the forest causes to loosen the earth surface and as a consequence of torrential
rains may cause the earth and boulders to fall or landslide.
5. Overturned Fourth-Footer Van
When detach may go wayward or uncontrollable and rest across the street, constructing of fully
block the road to traffic. A ten-toners towing machine can only effect its removal.
6. Logs Rolled from the Trailer Trucks
A freak accident but may precipitate at traffic jam if strewn across the road for its removal cannot
be made manually but only either to heavy crane or bulldozer.
7. Oil Leaks
From tanker covers three to five kilometer oil leaks on cemented pavement could create
pandemonium traffic accidents that would give rise to suits and counter-suits

Instants Solution to Traffic Jams

1. One way Traffic
An important tool to decongest the traffic standstill until such time that the density of vehicle
is reduced to accommodate the regular flow.
2. Counter-Flow Traffic
A temporary scheme when the volume of one lane direction is so saturated that the movement
of vehicles is practically nil, while the flow of the opposite’s direction is light and scale, the
solution under circumstances if to counter –flows.
3. Re-Routing the Traffic
When the density of the vehicle directions has reached such proportion tantamount to a
complete halt movement, the only alternative is to adapt, the re-routing of traffic to secondary
streets.
4. Diverting of Traffic
When the magnitude of traffic conflicts was on vast of scales; flooded areas, landslide, bridge
collapse and other contingencies, the only feasible solution in diversion of traffic, the latter is
large in scope long and tedious in perspective.
5. Top Open Private Roads for Temporary Access
Most often than not, residents of exclusive subdivisions vigorously opposed the use of their
roads under the many real or imaginary pretext, But the objection can be assailed under the
police power of the state.
6. Stop-and-Go Signal
One of the secrets to unlock the monstrous traffic gridlock is for one lane to move. Unless
this can be affected the problem would be aggravated by the passage of time. The scheme
should only be implemented when other alternative is seemingly un-adaptable.
7. X-Option
When the situation is so grave that solutions are nowhere in sight, traffic enforcers should
adapt the multi-option as the viable approach to solve the traffic orgy.

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 Most of traffic jams are caused when traffic lights are inoperative either due to brownouts or
when they are out of orders. Whenever you approach a traffic signal with all its lights OFF, and there are
no traffic enforcers directing to traffic. It is safer to slow down or come to complete stop and make certain
what the flow of traffic is.
Too many accidents have happened with drivers on both sides ASSUMING that the light on their
side is SUPPOSED TO BE GREEN

Classification of Traffic Signal Light

Traffic signal light are further classified into three:
1. Traffic control signal. These are signal light designed primarily to control and regulate traffic
flows.
2. Special pedestrian signals. This signal light provides regulation for pedestrian like the “WALK”
and “DO NOT WALK” signal lights.
3. Train approach and gates signal. These are usually installed on road-rail intersections designed
to inform motorist of any approaching train on the intersections.
4. Other special traffic signals. These are installed on traffic ways where special regulations are
emphasized like “YIELD TO VEHICLES COMING FROM THE LEFT” and other similar
regulations.

Traffic signal systems

Traffic signal light use different signaling system which vary according to the needs of the traffic
way

1. The fixed-time system. A traffic control signal by which traffic is alternately commanded to stop
and permitted to proceed in accordance with predetermined time schedule this is the most widely
used system of traffic signaling the duration of the green lights remains constant and set is to the
favor traffic on the main roadways. Main road traffic is halted periodically to permit the side road
traffic to across the intersection for a short-fixed time before the signal again favor traffic on the
main road. The cycle lengths of the signal changes are determined by systematic studies of traffic
flow and pedestrian needs. Such cycle length can be set to vary during the day to accommodate
changing traffic patterns. Traffic activated controllers can also be used. These vary length of the
green light on the street according to changes in traffic demand.
2. Progressive System. The so-called progressive system used on major arteries of a number of
cities. Signals at successive intersections along the artery are timed to change from red to green at
staggered interval permitting a vehicle that maintains a constants speed to proceed without
interruption under normal circumstances. The progressive timing of signals is an integral part of
the operation of many large on-way arterial street systems.
3. Computerized control of signal networks. Signal changes are not predetermined but are
ordered by the demands of traffic are directed by computers that operate on the basis of traffic
information relayed from vehicle sensors on the streets.
Specific meaning of traffic lights to attain more effective and efficient controlling of traffic each
color of the traffic light has specific meaning of traffic regulation.

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 1. Steady red. When the red light is on motorist should observe the following
a. STOP at the designated line
b. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”
c. Expect pedestrians to across at the pedestrian lane.
d. Unless specified you can TURN RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear traffic coming rom
the left.
e. Vehicle GOING STRAIGHT has the right of way.
f. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN LIGHT
2. Steady Green. When this light is on the following should observed.
a. Go
b. It is the turn of the vehicle on the other side to STOP
c. Pedestrian is not allowed to across the pedestrian lane in front of you
d. Unless specified you can move up to the middle section of the intersection and make a
left turn when clear
e. Vehicle GOING STRAIGHT has the right of way.
f. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN LIGHT
3. Steady Green arrow. Motorist should observe the following:
a. GO
b. Vehicles turning left can do so.
c. On coming straight traffic is still RED to give way for the vehicle turning left
d. DO NOT ANTICIPATE THE GREEN ARROW
4. Steady yellow. The following should be taken note;
a. PREPARE TO STOP
b. It is the turn of the vehicles on the other sides and will be given GO signal shortly
c. DO NOT BEAT THE YELLOW LIGHT
5. Flashing Red. Motorist should be take note of the following when the light is on.
a. This is same as STOP SIGN
b. STOP at the designated line
c. Vehicles will be crossing from the other side
d. Expect pedestrians to cross at the other pedestrians lane
e. PROCEED WHEN CLEAN
6. Flashing yellow. Motorist should note of the following
a. This is the same as YELLOW SIGN
b. Proceed through the interaction with CAUTION
c. You have the right of way over a flashing RED LIGHT
d. Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to full stop
7. Steady Green and Steady Left/Right Arrow. When these light are simultaneously turned on.
Motorists should take of the following.
a. Vehicle can go straight or the vehicle on the left can make a left turn
b. Vehicle can go straight or the vehicle on the right can make a right turn
c. The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have road sign disallowing a right turn
while the RED LIGHT is on.

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 PAVEMENT MRKINGS AND MARKERS

Pavement marking and markers

The pavements of all main Highways have certain markings to help you drive safely. Those
include the center lane lines, barrier lines, and directional arrows, depending upon the type of highway.
And the needs for such markings to make the road safe under varying conditions.

Pavement
This pertain of all lines, patterns, words, colors, or other gadget except sign set into the surface or
applied upon or attached to the pavement or curbing or to object within or adjacent to the roadway,
officially placed for the purpose of regulating , warning or guiding traffic.
Similarly pavement markings are placed on the roadway are standardizing as to color and location
to conform to international standard. Basically pavement markings are placed on the roadway to convey
warning and information to the road users without diverting his attention from the roadway under the
favorable condition.
Knowledge of the purpose and use of each type of markings is important in order for motorist
drive safely. Failure either internationally or by ignorance to observe the lines can prove disastrous.

Types of Pavement Marking and markers

Pavement marking and markers are further classified into the following depending on their
purpose of location of placement.
1. Curb Markings for Restrictions. These are markers placed on the curbs or edges of the
traffic for the restriction or for parking regulation purposes.
2. Object Markings. These are markings placed on the object on the road or beside the road
like humps, rock or similar hazardous objects on the side of the road.
3. Reflectorized Markings. These are markings on gadget designed to reflect to become
luminous when hit by vehicle headlight. These are placed or installed in the middle of the
roadway to supplement separation lines or on objects at the side of the roadway which are too
near or within the roadway pavement itself.

Specific Meaning of the Pavement Markings

Pavement Marking vary depending upon the traffic regulations its location or depending on the
road or traffic condition.
1. Single White Dotted Line This pavement markings indicates the following:
a. On two lane road , separates traffic moving on different direction
b. On a one way-street separates traffic moving in one direction
c. Overtaking is possible when another lane is clear of oncoming possible
2. Single White Continuous Line in A Two-Lane Traffic Way. These lines indicates the
following
a. Separates traffic moving in opposite direction
b. Could be find in road sections that are dangerous
c. Passing and overtaking can be made but ONLY under circumstances
d. When there is no oncoming traffic.

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 3. Single Continuous Line on A Four-Lane Road. This sign when found on four-lane streets, it
indicates the following:
a. When there are slow and fast lanes, NEVER overtake by passing over the solid white line.
b. Lane 1 and 4 (outer lanes) for slow moving vehicles. Vehicles on this lane should not be
BELOW the minimum speed limit.
c. Lane 2 and 3 (inner lane) are usually for fasting moving vehicles.
4. Double Yellow Line or Double White Line. A Double Yellow or White line with a dotted line
in between means
a. ABSOLUTELY NO OVERTAKING
b. Overtaking is extremely dangerous
c. Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the solid lines
5. Single Yellow/White Line. A yellow or White with dotted White line means:
a. That you cannot overtake, if the solid line is on your side
b. If you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the solid line.
6. Yellow Continuous Line on Road Provide with Passing lane. This lane indicates the
following:
a. These are common on mountain roads
b. Slow moving vehicles such as buses and heavy trucks should always use the outer lane
c. Inner lane (lane 1) is for vehicle to pass without having use other lane (lane 2) for vehicle
coming from the opposite direction.
d. Vehicles coming from the opposite direction (lane 1) should not use the inner lane (lane 2) at
the other side for the overtaking.
7. Crosswalk or Pedestrian Lane. This Pavement Markings indicates the following
a. For pedestrian
b. Stop for pedestrians on an intersection with no traffic light.
c. DO NOT STOP on pedestrian lane specially to load and unload passengers. Pedestrians
should always cross a street on a crosswalk.
8. Directional Arrows. These pavement Markings indicate the following
a. Direction or permitted traffic movement
b. When approaching intersection where pavement arrows are used, you should enter the lane
where arrows points in the direction you want to go
c. If you get in the wrong lane, you should keep going in the direction indicated by the arrow
until it is safe to turn off and get back on the street or highway which will carry to your
destination.
d. Some have double headed arrows which means the lanes is for traffic going in the two
direction indicated.

TRAFFIC ISLANDS

Traffic Islands
These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish physical channels
through which vehicular traffic is guided.

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Function of traffic islands
Traffic islands as part of traffic control devices are designed to:
1. Segregate pedestrians and vehicle and
2. Control streams of traffic in order to minimize conflict, expedite traffic flow or increase safety.

Classification of traffic islands

Traffic islands are classified into the following according to the design, place of installation, and
purpose of construction:
Pedestrian Island(Pedestrian Barriers). These are constructed between the pedestrian sidewalk and the
road pavement to prevent pedestrian from using the roadway in passing and likewise to prevent motor
vehicle from using the sidewalk for parking and passing for the purposes.
Traffic Islands, these are the raised portion on the opposite directions and at same time preventing
motorist from using the opposite lane for overtaking. Traffic islands are further sub-classified into three
a. Division Islands. These are constructed primarily to divide the streams of the motor vehicles.
b. Channelizing Islands. These are constructed to channelize or direct the flow of traffic
c. Rotary Islands. These are constructed along the intersection or “rotundas” for purpose of turning
around There function are:
1. Prohibit pedestrians’ form crossing major thoroughfares at points where such crossing is
exceptionally hazardous.
2. Minimize imprudence and the delays to vehicular traffic and
3. Channelize and control pedestrians.

Definition of Filter
The word filter in its literal meaning is to control or constrict the movement of vehicle as it passes
through the lane designated therefore. This traffic engineering design is to prevent traffic gridlock at the
intersection when turning left at the green arrow filter signal.

Channelization
A traffic engineering terminology that separates or regulates the conflict of traffic movement into
definite paths of travel by means of traffic island or pavement markings for the safe and orderly travels of
both man and machine.
Principles of Channelization
1. It reduces the area conflict in large paved intersection. In view of uncontrolled vehicle and
pedestrian movements it creates congestion and accidents.
2. The speed of traffic stream at the intersection may be controlled by the curvature employed in
the bending of the roadways. Thus, the minor flows will be sent to conform to the main
traffic stream.
3. Likewise, the speed of traffic stream at the intersection may be controlled by funneling. A
Scheme that not only controls the speed of entering vehicles but prevents overtaking and
passing in conflict area.
4. It blocks prohibited turn. To divert traffic streams, islands may be employed to encourage
drivers in the strict observance of prohibited turns.
5. It provides refuge for turning, and crossing vehicles. Adequate shadowing provides safe
refuge for waiting vehicle to cross or enter and uncontrolled traffic stream

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 6. It is essentially required for an effective signal control at intersection with complex turning
movement.
7. It provides location for the installation of traffic control devices at the intersection of multi-
lane roadways with complex turning movement.

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