GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

CELL MEMBRANE Michaelis-Menten Equation

Fluid-Mosaic Model - The membrane is made up of many
smaller parts and the structure moves like a fluid.
Fluid - Pliable/Easily removed. Macromolecules
embedded in phospholipids.
Mosaic - Made of many different molecules: lipids,
proteins, carbohydrates.
TWO REASONS THINGS CAN’T DIRECTLY GO
THROUGH THE MEMBRANE:
1. Size
2. Polarity
The cell membrane only lets certain substances in and out
of the cell, it is selectively permeable. 1. NADᐩ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
- Electron Carrier
TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE
2. FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide)
Passive Transport - No energy (ATP) is needed by the - FAD + H → FADH
cell to move the materials
Active Transport - Energy (ATP) is needed by the cell to ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
move the materials. ATP - Energy Currency of the cell, it is important when it
comes to the body of organisms. We use this molecule to
COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANE exchange energy. Its function is to provide energy for the
● PHOSPHOLIPID BI-LAYER cells.
- type of lipid that has 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate The structure has 3 components:
head.
- Polar heads are hydrophilic “water loving”
- Tails (fatty acids) are hydrophobic “water fearing” and
face inward
● CHOLESTEROL
- Type of steroid (lipid)
- Changes fluidity of cell membrane
Higher temperature: stiffens membrane - Sugar is the base group and is an inactive site.
Lower temperature: prevents membrane from freezing - Adenine is an inactive site.
- Phosphate group is an active site, this is what reacts
● PROTEIN and the reason why and how it gets energy. This is
- According to their function: where energy is stored.
Recognition Proteins - “Name Tags” Proteins that have When the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group breaks bonding, it
carbohydrate chains attached. Carbohydrate chains aid releases energy. Once the 2nd and 3rd group breaks
in cell identification bonds, the 1st and 2nd become Adenosine Diphosphate
Receptor Proteins - Proteins that receive chemical (ADP) and the 3rd group becomes Inorganic Phosphate
signals from other cells such as nervous system cells. (Pi).
Channel Proteins - Proteins that involved in letting - ATP can be compared to a battery.
certain substances in and out of cells. Aquaporins let - ATP is charged, ADP is uncharged.
water in and out of cells.
- According to their position:
Integral - Proteins that cross both layers of the
phospholipid bilayer.
Peripheral - Proteins that are only on the top half or
bottom half of the phospholipid bilayer
● CARBOHYDRATES
- Function as adhesion and address loci for cells.
-
Exogenic Process - energy is released.
ENZYME
Endogenic Process - energy is absorbed.
Enzymes - natural catalysts that speed up a chemical
reaction. They can’t be finished as it recycles.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ENZYME KINETICS
Photosynthesis happens to the majority of plants. Most
Factors Affecting it:
oxygen in the atmosphere is produced by photosynthesis
1. Enzyme Concentration - The rate of enzyme
Photo - light Synthesis - to make organic food (sugar.)
catalyzed reaction is directly proportional to the
- The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide
concentration of enzyme.
and water.
2. Temperature - Increase with temperature. Bell shape
- Carbon Dioxide enters, Oxygen exits.
curve. Optimum temperature - If carbon dioxide is completely removed from a plant’s
3. Ph - measures how acidic or alkaline a substance is. environment, sugar will not be produced.
4. Substrate Concentration - Rectangular hyperbola - After photosynthesis, plants store their energy as
(Michaelis plot) Initial velocity – velocity when little glucose/sugar.
substrate is reacted - Products of photosynthesis are oxygen and glucose.
Autotrophs (algae, plants, bacteria, plankton) go through
the process of photosynthesis. They can make their own
food. Auto means “self.”
Heterotrophs (animals, fungi, other bacteria) are 2. Transition Reaction - connects the glycolysis to
consumers. They must rely on the sugars produced by the next cycle, the Krebs Cycle.
photosynthetic organisms for their energy needs. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) - breaks pyruvic
Chemoautotrophs can make food from chemicals. acid into CO₂.
Chemo means “inorganic materials.” They live where there 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport
is no light and from high temperatures. Chain) - electrons move down an electron
Photoautotrophs uses light to manufacture their own food transport chain, resulting in the formation of ADP
“self-feeders using light.” and ATP. Besides ATP, the other end product of
LOCATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS the Electron Transport Chain is water.
They are found on leaves.
- Mesophyll tissue - cells in the middle layer of leaf
tissue.
- Stroma/Stoma - Are found on the surface of leaves in
most plants, they let carbon dioxide diffuse into the
mesophyll layer and oxygen diffuse out.
- Chloroplast - Organelles that contains mesophyll cell
- Chlorophyll - The membrane of each thylakoid
contains green-colored pigments.
- Thylakoid - Within each chloroplasts, disc-like
structures.
- Grana - Piles like stacks of pancakes
PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light Dependent - H₂O in the presence of light and water

will create O₂. ADP and Pi (NADPᐩ) will create
ATP + NADPH.

Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) - one cycle only forms

½ sugar. Its major products are: RuBP, G3P, and
Triosephosphate.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular Respiration is the inverse process of
photosynthesis. It is the process of breaking down food
molecules (glucose) to form H₂O and CO₂. Happens in
eukaryotes, living things, animals.
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
- ATP Synthase is the enzyme that makes ATP.
- Two reactants of cell respiration is sugar and oxygen
Aerobic Cellular Respiration - requires oxygen.
Approximately 36-38 molecules of ATP are produced
during aerobic cellular respiration.
1. Glycolysis - Glyco means glucose, Lysis means
to break. “To break glucose.”. During glycolysis,
glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate. It
takes place is in the cytoplasm.