TRIGO REVIEWER 4TH QTR

Module 21: Polar Coordinates

Polar Coordinates
- Plotted on a polar grid
- Origin point: (0,θ) also known as pole
- Has a polar axis, which is horizontal, and extends from the pole to the
right side of the polar grid
Plotting the points (r,θ)
1. The polar axis is ALWAYS the INITIAL SIDE
2. The angle θ rotates counterclockwise when positive, and clockwise when negative
3. If r is negative, then we first graph the |𝑟| and θ, and draw a line opposite of |𝑟|
Examples:
o o
(5,180 ) (-4, 45 )

o o
(3,-90 ) (-5,-60 )
Note:
To convert r into a positive or negative value, add or subtract 180 degrees to θ. To convert θ into a negative
value, subtract it by 360 degrees.
Examples:

1. Convert r into a positive value 1. Convert θ into a positive value

o o o o
o o
(-4,180 ) = (I4I, 180 + 180 ) => (4,360 )
o o (8, -30 ) = (8, 360 - 30 ) => (8,330 )

2. Convert r into a negative value 2. Convert θ into a negative value

o o o o
o o 0 o (2, 65 ) = (2, 65 - 360 ) => (2,-295 )
(5,90 ) = (-5, 360 - 90 ) => (-5, 270 )

Module 22: Converting Rectangular Coordinates to Polar Coordinates and Vice Versa
Rectangular to Polar
- Given the rectangular coordinates (x,y) we can find r using pythagorean theorem. Therefore, we’ll have
2 2
𝑟= 𝑥 +𝑦
- To find θ, we must use the trigonometric ratios
Examples

1. (4,4) 2. (3 3, 3)
2 2 2 2
𝑟= 4 +4 𝑟= (3 3) + 3

𝑟 = 16 + 16 𝑟 = 27 + 9
𝑟 = 36
𝑟 = 32 32 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2
𝑟=6
𝑟=4 2 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 6
𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = 𝑥
−1 3
θ= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 )
4
𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = 4 θ = 30 𝑑𝑒𝑔
−1 4 o
θ= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 ) therefore, (3 3, 3) = (6,30 )

θ = 45 𝑑𝑒𝑔
o
therefore, (4,4) = (4 2, 45 )

Polar to Rectangular
- Given the coordinates (r,θ), the rectangular coordinates can be obtained using these formulas:
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠θ and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
- Note: when r is a negative value, we use the |𝑟| and we add 180 degrees to θ
Examples

o o
3. (4,80 ) 4. (-9,30 )
 o
𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠(80) = (9,210 )
𝑥 = 4(0. 17) 𝑥 = 9𝑐𝑜𝑠(210)
3
𝑥 = 0. 69 𝑥 = 9(− )
2
𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(80) 9 3
𝑥 =− 2
𝑦 = 4(0. 98)
𝑦 = 9𝑠𝑖𝑛(210)
𝑦 = 3. 94
o
𝑦 = 9(− 1/2)
therefore, (4,80 ) = (0.69,3.94)
𝑦 =− 9/2
o 9 3
therefore, (-9,30 ) = (− 2
,− 9/2)

Module 23: Exponential Functions

Properties of a Graph of an Expo. Function
𝑥
It is written as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 where 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0 and x is any real number
- The graph passes through (0,1)
- It is a continuous curve
- Has a horizontal asymptote (x-axis)
𝑥
- If 𝑏 > 1 then 𝑏 increases as x increases
𝑥
- If 0 < 𝑏 < 1 then 𝑏 decreases as x increases

Examples

1. Find y 2. Find the base 3. Find x

x 2x+1 x-2 2
b =y (4,16) 125 * 25 =5
2 4 3 2x+1 2 x-2 2
6 = 36 b = 16 (5 ) * (5 ) =5
6x+3 2x-4 2
y = 36 4 4 4
𝑏 = 16 5 *5 =5
8x-1 2
b=2 5 =5
8x - 1 = 2
8x = 3
x = 3/8
Module 24: Exponential Growth and Decay

Exponential Growth Exponential Decay

𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏
- Where 𝑎 ≠ 0 and 𝑏 > 1 and b can be written - Where 𝑎 ≠ 0 and 0 < 𝑏 < 1 and b can be
as 𝑏 = 1 + 𝑟 where r is the rate. written as 𝑏 = 1 − 𝑟 where r is the rate.
- Here, b is referred to as the growth factor. - Here, b is referred to as the decay factor.
- Applied in calculation of COVID-19 possible - Applied in reselling gadgets or properties,
cases using the rate of infection, the amount population decay, etc.
of users in an app, population growth, etc.
Graph: Graph:

Examples

E. Growth E. Decay
The population in Marikina City in 2015 was 415,000, Carlo is planning to sell his laboratory which he
and it has increased by 1.5% the following years. bought last 2000 at 4.5M pesos. The rate of decay is
a. Identify the population by 2030 35%.
x t t
y = ab => y = ab => y = a(1 + r) a. Identify the price of the laboratory in 2005
2030-2015 x t t
y = 415,000(1 + 0.015) y = ab => y = ab => y = a(1 - r)
15 2005-2000
y = 415,000(1.015) y = 4.5(1 - 0.35)
5
y = 415,000(1.2502) y = 4.5(0.65)
y = 518,847 or 518,846 y = 4.5(0.116)
b. When will the population be at 500,000? y = Php 0.52M
t
500,000 = 415,000(1.015) b. When will the price at 0.1M?
t t
500,000/415,000 = (1.015) 0.1 = 4.5(0.65)
t t
1.205 = (1.015) 0.1/4.5 = (0.65)
t
Log1.0151.205 = t 0.022 = (0.65)
12.515 = t Log0.650.022 = t
8.83 years or 9 years = t
Module 25: Logarithmic Functions
x
Logby = x ⇔ b = y
- Used in finding x in exponential functions
- Read as “log base b of y is equal to x”

Examples (can be used in evaluating exponential growth/decay so I used the same one)

E. Growth E. Decay
The population in Marikina City in 2015 was 415,000, Carlo is planning to sell his laboratory which he
and it has increased by 1.5% the following years. bought last 2000 at 4.5M pesos. The rate of decay is
c. Identify the population by 2030 35%.
x t t
y = ab => y = ab => y = a(1 + r) c. Identify the price of the laboratory in 2005
2030-2015 x t t
y = 415,000(1 + 0.015) y = ab => y = ab => y = a(1 - r)
15 2005-2000
y = 415,000(1.015) y = 4.5(1 - 0.35)
5
y = 415,000(1.2502) y = 4.5(0.65)
y = 518,847 or 518,846 y = 4.5(0.116)
d. When will the population be at 500,000? y = Php 0.52M
t
500,000 = 415,000(1.015) d. When will the price at 0.1M?
t t
500,000/415,000 = (1.015) 0.1 = 4.5(0.65)
t t
1.205 = (1.015) 0.1/4.5 = (0.65)
t
Log1.0151.205 = t 0.022 = (0.65)
12.515 = t Log0.650.022 = t
8.83 years or 9 years = t

Module 26: Laws of Logarithmic Function

1. Law of a Product
Logbxy = logbx + logby
States that
‘the logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of the logarithms of its factors’
Proof:

2. Law of a Quotient
Logb x/y = logbx - logby
 States that
‘the logarithm of a quotient is equal to the difference of the logarithm of the numerator and the
logarithm of the denominator’
Proof:

3. Law of a Power
n
Logb x = nlogbx
States that
n
‘the logarithm of x is equal to the logarithm of x multiplied by the exponent n’
Proof:

4. Change of base formula

Logc a = log(a)/log(c)
Logca = ln(a)/ln(c)
In(x) = log(x)/log(e)
Examples

Law of a Product
Log9729 = log9(81*9)
= log981 + log99
=2+1
=3
Log510 + log52.5 = log525
=2

Law of a Quotient
Log865536/16 = log865536 - log816
= (16/3) - (4/3)
 = 12/3
=4
Log800 - log8 = log(800/8)
= log100
=2

Law of a Power
6
Log93 = 6log93
= 6(1/2)
=3
8
8log24 = log24
= log265536
= log21024 + log264
= (10) + 6
= 16

Change of bases (to common logarithm, vice versa)

Log981 = log(81)/log(9)
=2
Log(100)/log(100) = log100100
x
100 = 100
x 1
100 = 100
x=1

Change of bases (to natural logarithm, vice versa)

Log327 = ln(27)/ln(3)
=3
ln(27)/ln(3) = [log(27)/log(e)] / [log(3)/log(e)]
= [log(27)/log(e)] x [log(e)/log(3)]
= log(27)/log(3)
= log327
=3