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FreeRTOS Reference Manual rv3

FreeRtos manual de referência

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

56 views

FreeRTOS Reference Manual rv3

FreeRtos manual de referência

Uploaded by

Paulo de Amorim Costa

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 123

FREERTOS REFERENCE

MANUAL

API Functions and

Configuration Options
Richard Barry
This page intentionally left blank
© 2009 Real Time Engineers Ltd.

All text, source code and diagrams are the exclusive property of Richard Barry. Distribution or
publication in any form is strictly prohibited without prior written authority from Real Time Engineers
Ltd. FreeRTOS™, FreeRTOS.org™ and the FreeRTOS logo are trade marks of Real Time
Engineers Ltd.

Version 1.0.1
This document was supplied to [email protected]
http://www.FreeRTOS.org This document was supplied to [email protected]

CONTENTS

CONTENTS I

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ III

LIST OF CODE LISTINGS ............................................................................................................. III

LIST OF NOTATION ...................................................................................................................... VI

CHAPTER 1 ABOUT THIS MANUAL ....................................................................................... 1

1.1 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................. 2
1.2 FUNCTION ORDERING ............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 API USAGE RESTRICTIONS ..................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 2 TASK API ............................................................................................................ 3

2.1 XTASKCALLAPPLICATIONHOOK() ............................................................................................. 4
2.2 XTASKCREATE() ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 VTASKDELAY() ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.4 VTASKDELAYUNTIL() ............................................................................................................ 12
2.5 VTASKDELETE() ................................................................................................................... 15
2.6 TASKDISABLE_INTERRUPTS() .......................................................................................... 17
2.7 TASKENABLE_INTERRUPTS() ........................................................................................... 18
2.8 VTASKENDSCHEDULER() ...................................................................................................... 19
2.9 ULTASKENDTRACE() ............................................................................................................ 20
2.10 TASKENTER_CRITICAL() ................................................................................................... 21
2.11 TASKEXIT_CRITICAL() ....................................................................................................... 23
2.12 XTASKGETCURRENTTASKHANDLE() ...................................................................................... 24
2.13 UXTASKGETNUMBEROFTASKS() ........................................................................................... 25
2.14 XTASKGETSCHEDULERSTATE() ............................................................................................ 26
2.15 UXTASKGETHIGHW ATERMARK() ........................................................................................... 27
2.16 VTASKGETRUNTIMESTATS()................................................................................................. 29
2.17 XTASKGETTICKCOUNT() ....................................................................................................... 33
2.18 VTASKLIST() ........................................................................................................................ 35
2.19 UXTASKPRIORITYGET() ........................................................................................................ 38
2.20 VTASKPRIORITYSET() ........................................................................................................... 40
2.21 VTASKRESUME() .................................................................................................................. 42
2.22 XTASKRESUMEALL() ............................................................................................................ 44
2.23 XTASKRESUMEFROMISR() ................................................................................................... 46
2.24 VTASKSETAPPLICATIONTAG() ............................................................................................... 48
2.25 VTASKSTARTSCHEDULER() ................................................................................................... 50

FreeRTOS 1
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© 2009 Real Time Engineers Ltd. Distribution or publication in any form is strictly prohibited.
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2.26 VTASKSUSPEND() ................................................................................................................ 52

2.27 VTASKSUSPENDALL() ........................................................................................................... 54
2.28 TASKYIELD() ....................................................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER 3 QUEUE API ....................................................................................................... 58

3.1 VQUEUEADDTOREGISTRY .................................................................................................... 59
3.2 XQUEUECREATE() ................................................................................................................ 61
3.3 VQUEUEDELETE() ................................................................................................................ 63
3.4 UXQUEUEMESSAGESW AITING() ............................................................................................ 65
3.5 UXQUEUEMESSAGESW AITINGFROMISR() ............................................................................. 66
3.6 XQUEUEPEEK() .................................................................................................................... 67
3.7 XQUEUERECEIVE() ............................................................................................................... 70
3.8 XQUEUERECEIVEFROMISR() ................................................................................................ 73
3.9 XQUEUESEND(), XQUEUESENDTOFRONT(), XQUEUESENDTOBACK() ...................................... 75
3.10 XQUEUESENDFROMISR(), XQUEUESENDTOBACKFROMISR(),
XQUEUESENDTOFRONTFROMISR() .................................................................................................. 78

CHAPTER 4 SEMAPHORE API ............................................................................................. 81

4.1 VSEMAPHORECREATEBINARY()............................................................................................. 82
4.2 XSEMAPHORECREATECOUNTING() ........................................................................................ 84
4.3 XSEMAPHORECREATEMUTEX() ............................................................................................. 86
4.4 XSEMAPHORECREATERECURSIVEMUTEX() ............................................................................ 88
4.5 XSEMAPHOREGIVE() ............................................................................................................ 90
4.6 XSEMAPHOREGIVEFROMISR () ............................................................................................. 92
4.7 XSEMAPHOREGIVERECURSIVE() ........................................................................................... 94
4.8 XSEMAPHORETAKE() ............................................................................................................ 96
4.9 XSEMAPHORETAKERECURSIVE() ........................................................................................... 98

CHAPTER 5 KERNEL CONFIGURATION ........................................................................... 100

5.1 FREERTOSCONFIG.H ........................................................................................................ 101
5.2 CONFIGURATION CONSTANTS ............................................................................................. 102

APPENDIX 1: DATA TYPES AND CODING STYLE GUIDE .................................................. 109

APPENDIX 2: LICENSING INFORMATION ........................................................................... 112

FreeRTOS 2
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 An example of the table produced by calling vTaskGetRunTimeStats() ............................... 29

Figure 2 An example of the table produced by calling vTaskList() ...................................................... 35
Figure 3 Time line showing the execution of 4 idle priority tasks ...................................................... 103
Figure 4 An example interrupt priority configuration ......................................................................... 105

LIST OF CODE LISTINGS

Listing 1 xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook() function prototype .............................................................. 4

Listing 2 The prototype to which all task hook functions must conform................................................. 4
Listing 3 Example use of xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook() .................................................................. 6
Listing 4 xTaskCreate() function prototype ........................................................................................... 7
Listing 5 Example use of xTaskCreate()............................................................................................... 9
Listing 6 vTaskDelay() function prototype .......................................................................................... 10
Listing 7 Example use of vTaskDelay() .............................................................................................. 11
Listing 8 vTaskDelayUntil() function prototype ................................................................................... 12
Listing 9 Example use of vTaskDelayUntil() ....................................................................................... 14
Listing 10 vTaskDelete() function prototype ....................................................................................... 15
Listing 11 Example use of the vTaskDelete() ..................................................................................... 16
Listing 12 taskDISABLE_INTERRUPTS() macro prototype ................................................................ 17
Listing 13 taskENABLE_INTERRUPTS() macro prototype ................................................................. 18
Listing 14 vTaskEndScheduler() function prototype ........................................................................... 19
Listing 15 ulTaskEndTrace() function prototype ................................................................................. 20
Listing 16 taskENTER_CRITICAL macro prototype ........................................................................... 21
Listing 17 Example use of taskENTER_CRITICAL() and taskEXIT_CRITICAL() ................................ 22
Listing 18 taskEXIT_CRITICAL() macro prototype ............................................................................. 23
Listing 19 xTaskGetCurrentTaskHandle() function prototype ............................................................. 24
Listing 20 uxTaskGetNumberOfTasks() function prototype ................................................................ 25
Listing 21 xTaskGetSchedulerState() function prototype .................................................................... 26
Listing 22 Example use of uxTaskGetStackHighWaterMark() ............................................................ 28
Listing 23 vTaskGetRunTimeStats() function prototype...................................................................... 29
Listing 24 Example macro definitions, taken from the LM3Sxxx Eclipse Demo .................................. 31
Listing 25 Example macro definitions, taken from the LPC17xx Eclipse Demo .................................. 31
Listing 26 Example use of vTaskGetRunTimeStats() ......................................................................... 32
Listing 27 xTaskGetTickCount() function prototype ............................................................................ 33
Listing 28 Example use of xTaskGetTickCount() ................................................................................ 34

FreeRTOS 3
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Listing 29 vTaskList() function prototype ............................................................................................ 35

Listing 30 Example use of vTaskList() ................................................................................................ 37
Listing 31 uxTaskPriorityGet() function prototype ............................................................................... 38
Listing 32 Example use of uxTaskPriorityGet() ................................................................................... 39
Listing 33 vTaskPrioritySet() function prototype ................................................................................. 40
Listing 34 Example use of vTaskPrioritySet() ..................................................................................... 41
Listing 35 vTaskResume() function prototype .................................................................................... 42
Listing 36 Example use of vTaskResume() ........................................................................................ 43
Listing 37 xTaskResumeAll() function prototype ................................................................................ 44
Listing 38 Example use of xTaskResumeAll() .................................................................................... 45
Listing 39 xTaskResumeFromISR() function prototype ...................................................................... 46
Listing 40 Example use of vTaskResumeFromISR() .......................................................................... 47
Listing 41 vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag() function prototype ............................................................. 48
Listing 42 Example use of vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag() ................................................................. 49
Listing 43 vTaskStartScheduler() function prototype .......................................................................... 50
Listing 44 Example use of vTaskStartScheduler() .............................................................................. 51
Listing 45 vTaskSuspend() function prototype .................................................................................... 52
Listing 46 Example use of vTaskSuspend() ....................................................................................... 53
Listing 47 vTaskSuspendAll() function prototype ................................................................................ 54
Listing 48 Example use of vTaskSuspendAll() ................................................................................... 55
Listing 49 taskYIELD() macro prototype ............................................................................................. 56
Listing 50 Example us of taskYIELD() ................................................................................................ 57
Listing 51 vQueueAddToRegistry() API function ................................................................................ 59
Listing 52 Example use of vQueueAddToRegistry() ........................................................................... 60
Listing 53 xQueueCreate() API function ............................................................................................. 61
Listing 54 Example use of xQueueCreate() ........................................................................................ 62
Listing 55 vQueueDelete() API function ............................................................................................. 63
Listing 56 Example use of vQueueDelete() ........................................................................................ 64
Listing 57 uxQueueMessagesWaiting() function prototype ................................................................. 65
Listing 58 Example us of uxQueueMessagesWaiting() ...................................................................... 65
Listing 59 uxQueueMessagesWaitingFromISR() function prototype ................................................... 66
Listing 60 Example use of uxQueueMessagesWaitingFromISR() ...................................................... 66
Listing 61 xQueuePeek() function prototype....................................................................................... 67
Listing 62 Example us of xQueuePeek() ............................................................................................ 69
Listing 63 xQueueReceive() function prototype .................................................................................. 70
Listing 64 Example us of xQueueReceive()........................................................................................ 72
Listing 65 xQueueReceiveFromISR() function prototype .................................................................... 73
Listing 66 Example use of xQueueReceiveFromISR() ....................................................................... 74
Listing 67 xQueueSend(), xQueueSendToFront() and xQueueSendToBack() function prototypes..... 75
Listing 68 Example use of xQueueSendToBack() .............................................................................. 77

FreeRTOS 4
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Listing 69 xQueueSendFromISR(), xQueueSendToBackFromISR() and

xQueueSendToFrontFromISR() function prototypes ................................................................... 78
Listing 70 Example use of xQueueSendToBackFromISR() ................................................................ 80
Listing 71 vSemaphoreCreateBinary() macro prototype ..................................................................... 82
Listing 72 Example use of vSemaphoreCreateBinary() ...................................................................... 83
Listing 73 xSemaphoreCreateCounting() macro prototype ................................................................. 84
Listing 74 Example use of xSemaphoreCreateCounting() .................................................................. 85
Listing 75 xSemaphoreCreateMutex() macro prototype ..................................................................... 86
Listing 76 Example use of xSemaphoreCreateMutex()....................................................................... 87
Listing 77 xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex() macro prototype...................................................... 88
Listing 78 Example use of xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex() ....................................................... 89
Listing 79 xSemaphoreGive() macro prototype .................................................................................. 90
Listing 80 Example use of xSemaphoreGive() ................................................................................... 91
Listing 81 xSemaphoreGiveFromISR() macro prototype .................................................................... 92
Listing 82 Example use of xSemaphoreGiveFromISR() ..................................................................... 93
Listing 83 xSemaphoreGiveRecursive() macro prototype................................................................... 94
Listing 84 Example use of xSemaphoreGiveRecursive() .................................................................... 95
Listing 85 xSemaphoreTake() macro prototype .................................................................................. 96
Listing 86 Example use of xSemaphoreTake() ................................................................................... 97
Listing 87 xSemaphoreTakeRecursive() macro prototype .................................................................. 98
Listing 88 Example use of xSemaphoreTakeRecursive() ................................................................... 99
Listing 89 The stack overflow hook function prototype ..................................................................... 102

FreeRTOS 5
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© 2009 Real Time Engineers Ltd. Distribution or publication in any form is strictly prohibited.
http://www.FreeRTOS.org This document was supplied to [email protected]

LIST OF NOTATION

API Application Programming Interface

ISR Interrupt Service Routine
RTOS Real Time Operating System

FreeRTOS 6
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CHAPTER 1

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

1.1 S COPE

This document provides a technical reference to the primary FreeRTOS API1 and configuration
options. It is assumed the reader is already familiar with the concepts of writing multi tasking
applications and the primitives provided by real time kernels. Readers that are not familiar with these
fundamental concepts are recommended to read “Using the FreeRTOS Real Time Kernel – A
Practical Guide” for a much more descriptive, hands on, and explanatory text.

1.2 FUNCTION O RDERING

The API reference has been split into three sections – task functions, queue functions and semaphore
functions. Each section is presented alphabetically – with the exception that the function name prefix
that specifies the functions return type is not considered in the alphabetical ordering. For example the
function vTaskDelay() is a void function so is prefixed with a ‘v’, but for the purpose of alphabetical
sorting the ‘v’ is ignored.

1.3 API U SAGE R ESTRICTIONS

The following rules apply when using the FreeRTOS API:

1. API functions that do not end in “FromISR” must not be used from within an interrupt service
routine (ISR).

2. API functions that could potentially cause a context switch must not be called while the
scheduler is suspended.

3. API functions that could potentially cause a context switch must not be called from within a
critical section.

1
The ‘alternative’ API is not included as its use is no longer recommended. The co-routine API is also omitted
as co-routines are only useful to a small subset of applications.

CHAPTER 2

TASK API

2.1 X T ASK C ALL APPLICATION H OOK ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

portBASE_TYPE xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook( xTaskHandle xTask, void *pvParameters );

Listing 1 xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook() function prototype

Summary

This function is available for advanced users.

Each created task can optionally have a ‘tag’ value assigned to it. The meaning of the tag value is
defined by the application writer as the kernel itself will not normally access it directly.

As a special case the tag value can be used to associate a ‘task hook’ (or callback) function with a
task. The hook function can then be invoked using xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook().

Task hook functions can be used for any purpose. The example shown demonstrates a task hook
being used to output debug trace information.

Task hook functions must have the prototype demonstrated by Listing 2.

portBASE_TYPE xAnExampleTaskHookFunction( void *pvParameters );

Listing 2 The prototype to which all task hook functions must conform

xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook() is only available when configUSE_APPLICATION_TASK_TAG is set

to 1 in FreeRTOSConfig.h.

Parameters

xTask The handle of the task whose hook function is being called. See the pxCreatedTask
parameter of the xTaskCreate() API function for information on obtaining handles to
tasks.

A task can call its own hook function by passing NULL in place of a valid task handle.

pvParameters The value used as the parameter to the task hook function itself.

Using a pointer to void allows the task hook parameter to effectively have any type.
Integral types can be passed in by simply casting the parameter to the actual type
within the hook function itself. Likewise the void pointer can be used to point to any
standard or compound type.

Example

/* Define a hook (callback) function – using the required prototype as

demonstrated by Listing 2 */
static portBASE_TYPE prvExampleTaskHook( void * pvParameter )
{
/* Perform an action - this could be anything. In this example the hook
is used to output debug trace information. pxCurrentTCB is the handle
of the currently executing task. [vWriteTrace() is not an API function,
its just called as an example] */
vWriteTrace( pxCurrentTCB );

/* This example does not make use of the hook return value so just returns
0 in every case. */
return 0;
}

/******************************************************************************/

/* Define an example task that makes use of its tag value. */

void vAnotherTask( void *pvParameters )
{
/* vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag() sets the ‘tag’ value associated with a task.
NULL is used in place of a valid task handle to indicate that it should be
the tag value of the calling task that gets set. In this example the ‘value’
being set is the hook function. */
vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag( NULL, prvExampleTaskHook );

for( ;; )
{
/* The rest of the task code goes here. */
}
}

/******************************************************************************/

/* Define the traceTASK_SWITCHED_OUT() macro to call the hook function of each

task that is switched out. pxCurrentTCB points to the handle of the currently
running task. */
#define traceTASK_SWITCHED_OUT() xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook( pxCurrentTCB, 0 )

Listing 3 Example use of xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook()

2.2 X T ASK C REATE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

portBASE_TYPE xTaskCreate( pdTASK_CODE pvTaskCode,

const signed portCHAR * const pcName,
unsigned portSHORT usStackDepth,
void *pvParameters,
unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxPriority,
xTaskHandle *pvCreatedTask
);

Listing 4 xTaskCreate() function prototype

Summary

Creates a new instance of a task.

Newly created tasks are initially placed in the Ready state but will immediately become the Running
state task if there are no higher priority tasks that are able to run.

Tasks can be created both before and after the scheduler has been started.

Parameters

pvTaskCode Pointer to the function that implements the task. This is just the task name.

pcName A descriptive name for the task. This is not used by FreeRTOS in any way. It is
included purely as a debugging aid. Identifying a task by a human readable name is
much simpler than attempting to do the same from its handle.

The application defined constant configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN defines the

maximum length a task name can take – including the NULL terminator. Supplying a
string longer than this maximum will result in the string being truncated.

usStackDepth Each task has its own unique state that is allocated by the kernel to the task when
the task is created. The usStackDepth value tells the kernel how big to make the
stack.

The value specifies the number of words the stack can hold, not the number of
bytes. For example, if the stack is 32 bits wide and usStackDepth is passed in as
100, then 400 bytes of stack space will be allocated (100 * 4bytes). The stack depth
multiplied by the stack width must not exceed the maximum value that can be
contained in a variable of type size_t.

FreeRTOS 7
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The size of the stack used by the idle task is defined by the application defined
constant configMINIMAL_STACK_SIZE . The value assigned to this constant in the
FreeRTOS demo application for the microcontroller architecture being used is the
minimum recommended for any task. If your task uses a lot of stack space then you
will need to assign a larger value.

pvParameters Task functions accept a parameter of type pointer to void ( void* ). The value
assigned to pvParameters when the task is created is the value passed into the task.

uxPriority Defines the priority at which the task will execute. Priorities can be assigned from 0,
which is the lowest priority, to (configMAX_PRIORITIES – 1), which is the highest
priority.

configMAX_PRIORITIES is defined in FreeRTOSConfig.h. Passing a uxPriority

value above (configMAX_PRIORITIES – 1) will result in the actual priority assigned
to the task being capped to the maximum legitimate value.

pxCreatedTask pvCreatedTask can be used to pass out a handle to the task being created. This
handle can then be used to reference the task within API calls that, for example,
change the task priority or delete the task.

If your application has no use for the task handle then pvCreatedTask can be set to
NULL.

Return Values

pdPASS Indicates that the task was created

successfully.

errCOULD_NOT_ALLOCATE_REQUIRED_MEMORY Indicates that the task could not be created

because there was insufficient heap memory
available for FreeRTOS to allocate the task
data structures and stack. If heap_1.c or
heap_2.c are included in the project then the
total amount of heap available is defined by
configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE in
FreeRTOSConfig.h. If heap_3.c is included
in the project then the total heap size is
defined by the linker.

FreeRTOS 8
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Example

/* Define a structure called xStruct and a variable of type xStruct. These are just used to
demonstrate a parameter being passed into a task function. */
typdef struct A_STRUCT
{
char cStructMember1;
char cStructMember2;
} xStruct;

/* Define a variable of the type xStruct to pass as the task parameter. */

xStruct xParameter = { 1, 2 };

/* Define the task that will be created. Note the name of the function that implements
the task is used as the first parameter in the call to xTaskCreate() below. */
void vTaskCode( void * pvParameters )
{
xStruct *pxParameters;

/* Cast the parameter to the required type. */

pxParameters = ( xStruct * ) pvParameters;

/* The parameter can now be accessed as expected. */

if( pxParameters->cStructMember1 != 1 )
{
/* Etc. */
}

/* Enter an infinite loop to perform the task processing. */

for( ;; )
{
/* Task code goes here. */
}
}
/******************************************************************************/

/* Define a function that creates a task. This could be called either before of after
the scheduler has been started. */
void vAnotherFunction( void )
{
xTaskHandle xHandle;

/* Create the task. */

if( xTaskCreate( vTaskCode, /* Pointer to the function that implements the task. */
"Demo task", /* Text name given to the task. */
STACK_SIZE, /* The size of the stack that should be created for the task. */
&xParameter, /* A reference to xParameters is used as the task parameter. */
TASK_PRIORITY,/* The priority being assigned to the newly created task. */
&xHandle /* The handle to the task will be placed in xHandle. */
) != pdPASS )
{
/* The task could not be created as there was insufficient heap memory remaining. */
}
else
{
/* The task was created successfully. */
}

/* The handle can now be used in other API functions, for example to change the priority
of the task. */
vTaskPrioritySet( xHandle, 2 );
}

Listing 5 Example use of xTaskCreate()

FreeRTOS 9
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2.3 V T ASK D ELAY ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskDelay( portTickType xTicksToDelay );

Listing 6 vTaskDelay() function prototype

Summary

Places the calling task into the Blocked state for a fixed number of tick interrupts.

If vTaskDelay() is called a fraction of a tick period prior to the next tick interrupt occurring then the
fraction will count as one tick interrupt.

Specifying a delay period of 0 ticks will not result in the calling task being placed into the Blocked state
but will cause the calling task to yield. Calling vTaskDelay( 0 ) is equivalent to calling taskYIELD().

Parameters

xTicksToDelay The number of tick interrupts that the calling task should remain in the Blocked state
before being transitioned back into the Ready state.

For example, if a task called vTaskDelay( 100 ) while the tick count was 10,000, then
it would immediately enter the Blocked state and remain there until the tick count
reached 10,100.

The constant portTICK_RATE_MS can be used to convert milliseconds into ticks.

Return Values

None.

FreeRTOS 10
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Example

void vAnotherTask( void * pvParameters )

{
for( ;; )
{
/* Perform some processing here. */

/* Enter the Blocked state for 20 tick interrupts – the actual time spent in the
Blocked state is dependent on the tick frequency. */
vTaskDelay( 20 );

/* 20 ticks will have passed since the first call to vTaskDelay() was executed. */

/* Enter the Blocked state for 20 milliseconds. Using the portTICK_RATE_MS

constant means the tick frequency can change without effecting the time spent
in the blocked state (other than due to the resolution of the tick frequency). */
vTaskDelay( 20 / portTICK_RATE_MS );
}
}

Listing 7 Example use of vTaskDelay()

FreeRTOS 11
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2.4 V T ASK D ELAY U NTIL ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskDelayUntil( portTickType *pxPreviousWakeTime, portTickType xTimeIncrement );

Listing 8 vTaskDelayUntil() function prototype

Summary

Places the calling task into the Blocked state until an absolute time is reached.

vTaskDelayUntil() can be used by periodic tasks to generate a constant execution frequency.

Differences Between vTaskDelay() and vTaskDelayUntil()

vTaskDelay() will cause the calling task to enter the Blocked state for the specified number of ticks
from the time vTaskDelay() was called – the time at which the calling task exits the Blocked state is
therefore relative to when vTaskDelay() was called. vTaskDelayUntil() instead specifies the absolute
(exact) time at which it will exit the Blocked state.

FreeRTOS 12
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Parameters

pxPreviousWakeTime This parameter is named on the assumption that vTaskDelayUntil() is being

used to implement a task that executes periodically and with a fixed
frequency. In this case pxPreviousWakeTime holds the time at which the task
last left the Blocked state (was ‘woken’ up). This time is used as a reference
point to calculate the time at which the task should next leave the Blocked
state.

The variable pointed to by pxPreviousWakeTime is updated automatically

within the vTaskDelayUntil() function and would not normally be modified by
the application code other than when the variable is first initialized. Listing 9
demonstrates how the initialization is performed.

xTimeIncrement This parameter is also named on the assumption that vTaskDelayUntil() is

being used to implement a task that executes periodically and with a fixed
frequency – the frequency being set by the xTimeIncrement value.

xTimeIncrement is specified in ‘ticks’. The constant portTICK_RATE_MS can

be used to convert milliseconds into ticks.

Return Values

None.

FreeRTOS 13
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Example

/* Define a task that performs an action every 50 milliseconds. */

void vCyclicTaskFunction( void * pvParameters )
{
portTickType xLastWakeTime;
const portTickType xPeriod = ( 50 / portTICK_RATE_MS );

/* The xLastWakeTime variable needs to be initialized with the current tick

count. Note that this is the only time the variable is written to explicitly.
After this xLastWakeTime is updated automatically internally within
vTaskDelayUntil(). */
xLastWakeTime = xTaskGetTickCount();

/* Enter the loop that defines the task behavior. */

for( ;; )
{
/* This task should execute every 50 milliseconds. Time is measured
in ticks. The portTICK_RATE_MS constant can used to convert milliseconds
into ticks. xLastWakeTime is automatically updated within vTaskDelayUntil()
so is not explicitly updated by the task. */
vTaskDelayUntil( &xLastWakeTime, xPeriod );

/* Perform the periodic actions here. */

}
}

Listing 9 Example use of vTaskDelayUntil()

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2.5 V T ASK D ELETE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskDelete( xTaskHandle pxTask );

Listing 10 vTaskDelete() function prototype

Summary

Deletes a task.

Deleted tasks no longer exist and cannot enter the Running state. A handle used to reference a task
will not be valid and must not be used after the referenced task has been deleted.

It is the responsibility of the idle task to free memory that was allocated to tasks that have since been
deleted. It is therefore important that applications that make use of the vTaskDelete() API function do
not completely starve the idle task of all processing time.

Note also that only memory that is allocated to a task by the kernel itself will be automatically freed
when the task is deleted. Any memory or other resource that the implementation of the task allocates
must be freed explicitly.

Parameters

pxTask The handle of the task that is to be deleted (the subject task) – see the pxCreatedTask
parameter of the xTaskCreate() API function for information on obtaining handles to tasks.

A task can delete itself by passing NULL in place of a valid task handle.

Return Values

None.

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Example

void vAnotherFunction( void )

{
xTaskHandle xHandle;

/* Create a task, storing the handle to the created task in xHandle. */

if( xTaskCreate( vTaskCode, "Demo task", STACK_SIZE, NULL, PRIORITY, &xHandle ) != pdPASS )
{
/* The task could not be created because there was not enough RTOS heap
memory available for the task data structures and stack. */
}
else
{
/* Delete the task just created, using the handle to reference the task. */
vTaskDelete( xHandle );
}

/* Delete the task calling this function by calling vTaskDelete() with a NULL parameter.
The calling task could also be deleted by passing its handle instead of NULL. */
vTaskDelete( NULL );
}

Listing 11 Example use of the vTaskDelete()

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2.6 TASK DISABLE_INTERRUPTS()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void taskDISABLE_INTERRUPTS( void );

Listing 12 taskDISABLE_INTERRUPTS() macro prototype

Summary

Sets the microcontroller status flags so that all or a subset of interrupts are disabled – depending on
the port being used.

If the FreeRTOS port for the microcontroller being used permits interrupts to nest then only interrupts
up to and including the interrupt priority set by configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY will be
disabled. Interrupts that have a priority above configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY
remain enabled.

If the FreeRTOS port for the microcontroller being used does not permit interrupts to nest then all
interrupts are disabled.

configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY is normally located in FreeRTOSConfig.h.

Calls to taskDISABLE_INTERRUPTS() and taskENABLE_INTERRUPTS() are not designed to nest.

For example, if taskDISABLE_INTERRUPTS() is called twice a single call to
taskENABLE_INTERRUPTS() will still result in interrupts becoming globally enabled. If nesting is
required use taskENTER_CRITICAL() and taskEXIT_CRITICAL() in place of
taskDISABLE_INTERRUPTS() and taskENABLE_INTERRUPTS() respectively.

Some FreeRTOS API functions use critical sections that will re-enable interrupts if the critical section
nesting count is zero – even if interrupts were disabled by a call to taskDISABLE_INTERRUPTS()
before the API function was called.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

None.

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2.7 TASK ENABLE_INTERRUPTS()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void taskENABLE_INTERRUPTS( void );

Listing 13 taskENABLE_INTERRUPTS() macro prototype

Summary

Sets the microcontroller status flags so all interrupts are enabled.

Calls to taskDISABLE_INTERRUPTS() and taskENABLE_INTERRUPTS() are not designed to nest.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

None.

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2.8 V T ASK E ND S CHEDULER ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskEndScheduler( void );

Listing 14 vTaskEndScheduler() function prototype

Summary

vTaskEndScheduler() has only been implemented for the real mode x86 port that is launched from
DOS. It stops the kernel tick interrupt, deletes all the tasks, then resumes from the point where
vTaskStartScheduler() was called.

vTaskEndScheduler() requires an exit function to be defined within the portable layer (see
vPortEndScheduler() in port. c for the PC port) to perform the hardware specific operations such as
stopping the tick interrupt.

vTaskEndScheduler() will cause all of the resources allocated by the kernel to be freed - but will not
free resources allocated by tasks themselves.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

None.

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2.9 UL T ASK E ND T RACE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

unsigned long ulTaskEndTrace( void );

Listing 15 ulTaskEndTrace() function prototype

Summary

ulTaskEndTrace() relates to a deprecated trace feature that has been replaced by the more flexible
trace macros.

FreeRTOS contains a simple execution trace facility that writes the number of the selected task and a
timestamp to a RAM buffer during each context switch. With the help of a data conversion utility the
RAM buffer can be converted to a plain text file for offline viewing within a spread sheet program.

The trace is started using vTaskStartTrace() and ended using ulTaskEndTrace().

Parameters

None.

Return Values

ulTaskEndTrace() returns the number of bytes that were written into the RAM buffer while the trace
was running.

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2.10 TASK ENTER_CRITICAL()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void taskENTER_CRITICAL( void );

Listing 16 taskENTER_CRITICAL macro prototype

Summary

Critical sections are entered by calling taskENTER_CRITICAL() and exited by calling

taskEXIT_CRITICAL().

This is the most basic way of creating a critical section. It works by simply disabling interrupts either
completely, or up to the interrupt priority set by configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY –
depending on the FreeRTOS port being used.

Preemptive context switches can only occur from within an interrupt, so as long as interrupts remain
disabled the task that called taskENTER_CRITICAL() is guaranteed to remain in the Running state
until the critical section is exited.

It is safe for critical sections to become nested because the kernel keeps a count of the nesting depth.
The critical section will only be exited when the nesting depth returns to zero – which is when one call
to taskEXIT_CRITICAL() has been executed for every preceding call to taskENTER_CRITICAL().

Critical sections must be kept very short otherwise they will adversely affect interrupt response times.
Every call to taskENTER_CRITICAL() must be closely paired with a call to taskEXIT_CRITICAL().

FreeRTOS API functions should not be called from within a critical section.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

None.

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Example

/* A function that makes use of a critical section. */

void vDemoFunction( void )
{
/* Enter the critical section – in this example the function is itself called
from within a critical section, so entering this critical section will result
in a nesting depth of 2. */
taskENTER_CRITICAL();

/* Perform the action that is being protected by the critical section here. */

/* Exit the critical section – in this example the function is itself called from
a critical section so this call to taskEXIT_CRITICAL() will decrement the nesting
by one, but not result in interrupts becoming enabled. */
taskEXIT_CRITICAL();
}

/* A task that calls vDemoFunction() from within a critical section. */

void vTask1( void * pvParameters )
{
for( ;; )
{
/* Perform some functionality here. */

/* Call taskENTER_CRITICAL() to create a critical section. */

taskENTER_CRITICAL();

/* Perform whatever functionality required the critical section here. */

/* Calls to taskENTER_CRITICAL() can be nested so it is safe to call a function

that includes its own calls to taskENTER_CRITICAL() and taskEXIT_CRITICAL(). */
vDemoFunction();

/* The operation that required the critical section is complete so exit the critical
section. After this call to taskEXIT_CRITICAL() the nesting depth will be zero so
interrupts will have been enabled. */
taskEXIT_CRITICAL();
}
}

Listing 17 Example use of taskENTER_CRITICAL() and taskEXIT_CRITICAL()

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2.11 TASK EXIT_CRITICAL()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void taskEXIT_CRITICAL( void );

Listing 18 taskEXIT_CRITICAL() macro prototype

Summary

Critical sections are entered by calling taskENTER_CRITICAL() and exited by calling

taskEXIT_CRITICAL().

Critical sections must be kept very short otherwise they will adversely affect interrupt response times.
Every call to taskENTER_CRITICAL() must be closely paired with a call to taskEXIT_CRITICAL().

FreeRTOS API functions should not be called from within a critical section.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

None.

Example

See Listing 17.

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2.12 X T ASK G ET C URRENT T ASK H ANDLE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

xTaskHandle xTaskGetCurrentTaskHandle( void );

Listing 19 xTaskGetCurrentTaskHandle() function prototype

Summary

Returns the handle of the task that is currently in the Running state – which will be the task that called
xTaskGetCurrentTaskHandle().

INCLUDE_xTaskGetCurrentTaskHandle must be set to 1 in FreeRTOSConfig.h for

xTaskGetCurrentTaskHandle() to be available.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

The handle of the task that called xTaskGetCurrentTaskHandle().

FreeRTOS 24
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2.13 UX T ASK G ET N UMBER OF T ASKS ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxTaskGetNumberOfTasks( void );

Listing 20 uxTaskGetNumberOfTasks() function prototype

Summary

Returns the number of tasks that currently exist in the system.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

The value returned is the total number of tasks - suspended tasks, plus blocked tasks, plus ready
tasks, plus the idle task, plus the running task.

FreeRTOS 25
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2.14 X T ASK G ET S CHEDULER S TATE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

portBASE_TYPE xTaskGetSchedulerState( void );

Listing 21 xTaskGetSchedulerState() function prototype

Summary

Returns a value that indicates which state the scheduler is currently in.

INCLUDE_xTaskGetSchedulerState must be set to 1 in FreeRTOSConfig.h for

xTaskGetSchedulerState() to be available.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

taskSCHEDULER_NOT_STARTED Returned prior to vTaskStartScheduler() being called.

taskSCHEDULER_RUNNING Returned after vTaskStartScheduler() has been called provided

the scheduler is not in the Suspended state.

taskSCHEDULER_SUSPENDED Returned when the scheduler has been suspended by a call to

vTaskSuspendAll().

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2.15 UX T ASK G ET H IGH W ATER M ARK ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxTaskGetStackHighWaterMark( xTaskHandle xTask );

Summary

Each task maintains its own stack, the total size of which is specified when the task is created.
uxTaskGetStackHighWaterMark() is used to query how near a task has come to overflowing the stack
space allocated to it. This value is called the stack 'high water mark'.

Parameters

xTask The handle of the task being queried.

A task may query its own high water mark by passing NULL as the xTask parameter.

Return Values

The value returned is the high water mark in words (one word being 4 bytes on a 32bit architecture).
The closer the returned value is to zero the closer the task has come to overflowing its stack. A return
value of zero indicates that the task has actually overflowed its stack already.

Notes

uxTaskGetStackHighWaterMark() can take a relatively long time to execute. It is therefore

recommended that its use is limited to test and debug builds.

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Example

void vTask1( void * pvParameters )

{
unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxHighWaterMark;

/* Inspect our own high water mark on entering the task. */

uxHighWaterMark = uxTaskGetStackHighWaterMark( NULL );

for( ;; )
{
/* Call any function. */
vTaskDelay( 1000 );

/* Calling a function will have used some stack space, we would therefore now expect
uxTaskGetStackHighWaterMark() to return a value lower than when it was called on
entering the task. */
uxHighWaterMark = uxTaskGetStackHighWaterMark( NULL );
}
}

Listing 22 Example use of uxTaskGetStackHighWaterMark()

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2.16 V T ASK G ET R UN T IME S TATS ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskGetRunTimeStats( portCHAR *pcWriteBuffer );

Listing 23 vTaskGetRunTimeStats() function prototype

Summary

FreeRTOS can optionally collect data on the amount of processing time that has been used by each
task. vTaskGetRunTimeStats() creates a table in a character buffer to present the collected data in an
easily readable form. An example is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 An example of the table produced by calling vTaskGetRunTimeStats()

The table includes the following information:

• Task – This is the name given to the task when the task was created.

• Abs Time (Absolute Time) – This is the total 'time' that the task has actually been executing
(the total time that the task has been in the Running state). The time base used is set by the
application.

• % Time – This shows essentially the same information but as a percentage of the total
processing time rather than as an absolute time.

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Parameters

pcWriteBuffer The buffer into which the table text will be written. This must be large enough to hold
the entire table as no boundary checking is performed.

Return Values

None.

Notes

configGENERATE_RUN_TIME_STATS must be set to 1 in FreeRTOSConfig.h for

vTaskGetRunTimeStats() to be available. Setting configGENERATE_RUN_TIME_STATS will also
require the application to define the following two macros:

1. portCONFIGURE_TIMER_FOR_RUN_TIME_STATS()

The time base used by the run time stats must have a higher resolution than the tick interrupt –
otherwise the gathered statistics may be too inaccurate to be truly useful. It is recommended to
make the time base between 10 and 20 times faster than the tick interrupt. The faster the time
base the more accurate the statistics will be – but also the sooner the timer value will overflow.

portCONFIGURE_TIMER_FOR_RUN_TIME_STATS() is called automatically from within the

vTaskStartScheduler() API function. The macro should be defined to configure a suitable time
base. Some examples are provided below.

2. portGET_RUN_TIME_COUNTER_VALUE()

This macro should just return the current 'time', as configured by

portCONFIGURE_TIMER_FOR_RUN_TIME_STATS(). Again some examples are provided
below.

Both macros can be defined within FreeRTOSConfig.h.

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Example

/* The LM3Sxxxx Eclipse demo application already includes a 20KHz timer interrupt. The interrupt
handler was updated to simply increment a variable called ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks each time it
executed. portCONFIGURE_TIMER_FOR_RUN_TIME_STATS() simply sets this variable to 0 and
portGET_RUN_TIME_COUNTER_VALUE() returns its value. To implement this the following few lines were
added to FreeRTOSConfig.h. */

extern volatile unsigned long ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks;

/* ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks is already being incremented at 20KHz. Just set

its value back to 0. */
#define portCONFIGURE_TIMER_FOR_RUN_TIME_STATS() ( ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks = 0UL )

/* Simply return the high frequency counter value. */

#define portGET_RUN_TIME_COUNTER_VALUE() ulHighFrequencyTimerTicks

Listing 24 Example macro definitions, taken from the LM3Sxxx Eclipse Demo

/* The LPC17xx demo application does not include the high frequency interrupt test, so
portCONFIGURE_TIMER_FOR_RUN_TIME_STATS() was used to configure the timer 0 peripheral to generate the
time base. portGET_RUN_TIME_COUNTER_VALUE() simply returns the current timer 0 counter value. This was
implemented using the following functions and macros. */

/* Defined in main.c. */
void vConfigureTimerForRunTimeStats( void )
{
const unsigned long TCR_COUNT_RESET = 2, CTCR_CTM_TIMER = 0x00, TCR_COUNT_ENABLE = 0x01;

/* Power up and feed the timer with a clock. */

PCONP |= 0x02UL;
PCLKSEL0 = (PCLKSEL0 & (~(0x3<<2))) | (0x01 << 2);

/* Reset Timer 0 */
T0TCR = TCR_COUNT_RESET;

/* Just count up. */

T0CTCR = CTCR_CTM_TIMER;

/* Prescale to a frequency that is good enough to get a decent resolution,

but not too fast so as to overflow all the time. */
T0PR = ( configCPU_CLOCK_HZ / 10000UL ) - 1UL;

/* Start the counter. */

T0TCR = TCR_COUNT_ENABLE;
}

/* Defined in FreeRTOSConfig.h. */
extern void vConfigureTimerForRunTimeStats( void );
#define portCONFIGURE_TIMER_FOR_RUN_TIME_STATS() vConfigureTimerForRunTimeStats()
#define portGET_RUN_TIME_COUNTER_VALUE() T0TC

Listing 25 Example macro definitions, taken from the LPC17xx Eclipse Demo

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void vAFunction( void )

{
/* Define a buffer that is large enough to hold the generated table. In most cases the buffer
will be too large to allocate on the stack, hence in this example it is declared static. */
static portCHAR cBuffer[ BUFFER_SIZE ];

/* Pass the buffer into vTaskGetRunTimeStats() to generate the table of data. */

vTaskGetRunTimeStats( cBuffer );

/* The generated information can be saved or viewed here. */

}

Listing 26 Example use of vTaskGetRunTimeStats()

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2.17 X T ASK G ET TICK C OUNT ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

portTickType xTaskGetTickCount( void );

Listing 27 xTaskGetTickCount() function prototype

Summary

Time is measured in ‘ticks’ – which is the total number of tick interrupts that have occurred since the
scheduler was started. xTaskGetTickCount() returns the current tick count value.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

xTaskGetTickCount() always returns the current tick count value.

Notes

The actual time one tick period represents depends on the value assigned to configTICK_RATE_HZ
within FreeRTOSConifg.h. The constant portTICK_RATE_MS can be used to convert a time in
milliseconds to a time in ‘ticks’.

The tick count will eventually overflow and return to zero. This will not effect the internal operation of
the kernel - for example tasks will always block for the specified period even if the tick count overflows
while the task is in the Blocked state. Overflows must however be considered by host applications if
the application makes direct use of the tick count value.

The frequency at which the tick count overflows depends on both the tick frequency and the data type
used to hold the count value. If configUSE_16_BIT_TICKS is set to 1 then the tick count will be held
in a 16bit variable. If configUSE_16_BIT_TICKS is set to 0 then the tick count will be held in a 32bit
variable.

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Example

void vAFunction( void )

{
portTickType xTime1, xTime2, xExecutionTime;

/* Get the time when the function started. */

xTime1 = xTaskGetTickCount();

/* Perform some operation. */

/* Get the time following the execution of the operation. */

xTime2 = xTaskGetTickCount();

/* Approximately how long did the operation take? */

xExectutionTime = xTime2 – xTime1;
}

Listing 28 Example use of xTaskGetTickCount()

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2.18 V T ASK LIST ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskList( signed portCHAR *pcWriteBuffer );

Listing 29 vTaskList() function prototype

Summary

Creates a table in a character buffer that describes the state of each task. An example is shown in
Figure 2.

Figure 2 An example of the table produced by calling vTaskList()

The table includes the following information:

• Name – This is the name given to the task when the task was created.

• State – Represents the state of the task as follows:

o 'B'locked,

o 'R'eady,

o 'S'uspended or

o 'D'eleted [awaiting clean up].

• Priority – This is the priority the task is currently executing at.

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• Stack – Shows the ‘high water mark’ of the task stack. This is the minimum amount of free
stack that has been available during the lifetime of the task. The closer this value is to zero the
closer the task has come to overflowing its stack.

• Num – This is just a unique number that is assigned to each task. It has no purpose other than
to help identify tasks when more than one task has been assigned the same name.

Parameters

pcWriteBuffer The buffer into which the table text will be written. This must be large enough to hold
the entire table as no boundary checking is performed.

Return Values

None.

Notes

vTaskList() will disable interrupts for the duration of its execution. This might not acceptable for
applications that include hard real time functionality.

configUSE_TRACE_FACILITY, INCLUDE_vTaskDelete and INCLUDE_vTaskSuspend must all be set

to 1 within FreeRTOSConfig.h for vTaskList() to be available.

By default vTaskList() makes use of the standard library sprintf() function which can result in a marked
increase in the compiled image size. The FreeRTOS download includes an open source cut down
version of sprintf() within a file called printf-stdarg.c. This can be used in place of the standard library
sprintf()to help minimise the code size impact. Note that printf-stdarg.c is licensed separately to
FreeRTOS.

Tasks that are in the Blocked state but without specifying a time out (they have blocked indefinately to
wait for an event) will be shown as being in the Suspended state.

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Example

void vAFunction( void )

/* Pass the buffer into vTaskList() to generate the table of information. */

vTaskList( cBuffer );

/* The generated information can be saved or viewed here. */

}

Listing 30 Example use of vTaskList()

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2.19 UX T ASK P RIORITY G ET ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxTaskPriorityGet( xTaskHandle pxTask );

Listing 31 uxTaskPriorityGet() function prototype

Summary

Queries the priority at which a task is currently running.

Parameters

pxTask The handle of the task being queried.

The handle to a task is obtained using the pxCreatedTask parameter to the xTaskCreate()
API function when the task is created.

A task may query its own priority by setting pxTask to NULL instead of a valid task handle.

Return Values

The value returned is the current priority of the task being queried.

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Example

void vAFunction( void )

{
xTaskHandle xHandle;
unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxCreatedPriority, uxOurPriority;

/* Create a task, storing the handle. */

if( xTaskCreate( vTaskCode, "Demo task", STACK_SIZE, NULL, PRIORITY, &xHandle ) != pdPASS )
{
/* The task was not created successfully. */
}
else
{
/* Use the handle to query the priority of the created task. */
uxCreatedPriority = uxTaskPriorityGet( xHandle );

/* Query our own priority. */

uxOurPriority = uxTaskPriorityGet( NULL );

/* Is our priority higher than the priority of the task just created? */
if( uxOurPriority > uxCreatedPriority )
{
/* Yes. */
}
}
}

Listing 32 Example use of uxTaskPriorityGet()

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2.20 V T ASK P RIORITY S ET ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskPrioritySet( xTaskHandle pxTask, unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxNewPriority );

Listing 33 vTaskPrioritySet() function prototype

Summary

Changes the priority of a task.

Parameters

pxTask The handle of the task being modified.

The handle to a task is obtained via the pxCreatedTask parameter to the

xTaskCreate() API function when the task is created.

A task may change its own priority by passing NULL in pxTask instead of a valid task
handle.

uxNewPriority The new priority for the task. Priorities can be assigned from 0, which is the lowest
priority, to (configMAX_PRIORITIES – 1), which is the highest priority.

configMAX_PRIORITIES is defined in FreeRTOSConfig.h. Passing a value above

(configMAX_PRIORITIES – 1) will result in the priority assigned to the task being
capped to the maximum legitimate value.

Return Values

None.

Notes

vTaskPrioritySet() must only be called from an executing task and therefore must not be called while
the scheduler is in the Initialization state (prior to the scheduler being started).

It is possible to have a set of tasks that are all blocked waiting for the same queue or semaphore
event. Under normal circumstances tasks are unblocked in priority order – the first event will unblock
the highest priority task, the second event the second highest priority task, etc. However, using

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vTaskPrioritySet() to change the priority of such a blocked task will not cause the order in which tasks
are unblocked to be re-evaluated.

Example

void vAFunction( void )

{
xTaskHandle xHandle;

/* Create a task, storing the handle. */

if( xTaskCreate( vTaskCode, "Demo task", STACK_SIZE, NULL, PRIORITY, &xHandle) != pdPASS )
{
/* The task was not created successfully. */
}
else
{
/* Use the handle to raise the priority of the created task. */
vTaskPrioritySet( xHandle, PRIORITY + 1 );

/* Use a NULL handle to modify our own priority. */

vTaskPrioritySet( NULL, 1 );
}
}

Listing 34 Example use of vTaskPrioritySet()

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2.21 V T ASK R ESUME ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskResume( xTaskHandle pxTaskToResume );

Listing 35 vTaskResume() function prototype

Summary

Transition a task from the Suspended state to the Ready state. The task must have previously been
suspended using a call to vTaskSuspend().

Parameters

pxTaskToResume The handle of the task being resumed (transitioned out of the Suspended state).

The handle to a task is obtained via the pxCreatedTask parameter to the

xTaskCreate() API function when the task is created.

Return Values

None.

Notes

A task can be blocked to wait for a queue event, specifying a timeout period. It is legitimate to move
such a Blocked task into the Suspended state using a call to vTaskSuspend(), then out of the
Suspended state and into the Ready state using a call to vTaskResume(). Following this scenario, the
next time the task enters the Running state it will check whether or not its timeout period has (in the
mean time) expired. If the timeout period has not expired the task will once again enter the Blocked
state to wait for the queue event for the remainder of the originally specified timeout period.

A task can also be blocked to wait for a temporal event using the vTaskDelay() or vTaskDelayUntil()
API functions. It is legitimate to move such a Blocked task into the Suspended state using a call to
vTaskSuspend(), then out of the Suspended state and into the Ready state using a call to
vTaskResume(). Following this scenario, the next time the task enters the Running state it shall exit
the vTaskDelay() or vTaskDelayUntil() function as if the specified delay period had expired, even if this
is not actually the case.

vTaskResume() must only be called from an executing task and therefore must not be called while the
scheduler is in the Initialization state (prior to the scheduler being started).

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Example

void vAFunction( void )

{
xTaskHandle xHandle;

/* Create a task, storing the handle. */

if( xTaskCreate( vTaskCode, "Demo task", STACK_SIZE, NULL, PRIORITY, &xHandle ) != pdPASS )
{
/* The task was not created successfully. */
}
else
{
/* Use the handle to suspend the created task. */
vTaskSuspend( xHandle );

/* The suspended task will not run during this period, unless another task calls
vTaskResume( xHandle ). */

/* Resume the suspended task again. */

vTaskResume( xHandle );

/* The created task is again available to the scheduler. */

}
}

Listing 36 Example use of vTaskResume()

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2.22 X T ASK R ESUME ALL ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

portBASE_TYPE xTaskResumeAll( void );

Listing 37 xTaskResumeAll() function prototype

Summary

Resumes scheduler activity by transitioning the scheduler out of the Suspended state into the Active
state.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

pdTRUE The scheduler was transitioned into the Active state. The transition caused a pending
context switch to occur.

pdFALSE Either the scheduler was transitioned into the Active state and the transition did not cause
a context switch to occur, or the scheduler was left in the Suspended state due to nested
calls to vTaskSuspendAll().

Notes

The scheduler can be suspended by calling vTaskSuspendAll(). When the scheduler is suspended
interrupts remain enabled, but a context switch cannot occur. If a context switch is requested while
the scheduler is suspended the request will be held pending and only performed when the scheduler
is resumed (un-suspended). Calls to xTaskResumeAll() transition the scheduler out of the Suspended
state following a previous call to vTaskSuspendAll().

Calls to vTaskSuspendAll() can be nested. The same number of calls must be made to
xTaskResumeAll() as have previously been made to vTaskSuspendAll() before the scheduler will
leave the Suspended state and re-enter the Active state.

xTaskResumeAll() must only be called from an executing task and therefore must not be called while
the scheduler is in the Initialization state (prior to the scheduler being started).

Other API functions should not be called while the scheduler is suspended.

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Example

/* A function that suspends then resumes the scheduler. */

void vDemoFunction( void )
{
/* This function suspends the scheduler. When it is called from
vTask1 the scheduler is already suspended, so this call creates a
nesting depth of 2. */
vTaskSuspendAll();

/* Perform an action here. */

/* As calls to vTaskSuspendAll() are nested resuming the scheduler

does not cause the scheduler to re-enter the active state at this time. */
xTaskResumeAll();
}

void vTask1( void * pvParameters )

{
for( ;; )
{
/* Perform some actions here. */

/* At some point the task wants to perform an operation during

which it does not want to get swapped out, or it wants to access data
which is also accessed from another task (but not from an interrupt).
It cannot use taskENTER_CRITICAL()/taskEXIT_CRITICAL() as the
length of the operation may cause interrupts to be missed. */

/* Prevent the scheduler from performing a context switch. */

vTaskSuspendAll();

/* Perform the operation here. There is no need to use critical

sections as the task has all the processing time other than that
utilized by interrupt service routines.*/

/* Calls to vTaskSuspendAll() can be nested so it is safe to

call a (non API) function which also calls vTaskSuspendAll(). API
functions should not be called while the scheduler is suspended. */
vDemoFunction();

/* The operation is complete. Set the scheduler back into the Active
state. */
if( xTaskResumeAll() == pdTRUE )
{
/* A context switch occurred within xTaskResumeAll(). */
}
else
{
/* A context switch did not occur within xTaskResumeAll(). */
}
}
}

Listing 38 Example use of xTaskResumeAll()

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2.23 X T ASK R ESUME F ROM ISR()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

portBASE_TYPE xTaskResumeFromISR( xTaskHandle pxTaskToResume );

Listing 39 xTaskResumeFromISR() function prototype

Summary

A version of vTaskResume() that can be called from an interrupt service routine.

Parameters

pxTaskToResume The handle of the task being resumed (transitioned out of the Suspended state).

The handle to a task is obtained via the pxCreatedTask parameter to the

xTaskCreate() API function when the task is created.

Return Values

The return value indicates whether or not a context switch should be requested prior to exiting the
interrupt. pdTRUE is returned if the task being resumed (unblocked) has a priority equal to or higher
than the currently executing task – meaning a context switch should be performed. pdFALSE is
returned if the task being resumed has a priority lower that the currently executing task – meaning a
context switch should not be performed.

Notes

A task can be suspended by calling vTaskSuspend(). While in the Suspended state the task will not
be selected to enter the Running state. vTaskResume() and xTaskResumeFromISR() can be used to
resume (un-suspend) a task. xTaskResumeFromISR() can be called from an interrupt whereas
vTaskResume() cannot.

Calls to vTaskSuspend() do not maintain a nesting count. A task that has been suspended by one of
more calls to vTaskSuspend() will always be un-suspended by a single call to vTaskResume() or
xTaskResumeFromISR().

xTaskResumeFromISR() should not be used to synchronize a task with an interrupt as doing so runs
the risk of interrupt events being missed if they occur faster than the ISR can handle. Task and
interrupt synchronization can instead safely be achieved through the use of a binary or counting
semaphore as the semaphore effectively latches the event to ensure it is not missed.

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Example

xTaskHandle xHandle;

void vAFunction( void )

{
/* Create a task, storing the handle. */
xTaskCreate( vTaskCode, "NAME", STACK_SIZE, NULL, tskIDLE_PRIORITY, &xHandle );

/* ... Rest of code. */

}

void vTaskCode( void *pvParameters )

{
/* The task being suspended and resumed. */
for( ;; )
{
/* ... Perform some function here. */

/* The task suspends itself by using NULL as the parameter to vTaskSuspend(). */

vTaskSuspend( NULL );

/* The task is now suspended, so will not reach here until the ISR resumes it. */
}
}

void vAnExampleISR( void )

{
portBASE_TYPE xYieldRequired;

/* Resume the suspended task. */

xYieldRequired = xTaskResumeFromISR( xHandle );

if( xYieldRequired == pdTRUE )

{
/* We should perform a context switch so the ISR returns to the resumed task. This is
because the resumed task had a priority that was equal to or higher than the task that
is currently in the Running state. NOTE: The syntax required to perform a context switch
from an ISR varies from port to port, and from compiler to compiler. Check the
documentation and examples for the port being used to find the actual syntax required. */
portYIELD_FROM_ISR();
}
}

Listing 40 Example use of vTaskResumeFromISR()

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2.24 V T ASK S ET APPLICATION T AG ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag( xTaskHandle xTask, pdTASK_HOOK_CODE pxTagValue );

Listing 41 vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag() function prototype

Summary

Each task can be assigned a 'tag' value. The value is purely for use by host applications (the
application that uses FreeRTOS) and the kernel itself does not reference or otherwise make any use
of it.

Parameters

xTask The handle of the task to which a tag value is being assigned. A task can assign a tag
value to itself by either using its own handle or alternatively by using NULL in place of a
valid task handle.

pxTagValue The value being assigned to the task tag. This is of type pdTASK_HOOK_CODE to
permit a function pointer to be assigned as the tag, although any type can actually be
assigned – not just function pointers.

Return Values

None.

Notes

The tag value can be used to hold a function pointer that can then be called using the
xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook() API function – effectively assigning a callback function to the task. It
is common for this callback to be used in combination with the traceTASK_SWITCHED_IN macro to
implement an execution trace feature.

configUSE_APPLICATION_TASK_TAG must be set to 1 within FreeRTOSConfig.h for this function to

be available.

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Example

/* In this example an integer is set as the task tag value. */

void vATask( void *pvParameters )
{
/* Assign a tag value of 1 to the currently executing task. */
vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag( NULL, ( void * ) 1 );

for( ;; )
{
/* Rest of task code goes here. */
}
}
/***********************************************/

/* In this example a callback function is assigned as the task tag.

First define the callback function - this must have type pdTASK_HOOK_CODE
as per this example. */
static portBASE_TYPE prvExampleTaskHook( void * pvParameter )
{
/* Perform some action - this could be anything from logging a value,
updating the task state, outputting a value, etc. */

return 0;
}

/* Now define the task that sets prvExampleTaskHook as its hook/tag value.
This is in effect registering the task callback. */
void vAnotherTask( void *pvParameters )
{
/* Register a callback function for the currently running task. */
vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag( NULL, prvExampleTaskHook );

for( ;; )
{
/* Rest of task code goes here. */
}
}

/* [As an example use of the hook (callback)] Define the traceTASK_SWITCHED_OUT()

macro to call the hook function. The kernel will then automatically call the task
hook each time the task is switched out. This technique can be used to generate
an execution trace. */
#define traceTASK_SWITCHED_OUT() xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook( pxCurrentTCB, 0 )

Listing 42 Example use of vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag()

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2.25 V T ASK S TART S CHEDULER ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskStartScheduler( void );

Listing 43 vTaskStartScheduler() function prototype

Summary

Transitions the scheduler from the Initialization state into the Running state. Typically before the
scheduler has been started main() (or a function called by main()) will be executing. After the
scheduler has been started only tasks and interrupts will ever execute.

Starting the scheduler causes the highest priority task that was created while the scheduler was in the
Initialization state to enter the Running state.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

The Idle task is automatically created when the scheduler is started. vTaskStartScheduler() will only
return if there is not enough heap memory available for the Idle task to be created successfully.

Notes

Ports that execute on ARM7 and ARM9 processors require the processor to be in Supervisor mode
prior to vTaskStartScheduler() being called.

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Example
xTaskHandle xHandle;

/* Define a task function. */

void vATask( void )
{
for( ;; )
{
/* Task code goes here. */
}
}

void main( void )

{
/* Create at least one task, in this case the task function defined above is created. */
xTaskCreate( vTaskCode, "task name", STACK_SIZE, NULL, TASK_PRIORITY, NULL );

/* Start the scheduler. */

vTaskStartScheduler();

/* This code will only be reached if the Idle task could not be created within
vTaskStartScheduler(). An infinite loop is used to assist debugging by preventing
the execution attempting to return from main(). */
for( ;; );
}

Listing 44 Example use of vTaskStartScheduler()

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2.26 V T ASK S USPEND ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskSuspend( xTaskHandle pxTaskToSuspend );

Listing 45 vTaskSuspend() function prototype

Summary

Places a task into the Suspended state. A task that is in the Suspended state will never be selected to
enter the Running state.

Parameters

pxTaskToSuspend The handle of the task being suspended.

The handle to a task is obtained via the pxCreatedTask parameter to the

xTaskCreate() API function when the task is created.

A task may suspend itself by either setting pxTaskToSuspend to its own task
handle or simply by setting pxTaskToSuspend to NULL.

Return Values

None.

Notes

vTaskSuspend() must only be called from an executing task and therefore must not be called while the
scheduler is in the Initialization state (prior to the scheduler being started).

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Example

void vAFunction( void )

{
xTaskHandle xHandle;

/* Create a task, storing the handle. */

/* The created task will not run during this period, unless another task calls
vTaskResume( xHandle ). */

/* Suspend ourselves. */
vTaskSuspend( NULL );

/* This task can only execute past the call to vTaskSuspend( NULL ) if another
task has resumed (un-suspended) it using a call to vTaskResume(). */
}
}

Listing 46 Example use of vTaskSuspend()

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2.27 V T ASK S USPEND ALL ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void vTaskSuspendAll( void );

Listing 47 vTaskSuspendAll() function prototype

Summary

Suspends all scheduler activity by transitioning the scheduler from the Active state into the Suspended
state.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

None.

Notes

xTaskResumeAll() must only be called from an executing task and therefore must not be called while
the scheduler is in the Initialization state (prior to the scheduler being started).

Other API functions should not be called while the scheduler is suspended.

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Example

/* A function that suspends then resumes the scheduler. */

/* Perform an action here. */

/* As calls to vTaskSuspendAll() are nested resuming the scheduler

does not cause the scheduler to re-enter the active state at this time. */
xTaskResumeAll();
}

void vTask1( void * pvParameters )

{
for( ;; )
{
/* Perform some actions here. */

/* At some point the task wants to perform an operation during

/* Prevent the scheduler from performing a context switch. */

vTaskSuspendAll();

/* Perform the operation here. There is no need to use critical

sections as the task has all the processing time other than that
utilized by interrupt service routines.*/

/* Calls to vTaskSuspendAll() can be nested so it is safe to

call a (non API) function which also calls vTaskSuspendAll(). API
functions should not be called while the scheduler is suspended. */
vDemoFunction();

Listing 48 Example use of vTaskSuspendAll()

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2.28 TASK YIELD()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “task.h”

void taskYIELD( void );

Listing 49 taskYIELD() macro prototype

Summary

Yield to another task.

Yielding is where a task volunteers to leave the Running state without being pre-empted and before its
time slice has been fully utilized.

Parameters

None.

Return Values

None.

Notes

taskYIELD() must only be called from an executing task and therefore must not be called while the
scheduler is in the Initialization state (prior to the scheduler being started).

When a task calls taskYIELD() the scheduler will select another Ready state task of equal priority to
enter the Running state in its place. If there are no other Ready state tasks of equal priority then the
task that called taskYIELD() will itself be transitioned straight back into the Running state.

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Example

void vATask( void * pvParameters)

{
for( ;; )
{
/* Perform some actions. */

/* If there are any tasks of equal priority to this task that are in the Ready
state then let them execute now - even though this task has not used all of its
time slice. */
taskYIELD();

/* If there were any tasks of equal priority to this task in the Ready state
then they will have executed before and code following taskYIELD() is executed. */
}
}

Listing 50 Example us of taskYIELD()

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CHAPTER 3

QUEUE API

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3.1 V Q UEUE ADD T O R EGISTRY

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

void vQueueAddToRegistry( xQueueHandle xQueue, signed portCHAR *pcQueueName );

Listing 51 vQueueAddToRegistry() API function

Summary

Associates a queue or semaphore handle with a text name and adds the association into the queue
registry.

Parameters

xQueue The handle of the queue that is being added to the registry. Semaphore handles can
also be used.

pcQueueName The name being assigned to the queue or semaphore. This is just a text string to
assist debugging.

Return Values

None.

Notes

The queue registry has two purposes, both of which are associated with kernel aware debugging:

1. It allows a textual name to be associated with a queue for easy queue identification within a
debugging user interface.

2. It contains the information required by a debugger to locate each registered queue and
semaphore.

configQUEUE_REGISTRY_SIZE defines the maximum number of queues and semaphores that can
be registered. Only the queues and semaphores that need to be viewed within a kernel aware
debugging interface need to be registered.

The queue registry is only required when a kernel aware debugger is being used. At all other times it
has no purpose and can be omitted by setting configQUEUE_REGISTRY_SIZE to 0 or by omitting the
definition altogether.

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Deleting a queue will automatically remove it from the registry.

Example

void vAFunction( void )

{
xQueueHandle xQueue;

/* Create a queue big enough to hold 10 chars. */

xQueue = xQueueCreate( 10, sizeof( portCHAR ) );

/* We want this queue to be viewable in a kernel aware debugger, so register it. */

vQueueAddToRegistry( xQueue, "AMeaningfulName" );
}

Listing 52 Example use of vQueueAddToRegistry()

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3.2 X Q UEUE C REATE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

xQueueHandle xQueueCreate( unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxQueueLength, unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxItemSize );

Listing 53 xQueueCreate() API function

Summary

Creates a queue.

Parameters

uxQueueLength The maximum number of items the queue can hold at any time.

uxItemSize The size in bytes of each item the queue will hold.

Return Values

A handle to the created queue is returned provided the queue was created successfully. NULL is
returned if the queue cannot be created because there is too little heap RAM available.

Notes

Queues are used to pass data between tasks and between tasks and interrupts.

Queues can be created prior to the scheduler being started and from within a task after the scheduler
has been started.

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Example

/* Define the data type that will be queued. */

typedef struct A_Message
{
portCHAR ucMessageID;
portCHAR ucData[ 20 ];
} AMessage;

/* Define the queue parameters. */

#define QUEUE_LENGTH 5
#define QUEUE_ITEM_SIZE sizeof( AMessage )

int main( void )

{
xQueueHandle xQueue;

/* Create the queue, storing the returned handle. */

xQueue = xQueueCreate( QUEUE_LENGTH, QUEUE_ITEM_SIZE );
if( xQueue == NULL )
{
/* The queue could not be created. */
}

/* Rest of code goes here. */

}

Listing 54 Example use of xQueueCreate()

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3.3 V Q UEUE D ELETE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

void vQueueDelete( xTaskHandle pxQueueToDelete );

Listing 55 vQueueDelete() API function

Summary

Deletes a queue that was previously created using a call to xQueueCreate(). vQueueDelete() can
also be used to delete a semaphore.

Parameters

pxQueueToDelete The handle of the queue being deleted. Semaphore handles can also be used.

Return Values

None

Notes

Queues are used to pass data between tasks and between tasks and interrupts.

A queue/semaphore must not be deleted if there are any tasks that are blocked on the
queue/semaphore waiting for events (sends or receives).

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Example

/* Define the data type that will be queued. */

typedef struct A_Message
{
portCHAR ucMessageID;
portCHAR ucData[ 20 ];
} AMessage;

/* Define the queue parameters. */

#define QUEUE_LENGTH 5
#define QUEUE_ITEM_SIZE sizeof( AMessage )

int main( void )

{
xQueueHandle xQueue;

/* Create the queue, storing the returned handle. */

xQueue = xQueueCreate( QUEUE_LENGTH, QUEUE_ITEM_SIZE );
if( xQueue == NULL )
{
/* The queue could not be created. */
}
else
{
/* Delete the queue again. */
vQueueDelete( xQueue );
}
}

Listing 56 Example use of vQueueDelete()

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3.4 UX Q UEUE M ESSAGES W AITING ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxQueueMessagesWaiting( const xQueueHandle xQueue );

Listing 57 uxQueueMessagesWaiting() function prototype

Summary

Queries the number of items that are currently held within a queue.

Parameters

xQueue The handle of the queue being queried.

Return Values

The number of items that are held within the queue being queried.

Example

void vAFunction( xQueueHandle xQueue )

{
unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxNumberOfItems;

/* How many items are currently in the queue? */

uxNumberOfItems = uxQueueMessagesWaiting( xQueue );
}

Listing 58 Example us of uxQueueMessagesWaiting()

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3.5 UX Q UEUE M ESSAGES W AITING F ROM ISR()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxQueueMessagesWaitingFromISR( const xQueueHandle xQueue );

Listing 59 uxQueueMessagesWaitingFromISR() function prototype

Summary

A version of uxQueueMessagesWaiting() that can be used from inside an interrupt service routine.

Parameters

xQueue The handle of the queue being queried.

Return Values

The number of items that are contained within the queue being queried.

Example

void vAnInterruptHandler( void )

{
unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxNumberOfItems;
portBASE_TYPE xHigherPriorityTaskWoken = pdFALSE;

/* Check the status of the queue, if it contains more than 10 items then wake the task that
will drain the queue. */

/* How many items are currently in the queue? */

uxNumberOfItems = uxQueueMessagesWaitingFromISR( xQueue );

if( uxNumberOfItems > 10 )

{
/* The task being woken is currently blocked on xSemaphore. Giving the semaphore will
unblock the task. */
xSemaphoreGiveFromISR( xSemaphore, &xHigherPriorityTaskWoken );
}
}

Listing 60 Example use of uxQueueMessagesWaitingFromISR()

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3.6 X Q UEUE P EEK ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

portBASE_TYPE xQueuePeek( xQueueHandle xQueue, void *pvBuffer, portTickType xTicksToWait );

Listing 61 xQueuePeek() function prototype

Summary

Reads an item from a queue, but does not remove the item from the queue. Therefore the same item
would be returned the next time xQueueReceive() or xQueuePeek() was called on the same queue.

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Parameters

xQueue The handle of the queue from which the data is to be read.

pvBuffer A pointer to the memory into which the data read from the queue will be copied.

The length of the buffer must be at least equal to the queue item size (set when the
queue was created).

xTicksToWait The number of ticks for which the calling task should be held in the Blocked state to
wait for data to become available from the queue should the queue already be empty.

A value of zero will prevent the calling task from entering the Blocked state.

If INCLUDE_vTaskSuspend is set to 1 then a value of portMAX_DELAY will hold the

task in the Blocked state indefinitely to wait for data.

Return Values

pdPASS Data was successfully read from the queue. If a block time was specified then
the calling task may have been temporarily placed into the Blocked state to wait
for data to become available and data did become available before the block
time expired.

errQUEUE_EMPTY The queue was empty so no date could be read form the queue. If a block time
was specified then the calling task may have been temporarily placed into the
Blocked state to wait for data to become available, but no data became
available before the block time expired.

Notes

None.

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Example

struct AMessage
{
portCHAR ucMessageID;
portCHAR ucData[ 20 ];
} xMessage;

xQueueHandle xQueue;

/* Task to create a queue and post a value. */

void vATask( void *pvParameters )
{
struct AMessage *pxMessage;

/* Create a queue capable of containing 10 pointers to AMessage structures. */

xQueue = xQueueCreate( 10, sizeof( struct AMessage * ) );
if( xQueue == 0 )
{
/* Failed to create the queue. */
}
else
{
/* ... */

/* Send a pointer to a struct AMessage object. Don't block if the queue

is already full. */
pxMessage = &xMessage;
xQueueSend( xQueue, ( void * ) &pxMessage, 0 );
}

/* ... Rest of task code. */

for( ;; )
{
}
}

/* Task to peek the data from the queue. */

void vADifferentTask( void *pvParameters )
{
struct AMessage *pxRxedMessage;

if( xQueue != 0 )
{
/* Peek a message on the created queue. Block for 10 ticks if a message is not
immediately available. */
if( xQueuePeek( xQueue, &( pxRxedMessage ), 10 ) )
{
/* pxRxedMessage now points to the struct AMessage variable posted by vATask, but
the item still remains on the queue. */
}
}

/* ... Rest of task code. */

for( ;; )
{
}
}

Listing 62 Example us of xQueuePeek()

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3.7 X Q UEUE R ECEIVE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

portBASE_TYPE xQueueReceive( xQueueHandle xQueue, void *pvBuffer, portTickType xTicksToWait );

Listing 63 xQueueReceive() function prototype

Summary

Receives an item from a queue.

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Parameters

xQueue The handle of the queue from which the data is to be received.

pvBuffer A pointer to the memory into which the data received from the queue will be copied.

The length of the buffer must be at least equal to the queue item size (set when the
queue was created).

xTicksToWait The number of ticks for which the calling task should be held in the Blocked state to
wait for data to become available from the queue should the queue already be empty.

A value of zero will prevent the calling task from entering the Blocked state.

If INCLUDE_vTaskSuspend is set to 1 then a value of portMAX_DELAY will hold the

task in the Blocked state indefinitely to wait for data.

Return Values

Notes

None.

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Example

/* Define the data type that will be queued. */

typedef struct A_Message
{
portCHAR ucMessageID;
portCHAR ucData[ 20 ];
} AMessage;

/* Define the queue parameters. */

#define QUEUE_LENGTH 5
#define QUEUE_ITEM_SIZE sizeof( AMessage )

int main( void )

{
xQueueHandle xQueue;

/* Create the queue, storing the returned handle. */

xQueue = xQueueCreate( QUEUE_LENGTH, QUEUE_ITEM_SIZE );
if( xQueue == NULL )
{
/* The queue could not be created. */
}

/* Create a task here, passing in the queue handle as the task parameter. */
xTaskCreate( vAnotherTask, “Task”, STACK_SIZE, ( void * ) xQueue, TASK_PRIORITY, NULL );

/* Start the task executing. */

vTaskStartScheduler();

/* Will only reach here if the idle task could not be created. */
for( ;; );
}

void vAnotherTask( void *pvParameters )

{
xQueueHandle xQueue;
AMessage xMessage;

/* The queue handle is passed into this task as the task parameter. */
xQueue = ( xQueueHandle ) pvParameters;

for( ;; )
{
/* Wait for the maximum period for data to become available on the queue. */
if( xQueueReceive( xQueue, &xMessage, portMAX_DELAY ) != pdPASS )
{
/* We could not receive from the queue, even after blocking. */
}
else
{
/* xMessage now contains the received data. */
}
}
}

Listing 64 Example us of xQueueReceive()

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3.8 X Q UEUE R ECEIVE F ROM ISR()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

portBASE_TYPE xQueueReceiveFromISR( xQueueHandle xQueue,

void *pvBuffer,
portBASE_TYPE *pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken
);

Listing 65 xQueueReceiveFromISR() function prototype

Summary

A version of xQueueReceive() that can be called from an ISR. Unlike xQueueReceive(),

xQueueReceiveFromISR() does not permit a block time to be specified.

Parameters

xQueue The handle of the queue from which data is to be received.

pvBuffer A pointer to the buffer into which the data received from the queue will
be copied.

The length of the buffer must be at least equal to the queue item size
(set when the queue was created).

pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken A task may be blocked waiting for space to become available on the
queue. If xQueueReceiveFromISR() causes such a task to unblock then
*pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken will get set to pdTRUE, otherwise
*pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken will remain unchanged.

Return Values

pdPASS Data was successfully received from the queue.

pdFAIL Data was not received from the queue because the queue was already empty.

Notes

Calling xQueueReceiveFromISR() within an interrupt service routine can potentially cause a task that
was blocked on a queue to leave the Blocked state. A context switch should be performed if such an
unblocked task has a priority higher than the currently executing task. The context switch will ensure
that the interrupt returns directly to the highest priority Ready state task.
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Unlike the xQueueReceive() API function, xQueueReceiveFromISR() will not itself perform a context
switch. It will instead just indicate whether or not a context switch is required.

xQueueReceiveFromISR() must not be called prior to the scheduler being started. Therefore an
interrupt that calls xQueueReceiveFromISR() must not be allowed to execute prior to the scheduler
being started.

Example

For clarity of demonstration the example makes multiple calls to xQueueReceiveFromISR() to receive
multiple small data items. This is inefficient and therefore not recommended for most applications. A
preferable approach would be to send the multiple data items in a structure to the queue in a single
post, allowing xQueueReceiveFromISR() to be called only once. Alternatively processing can be
deferred to the task level.

/* vISR is an interrupt service routine that empties a queue of values, sending each to a
peripheral. It might be that there are multiple tasks blocked on the queue waiting for space to
write more data to the queue. */
void vISR( void )
{
portCHAR cByte;
portBASE_TYPE xHigherPriorityTaskWoken;

/* No tasks have yet been woken. */

xHigherPriorityTaskWoken = pdFALSE;

/* Loop until the queue is empty. */

while( xQueueReceiveFromISR( xQueue, &cByte, &xHigherPriorityTaskWoken ) == pdPASS )
{
/* Write the received byte to the peripheral. */
OUTPUT_BYTE( TX_REGISTER_ADDRESS, cByte );
}

/* Clear the interrupt source. */

/* Now the queue is empty and we have cleared the interrupt we can perform a context switch
if one is required. NOTE: The syntax required to perform a context switch from an ISR
varies from port to port, and from compiler to compiler. Check the documentation and
examples for the port being used to find the actual syntax required. */
taskYIELD_FROM_ISR(xHigherPriorityTaskWoken );
}

Listing 66 Example use of xQueueReceiveFromISR()

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3.9 X Q UEUE S END (), X Q UEUE S END TO FRONT (),

X Q UEUE S END T O B ACK ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

portBASE_TYPE xQueueSend( xQueueHandle xQueue,

const void * pvItemToQueue,
portTickType xTicksToWait
);

portBASE_TYPE xQueueSendToFront( xQueueHandle xQueue,

const void * pvItemToQueue,
portTickType xTicksToWait
);

portBASE_TYPE xQueueSendToBack( xQueueHandle xQueue,

const void * pvItemToQueue,
portTickType xTicksToWait
);

Listing 67 xQueueSend(), xQueueSendToFront() and xQueueSendToBack() function prototypes

Summary

Sends an item to the front or the back of a queue.

xQueueSend() and xQueueSendToBack() both send data to the back of a queue. xQueueSend() was
the original version and it is now recommended to use xQueueSendToBack() in it place.

Parameters

xQueue The handle of the queue to which the data is to be sent.

pvItemToQueue A pointer to the data to be sent to the queue. The size of the data that can be sent
to a queue was defined when the queue was created.

xTicksToWait The number of ticks for which the calling task should be held in the Blocked state to
wait for space to become available on the queue should the queue already be full.

A value of zero will prevent the calling task from entering the Blocked state.

If INCLUDE_vTaskSuspend is set to 1 then a value of portMAX_DELAY will hold

the task in the Blocked state indefinitely to wait for space to become available on
the queue.

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Return Values

pdPASS Data was successfully sent to the queue. If a block time was specified then the
calling task may have been temporarily placed into the Blocked state to wait for
space to become available and space did become available before the block time
expired.

errQUEUE_FULL The queue is already full so no data could be sent to the queue. If a block time
was specified then the calling task may have been temporarily placed into the
Blocked state to wait for space to become available, but no space became
available before the block time expired.

Notes

None.

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Example

/* Define the data type that will be queued. */

typedef struct A_Message
{
portCHAR ucMessageID;
portCHAR ucData[ 20 ];
} AMessage;

/* Define the queue parameters. */

#define QUEUE_LENGTH 5
#define QUEUE_ITEM_SIZE sizeof( AMessage )

int main( void )

{
xQueueHandle xQueue;

/* Create the queue, storing the returned handle. */

xQueue = xQueueCreate( QUEUE_LENGTH, QUEUE_ITEM_SIZE );
if( xQueue == NULL )
{
/* The queue could not be created. */
}

/* Create a task here, passing in the queue handle as the task parameter. */
xTaskCreate( vAnotherTask, “Task”, STACK_SIZE, ( void * ) xQueue, TASK_PRIORITY, NULL );

/* Start the task executing. */

vTaskStartScheduler();

/* Will only reach here if the idle task could not be created. */
for( ;; );
}

void vATask( void *pvParameters )

{
xQueueHandle xQueue;
AMessage xMessage;

/* The queue handle is passed into this task as the task parameter. */
xQueue = ( xQueueHandle ) pvParameters;

for( ;; )
{
/* Create a message to send on the queue. */
xMessage.ucMessageID = SEND_EXAMPLE;

/* Send the message to the queue, waiting for 10 ticks for space become available
should the queue already be full. */
if( xQueueSendToBack( xQueue, &xMessage, 10 ) != pdPASS )
{
/* Data could not be sent to the queue even after waiting 10 ticks. */
}
}
}

Listing 68 Example use of xQueueSendToBack()

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3.10 X Q UEUE S END FROM ISR(), X QUEUE S END TO B ACK FROM ISR(),
X Q UEUE S END T O F RONT F ROM ISR()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “queue.h”

portBASE_TYPE xQueueSendFromISR( xQueueHandle xQueue,

const void *pvItemToQueue,
portBASE_TYPE *pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken
);

portBASE_TYPE xQueueSendToBackFromISR( xQueueHandle xQueue,

const void *pvItemToQueue,
portBASE_TYPE *pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken
);

portBASE_TYPE xQueueSendToFrontFromISR( xQueueHandle xQueue,

const void *pvItemToQueue,
portBASE_TYPE *pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken
);

Listing 69 xQueueSendFromISR(), xQueueSendToBackFromISR() and

xQueueSendToFrontFromISR() function prototypes

Summary

Versions of xQueueSend(), xQueueSendToFront() and xQueueSendToBack() API functions that can

be called from an ISR. Unlike xQueueSend(), xQueueSendToFront() and xQueueSendToBack(),
these functions do not permit a block time to be specified.

xQueueSendFromISR() and xQueueSendToBackFromISR() both send data to the back of a queue.

xQueueSendFromISR() was the original version and it is now recommended to use
xQueueSendToBackFromISR() in it place.

Parameters

xQueue The handle of the queue to which the data is to be sent.

pvItemToQueue A pointer to the data to be sent to the queue.

pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken xQueueSendFromISR() will set *pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken to

pdTRUE if sending to the queue caused a task to unblock, and the
unblocked task has a priority higher than the currently running task. If
xQueueSendFromISR() sets this value to pdTRUE then a context switch
should be performed before the interrupt is exited.

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Return Values

pdTRUE Data was successfully sent to the queue.

errQUEUE_FULL Data could not be sent to the queue because the queue was already full.

Notes

Calling xQueueSendToBackFromISR() or xQueueSendToFrontFromISR() within an interrupt service

routine can potentially cause a task that was blocked on a queue to leave the Blocked state. A
context switch should be performed if such an unblocked task has a priority higher than the currently
executing task. The context switch will ensure that the interrupt returns directly to the highest priority
Ready state task.

Unlike the xQueueSendToBack() and xQueueSendToFront() API functions,

xQueueSendToBackFromISR() and xQueueSendToFrontFromISR() will not themselves perform a
context switch. They will instead just indicate whether or not a context switch is required.

xQueueSendToBackFromISR() and xQueueSendToFrontFromISR must not be called prior to the

scheduler being started. Therefore an interrupt that calls either function must not be allowed to
execute prior to the scheduler being started.

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Example

For clarity of demonstration the example makes multiple calls to xQueueSendToBackFromISR() to

send multiple small data items. This is inefficient and therefore not recommended. A preferable
approach would be to send the multiple data items in a single post to the queue within a structure, or
use some other buffering mechanism followed by a single post to the queue simply to unblock a task if
necessary. Alternatively processing can be deferred to the task level.

/* vBufferISR() is an interrupt service routine that empties a buffer of values,

writing each to a queue. It might be that there are multiple tasks blocked on
the queue waiting for data. */
void vBufferISR( void )
{
portCHAR cIn;
portBASE_TYPE xHigherPriorityTaskWoken;

/* We have not yet woken a task. */

xHigherPriorityTaskWoken = pdFALSE;

/* Loop until the buffer is empty. */

do
{
/* Obtain a byte from the buffer. */
cIn = INPUT_BYTE( RX_REGISTER_ADDRESS );

/* Write the byte to the queue. xHigherPriorityTaskWoken will get set to pdTRUE if
writing to the queue unblocks a task, and the unblocked task has a priority higher
than the currently executing task. */
xQueueSendToBackFromISR( xRxQueue, &cIn, &xHigherPriorityTaskWoken );

} while(INPUT_BYTE( BUFFER_COUNT ) );

/* Clear the interrupt source. */

/* Now the buffer is empty and we have cleared the interrupt we can perform a context switch
if one is required. NOTE: The syntax required to perform a context switch from an ISR
varies from port to port, and from compiler to compiler. Check the documentation and
examples for the port being used to find the actual syntax required. */
taskYIELD_FROM_ISR(xHigherPriorityTaskWoken );
}

Listing 70 Example use of xQueueSendToBackFromISR()

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CHAPTER 4

SEMAPHORE API

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4.1 V S EMAPHORE C REATE B INARY ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “semphr.h”

void vSemaphoreCreateBinary( xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore );

Listing 71 vSemaphoreCreateBinary() macro prototype

Summary

Macro that creates a binary semaphore.

Parameters

xSemaphore Variable of type xSemaphoreHandle into which the handle of the created semaphore
will be stored.

Return Values

None.

Creating a semaphore requires the kernel to allocate RAM from the heap. If there is insufficient heap
memory available for this purpose the semaphore will not be created and xSemaphore will be set to
NULL.

Notes

Binary semaphores and mutexes are very similar but have some subtle differences. Mutexes include a
priority inheritance mechanism, binary semaphores do not. This makes binary semaphores the better
choice for implementing synchronization (between tasks or between tasks and an interrupt), and
mutexes the better choice for implementing simple mutual exclusion.

Binary Semaphores – A binary semaphore need not be ‘given’ back once ‘taken’ (obtained), so task
synchronization can be implemented by one task/interrupt continuously 'giving' the semaphore while
another continuously 'takes' the semaphore (see the xSemaphoreGiveFromISR() documentation).

Mutexes – The priority of a task that holds a mutex will be raised if another task of higher priority
attempts to obtain the same mutex. The task that owns the mutex 'inherits' the priority of the task
attempting to 'take' the same mutex. A task that obtains a mutex must always give the mutex back -
otherwise the higher priority task will never be able to obtain the mutex, and the lower priority task will
never 'disinherit' the priority. An example of a mutex being used to implement mutual exclusion is

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provided on the xSemaphoreTake() documentation page. A fast and simple priority inheritance
mechanism is implemented that assumes a task will only ever hold a single mutex at any one time.

Both mutexes and binary semaphores are assigned to variables of type xSemaphoreHandle and can
be used in any API function that takes a parameter of this type.

Both mutexes and binary semaphores are initialized such that the first call to xSemaphoreTake() on
the semaphore/mutex will pass.

Example

xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore;

void vATask( void * pvParameters )

{
/* Attempt to create a semaphore. */
vSemaphoreCreateBinary( xSemaphore );

if( xSemaphore == NULL )

{
/* There was insufficient heap RAM for the semaphore to be created. */
}
else
{
/* The semaphore can now be used. */
}
}

Listing 72 Example use of vSemaphoreCreateBinary()

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4.2 X S EMAPHORE C REATE C OUNTING ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “semphr.h”

xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphoreCreateCounting( unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxMaxCount,

unsigned portBASE_TYPE uxInitialCount
);

Listing 73 xSemaphoreCreateCounting() macro prototype

Summary

Macro that creates a counting semaphore.

Parameters

uxMaxCount The maximum count value that can be reached. When the semaphore reaches this
value it can no longer be 'given'.

uxInitialCount The count value assigned to the semaphore when it is created.

Return Values

Creating a semaphore requires the kernel to allocate RAM from the heap. If there is insufficient heap
memory available for this purpose then xSemaphoreCreateCounting() will return NULL, otherwise
xSemaphoreCreateCounting() will return a handle to the newly created semaphore.

Notes

Counting semaphores are typically used for two things:

1. Counting events.

In this usage scenario an event handler will 'give' a semaphore each time an event occurs
(incrementing the semaphore count value), and a handler task will 'take' a semaphore each time it
processes an event (decrementing the semaphore count value). The count value is therefore the
difference between the number of events that have occurred and the number that have been
processed. In this case it is desirable for the initial count value to be zero.

2. Resource management.

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In this usage scenario the count value indicates the number of resources available. To obtain control
of a resource a task must first obtain a semaphore - decrementing the semaphore count value. When
the count value reaches zero there are no free resources. When a task finishes with the resource it
'gives' the semaphore back - incrementing the semaphore count value. In this case it is desirable for
the initial count value to be equal to the maximum count value, indicating that all resources are free.

Example

void vATask( void * pvParameters )

{
xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore;

/* The semaphore cannot be used before a call to xSemaphoreCreateCounting(). The max value to
which the semaphore can count shall be 10, and the initial value assigned to the count shall
be 0. */
xSemaphore = xSemaphoreCreateCounting( 10, 0 );

if( xSemaphore != NULL )

{
/* The semaphore was created successfully. The semaphore can now be used. */
}
}

Listing 74 Example use of xSemaphoreCreateCounting()

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4.3 X S EMAPHORE C REATE M UTEX ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “semphr.h”

xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphoreCreateMutex( void );

Listing 75 xSemaphoreCreateMutex() macro prototype

Summary

Macro that creates a mutex type semaphore.

Parameters

None

Return Values

Creating a mutex requires the kernel to allocate RAM from the heap. If there is insufficient heap
memory available for this purpose then xSemaphoreCreateMutex() will return NULL, otherwise
xSemaphoreCreateMutex() will return a handle to the newly created mutex.

Notes

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Both mutexes and binary semaphores are assigned to variables of type xSemaphoreHandle and can
be used in any API function that takes a parameter of this type.

Both mutexes and binary semaphores are initialized such that the first call to xSemaphoreTake() on
the semaphore/mutex will pass.

Mutex type semaphores cannot be used from within interrupt service routines.

Example

xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore;

void vATask( void * pvParameters )

{
/* Attempt to create a semaphore. */
xSemaphore = xSemaphoreCreateMutex();

if( xSemaphore == NULL )

{
/* There was insufficient heap RAM for the mutex to be created. */
}
else
{
/* The mutex can now be used. */
}
}

Listing 76 Example use of xSemaphoreCreateMutex()

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4.4 X S EMAPHORE C REATE R ECURSIVE M UTEX ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “semphr.h”

xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex( void );

Listing 77 xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex() macro prototype

Summary

Macro that creates a recursive mutex type semaphore.

Parameters

None

Return Values

Creating a mutex requires the kernel to allocate RAM from the heap. If there is insufficient heap
memory available for this purpose then xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex() will return NULL,
otherwise xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex() will return a handle to the newly created mutex.

Notes

Mutexes created using this macro can be accessed using the xSemaphoreTakeRecursive() and
xSemaphoreGiveRecursive() macros. The xSemaphoreTake() and xSemaphoreGive() macros should
not be used.

A mutex used recursively can be 'taken' repeatedly by the owner. The mutex doesn't become available
again until the owner has called xSemaphoreGiveRecursive() for each successful 'take' request. For
example, if a task successfully 'takes' the same mutex 5 times then the mutex will not be available to
any other task until it has also 'given' the mutex back exactly five times.

This type of semaphore uses a priority inheritance mechanism so a task 'taking' a semaphore must
always 'give' the semaphore back once the semaphore it is no longer required.

Mutex type semaphores cannot be used from within interrupt service routines.

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Example

void vATask( void * pvParameters )

{
xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore;

/* The semaphores cannot be used before a call to xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex(). */

xSemaphore = xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex();

if( xSemaphore != NULL )

{
/* The mutex semaphore was created successfully. The mutex can now be used. */
}
}

Listing 78 Example use of xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex()

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4.5 X S EMAPHORE G IVE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “semphr.h”

portBASE_TYPE xSemaphoreGive( xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore );

Listing 79 xSemaphoreGive() macro prototype

Summary

Macro to ‘give’ (or release) a semaphore. The semaphore must have first been successfully created
and successfully ‘taken’.

Parameters

xSemaphore A handle to the semaphore being ‘given’.

Return Values

pdPASS The semaphore was ‘given’ successfully.

pdFAIL The task could not give the semaphore because it was not the semaphore holder. A task
must successfully ‘take’ a semaphore before it can successfully ‘give’ it back.

Notes

None.

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Example

xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore = NULL;

void vATask( void * pvParameters )

{
/* Create the semaphore to guard a shared resource. */
xSemaphore = xSemaphoreCreateMutex();

for( ;; )
{
if( xSemaphore != NULL )
{
if( xSemaphoreGive( xSemaphore ) != pdTRUE )
{
/* We would expect this call to fail because we cannot give
a semaphore without first "taking" it. */
}

/* Obtain the semaphore - don't block if the semaphore is not

immediately available. */
if( xSemaphoreTake( xSemaphore, 0 ) )
{
/* We now have the semaphore and can access the resource it is guarding. */

/* ... */

/* We have finished accessing the shared resource so can release the

semaphore. */
if( xSemaphoreGive( xSemaphore ) != pdTRUE )
{
/* We would not expect this call to fail because we must have
obtained the semaphore to reach this part of the code. */
}
}
}
}
}

Listing 80 Example use of xSemaphoreGive()

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4.6 X S EMAPHORE G IVE F ROM ISR ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “semphr.h”

portBASE_TYPE xSemaphoreGiveFromISR( xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore,

portBASE_TYPE *pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken
);

Listing 81 xSemaphoreGiveFromISR() macro prototype

Summary

Macro to ‘give’ (or release) a semaphore. This macro is a version of xSemaphoreGive() that is safe to
use from within an ISR.

Parameters

xSemaphore A handle to the semaphore being ‘given’.

*pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken A task may be blocked waiting to ‘take’ the semaphore. If

xSemaphoreGiveFromISR() causes such a task to unblock then
*pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken will get set to pdTRUE, otherwise
*pxHigherPriorityTaskWoken will remain unchanged.

Return Values

pdTRUE The semaphore was successfully given.

errQUEUE_FULL The semaphore could not be given, probably because it was already available.

Notes

Calling xSemaphoreGiveFromISR() within an interrupt service routine can potentially cause a task that
was blocked waiting to take the semaphore to leave the Blocked state. A context switch should be
performed if such an unblocked task has a priority higher than the currently executing task. The
context switch will ensure that the interrupt returns directly to the highest priority Ready state task.

Unlike the xSemaphoreGive() API function, xSemaphoreGiveFromISR() will not itself perform a
context switch. It will instead just indicate whether or not a context switch is required.

xSemaphoreGiveFromISR() must not be called prior to the scheduler being started. Therefore an
interrupt that calls xSemaphoreGiveFromISR() must not be allowed to execute prior to the scheduler
being started.

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Example

#define LONG_TIME 0xffff

#define TICKS_TO_WAIT 10
xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore = NULL;

/* Define a task that performs an action each time an interrupt occurs. The interrupt
processing is deferred to this task. The task is synchronized with the interrupt using
a semaphore. */
void vATask( void * pvParameters )
{
/* It is assumed the semaphore has already been created outside of this task. */

for( ;; )
{
/* Wait for the next event. */
if( xSemaphoreTake( xSemaphore, portMAX_DELAY ) == pdTRUE )
{
/* The event has occurred, process it here. */

...

/* Processing is complete, return to wait for the next event. */

}
}
}

/* An ISR that defers its processing to a task, using a semaphore to indicate

when events that require processing have occurred. */
void vISR( void * pvParameters )
{
portBASE_TYPE xHigherPriorityTaskWoken = pdFALSE;

/* The event has occurred, use the semaphore to unblock the task so the task
can process the event. */
xSemaphoreGiveFromISR( xSemaphore, &xHigherPriorityTaskWoken );

/* Clear the interrupt here. */

/* Now the task has been unblocked a context switch should be performed if the priority
of the unblocked task is higher than the currently executing task. If this is the case
then xHigherPriorityTaskWoken will have been set to pdTRUE. NOTE: The syntax required
to perform a context switch from an ISR varies from port to port, and from compiler
to compiler. Check the documentation and examples for the port being used to find the
actual syntax required. */
taskYIELD_FROM_ISR( xHigherPriorityTaskWoken );
}

Listing 82 Example use of xSemaphoreGiveFromISR()

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4.7 X S EMAPHORE G IVE R ECURSIVE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “semphr.h”

portBASE_TYPE xSemaphoreGiveRecursive( xSemaphoreHandle xMutex );

Listing 83 xSemaphoreGiveRecursive() macro prototype

Summary

Macro to recursively ‘give’ (or release) a mutex type semaphore that has previously been created
using the xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex() API function.

Parameters

xMutex A handle to the mutex being ‘given’.

Return Values

pdPASS The mutex was successfully ‘given’.

pdFAIL The mutex could not be ‘given’ because the calling task was not the mutex holder.

Notes

A mutex used recursively can be 'taken' repeatedly by the owner. The mutex does not become
available again until the owner has called xSemaphoreGiveRecursive() for each successful 'take'
request. For example, if a task successfully 'takes' the same mutex 5 times then the mutex will not be
available to any other task until it has also 'given' the mutex back exactly five times.

xSemaphoreGiveRecursive() must only be called from an executing task and therefore must not be
called while the scheduler is in the Initialization state (prior to the scheduler being started).

xSemaphoreGiveRecursive() must also not be called from within a critical section or while the
scheduler is suspended.

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Example

/* A task that creates a recursive mutex. */

void vATask( void * pvParameters )
{
/* Create the recursive mutex to guard a shared resource. */
xMutex = xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex();

/* Rest of task code goes here. */

for( ;; )
{
}
}

/* A function (called by a task) that uses the mutex. */

void vAFunction( void )
{
/* ... Do other things.

if( xMutex != NULL )

{
/* See if the mutex can be obtained. If the mutex is not available wait 10 ticks to see
if it becomes free. */
if( xSemaphoreTakeRecursive( xMutex, 10 ) == pdTRUE )
{
/* We were able to obtain the mutex and can now access the shared resource.

...
For some reason due to the nature of the code further calls to
xSemaphoreTakeRecursive() are made on the same mutex. In real code these would not
be just sequential calls as this would make no sense. Instead the calls are likely
to be buried inside a more complex call structure, for example in a TCP/IP stack.*/
xSemaphoreTakeRecursive( xMutex, ( portTickType ) 10 );
xSemaphoreTakeRecursive( xMutex, ( portTickType ) 10 );

/* The mutex has now been 'taken' three times, so will not be available to another
task until it has also been given back three times. Again it is unlikely that real
code would have these calls sequentially, but instead buried in a more complex call
structure. This is just for illustrative purposes. */
xSemaphoreGiveRecursive( xMutex );
xSemaphoreGiveRecursive( xMutex );
xSemaphoreGiveRecursive( xMutex );

/* Now the mutex can be taken by other tasks. */

}
else
{
/* We could not obtain the mutex and can therefore can not access the shared resource
safely. */
}
}
}

Listing 84 Example use of xSemaphoreGiveRecursive()

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4.8 X S EMAPHORE T AKE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “semphr.h”

portBASE_TYPE xSemaphoreTake( xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore, portTickType xBlockTime );

Listing 85 xSemaphoreTake() macro prototype

Summary

Macro to ‘take’ (or obtain) a semaphore that has previously been created using
vSemaphoreCreateBinary(), xSemaphoreCreateCounting() or xSemaphoreCreateMutex().

Parameters

xSemaphore The handle to the semaphore (or mutex) being ‘taken’.

xBlockTime The time in ticks to wait for the semaphore to become available if it is not available
immediately. A block time of zero can be used to poll the semaphore without ever
blocking.

Return Values

pdPASS The semaphore was successfully ‘taken’ (obtained). The calling task may have been
temporarily held in the Blocked state to wait for the semaphore to become available, and
the semaphore did become available before the block time expired.

pdFAIL xBlockTime ticks passed without the semaphore becoming available.

Notes

xSemaphoreTake() must only be called from an executing task and therefore must not be called while
the scheduler is in the Initialization state (prior to the scheduler being started).

xSemaphoreTake() must also not be called from within a critical section or while the scheduler is
suspended.

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Example

xSemaphoreHandle xSemaphore = NULL;

/* A task that creates a mutex type semaphore. */

void vATask( void * pvParameters )
{
/* Create the semaphore to guard a shared resource. */
xSemaphore = xSemaphoreCreateMutex();

/* The rest of the task code goes here. */

for( ;; )
{
/* ... */
}
}

/* A task that uses the mutex. */

void vAnotherTask( void * pvParameters )
{
for( ;; )
{
/* ... Do other things. */

if( xSemaphore != NULL )

{
/* See if we can obtain the mutex. If the mutex is not available
wait 10 ticks to see if it becomes free. */
if( xSemaphoreTake( xSemaphore, 10 ) == pdTRUE )
{
/* The mutex was successfully obtained so the shared resource can be accessed
safely. */

/* ... */

/* The shared resource is no longer required to the mutex is returned. */

xSemaphoreGive( xSemaphore );
}
else
{
/* The mutex could not be obtained even after waiting 10 ticks to the shared
resource cannot be accessed. */
}
}
}
}

Listing 86 Example use of xSemaphoreTake()

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4.9 X S EMAPHORE T AKE R ECURSIVE ()

#include “FreeRTOS.h”
#include “semphr.h”

portBASE_TYPE xSemaphoreTakeRecursive( xSemaphoreHandle xMutex, portTickType xBlockTime );

Listing 87 xSemaphoreTakeRecursive() macro prototype

Summary

Macro to recursively ‘take’ (or obtain) a mutex type semaphore that has previously been created using
the xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex() API function.

Parameters

xMutex The handle to the mutex being ‘taken’.

xBlockTime The time in ticks to wait for the mutex to become available if it is not available
immediately. A block time of zero can be used to poll the mutex without ever blocking.

Return Values

pdPASS The mutex was successfully ‘taken’ (obtained).

pdFAIL xBlockTime ticks passed without the mutex becoming available.

Notes

xSemaphoreTakeRecursive() must only be called from an executing task and therefore must not be
called while the scheduler is in the Initialization state (prior to the scheduler being started).

xSemaphoreTakeRecursive() must also not be called from within a critical section or while the
scheduler is suspended.

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Example

/* A task that creates a recursive mutex. */

void vATask( void * pvParameters )
{
/* Create the recursive mutex to guard a shared resource. */
xMutex = xSemaphoreCreateRecursiveMutex();

/* Rest of task code goes here. */

for( ;; )
{
}
}

/* A function (called by a task) that uses the mutex. */

void vAFunction( void )
{
/* ... Do other things.

if( xMutex != NULL )

/* Now the mutex can be taken by other tasks. */

}
else
{
/* We could not obtain the mutex and can therefore can not access the shared resource
safely. */
}
}
}

Listing 88 Example use of xSemaphoreTakeRecursive()

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CHAPTER 5

KERNEL CONFIGURATION

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5.1 FREE RTOSC ONFIG . H

Each application that uses FreeRTOS must define a header file called FreeRTOSConfig.h in which
some or all of the configuration constants described in this chapter should be defined. Each demo
application included in the FreeRTOS download contains a pre-defined FreeRTOSConfig.h that can
be used as a reference or simply copied.

Configuration constants fall into two categories:

1. Constants that start “INCLUDE_”

These constants permit API functions to be either included or excluded from the buiild. For
example, defining INCLUDE_vTaskPrioritySet as 0 will prevent the vTaskPrioritySet() API function
being included in the build, while setting the constant to 1 will ensure vTaskPrioritySet() is included
in the build.

The “INCLUDE_” constants are provided to permit the code size to be reduced when a linker that
does not automatically remove functions that are never called is being used. If your linker does
removed unused functions then every “INCLUDE_” constant can be set to 1 with no impact on the
generated code size.

The following “INCLUDE_” constants are defined:

INCLUDE_vTaskPrioritySet
INCLUDE_uxTaskPriorityGet
INCLUDE_vTaskDelete
INCLUDE_vTaskCleanUpResources
INCLUDE_vTaskSuspend
INCLUDE_vTaskDelayUntil
INCLUDE_vTaskDelay
INCLUDE_uxTaskGetStackHighWaterMark

2. Constants that start “config”

These constants define various attributes of the kernel – as described in the next section.

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5.2 C ONFIGURATION C ONSTANTS

configCHECK_FOR_STACK_OVERFLOW

Each task has a unique stack that is automatically allocated from the heap when the task is created.
The size of the stack is set by the usStackDepth parameter of the xTaskCreate() call used to create
the task.

Stack overflow is a very common cause of application instability. FreeRTOS provides two optional
mechanisms that can be used to assist in overflow detection and debugging. The option used is
configured by the configCHECK_FOR_STACK_OVERFLOW configuration constant.

In addition to setting configCHECK_FOR_STACK_OVERFLOW the application must also provide an

overflow hook (or callback) function for the kernel to call when it detects an overflow. The hook
function must be called vApplicationStackOverflowHook(), and have the prototype shown by Listing
89.

void vApplicationStackOverflowHook( xTaskHandle pxTask, signed portCHAR pcTaskName );

Listing 89 The stack overflow hook function prototype

The pxTask and pcTaskName parameters pass the handle and name of the offending task into the
hook function. Note however that the parameter values could themselves have been corrupted if the
stack overflow was severe.

Stack overflow checking can only be used on architectures that have a linear (rather than segmented)
memory map. Also, some processors could potentially generate a fault or exception in response to a
stack corruption before the overflow checking can be performed by the kernel.

Stack overflow checking increases the time taken to perform a context switch.

• Stack Overflow Detection - Method 1

Method one is selected by setting configCHECK_FOR_STACK_OVERFLOW to 1.

It is likely that a task stack will reach its greatest (deepest) value after the kernel has swapped the
task out of the Running state as this is when the stack will contain the entire task context. When
method 1 is used the kernel will check that the stack pointer remains within the valid stack space
following each context save. The stack overflow hook function is called if the stack pointer
contains a value that is outside of the valid region.

Method one is quick but will not necessarily catch all stack overflow occurrences.

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• Stack Overflow Detection - Method 2

To use method two in combination with method one set

configCHECK_FOR_STACK_OVERFLOW to 2. It is not possible to use method 2 without also
using method 1.

When a task is created the stack allocated to the task is filled with a known pattern. When method
2 is used the kernel will check the last n bytes within the valid stack range to ensure the pattern
remains in tact and has not been overwritten. The stack overflow hook function is called if any of
these n bytes have changed from their expected value.

Method two is less efficient than method one, but still fairly fast. It is very likely to catch all stack
overflow occurrences but this cannot be guaranteed.

configCPU_CLOCK_HZ

The configCPU_CLOCK_HZ value is used to setup a timer peripheral to generate the tick interrupt. It
must be set to the frequency of the clock that feeds the timer. In most cases this is equal to the
microcontroller frequency.

configIDLE_SHOULD_YIELD

configIDLE_SHOULD_YIELD controls the behavior of tasks that run at the same priority as the idle
task. It only has an effect if the preemptive scheduler is being used.

Tasks that share a priority time slice with each other. If none of the tasks get preempted or interrupted
(an over simplification) then it might be assumed that when averaged over time each idle priority task
will be allocated an equal amount of processing time. However, when configIDLE_SHOULD_YIELD is
set to 1 the idle task will yield immediately should any other task at the idle priority be ready to run.
This ensures the minimum amount of time is spent in the idle task when application tasks are available
for scheduling. A side effect of this behavior is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Time line showing the execution of 4 idle priority tasks

Figure 3 shows the execution pattern of four tasks that execute at the idle priority. Tasks A, B and C
are application tasks. Task I is the idle task itself. A context switch occurs with regular period at times
T0, T1, ..., T6. When the idle task yields task A starts to execute – but the idle task had already used
up part of a time slice leaving only the remainder of the time slice for task A. Tasks I and A effectively
share a single time slice resulting in tasks B and C getting more execution time than task A.

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Setting configIDLE_SHOULD_YIELD to 0 prevents this behavior by allowing the idle task to run for its
entire time slice. When this is the case, averaged over time, the other tasks that share the idle priority
will get an equal share of the processing time – but more time will also be spent executing the idle
task. The Idle task can however be used productively if an idle task hook is defined to implement the
functionality of one of the other idle priority tasks.

configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY, configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY

configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY and configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY are

only defined for the ports that permit interrupts to nest. configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY will
nearly always be set to the lowest interrupt priority. Remember that only API functions that end in
“FromISR” can be safely called from an interrupt service routine.

• For ports that only implement configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY

configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY sets the interrupt priority used by the kernel itself.

Interrupts that call API functions must also execute at this priority. Interrupts that do not call API
functions can execute at higher priorities to ensure their timing is never affected by anything the
kernel is doing (within the limits of the hardware).

• For ports that implement both configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY and

configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY

configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY sets the interrupt priority used by the kernel itself.

configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY sets the highest interrupt priority from which
interrupt safe API functions can be called. A full interrupt nesting model is achieved by setting
configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY above (that is, at a higher priority level) than
configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY. Interrupts that do not call API functions can execute at
priorities above configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY to ensure their timing is never
affected by anything the kernel is doing (within the limits of the hardware).

As an example – imagine a hypothetical microcontroller that has 8 interrupt priority levels. In this
hypothetical case 0 is the lowest interrupt priority and 7 is the highest interrupt priority2. Figure 4
describes what can and cannot be done at each priority level should
configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY and configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY be set
to 0 and 4 respectively.

2
Note care must be taken when assigning values to configKERNEL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY and
configMAX_SYCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY as some microcontrollers use 0 to mean the lowest priority, while
others use 0 to mean the highest priority.

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Figure 4 An example interrupt priority configuration

ISR's running above the configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY are never masked out by the
kernel itself, so their responsiveness is not effected by the kernel functionality. This is ideal for
interrupts that require very high temporal accuracy – for example interrupts that perform motor
commutation. However interrupts that have a priority above
configMAX_SYSCALL_INTERRUPT_PRIORITY cannot call any FreeRTOS API functions, even those
that end in “FromISR” cannot be used.

configMAX_CO_ROUTINE_PRIORITIES

Sets the maximum priority that can be assigned to a co-routine. Co-routines can be assigned a
priority from 0 to (configMAX_CO_ROUTINE_PRIORITIES – 1).

configMAX_PRIORITIES

Sets the maximum priority that can be assigned to a task. Tasks can be assigned a priority from 0 to
(configMAX_PRIORITIES – 1). 0 is the lowest priority.

configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN

Sets the maximum number of characters (including the NULL terminator) that can be used when
assigning a name to a task. Attempting to use a name that has more than
configMAX_TASK_NAME_LEN characters will result in the name being truncated.

FreeRTOS 105
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configMINIMAL_STACK_SIZE

Sets the size of the stack allocated to the Idle task. The value is specified in words, not bytes.

The kernel itself does not use configMINIMAL_STACK_SIZE for any other purpose, however many of
the standard demo tasks also make use of configMINIMAL_STACK_SIZE. The value used by the
demo tasks on any particular architecture is the minimum recommended stack size for any task.

configQUEUE_REGISTRY_SIZE

Sets the maximum number of queues and semaphores that can be referenced from the queue registry
at any one time.

configTICK_RATE_HZ

Sets the tick interrupt frequency. The value is specified in Hz.

configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE

The kernel allocates memory from the heap each time a task, queue or semaphore is created.
configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE sets the heap size in bytes when either heap_1.c or heap_2.c is included
in the application. configTOTAL_HEAP_SIZE has no effect if any other memory allocation scheme is
used (including heap_3.c).

configUSE_16_BIT_TICKS

The tick count is held in a variable of type portTickType. When configUSE_16_BIT_TICKS is set to 1
portTickType will be defined to be an unsigned 16bit type. When configUSE_16_BIT_TICKS is set to
0 portTickType will be defined to be an unsigned 32bit type.

Using a 16bit type can greatly improve efficiency on 8 and 16bit processors but only at the cost of
limiting the maximum block time that can be specified to 0xffff.

configUSE_ALTERNATIVE_API

Two sets of API functions are provided to send to and receive from queues – the standard API and the
‘alternative’ API. Only the standard API is documented in this manual. Use of the alternative API is
no longer recommended.

Setting confgiUSE_ALTERNATIVE_API to 1 will include the alternative API functions in the build.
Setting configUSE_ALTERNATIVE_API to 0 will omit the alternative API functions from the build.

FreeRTOS 106
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configUSE_APPLICATION_TASK_TAG

Setting configUSE_APPLICATION_TASK_TAG to 1 will include both vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag()

and xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook() in the build. Setting configUSE_APPLICATION_TASK_TAG to
0 will omit both vTaskSetApplicationTaskTag() and xTaskCallApplicationTaskHook() from the build.

configUSE_CO_ROUTINES

Co-routines are light weight tasks that save RAM by sharing a stack, but have limited functionality.
Their use is omitted from this manual.

Set configUSE_CO_ROUTINES to 1 to include the co-routine API in the build. Set

configUSE_CO_ROUTINES to 0 to omit the co-routine API from this manual.

configUSE_COUNTING_SEMAPHORES

Set configUSE_COUNTING_SEMAPHORES to 1 to include the counting semaphore API in the build.

Set configUSE_COUNTING_SEMAPHORES to 0 to omit the counting semaphore API from the build.

configUSE_IDLE_HOOK

When configUSE_IDLE_HOOK is set to 1 the Idle task will call the idle hook function on each iteration
of its loop, and the application must provide the idle hook implementation.

When configUSE_IDLE_HOOK is set to 0 the idle hook will never be called and does not have to be
defined.

configUSE_MUTEXES

Set configUSE_MUTEXES to 1 to include the mutex API in the build. Set configUSE_MUTEXES to 0
to omit the mutex API from the build.

configUSE_PREEMPTION

Set configUSE_PREEMPTION to 1 to use the pre-emptive scheduler. Set configUSE_PREEMPTION

to 0 to use only the co-operative scheduler.

The tick interrupt will never cause a context switch when configUSE_PREEMPTION is set to 0.

configUSE_RECURSIVE_MUTEXES

Set configUSE_RECURSIVE_MUTEXES to 1 to include the recursive mutex API in the build. Set
configUSE_RECURSIVE_MUTEXES to 0 to omit the recursive mutex API from the build.

FreeRTOS 107
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© 2009 Real Time Engineers Ltd. Distribution or publication in any form is strictly prohibited.
http://www.FreeRTOS.org This document was supplied to [email protected]

configUSE_TICK_HOOK

When configUSE_TICK_HOOK is set to 1 the tick interrupt will call the tick hook function each time it
executes and the application must provide the tick hook implementation.

When configUSE_TICK_HOOK is set to 0 the tick hook function will never be called and does not
need to be defined.

configUSE_TRACE_FACILITY

Set configUSE_TRACE_FACILITY to 1 to include the legacy trace facility in the build. Set
configUSE_TRACE_FACILITY to 0 to exclude the legacy trace facility from the build.

Setting configUSE_TRACE_FACILITY to 1 will slightly increase the time required to perform a context
switch.

It is recommended that the trace macros are used in place of the legacy trace mechanism.

FreeRTOS 108
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© 2009 Real Time Engineers Ltd. Distribution or publication in any form is strictly prohibited.
http://www.FreeRTOS.org This document was supplied to [email protected]

APPENDIX 1: DATA TYPES AND CODING STYLE GUIDE

Data Types

Each port of FreeRTOS has a unique portable.h header file in which is defined a set of macros that
detail the data types that are used. All the FreeRTOS source code and demo applications use these
macro definitions rather than directly using base C data types – but there is absolutely no reason why
applications that use FreeRTOS need to do the same. Application writers can substitute the real data
types for each of the macros defined within Table 1.

Table 1 Data types used by FreeRTOS

Macro or typedef Actual type

used

portCHAR char

portSHORT short

portLONG long

portTickType This is used to store the tick count and specify block times.

portTickType can be either an unsigned 16bit type or an unsigned 32bit type

depending on the setting of configUSE_16_BIT_TICKS within
FreeRTOSConfig.h.

Using a 16bit type can greatly improve efficiency on 8 and 16bit architectures but
severely limits the range of block times that can specified. It would not make
sense to use a 16bit type on a 32bit architecture.

portBASE_TYPE This will be defined to be the most efficient type for the architecture. Typically
this would be a 32bit type on a 32bit architecture, a 16bit type on a 16bit
architecture, and an 8 bit type on an 8bit architectures.

portBASE_TYPE is generally used for return types that can only take a very
limited range of values and for Booleans.

Some compilers make all unqualified char variables unsigned, while others make them signed. For
this reason the FreeRTOS source code explicitly qualifies every use of portCHAR with either signed or
unsigned.

int types are never used – only long and short.

FreeRTOS 109
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Variable Names

Variables are pre-fixed with their type. ‘c’ for char, ‘s’ for short, ‘l’ for long and ‘x’ for portBASE_TYPE
and any other type (structures, task handles, queue handles, etc.).

If a variable is unsigned it is also prefixed with a ‘u’. If a variable is a pointer it is also prefixed with a
‘p’. Therefore a variable of type unsigned char will be prefixed with ‘uc’, and a variable of type pointer
to char will be prefixed ‘pc’.

Function Names

Functions are prefixed with both the type they return and the file they are defined within. For example:

• vTaskPrioritySet() returns a void and is defined within task.c.

• xQueueReceive() returns a variable of type portBASE_TYPE and is defined within queue.c.

• vSemaphoreCreateBinary() returns a void and is defined within semphr.h.

File scope (private) functions are prefixed with ‘prv’.

Formatting

1 tab is always set to equal 4 spaces.

Macro Names

Most macros are written in capitals and prefixed with lower case letters that indicate where the macro
is defined. Table 2 provides a list of prefixes.

FreeRTOS 110
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Table 2 Macro prefixes

Prefix Location of macro definition

port (for example, portMAX_DELAY) portable.h

task (for example, taskENTER_CRITICAL()) task.h

pd (for example, pdTRUE) projdefs.h

config (for example, configUSE_PREEMPTION) FreeRTOSConfig.h

err (for example, errQUEUE_FULL) projdefs.h

Note that the semaphore API is written almost entirely as a set of macros but follows the function
naming convention rather than the macro naming convention.

The macros defined in Table 3 are used throughout the FreeRTOS source.

Table 3 Common macro definitions

Macro Value

pdTRUE 1

pdFALSE 0

pdPASS 1

pdFAIL 0

Rationale for Excessive Type Casting

The FreeRTOS source code can be compiled with a lot of different compilers, all of which have
different quirks as to how and when they generate warnings. In particular different compilers want
casting to be used in different ways. As a result the FreeRTOS source code contains more type
casting than would normally be warranted.

FreeRTOS 111
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APPENDIX 2: LICENSING INFORMATION

FreeRTOS is licensed under a modified version of the GNU General Public License (GPL) and can be
used in commercial applications under that license. An alternative and optional commercial license is
also available if:

• You cannot fulfill the requirements stated in the "Open Source Modified GPL license" column
of Table 4.

• You wish to receive direct technical support.

• You wish to have assistance with your development.

• You require guarantees and indemnification.

Table 4 Open Source Vs Commercial License Comparison

Open source modified Commercial

GPL license license

Is it free? Yes No

Can I use it in a commercial application? Yes Yes

Is it royalty free? Yes Yes

Do I have to open source my application code? No No

Do I have to open source my changes to the FreeRTOS Yes No

kernel?

Do I have to document that my product uses Yes No

FreeRTOS.

Do I have to offer to provide the FreeRTOS source code Yes (a WEB link to the No
to users of my application? FreeRTOS.org site is
normally sufficient)

Can I receive support on a commercial basis? No Yes

Are any legal guarantees provided? No Yes

FreeRTOS 112
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© 2009 Real Time Engineers Ltd. Distribution or publication in any form is strictly prohibited.
http://www.FreeRTOS.org This document was supplied to [email protected]

Open Source License Details

The FreeRTOS source code is licensed under version 2 of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
with an exception. The full text of the GPL is available at http://www.freertos.org/license.txt. The text
of the exception is provided below.

The exception permits the source code of applications that use FreeRTOS solely through the API
published on the FreeRTOS.org WEB site to remain closed source, thus permitting the use of
FreeRTOS in commercial applications without necessitating that the entire application be open
sourced. The exception can only be used if you wish to combine FreeRTOS with a proprietary product
and you comply with the terms stated in the exception itself.

GPL Exception Text

Note the exception text is subject to change. Consult the FreeRTOS.org WEB site for the most up to
date version.

Clause 1

Linking FreeRTOS statically or dynamically with other modules is making a combined work based on FreeRTOS. Thus, the
terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License cover the whole combination.

As a special exception, the copyright holder of FreeRTOS gives you permission to link FreeRTOS with independent modules
that communicate with FreeRTOS solely through the FreeRTOS API interface, regardless of the license terms of these
independent modules, and to copy and distribute the resulting combined work under terms of your choice, provided that:

1. Every copy of the combined work is accompanied by a written statement that details to the recipient the version of
FreeRTOS used and an offer by yourself to provide the FreeRTOS source code should the recipient request it.

2. The combined work is not itself an RTOS, scheduler, kernel or related product.

3. The combined work is not itself a library intended for linking into other software applications.

Any FreeRTOS source code, whether modified or in it's original release form, or whether in whole or in part, can only be
distributed by you under the terms of the GNU General Public License plus this exception. An independent module is a
module which is not derived from or based on FreeRTOS.

Clause 2

FreeRTOS.org may not be used for any competitive or comparative purpose, including the publication of any form of run time
or compile time metric, without the express permission of Richard Barry (this is the norm within the industry and is intended
to ensure information accuracy).

FreeRTOS 113
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