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Introduction To Signals and System

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Introduction To Signals and System

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sayan guha
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POPULAR PUBLICATIONS , SIGNALS & SYSTEM INTRODUCTION TO ‘= Chapter at a Glance at varies with time, space of ay ity th ical quant is a function of one ot may .d as a phys! a signal is © Signal: A si define Signal: A signal may be defined a5 AE ord, other independent variable(s)- independent variables. oe ‘ '* Continuous-time and Discrete-time Sign? * a signal which has some vah Cantina sn an ora analog signals dt ving amplitude a every value of time. “Thus a continuous-time S18 i continuously for all values of time. bean certain, tine A discrete-time signal is defined a8. ich is ee sampled adios ‘A discrete-time signal is discrete in time but continvows inamplitude. A sa “la inal, emperature and pressure recorded at regular intervals of 6 1° & lay, the population of country measured every year are examples of discrete-time signals. tic and Deterministic Signals: _ Pan 4 ie Sane fermions that are completely specified in time. A determinis signal exhibits no uncertainty of value at any given instant or time. The nature and amplitude of such a signal can be accurately predicted mathematically, | A non-deterministic signal is that whose occurrence is random in nature. Its pate i irregular. I cannot be predicted beforehand. Its behaviour is probabilistic in nature. It canbe analyzed only stochastically. Thermal noise in electric’ circuit is an example of rar deterministic signal. : * Energy Signal and Power Signal: The signal which has finite energy and zero average power is called the energy signal. The signal which has finite average power and infin energy is called the power signal. ‘as a signal whit _ Fora discrete-time signal x(n) the energy Eis defined as e= ¥)|x(») ‘The average power of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined as P= tlim— ¥ | x(9? yee 2N41 =" Thus x(f) is an energy signal if 0 [WBUT 2011] 2) y(x)=x(n)+x(n-1) 3 y(n) =x(-n) a) 'and 2 are time variant, 3 is time invariant )4 and 3 are time variant, 2 is time invariant ¢)3and 2 are time variant, 1 is time invariant 4) all are time variant system Answer: (b) oS \ as i ut equations are \ Determine if the systems described by the following input-outp “WBUT 2011] ‘at or non-linear. Yo(a)=2*(n) y(n) = ‘ fl i (a) b) 2is linear, 1 is nonlinear gy linear, 2s nonlinear 0) a2 are nonlinear Nase and 2 both are linear T: (b) a S&S-3 Scanned with CamScanner LE ——— > POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 7 input-output equatig, od by the following InP! Tati ay 4. Determine if the systems describ 244 causal or non-causal. 1) y(n) =x(n*). 2) y(n) = dx(0) 2is ca a) 4 is causal but 2 is non-causal A 2 is 2 both are non-causal c) 4 and 2 both are causal : Answer: (b) : . =cos(2na/3) i Bi 5, The fundamental period of the sequence, *(2) = cos(2n2/3) Is ae UT 2a) a)1 b)2 3. Answer: (c) onse fe) 6. The step response of an LTI system when the impulse resp! n) S unk step u(n) is : wel 2011] a) n+l bn oe) n-1 d) 0 Answer: (a) 7. An LTI system is stable, if the impulse response Is [WBUT 201) aS m(nr=0 &) YL m(nr |2e% P= a 2013] py 4 tim » Sie F=4tim (20v +1) =00 rhe power of the signal is, P= fin ela joes not ail inary {AN +H)=1 Hence, the signal is power signal, Thusa ; 5 &A continuous time signal x(r)=cos(t) is periodic with Period +k27 and the fundamental period is 277, where & is zero or an integer. Show that discrete signal afo]= cos[n] is not periodic, n being zero or an integer. [WBUT 2014) e of the Answer: d by the x(t)=cos(t) is periodic with period +k-20 lt x(n)=cosm 1h is periodic if and only if x(n+N)=x(n) forall n init cos(n+M)=cosn @=1, _| "ove is possible if W =2% m= 22m Nee ®% fag,” iS an integer. ik value of m, N is not an integer. "8 3(0)=cos (n) is not periodic. tify your answer. “Wether the following system is linear and casual. Justify WUT 2046) fgg E# (t-1) +2 (r-1) +2 sa&s-13 te Scanned with CamScanner OPULAR PUBLICATION: ¢) Show tha For 1=0, y(0)=27(-1)+? x(at) will B y= (-2)+2 Answer: 1 +2 vast values of input on}, a) For all a of Hs output depends on the present and Ps nly, 0) Therefore, the system is causal. ea bs pa The response due to the inputs x(t) and 2,(#) are 8 2()=5 (142 T= (= (t-1)42 The output due to weighted sum of inputs is »()=7[a5 (1) +x (9] So, the ratio ‘Therefore, th The weighted sum of output is : (0) +8y.(0) =a. (-=1)+2]+0[4 +2] So yy Since, y, (t) ¥ ay, (1) +by, (1), the system is non-linear. Energy of th 8. Sketch the signal: x(t)=-2u(t-1) (Weur 2) ee Answer: : oo ‘The power of P= Here the ener ©) Let x(t) b Then, the ene E, 9. a) Determine the signal is periodic or not. x(t) =2(cost) +7 (cost). b) Find out the energy and power ofthe signal: x(1)=36*%u(1), S&S-14 Scanned with CamScanner SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 4 show that if Ex bo the energy of the g ae sign sat) wilt Be Ex/a, where a>, ‘nal x(), then the energy of the signal ansver? only, | x(0)=2(c0820)+7(e081) 1, =The period of the signal 200 47 = 2 2 it 1, = The period of the signal 7eos;-—2 _ 9 ote el sa theratio = 95" is not rational number. therefore, the signal is not periodic. yx) =3e7%u(0) nergy ofthe signal r é _ B=lim Jpoor at = him poeta [eT 15] 4le" =-Ffo--2 4 The power of the signal 7, 1 na a, o if 1 «9 =lim— = lim— [9e“'dr=9 lim-—[-1] = lim Palingg Sls Ol ae= Simos fpetar= atin sole linge Here the energy of the signal is finite, but power is zero, so x(t) is energy signal. Let x(t) be the signal Then, the energy of the signal x(t) is 5 = jeore Yow x(a’) is another signal. Eongy of the signal x(at) is where, a>0 Scanned with CamScanner LLL LAR PUBLI INS. a , time variant o 40. Check whether the signal y(n)=x(n") is linear OF = pe causal or not, Draw the waveform of x(#)=H(1)+1(! Answer: y(n)= x(n) ¥(n)=3,(n") ¥(n) =x, (n") Q)— ¥(n)+y,(n)=x (0?) +4 (") Here; y(n) #y,(n)y,(n), so itis not a linear signal. 2 y(n, k)=T[x(n-k) ]=2(* -k) [Output due to delayed input] D(m—K)=x(n-k) So, y(n, k)#y(n—&), the signal is time variant. @) y(n)=x(0?) - when “n=0 y(t)=x(1) when n=1 value of input] y(-1)=x(+1) when n=1 [Here the output ‘depends on future.value of input] The output depends on future value of input. So, the system is non-causal. | [For n=0 and n=1 output does not require future 41. Determine energy and power of unit step signal. {WBUT 2018] ‘Answer: Unit step signal is defined as — x(0)=u(t) - So, energy of the signal, E=lim for ‘dt = tim n fal=tinr = © ‘And the power athe signal, Efor a tear |e inartt 8 5 Watt S&S-16 Scanned with CamScanner )-2r(t-1)- BWBUT 2017 a Answ Unit s wert a step signal is defined as the signal u()=1 (for r>0) =0 otherwise.” a t 1 yan oe if we expand 5 a Or compress the si; Asit’s duration up tbinfnite ih by some scalar yf we time scale the signal ie., i uantty it remain the same signal. q ose, I want to compress the Unit step sis 3 go, "(2)=1 for 2#>0 ignal two units, =0 otherwise As 2¢20 ; 120 So, - ‘That's why it will come same as a unit function. thats u(2t)=u(#) oe, u(At)=u() 43.Find the amplitude of fundamental components of the signal: [WBUT 2018] X(t) =3sin(6t+30°) + 400s(12¢-60°) Answer: X(0)=3sin (6t +30°) + 4cos(12r-60°) ws 2e(2)} +20] 4 a($}-<] z)** : =XU)X2(t) In XI the frequency is (2) radians and its amplitude is 3 units. In X2() the 2 a, x frequency is (5) sadians and its amplitude i 4 units. Thus X1() isthe fundamental a) i signal and hence its amplitude is 3 units. te-time signals? [MODEL QUESTION] 4, What is Continuous-time and Discre ; et aind is represented by x(t). A Answers ; 6 Contnuoustime signals are defined fora cas of im ‘entinuous-time signal is also called an analo8 $&S-17 Scanned with CamScanner SS rT POPULAR PUBLICATION: ‘Amplitude Fr ime signal Fig: Continuous-time foes and is represented by The discrete time-signals are defined at diseete instant of in’ OH MTT x(n), where n is index. Some signals are discrete in nature an discrete representation of continuous time signals. a discrete time NT) Fig: Discrete-time signal 15. Describe System properties of signal systems. [MODEL QUESTION} Answe 1. Periodicity- the signal’s behaviour/graph repeats after every T. Therefore, x()=x(t#nT) here T is the fundamental period So we can say signal remains unchanged when shifted by multiples of T. 2, Even and Odd- an even signal is symmetric about the Y-axis. x(1)=x(-t) even x(Q)=-x(-t) odd A signal can be broken into it's even and odd parts to make certain conversions easy. 3. Linearity- constitutes of two properties- (i) Additivity /Superposition- ifx1()> yl) and x2(t) > y2(t) l(t) + x2(0) > y(t) + y2) =o (ii) Property of scaling- ifxl()> yl then a* xl) > a* y(t) If both are satisfied, the system is linear, 4, Time invariant- Any delay provided in the input ‘ js time invariant system. it must BE reflected in the output for8 take x2()=x(-T) Scanned with CamScanner a su5O sc The Branded inpurboundat ouputsabiig: West Sm SBR saves fixglaca 7% Cassallty: Causal siumals ore signals that are zero nO ficotgdseaen forall negative time. a cascoce ‘eral Gepends on a unre value of the input signal then the Answer Type Questions 4.2) Fer the signal x(¢} shown in following figure, find the signals:. [WBUT 2014] OF ‘ = o T z Qx(e-2) ® x(2:+3) iii) x(3/2)xe- Theiensl afg—2) is cbtsined by delaying this signal x() by 2 unis oftime, : : xtt-2) —_ x(i-2) san sonal x(t) left by 3 units of time Mesa a(2r +3) one by Hs siting = “0 : eden emptying time scaling bythe factor of sas-l9 tes Scanned with CamScanner OPULAR PUBLICATIONS x3) 3 Let the inp ’ ‘Now, let u ' »y asta aa a 0 “f xt+3) oe if we appl : i by= times. ‘The signal x(3/2)¢ is obtained by compressing the signal x00 bY 3 y sone ad at Since, y¢ 2. a) Ske t whether f 8 ony Answer? Py : [WBUT 2011] x()=A| b) State and explain the non-linearity property of a system. i Answer: oa : ‘The plots ‘Ailinear system may be continuous or diserete. For a discrete-time linear system, the condition for linearity is ? H[ax(n)+ax()]= aH @)+a, Alx.@)] (1) crete-time system to the input (7). where H[x(n)] = y(n) is the response of the dis dition of linearity is called a non-linear ‘A system which does not satisfy the above cor / system. i If a, =a, =0, then y(f)=0. Thus the linear’system with zero input produces a zero Hencé, tk 1 output. = A gatem which produces zero output with zero input is called a relaxed system. ee Ifa system produces an output without an input, the system is either non-relaxed or non- linear. ; Pons ‘A system that does not satisfy the superposition principle is called a non-linear system. ¢) Determine whether the system described by the following input-output equation So, itis ¢ is linear or non-lineat tot ott as x(n) +1/x(n-1) 2c Answer: A(n)=s So, Let the input signal is x (7). Then 9109) =x4(n)4—t _ x01) S&S20 | Scanned with CamScanner NALS. cette input signal i =4("). Then y(n) = 2469) (n= a Now, let us apply the signals (7) and HO, tosis at the i ee Then the output is, yln= WM) + Yar) = =a) +— +x, (m1) +——_ =D i »D ifwe apply the signal x, (n) +x,(n) at ag input, then the output is, 1 in) =x (n)+x,(m)+——_| Hoy=H) +2) since, y(n) # ¥"(n), the system is non-linear. 2,2) Sketch the given signal x(1) = A[u(t+a)—u(t—a)] for a>0. Also determine whether the given signal is a power signal or an energy signal or neither. [WBUT 2013] _ ‘Answer: x)= A[u(t+a)-u(t~a)], a>0=A[u(t+a)]- A[u(t-a)] 5 ‘the plots of A[u(t+a)] and A[u(t—a)] areas under, my 1A 2 : : A 4 St ee 3 ee ee Au(t+2) , ae . Henod the plot of A[1(t+a)]- A[u(t—a) } is as under. _ ney ofthe signal x(() is E= f]x()Par= [a= om ota Power ofthe signal x(t) is P= lim. je@ae : : ‘ “in Bis) Ss, itis energy signal. 4) From the given impulse response Sabilty of the system. Answer: Mo)=5u(3—n) % iCA)=(5y"u(3+1)= =1(a)=57° _ stun), check the causality & He=? OO [WBUT 2013) S&S-21 Scanned with CamScanner 1 1), (sae Also, h(-2)=(3)7-"(3+2) nl as* Bindi .) of the system IS ability of asyster is Similarly, h(n) is not zero for ot zero for negative values of nthe Since the impulse response (1 system is non-causal. _ The necessary ‘and sufficient condition of st 2 LlAM|. In this case we have Vm0 go, X(")=42 for n=0 + for n0 2 And, 0 for n=0 ' tL for no 7 . ¢) Sketch the signal x(t) =u(t) +5u(t=1)-2u(t-2) _ IWBUT 2018] Scanned with CamScanner POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ; auton ae ; Fourier transform of x(21) then find the 4 tthe Fourier transform of x() 8 (0) [WBUT 2013) It and x(¢/2). th Answer: °° ; (1) fees 9 X(a) ; I ‘As we know from time scaling propert T ; 1 (2 oiartonstion_ yt y( 2 x(k) fete . 1,(@ 5 : i rosietrntorny y( 2 Soi ah 2 (5) : . and {5} testa sax a) 2 a st 4. Write short notes on the following: opens a) BIBO Stability of a LTI system wyBUT aoa: aul ; b) Time scaling of a signal WyBUT 2043, 2015 ¢) Causal system & non-causal system TaoU at ¢) Scalar signal & vector signal + weul20t4, 27 ‘e) Energy signal and power signals 4,2 ) Discrete LTI system wl 4 ae : ‘ g) Stable and unstable systems [weuT 2016] Fc Answ un a) Stability of a system: ' ; : ee 4 Sierete-time system is bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stable if the oulpit TI sequence y(n) remains bounded forall bounded input sequence, x(7) . i ‘An LTI system is BIBO stable if and only if its impulse response is absolutely summable. ‘Thus the condition of stability for LTI discrete-time system is S = y [Aon |<@ b) — | Ti If the input, signal x(n) is bounded, then there exists a’ constant B, such th |x@)|s3,.<2 & If the output signal y(n) is bounded, then there exists a constant B, such tt ie (n)| <8, <® 2 ° ik by y es " e lution formula, we ha ZS ay From the convolution for ay ve ve)= H(K) x(n=k) s By =. : x ing the absolute values on both sides -|* . ‘Taking the [v= |r 8) x= | Scanned with CamScanner ‘SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS itis known that the absolute value of the esi ofthe absolute values ofthe tems,‘ panna Na esta ema © ie This |y¢m]s | AA) xen—4)| Ifthe input is bounded, then | > = VOD/S BY | ce see that th i el ao aoe 1 Output is bounded if the im S=>|A®|<0 a Pulse response of the system is given by ie an LTI system is stable (or more precisely BIBO stable) ‘if its impulse response is absolutely assumable. This condition — $ | ition $= 9° |A(k)|0 x(n=k)=40 if h(k)=0 -lif A(K) <0 | xe9|=] 2] 409 | fe For any fixed value n, the summation is always non-negative. Thus the output will be unbounded if the sufficient condition is not satisfied. Hence this is also a necessary condition for BIBO stability. : Therefore, the necessary and sufficient condition for BIBO stability is Saale: o@) b) Time Sealing Operation: i Time scaling operation is done by replacing the- independent x(n) by Kn. Mathematically it is represented by y(n) = x(Kin) where K is an integer. it variable n in sequence 0 zn x(Kn). This wt is the sampling rate inx(n), then the sampling rate changes t of K. ence is x(n), Means the sampling rate is changed by a factor Let us take K = 2. Thus if the original sequ' W(n) = x(2n)..Now let x(n) be represented as w)=0000123 4 ¢ 4321 the new sequence becomes 00 0 S&S-25 Scanned with CamScanner POPULAR PUBLIC! y shown a5 below. 5 Thus x(n) is graphical! aa ot “The sequence x(n) gives the following - . x a . A 24, x2) 23:40) = 2, x@)=h x(5) = x6) =) = x(8) xl) =4, x(-2) =3, #9) x(-S) =x) = x(-D=3C8)=9 Now the sequence y(n) = x@n) would be as under: y(0) = x(2x0) = x0) =5 yl) = x2x1) = x@2)=3 (4) =1 6)=0 yB)= x23) yl =x(-2)=3 y(-2) = x(-4)=1 y(-3) = x(-6) = 0 “Thus we can draw the sequerice x(2n) as shown below: y(a)= xn) 1 Te eg a as De 28 AS 6) Causal and Non-causal Systems ; { system is called a causal system if its output d values ofthe input and does not depend on Sueno aa the ps ‘A system is called non-eausal ifthe response ofthe system d inp ie of that input. sm depends on the future X causal system is also called non-antic anticipatory. icipatory and a non-causal system i$ alt Mathematically, causal discrete-time system j : system is Tepresent ted as, “y(a) = Feo), x(n-D,x(0=2)—~ resent and Fe ~) S&S-26 No Scanned with CamScanner A-system is causal if and only ifthe in ski, Pulse res <0. This is simply because of the fact that if this wer same output tie an 1a othe application of input samnle na he: Soe veut ‘A non-caus: is physically unrect ‘Sample at n=0, application itis not possible to obtain thes finwe on eee eal meceesne *Ponse h(n) is equal to zero for all ples of causal and es oF the signal yy exe sal an veusal System Ron-causal systems are given below. y(n) = x(n) Y(n) = 0.2 x(n) — x(n~2y ° Y(A~2)+ Y(M) = x(0) +0.52(n—1) Non-causal Systema : y(n) =x(n+2) Y(n) = 0.4x(n—1) + x(n) -0.5x (n+) 4) Scalar signal & vector signal: signal is a function of independent variable, nainely, time: A signal is represented as x=F(t) where F is some function and ¢ represents time. Here, time is a continuous variable and x also takes on continuous values. : A signal is called a scalar signal or scalar-valued signal if its value is unique for every instant of time. Most of the naturally occurring signals are scalar-valued, real and analog. in nature. Speech signal-is an example. If, however, a signal has multiple values at any instant of time, it is called a vector signal or a vector-valued signal. As an example, colour images are vector signals where at every pixel there is a three-dimensional vector representing RGB colour components. : The signal x(t) =cos(2n,fi)represents a scalar signal because x has a unique value given by cos(2xrft)at every instant of time . Similarly, the equation +(()=t+ jcos(2xft) is a complex-valued scalar signal because x has a unique value given by 1+ jcos(2ajt) at every instant of time t. Now, let us consider the signal, 1()=(F+27 +08). ‘The signal x is a triplet and is a vector signal. : The-signal is an one-dimensional array with A scalar signal contains a single element. ator signal is represented by a row vector ora ne element or a matrix of size 1 by 1. A’ ve ‘umn vector. Energy signal and power signals: ' «ler 10 Question No. 3 of Short Answer Type Questions. S&S-27 Scanned with CamScanner POPULAR PUBLICATIONS f) Discrete LTI system: A discrete-time system is discrete signat called the input fixed set of rules or operations: discrete signal respectively, then expressed as (ri) = x2(nywhich 5 ‘mathematical rule or function jon TL] 28 shown in the mathemati gue is eval. expressed © the notation TE] Bog diagram below. Here the input discrete sis through the transformation TL] ag asym, Fore pte the system may be desi ‘There are other ways of descr amples ; in terms of an ‘geitha ‘consisting of a sequence of instructions or operations 2s showy below. y(n) =0.2 y(n) 0.1 x0) Yon) =0.15 y(n—1) +0220") y(n) =0.5 y(n-1) 40.252") yn) =y (a) + y+ V3) In other cases, a system may be specified in terms ofatable that defines the set ofall possible input-output signal pairs of interest. or mapping that transforms a operat gat called the Out bymeanso ise x(n) and ‘y(n are the input and he input and the OUPUt can |___Fan, a mathematicé into another examples ‘he relationship Bemwee? is 4 concise * 5] nal x(n) is aransformed into an output discrete signal y(q) g) Stable and unstable systems: ‘ Xn LTI system is said to be stable if it produces a bounded (or finite) output for eve bounded (or finite) input. It is called a bounded-input bounded output (BIBO) state system. For a discrete-time system, if the system produces a bounded output sequence y(n) foc every bounded input sequence x(n) , then the system is stable. Thus if |[x(r)] < By’ then for all values of m, |y(n)| Application them more useful, Goals: - Efficient and reliable transmission, sto i i i + Examples: = Speech and audio processing — Multimedia processing (image and video) = Underwater acoustic — Biological signal analysis Multimedia applications + Compression: Fast, efficient, reliable transmission and storage of data + Applied on audio, image and video data for transmission over the Internet, storage + Examples: CDs, DVDs, MP3, MPEG4, JPEG + Mathematical Tools: Fourier Transform, Quantization, Modulation, ation (Control the oi veloci i ‘ osition of a valve ity or position of an object) or shaft of a motor f differential equati lace Transform) Of algorithms to modify signals in a way to make 6 What do you mean by realization and what are the conditions of realization? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: _ Realization is the process of taking a mathematical model of a system (either “in the Laplace domain or the State-Space domain), and creating a physical system. Some systems are not realizable. . é ‘An important point to keep in mind is that the Laplace domain representation, and the state-space representations are equivalent, and both representations describe the same physical systems. We want, therefore, a way to convert between the two representations, because each one is well suited for particular methods of analysis. Realization conditions : F © A transfer function G() is realizable iftand only if the system can be described by a ite-dimensi .ce equation. 2a aoe fe iaceasiccal eee the four system matrices, i called a realization ofthe CD) anon ‘ed as such an ordered quadruple, the system system G(s). If the system can be expres is realizable. . ix G(9) i rational is realizable i the transfer matrix G(s) is a proper ratios mean ea ae cera thé matrix G(s) (only 1 for SISO systems) is a "aon polyol oe ahe degree of the denominator is higher or equal to the ‘egree of the numerator. S&S-29 Scanned with CamScanner

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