+ Existence of Fourier series (piri . irichlet conditi converge. The Fourier sericy oiTithlet conditions): The Fourier seri existence ofthe Fourier scn9 OSS if the serie convene anes es may oF may not Serles are given by Dirichlet condi : eae conditions for aS tions as given below: x10 is absolutely itegrabeie. Fist) di] ceo (0) has afte number of maxima and minima within ay itentwval (ii) x@ has a finite number of discontinuities wins a iscontiultics is Sets “Scontinuities within any finite interval sind each of these discrete-time signal x(n), which is Periodic with a period N. Thus we can write, x(n) =x(n+N) for all n. The Fourier series representation of x(n) consists of , ae Jarmonically related exponential functions and is given by x(n) =S'c, ¢(¥Y where em k=0,),3..(N 1) andC, are the Fourier series coefficients. The coefficients C, are given Sane + Fourier Transform: The Fourier series for periodic functions of time produce discrete line spectra with non-zero values only at specific frequencies called harmonics. However, there are other functions of time which are not periodic. * Parseval’s Theorem (or Parseval’s Identity): If X(@) is the Fourier transform of x(t), Parseval’s theorem states that Jeor at = jor do The term |X(a) is often called the energy density spectrum ofthe signal x(@): ‘Tie equation (i) is also known as the energy theorem. The quantity on the left hand side of the equation (i) is the normalized energy content E of the signal x(f). Parseval’s theorem says by integrating|X (c)[ overall frequencies @. inuous-Time LTT Systems: The output y(¢) of a * Th eof Continuous-Time LTT § pat (0 Pecan is equal tote convolution ofthe input x(?) withthe impulse us-time in the diagram below. response h(i) of the LTI system as shown in the diagram below. that the energy content E can be computed S&S-49 Scanned with CamScannerson M0 ay oO (1) Impulse Respons Thus, y(Q)=x(4) * HO) the Fourier anafoms of x(t), (and y(t) respectively, Let X(@), H(a)and ¥(@) denote ‘a Then, + @) ¥(@) = X(@) H(@) 0) 2) ive. HO=F@) the frequency response of the system The function H(a) is called Letus write, X(o) =|X(a)|e"* ¥(@)=[P@e* where,|X(@)| is the magnitude spectrum of the input, [¥(@)| is the magnitude spectrum of the output, 0 (@) is the phase spectrum of the input, 6,(@) is the phase spectrum of the output. From equation (2), we obtain Y@)=|x(@)| |H@| 9,(@) = 0,(@) + 4, (@) where|# (c)] is the magnitude response of the system and 6,,(@) is the phase response of the system, The magnitude response|/1 (a) is also called the gain of the system. Signal space: In digital communication, let us consider that a message source emiis one symbol every T seconds. The symbol belorigs to an alphabet of M symbols denoted by hr May---~-» My “The transmitter takes the message source output m, and encodes it into a distinct signal S,(t) for transmission over the channel. The Mf possible signals form a set 5,(t),i=1,2,3, seconds. It is the job of the receiver is to correctly identi transmitted signal in presence of noise, It may be rioted that S,(r) is a real-valued enerey i (t) is a real-value r signal with energy given by E, = $82 (ae a S&S-59 Scanned with CamScanner: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Multiple Choise YPe Questions 4. The Fourier cocficiont @, ean bee : Valuated ag (WBUT 2011] a) 2/T [x(t)cosneara 7 = ©) 2IF [x(*)cosnaarat 2 é ¢) 2/T 2(‘)sin nar ay -, dA 4) 2/F fx(0)cosnanat Answer: (b) : 2. Ifthe signal x(t) has oag then the Fourier series will have only a) odd harmonies of sine terms (wBUT 2011] b) constant term and odd harmoni . ¢) even harmonics of sine terme °° ©o8ine terms 1S 4) odd harmonics of cosine terms Answer: (a) and halt wave symmetry, 5.13 signal x () has half wave symmetry, then the Fi i a) Odd harmonics Of sine terme ry, 'e Fourier series will have only [WBUT 2012] Answer: (d) 4. The Fourier series coefficient b, contains a) Only cosine terms ¢) Only de and cosine terms i DBUT 2012] b) Only sine terms d) Only de and sine terms Answer: (b) 5. The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetric function is [WBUT 2013} a) imaginary b) real i ¢) conjugate asymmetric. - d) conjugate symmetric Answer: (b) 6. The Fourier Series of a real, even periodic signal will contain only -[WBUT 2014] )eosine terms _b) sine terms —c)eventerms d) odd harmonnes nswer: (a) ""The Fourier transform ofa rectangular pulso is ula? pategs 2 NYBUT 2014] 2) another rectangular pulse ane f *) sine function : sWer: (c) S&S-51 Bae Se ee Scanned with CamScannerean . ngth is (WBUT 2014) ity stro! 8. The Fourtor transform of ade sional wth ONY, 5) 4) 25(a) a) zero b)1 Answer: mere ts must be (WBUT 2015) 9. If x(#)is odd, then its Fourier series cot a) ea 2 reat and odd 2) imaginary and even al and oven Answer: (b) FR function of time does not have the 10. The trigonometric Fourier series of a" ve coal terms [WBUT 2015) 3 sine tare d) odd harmonic terms Answer: (c) [WBUT 204; 11. Inverse Fourier transform of sgn(/) aitndee a 7) j les a) I/r b) I/at ) jist 0) se Answer: (c) L 42. A periodic signal which can be expanded in Fourier series [WBUT 2016) a) is a power signal b) is an energy signal c) is neithera power signal nor an energy signal 4d) can be either a power signal or an energy signal depending on the nature Answer: (a) (25 +1) . 43. The final value of (Fras 655) is : [WBUT 2018} ajo b)2 c)1 d) Zero Answer: (c) 1" . ‘ 14, The FT of (3) u(n-1) is [WBUT 2018] el jo jo a} b) gS ws se ge a al e e' aia: sae Answer: (a) ae a ¥, Short Answer ype Questions Find the Fourier transform of the signal 4 ’ for a>0. pweur 2012, 204 Scanned with CamScannernswert poe () =e", a>0 x(t)=e" for 120 se" fort<0 rourier transform of x(t) is say U9) So, so, X(i2)= ete ep Je em arsfe* ay = Ie ase eI ay few IN ay Jorma aa =—2_4_ 4 a Va-jQ°atjQ as 2, Show that the Dirac comb function given by : + PWBUT 2014) KA =D (a7) is a self-Fourier transform function, i.e., the Fourier transform will also be Dirac comb function, where T is the time period such that 5(1-T)=6(t).. Answer: The Dirac comb function is given by =X 5-7) where 7 is the time period. ‘The signal is periodic. It can be expressed as a Fourier series. Laenn)= Tce" — where ¢, =% J awe “+ “in se Hence, dae nT) = SF Lem = Now, the Fourier transform ee Dirac comb function is a = 1 As a(r-an)}-#| Se |o EE ee Sot0-» 0) . 2 & an) _2n ' me rev enony 2S 4o-*2) Hoy] mb function. Thus the Fourier transform of Comb function is itself a co = is nd find the trigonometric Fourier series sens the signal x(¢)=° for all ¢ a ; ge fee wie ficients over the interval (171). ie E S&S-53 Scanned with CamScannerPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: x(t) =# for -15¢1 Time period, T=2 ' 23°F x(eos(rns)at= {et cos(nat)at « 7 1 f 2 acl)’ 2 ae =) [oosnn+cosnz]= a b, =0 since the signal x() is symmetric. ina ne oa 4, State and ‘Parseval's relation for continuous time periodic signal, State and prove Parseval EC ‘Answer: Parseval’s relation: It states that the total average power in a periodic signal equals the sum of the average powers in all of its harmonic components. That is, if x(¢) is a periodic signal of period and its Fourier coefficients are given by C,, then zhofa= Zier wel) [c,P is the average power in the n® harmonic ‘of x(t). The left-hand side of Eqn: 0) represents the average power (i.e. energy per unit time) in one period of the period signal x(t). Scanned with CamScannerND SYSTEMS. ina tho Fourier transform of Signum fy Fin : lunction i., s + sen(t). [WBUT 2017] xo 1 rs ae a ee Foy cr ator funtion sen(?) rrouttime domain signal =I, <0) x(t)=sen(t)=) 0, r=0 1, t>0 isis our signum function. Fourier transform eden - a function is not an integrable signal, “2” O° #PPlied on integrable signal, but u J|sxn@)|e should be tess than infinity but the result is equal to infinity, here we have samake the term integrable, 2g gH), 229 ifwe redraw the signal ; Now we have u())=lime™*u() u(t)=lime*u(-r) ‘ ~e*u(t) son(?)=u(0)—u(-1)=lim[e“tu(0)—eu(-1] Now if we apply Fourier transform x(0) in. 1 ol a+ jo a-jo Xo) 8h J jo jo {Find the Fourier Series of the signal given below and draw the line spectrum: as x [WBUT 2017] 1 -sa|° |e fever vr om the it is periodic with period 2a. Here Tis the ti graph that it is periodic with p of 27, where, ©, is the fundamental angular frequency. The waveform “incon. So, a, =0 and a, =0. We will have t9 find only 8, - ime period and m is a periodic S&S-55 Scanned with CamScannerPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS . =>, sinnt Oe» and bar a) )sinnt dt ann de+ fAsinat a| a 4, Sr (sinne at ay hag > ‘foamy 222] |-aLeoenCnn ommend A f1-cosan] 44 form ol 4A = 44 and so on. So, 4 he eer =0, bese 1 1. int +dsin 31+ -2sinSt +. Thus; 5())=———ssin(2n-t Als sin hus, 6(#) tony y} a 3 5 Interms of 9, 4Af t. is 6(t)=] sin ye +jsin30Qt + sin St +- x ‘The line spectrum is as shown below: Magnitude 7. Find out the Fourier transform of x() 4 cai Answer: eg x()=e tl =eu(t)+ re) F(a) eve Male omar Jeter sfoona it elem Po s “ea, 1 (a+ Jjo)) ~ aja S&8.sg se)? “ a-jo| Scanned with CamScanner wher conju ThusSIGNALS. = 1 1 . a-j® atjo aig a vinat do youmean by signal space? Answer sider that a message a ee fs 62 source emits : tenes to an alphabet of M symbols denoted eave oven T seconds. The symbol ‘he transmitter takes the méssage source output m, and enco aes sci dhstinas etapa sy(i) for wansmission over the channel. The M possible signals (M22) form a set 2B ed ' Se iow rh = us ean are known a priori to the receiver. But the Ne ie the j ich one of the M signals has been ; i seconds. It is the Job ofthe receiver is to correctly identify during ee pee: se iranmitted signal in presence of noise, It may be noted that §,() is a real-valued sneray signal with energy given by 1 i £,= JS ()at, §=1,2, M } 2 () hecomplete set of all signals {S,(t)} is called a signal space, denoted by S. ¢, What do you mean by orthogonality of signal describe the concept of orthogonal bases. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Two distinct signals S,(t) and: S,(#) are orthogonal to each other over an interval t, to ‘ifthe inner product over that interval is zero. Theinner product of two signals S,(#) and S, (t) are defined as 5(0:85()= [5 (052 (Oat seo (Lal) “In the case of real signals, the complex where S,°(r) is the complex conjugate of S,_ () conjugation may be ignored. Thus the condition for orthogonality of , » sss @at= Giena yeaa space , a set of M vector (Biv called an orthogonal basis for G the two signals S,(t) and-S,(t) is wee (12) eachis an element of G: g1 € G~ #».8" © S each is nonzero: gi f= 05 «+ » 84 F= % they are pair-wise orthogonal: (Bx &=) = 9 for S&S-57 — a Scanned with CamScanner rk f=m;PULAR PUBLICATIONS ee jr linear combination: sented as thel Gecan be repre my + any vector g © 48m ae wo thine Sf ITSELF measure ? with a COPY Orthogonality of a signal is Peat aveform 8) The correlation of a signal W' (AUTOCORRELATION) b) The correlation of a sign: with ANOTHER signal waveform form with time-shifted Very al waveform (CROSS-CORRELATION) tice one waved To evaluate either correlation, one multiplies one. i the other ‘ignalthe copy and takes the integral Re ee ‘The more the signa, 1 ji i jitude of the ¢ oe im overlap or aig, the higher isthe MARNIE TA cts, wil align its€lf spoton Thee @ Pe f cand will align itself upside doy yg 1 Examples: A sine wave, when COF “ne wave has a periodic auto-correlatng| time delays of one cycle or integer no. of cycles half-cycle delay or odd multiples of that). So as! The L § contir 10. Compute the DFT of the following sequences: [MODEL QUESTION Proof a) X =[1,0,- ¢) X[n]=cos(0.25an), n= )X[n]=0.9",. N= Answer: 2 x()=x(e*)| au Hence Gi) Sy ae ved DTFT Therefore, X[k]=>°X[n](-i)" =1-(-)" k=0,1,2,3 Real ae ay ra This yields, X =[0,2,0,2] Real | imagin by) Similarly, X[k]= 7+ j+(-i)" +(-/)* The au i (i) si47+(Chast, k=0 These which yields X=[1+2j,j,-1+2j,— j] ao Part j , is ©) Again N=8 and a =¢°/"* at. Therefe Ay " 7 refore, X[k] (de te ¢ }. (é ew oot The ai +e = DTFT Applying the geometric sum we obtain: X= in: X =[0,4,0,0,0, wer 0,4] S&S-58 Scanned with CamScanner2 on Hit __1-(0.9)" a x= 20%" ake en 1-0.9¢/" for keOer7%»7 Substituting numerically we obtat . 5,69,0.38- 0.67 j,0.31-0.28/,0,30-0, ‘iso i 7 D 11 ,0.30,0,30 +0:11),031+0.28),0.38+0.67; | 44. Write down the properties of DTFT, Answer! ‘re properties of DTFT are: (o Periodicity Property: The DTFT is periodic in © with a period of 2x. ee a c continuous variable. m. Thus'X(e/*)= X(el*"*) where @ is a Proof: [MODEL QUESTION] xem aS xen F superar af xime™ (wemey =X(e") Hence X(q) is periodic with 2n. (@ Symmetry Property: DIFT often exhibits symmetry properties which are listed below: x(n) xe") Real and even. Real and even Real and odd : Imaginary and odd Imaginary and even Imaginary and even Imaginary and odd Real and odd. Ls These properties may be combined. For example, the x(n)is conjugate symmeric. Its real put is even and its imaginary partis odd. So X(e!")is real-valued. Similarly if x(n)is ral the real part of X(e) is conjugate symmetric. (ii) Linearity Property: The discrete time Fourier transform is a li DIFT of x(n) and X,(e) is the DTFT of x(n), 4%) + bx, (e!); Stated mathematically it become x(n) +bx,(n) > aX, (0*) +o X16") ingar operator which means if X,(e!*)is the then the DIFT of ax(n)+b x(n) is S&S-59 Scanned with CamScanner01 PUBLICATIONS ation of DTFT of the sequence jy then x(0— KEE ga” by samples its magni, an amount —ok, (iv) Time Shifting Property: jn the multiplic Shifting a sequence in time results in o> xa) complex exponential, Thus HF X0DC se domal it means that if diserete signal is shite in changes BY spectrum remains unchanged but the phase SP —@,) - It means that the multiplicagy. ty? in ransiation of the spectrum xa | ny XO nt to a frequency © (v) Frequency Shifting Prope! Tfx(1) <2 X(@), then ee. of a sequence by e%” is equivale 0. Proof: . 7 sieco Hepeen) F [ex |= Se ene = ye” = X(@-% (iyTime Reversal Property: If x(n) 22> X(o), then x(-7) sequence results in a frequency reve origin in time, its phase spectrum chi unchanged. Proof: Fix(-n)= Yam er rs anges in si Substituting m=-n, then Fx(-n)] = J x(n)e/" =X(-a) = |X(@)] 4" (vii) Differentiation in Frequency Domain: If x(n) 22> X(o), then nx(n) <2, j2 XC) Proof: do X(e*)=Fx@]= Y, x(n Differentiating both sides wit oe = pis recto © we get do = L Cin(ne™ AY mae axe")_¢ = I = Linx) ©” = Fla x(n} Firm(n)}= j SO Scanned with CamScannerSIGNALS AND SYSTEMS siti) Modulation Property or Modulation ‘Theorem: t states that if x(n) 22" > X(@), then core pr, 1 x(n)008 ay ANT > = [ X(@+0,)+ X(w~04)] Proof (o)= x0) €08 ayn eM" : el te ian 2 Exo") ooh Sinem em l[Sanerone Sayers] =1[X@-a)+X@+a)] (ix) Convolution Property: “tf x(n) A> X(e”*) and x(n) + X,(e/") Then x,(m) * x,(m)< P72» xX, (e/")X,(e/") . a it means the convolution of two sequences in the time domain is equivalent to multiplying their spectra in the frequency domain. («) Multiplication Theorem or Periodic Convolution Theorem: , : ‘This is a dual to the convolution theorem. It states that multiplication in the time domain isequivalent to periodic convolution in the frequency domain. Thus if : (0) 2» X,(e!) and (0) 2X, (6), then x(x) > X(e'*)+X,(e”*) -+ frcenacerao Proof: 3 FLa(n)x,(0) = x a(ndxse % FLx, sone $00] 2 [cereale Interchanging the order of summation and integral, we get FLx(n)x,(0)] =~ f Xe”) [Samer “af ayer? 44 S&S-61 Scanned with CamScanneree uBLICATIO! Bh ee ‘Theorem. It states that if 50: 5 Theorem is the Par . Ort reulipleaton heore™ 3 LL {0 xe? ] de ro ont, x(er*)then F= L theorem as it states thatthe El : ro Y domain into the frequency Next eto parseval’s Theorem is als called tHe com en note ti DTFT operator preserves ¢ energy WI : if ! £2 Fpeaf= DOr 1 -¥ 1 ix a | do But, -Sx0[2 f (ee us ti Jrven[Zoe v=o Hence - frrenxe iydo= [yxce"F 40 or, a, onde 4. a) Calculate the coefficient to Trigonome 4 Dirichlet conditions. aaa 1 Calculate the coefficient to Trigonometric Fourier series. Jrosi é Answer: 4a 18h, fase abs, ee at ‘We know, Irena r= =0 and finn ot r= 0 S&s.62 Scanned with CamScanner1 1 go, fx@at= zor fee Eley on 5% = 7 Jrtoar “3 Next, let us multiply equation (1) by cos mat and integrate over one period. So, we get 1 17 Sir atde=4, Jeoees m atdt=—a, feos mat dt-+¥'a,) [cos nat cos mat a meals = [rt “So nat cos m wt a| = Le r r But, [cos mat dt=0 and fsinnax cos mat dt=0 3 a ( T Hence, fx(*)e0s mot dt =a a 0h, 8 =F fo cos mast dt at or, a=5 J (00s nos dt 1.) Again let us multiply equation (1) by sin mat. we get 7 . - frOsin ma drat Jas somo So] Jrosnay sin. max a| : : 3 - fr +S jon not sin mat a| ola 1 : 1 Weknow, fsinm ax dt=0 and [cos na sin max dt =0 3 Tr : a f : T 80, Jrcosinmar a=¥b, Join nat sin max dt=b, mo Hence, 6, = 2 T [<@)sinmax at or, 4) 2 & . , Fl Osinnorat ee ™ Part: Refer to Chapter at a Glance. S&S-63 Scanned with CamScannerPOPULAR PUBLICATION for the. periodic signal, which ; ly urier seri ot b) Find out the Trigonometti® route tal eh = defined as x(t) =: 7. 0: : 3 : i ries for the exponential ¢ i ever aa ‘ourier $© ae ae Find the compact trigonometric Fe interval 0St S7- For # Answer: Let the trigonometric Fourier series 0! =a + 3% cosnant Ep sinn@t . ‘ourier serie: where ay, a, and B, are wigonometieF x(t) be represented by coefficient Pr In the given problem, r fxsinnaytat é @, =2 rad/see and x()=2" cn 5 21 : an Again, 4, zi [cos(2nt)] dt We know, fe cosbx de Fa pt @eosbx + bsin bx) S&S-64 crecez Scanned with CamScanneris 11) the N12). SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 2 (1 = er( 1 Hence SF] Ts gy ( 2osdy2nsnan] 02521 4 ~ Te Rae gon neh ay = 0:06 ree n= = 0.016 and so on. . Dewan De, week sin(2nt)dt ae ec. weknow, [e' sinbx = (asin bx —beosbx) 2 iene =-| I Sin2nt—2ncox2nt| =" a2 I For ths x)= 4+ (0.060082 +0.016cos4r+.. +(0.2353sin 2t +-0.1231c08 4t +...) 2.a) Write various forms of Fourier ‘series representation for continuous time ) periodic signal. [WBUT 2012] Answer: Fowier series for continuous time periodié signal’ may be expressed in the following forms: . 1. Trigonometric Fourier Series 2. Harmonie-form Fourier Series _3. Exponential-form Fourier Series Tigonometric Fourier series: 7 Letus consider a continuous-time periodic signal re Wext+nT) , n=l, £2,+3----- forevery value of t where T is the period of thi ‘thammonically related sinusoids as L < + 7% + D4, cosnat +5, sin nor nel me ‘eros called the fundamental frequency andy, 1 seh Chiaon (1) is known as trigonometric Fourie ¥900,.0.0,,b,,By..ub, are called Fourier trigonometric coefficier S&S-65 presented by the periodic function ‘e waveform, ‘Then x(¢)-is given by a sum a ‘and b,are’constants. o=2nIT. e constants Scanned with CamScanner7 ee puting 2= FH net Let Ay = Co an sé) iwith fondamental peng i ‘Then trigonomet 1 = 3%* Fo,cornt jog +b, sina = A 50, x)= 4o*> or, 0) = 2% ‘The equation (6) signal. Here, the We know, a, 608” 2 et a where d,=Jarre, and % 4 & ar + 8,) so,wecanvrie = 4+ 2,4 008 : a font ] functions 7°". in the expression 1 where Sa, = 4, ss nig form Fourier series. ‘of Fourier series. The (nat ~9,) is called th term Av is called the & | known as the Harmo! e nth harmonic content sine representation cos ‘The equation (2) is It is also known as Co: component of x(¢) and the term As b) How do we g Answer: We know that t spectra with nor there are other function, the uni not periodic func called aperiodic continuous unli Fourier series aperiodic signal: what is known a We may think signal in which t oftime with peri A(4z) if Assuming that ¢ X(0) the Four 4c i ‘A, cos(or—Q) is called the fundamental component of x(f) a ‘The coefficients A,s are called the harmonic ‘amplitudes and 6, the harmonic pha al i Exponential-form Fourier series: a ee mnarer cries are often expressed in exponential form. The advantage of this fomg that we only need to perform one integration rather than two unlike the trigonomeli Fourier series. In most cases, the integration is simpler. a The harmonic form of Fourier series is given by | x)= 4 +34, 605 (not+8,) : . a eps name low, cos(nar +8,) AG a erneerrty] -G) Substituting equation (3) in equation (2), we get aj : aya dF Sal eho) g steer (= 4, xl venue) ie Ato veg godt g 1] (4 : =A 5 (Aer om FA. cage ae Lee ey = (4) °) State the cor State th e NSWer: Refer S&S-66 Scanned with CamScanner. ‘SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ati -k a the second summation on the w74* x 4, n.) a4 right hand side of equation (4) we get Ay git. pint Dee *2tet em 26 4 ant and Cazes for n>0 . 5 (A jon winder (Sere +2(4e gn 0 LO uO se equation (6) represents the exponential form of Foutiet series for continuous — time signal. Here, the function x(t) is expressed as weighted sum of the complex exponential sons e/2%. It may be noted that both positi i i sions & y at both positive and negative fre tere expession given by equation (6). a ey eae ore sj How do we got the frequency representation of a periodic signal? (WBUT 2012] ‘Aswer Ye know that the Fourier series for periodic functions of time produce discrete line : ' seca with non-zero values only at specific frequencies called harmonics. However, onic p bee are other functions of time which are not periodic. For example, the unit step fenton, the unit impulse function, the unit ramp function, a single rectangular pulse are mn periodic functions. Such functions are called aperiodic functions and such signals are tiled aperiodic signals. The frequency spectra for such aperiodic functions are tontinuous unlike the frequency spectra for periodic functions, which are discrete. Fourier series representation is applicable to periodic signals..lt is not applicable to ‘peiodc signals. The frequency domain representation of aperiodic signals is done by vat is known as Fourier Transform or Fourier Integral. Ve may think of a non-periodic (or aperiodic) signals as one arising from a periodic ‘gaa in which the period extends from — 00 to. +2. ‘Thus for a signal that is a function ‘ tftime with period of —00 to +0, we form an integral ay=— and ZH(4n)=0 f ¢ we call the function Asuming thatthe function X (a) exists for every value of @, (0) the Fourier transform of x(#) [WBUT 2012] [WBUT 2018] ‘Ste the condition required for existence of Fourier Transform. asthe condition for which DTFT will exist. t: Refer to Chapter at a Glance. S&S-67 es US ieaeene eo Scanned with CamScannerPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS 1 for energy sign@! continuous ti (weut 201 d) State and pr ime energy signal, —_| State and deduce the Parsoval’s t! BUT 20) ’: ites that Answer: £x(0 parseval’s theorem stal {f-X(o) is the Fourier transform ° =) cat acl t Pde Jeol ae x Lol ‘The term [X(a)) is often & ‘The equation (9) is also known as the ent of the equation (9) is the normalized enersy « energy content E can be sity spectrum of the signal xO. | theorem. The quantity on the left hang 4 ergy tatent E.of the signal x(¢). Pash computed by integrating |x@f ove a alled the energy dem theorem says that th e function x(¢), but we know the Foutig. pute the energy of the signal by wi Fourier transform. i frequencies @ « Further, if we do not transform of this function, Parseval’s identity without t 1 know the energy of a tim then we can com he need to evaluate the invers Proof: ‘We have E= jor dt= Jxtox coat = jolt Jroemao Reversing the order of the integration, we obtain 1? e Slee gal Tx a Loy = J x | J x(Ne? ao “ [Oxo Hence the proof. 1? oe Jeo do €) State the F.T. of the signal x(t)=eu(r). Hence fi 1e signal Lae signal x(t) (1). ind out F.T. of the signal x(t-1) =e) -u(t—1,) qweuT2 5 tight side by ¢=t,, then its Fouri be . ‘outier transform js That is, if x(t)}—>X(0), then x(t=1, Ye. : fo Scanned with CamScanner now, FL? pence, F[* . a) Derive Periodic sig Answer: The Fourier that we only Fourier'serie: The harmoni x(t)= Now, x(t)= Substituting 1)=4,+) =4,4) Putting n =- x)= 4, +) Let 4,=¢ 0. So, x(1) = do %xH= The eg = Te equati functions 1. in pens ef © expressalas atjo tu(e-4)] at atjo gon, FOI *C gee, FLX -)]=F[ Derive the Exponential Fourier Seri ati : o re Oe — ‘eS representation of continuous time i = : {WBUT 2014] : jer series are often expressed i , ‘he Fourier seri ‘pressed in exponential form, eet ale t hand side. Th ye only need {0 perform one intepration rather thst a pais of Gis forms Parseval i ce series._In most case, the integration is simpler. eniine igen Theharmonic form of Fourier series is given by I over 10-44 LA cos (nat +8,) the Fo 1+ by” naw, 10)= 37 [X@)e”do -@ subsituting equation (1) in equation x(?)=4, +° A, cos (nax +6,), we get )=4, +34 [ema pee] a, AS Tom wpe eit] . =4, +3(4e" jew + SAecmern (2) - | ff Puting n = —k in the second summation on the right hand side'of equation (2) we get io | aor S(4e Jere 43 (Se ene 8) : = a 3 Ue 4y=Cy and C, =e! for n>0. signal x= 4y5 (Se m5 (Sep weBuT mak 2 m2 x)= XG, en -@ 4 Precuaion ‘ jer series for continuous time 7 F *:cquaion (4) represents the exponential form of Fourier sot m at eB FP. Here, the function ‘x(0) is expressed as weighted sum of the complex exponential shit’ Bons e@™, 1 may be noted that both positive and negative frequencies are present ty ‘heexpression given by equation (4). S&S-69 Scanned with CamScannerPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS the Magnitude spectrum of te {lg jot x(0) ransform and Pl 20g b) Find the Fourier t! waveform. is uni The above rectangular pulse is known 5 i) es it gate fimetion and is denoted as ae 7) Let us denote this as (6) So, x()= Vers =0 otherwise ‘The Fourier transform of x(t) is X(@) given by X(o)= Jroea- t edt an 1 Ja 2 et femneun] - jo of of sin sin 2 2. By Euler’s formula, X(o)=—2 =(27) o oT or where sin {z 7 Zi is called the Sine function and is equal to (nt) rw) Thus x(¢)= nf) sre (2) 2 ¢) Write down the Dirichlet condition for the existence of Fourier series. ‘Answer: Refer to Chapter at a Glance. 4-2) State and explain Parseval's theorem for OTFT, State and prove Parseval theorem for a Di; iscrete time signal. S&S-79 Scanned with CamScanner if X(@) i hp The term | The equat of the eqt theorem s: frequencie Further, if transform Parseval’s Proof: We have E= Jee Reversing Hence the b) State ar Answer: Frequency If X(@) i Proof: X(o)= }Answer the Fourier transfe fe ¥(0) isthe Fourier transform of (0 " ae : (0), Parseval’s theorem states that frtol ate ae JlX@f ao J J ~@ ‘The term | |x(@)| is often called the energy densi [xcof' ty spectrum of the signal x(t). Te arate es energy theorem. The quantity ae a hand side : ae rormalized energy content E of the signal x(t). Parseval's theorem says that the energy content E can be computed by integrat i b nena puted by integrating |X (a)| over all further, if we do not know the energy of a time function x(t), but we know the Fourier trensform of this function, then we can comy i is ee pute the Passeval’s identity without the need to evaluate the ‘ceronne Proof: We have Be [eo ar= [x(0x' a= Jol d brwersohe Reversing the order of the integration, we obtain Ly Tete 5 4 e eek fre) jae athe L [x @xtodo =7, [Kol do Hence the proof. 1) State and prove frequency differentiation property of the CTFT. [WBUT 20151 Answer: Frequency Differentiation Property If X(q) is the Fourier transform of x(#), then (-. jt) x) < X(@) Proof: X(@)= fxoeae a a” Ja : So, Fre) £ | joo : a = forge = procera mG Hees, sprayers XO) Scanned with CamScannerPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS fourier transform of the ‘oliowig discrete time c) Determine the inverse ; . ig expression: ip i 5 ¢) The perio Lla Wo w x y 5. a) What is the second harmonic of a Trigonometric Fourier series? t b) Write down the Dirichtet con ©) Find the trigonometric Fourier series for the periodic signal .x(/) naa figure. : x(t) weut 2a TEs Pooh 2 Answer: = 2) The trigonometric Fourier series is given by } x()=4 +3 a, 0s(nO,t) +0, sin(n Qt] Where 05, 0), ceeodh, and x(t): ent 4, are constants and ©, is the fandie ©) For second harmonic, k= and ; 0, t ic is gi 4,008201-+b, sin204 te sond amoiis aEaey Scanned with CamScannerty Refer to Chapter ata Glance, «The period is T=4 ‘he fundamental frequency, 2% _2n x “T 4 2 so, s)m0+3|e00(*8) sna) a sil rom the given signal, x(t)=1, for -Ists1 =-1 for 1<¢<3 af cs = ar | {ec ven Ea] 4 Hence, a, =0 for n even- “( a for nat, 5; 9,13, ne ab foe =3; 7, 515 na Ff 0 (n2rar=2| xs (n0,)eae = fool ‘Jae fe iin a] 3n nt 3 ont) este Sx | Scanned with CamScanner4 PULAR PUI | fh the magnitude and py, owing and sket rr transform of the fol 6. Find the Four DWBUT 24 ty say(eitare jorema 3 X(jQ)= jooema Je 1 er) = ———— = fevitan Terie |, atsa Magnitude of 1 X(j2)=|X(9) Ga)” 7. a) Find ie Line spect Phase of ¥(j)=2X(j)=tan"— We tabulate the values of | X(/2)| ait ZX(jQ) for positive and negative values of as under. 4 a2 0 I 2 5 10 FI Tua] os | oe [035 | ote [009 0 Answer: Zx(jQ)| © | =265° | a5" 68° | 78.75 | 90° r a -« | —l0 5 =2 =I 0 [xGay | % 0.09 | 0.105 | 0.35. | 0.447 05 LAX (7Q) | 90' BT 68° 45° 265° 0 For the exp - + |X(/9) Rice) a _ 03, 02 ey Z 0-6 6 4 2 z For n even, Magnitude spectrum For n oda, and, ¢ S&$-74 Scanned with CamScanner1.) Find the exponential Fourier series coefficient of the following and draw the ‘ine spectrum. it [WBUT 2017] #12 For thé exponential Fourier series, i sa 4. 3 J/Me mit=se Je i tae sin(nz) Te Fern odd, c= if n=1, 5,9 ne and, 6, =L ifn =3, 7, Ms ne ae No 14 1 » et Tae al 0 2g Jlt=95 2 -$&S-75 Scanned with CamScannerPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS So, x(t) ue) | Hence, f(t)=1+ Elta where (+) sit Line spectrum is shown elon: Hence X(j b) Find the: waveform: = ignal: b) Find the Fourier Transform of the following sign ! Answer: The Fourier tri X(2) Answer: 4x0 eel : X(t) is an impulse train x()= do0- -at) Hence the Fourier t transform is *(0)=F[3(0)]=2" ¥: x(n)5(o-nay) =S(t 7)6(0-na,) nay) = 8. a) Find thie Fourier ty Answer: The given signal is x() ~ Fo (o-na) = a 6(0- mu) ranstorm of x(1 © cos(a.t)u(t). we! oc08(«22)u(1) S&S-76 ee See Scanned with CamScannerad eeiay eda eel 4 erate tas 1 2 ay +d ony Hence x(o)=F[x()]=5 2 1 =a (a~ jo, + ja) 2(a+ jo, + jo) ») Find the-Fourler transform and plot waveform: Bo [ok anne ppetnan of peur zor an Answer: ‘The Fourier transform of the signal, x(t) is x(0) =F {x(0) if Pxemar sa TaA A “fae dt = = | “in “JO hay A Sin [emis et] —o Weknow, sinc(x)=0 oe) when n=l, 23. Scanned with CamScanner. shown below x(0) 88 “The magnitude spectrum” of x(t) "eed d) Properties (@ Linearity I if X,(@) is th on, then the lir a, x,(t)+4,x. some arbitrary (i) Symmetry If X(@) is” rier series. ons for the existence of Fo ) Write down the Dirichlet conditi “Answers Refer to Chapter ata Glance. the following: |. Write short notes on 5S Dinehlets co for Fourier series a) Dirichlet’s condition transform state b) Parseval’s en . afficlent Evalution of Fourier series cor fi ‘ aa " 4 Properties of continuous time Fourier transform [Weutag) (iii) Time Shif Yt X(@) isth Answer: a) Dirichlet’s condition for Fourier series: Refer to Thus, the time function x(4) tem of, is ad (iv) Time Seal Ifa is areal « Property of th domain by at tlivide X(w/c Chapter at a Glarice. b) Parseval’s relation: Refer to Question No. 2(d) of Long Answer Type Questions. ¢) Evalution of Fourier series coefficient: > Evaluation of the Trigonometric Fourier Coefficients: _ Refer to Question No. 1(a) (I* Part) of Long Answer Type Questions.” Evaluation of the Fourier coefficients in the complex exponential form The coefficient C, in the exponential Fourier series can be evaluated in the" ‘way. if Be © Frequency *X(o) is the ansform state Sonstant, resuit eft x0 ) Time me I " X(0) is the First, let us multiply the equation x(0)= °C, e/™" (5) by em and in the interval 0to T of x((). Thus, we get” TT (edt = f Cem | oi 2 f j 2 in OO ON dt = XC, fesernorar We know, - : fe =o fork ay S&S-7§ Scanned with CamScanner=P for” kin fence, We Bet froeta =TG, 1 jeer Thus Ce a7) we edt + fx@erear ie. ° fies of the Continuous — . are Prony " 's — Time Fourier Transform + X,(a) is the Fourier transform of x,(1), X¥y(0) i . mau a th nest propety the Fete ee ped as 7 AOE OF net X49 4X (0) +0,X4(0)+ +. a,X,(o) where a, is come arbitrary real constant, me {ij Symmetry (or Duality) Property T 2013, 20 if X(o) is the Fourier transform of “x(¢), the symmetry property of the Fourier T 2014, FD tansform states that X(t)<£-» 22. (-@) Wout 5 (ii) Time Shifting Property : if X(0) is the Fourier transform of x(t), then x(¢—f,)<> X(o)e!** ice. Thus, the time shifting property of the Fourier transform states that if we shift the time function x(t) by a constant f, , the Fourier transform magnitude does not change but the team @f, is added to its phase angle. * (v) Time Scaling Property : if a isa real constant and X(q) is the Fourier transform of x(t), then the time scaling property of the Fourier transform states that if we replace the variable t in the time sn domain by at , we must replace the variable @ in the frequency domain by @/a and divide X(cw/a) by the absolute value of a. Thatis, Haya 2) in the \\) Frequency Shifting Property (0) js the Fourier transform of x(t), then the frequency shifting property of Fourier ‘arsform states that the multiplication of the function x(t) by e/', where @yis a ‘sant, results in shifting the Fourier transform by 2 That is wage nona) ifferentiation Property dle ae eee *X(o) the Fourier ransto-m of x), then eH XC) 'S&S-79 Scanned with CamScannerPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS is (joy X(@) 51), ifit exists . Lx, if This is, the Fourier’ transform of a Property xO (vit) Frequency Differentiation p a” then (-J0" XO Gp XO) If X(q) is the Fourier transform of (viii) Time Integration Property 1 ec ,X@) then fant jo ** Xi) If X(q) Is the Fourier transform of (1), (ix) Time Convolution Property 7 | Wo) is the Fourier tansform of (0) nd %3(0) #8 the Fourier testy £ X,(o) (0), then x(t) * (OX) 2 oe Fae elution inte ime domain corresponds to multiplication inthe domain. (x) Frequency Convolution Property 4 : If X,(@) is the Fourier transform of x(t) and X,(@) is the Fourier transfor, 1 #0, then, (x95 X(@) * X20) ‘That is, multiplication in the time domain corresponds to convolution in the domain divided by the constant 2 (xi) Conjugation Property If X(q) is the Fourier transform of the complex function x(¢), then, x (03x (-a) ‘That is, if the Fourier transform’ of x(t) = x,,(t)+ jX,,(t) is x(@), then the transform of x"(t) i.e. the conjugate of x(i)ie. [x"() = x,,(1)- jx,,(0) | is XO) (xii) Area under x(t) . If X(q) isthe Fourier transform of x(t), then, (0) = Jaoar That is, the area under a time functi i = ” tion x(t) is a ' uated at (4) is equal to the value of its Fourier! (xiii) Patseval’s Theorem (or Parseval’s Ident ity) ‘s i V's Identi If X(q) is the Fourier transform of x 1), Parevare theorem states that , Txcofar =) Sh0of it an JXofao a (1) The ‘ ie term |X (w)f*is often called the energy density spectrum ofthe signal 2(0+ S&S-80 Scanned with CamScannerSIGNALS ANDSYSTEMS, Eqn. (1) is also kr eae Os the normaliged cue theorem. The quantity on the left han side of energy content E of the signal x(f). Parseval’s theorem says that the energy content E can by e oes 2 frequencies @. computed by integrating |X(@)| over all 1, if we do not kn: : Further ‘ow the energy of a time function x(f), but we know the Fourier transform of this function, then we ca . “i Ca 40, Derive Discrete-time Fourier transform pair. Answer: : ‘A non-periodic (or aperiodic) signals as one arising from a periodic signal in which the period extends from ~co to +20. Thus fora si 1 Oe ced co, we form an ideal ra signal that is a function of time with period [MODEL QUESTION] 1 H(An)= Lz and ZH(42)=0 @ ‘Assuming that the function X(q) exists for every value of @, we call the function 'X(@) the Fourier transform of x(0) x= z Jx@Mdo ) ‘The equation (i) is,called the inverse Fourier transform equation. ‘The Equations () and (i) form a px. The function X(«) defined by the equation @is called the Fourier transform, or Fourier integral of x(t) while the function x(") defined by the equation (ji) is called the inverse Fourier transform of X(@) Equation Gi) is also called the synthesis equation X() is also represented as F{x(0}- So, X(@) =F {xO} = Jxneat The inverse Fourier transform of X(@) can be repr can write : =F {X(o)} -— Jxwetta resented as F~'{X(q)}. Thus, we Since x(f) and X (co) form a Fourier transform pair, we may, represent the pair 25 x45 X() we (ii) or x(t) £>X(ja)) ‘ Fourier transform is, in general, @ complex function. We can Coy ential form real and imaginary components OF !) exponential form eo X(o)=Re{X(a)} + fim X= express it as the sum of its Scanned with CamScannersystem in the frequency POPULAR PUBLICATIONS me UT! sour of a continuous’ © nse H(w). . 11. Shows that the behaviour © its frequency [MODEL QUESTION) ized bY domain is completely characteri2! | system is eq! fe fais y(t) of a continuous-time re is LIT syst input x(t) with the impulse response no wal to the convolution of the em as shown in the diagram ‘ouput 2 0, lnc - 4 Tee Nt)? ser transforms of x(Qxh(0) and y(/) vier trans ; Let X(q), H(@) and ¥(w) denote the Fot respectively. Then, Y¥(o)= X(@) H() The function H(«) is called the frequency response of the system. Letus write — X(w)=|X(a)e/*"" ¥(@)=|Y(@e* where |X(o)) is the magnitude spectrum of the input, [¥(q] is the magnitude spectrum of the output, 4, (q) is the phase spectrum of the input, 49, (2) is the phase spectrum ofthe output, From equation (ii), we obtain y= So, x(t)=e/%" Let us take the Fourier transform _¥, X(@)=226(0-a,) So, Y(0)=27 H(a,)6(0-0,) (0) of x) (ii) (iv) Taking t The equ function The behd character periodic 3 The corre y If xf) is x The corres v This show: is complet 12, Derive Answer: For a fin Tepresentat: transform ¢ The discret Where X(¢is Words, X(q X(@)is, in Scanned with CamScannerse Taking the inverse Fourier ‘transform ee O)=H(a,) e!%! of equation (ix) we get characterized by its frequency Tesponse H; a i periodic signal with the Fourier series au fel + TO Prove this, let us consider x(0) as @ x= 0 Celt" os Qxi) The comesponding output y(t) is also periodic and. y(t i given by the Fourier series, xo = LOH apes Estat) If x(¢) is not periodic, then 17 jot xO) = 3g [Xe ‘do er) The corresponding output y(t) is then given by 14 jest ‘ wO=95 [H(@X ae! ‘do ss (xiv) This shows that the behaviour of a continuous-time LTI system in the frequency domain is completely characterized by its frequency response H(a). 12: Derive the expression of Discrete-Time Fourier Transform. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: . mee For a finite energy aperiodic discrete-time signal x(n), the, frequency domain representation in terms of its Fourier transform is known as the discrete-time Fourier transform or DTFT. The discrete-time Fourier Transform of a sequence x(n) is given by xe) =X@)=y me" +O where X(6) or simply X(@) represents the frequency content of signal x(n). In other Words, X(o)is the decomposition of x(n) into its frequency components. X(o)is, in general, a complex function and it can be written as X(0)=X,(0)+X(@) me Where X,,(@) and X;,() are the real and imaginary ions of @. X,(«) and X,(q) are real functions 9 We tn expres X(o) in terms ofits magnitude and phase S&S-83 Scanned with CamScanner parts of X(@)..POPULAR PUBLICATIONS : Gi) Thus X(o)=|X(o)| e* a and@(o) = 2X() 5 ims i i tion and 6(@) is where|X(q)| is the magnitude functto Oi ones os il are real functions of «@. [X(a)|and(@) © DTFT of a sequence to exist function. Both functions spectrum respectively. t, the summation in It may be noted that in o equation (i) must converge. Thus x(n) has to be absolutely summable or der for the ¥ pele s<0 Scanned with CamScanner