THE PHYSICAL LAYER

Networking
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Networking is the practice of connecting devices and
systems to share resources, exchange data, and
communicate with each other.
It plays a fundamental role in today's interconnected
world, enabling seamless communication and access
to information across the globe.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Key Concepts in Networking:
Communication: Networking facilitates the transfer of
data and information between devices, allowing
them to interact and exchange data in various forms,
such as text, audio, video, and images.
Networks: A network is a collection of interconnected
devices, such as computers, servers, routers, and
switches, that can communicate with each other
and share resources.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
…Protocols: Networking relies on protocols, which are
a set of rules and conventions that govern
communication between devices. Protocols ensure
that data is transmitted and received correctly and in
a standardized manner.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
…Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that
covers a small geographical area, typically within a
building or campus. It enables devices in close proximity
to communicate and share resources efficiently.
Wide Area Network (WAN): A WAN is a network that
spans a large geographical area, often connecting
multiple LANs or remote sites. The internet is the most
prominent example of a global WAN.
Internet: The internet is a worldwide network of
interconnected networks that facilitates global
communication and provides access to a vast amount of
information and services.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Networking Components:
Network Devices: Devices such as computers, servers,
switches, routers, and access points form the building
blocks of a network.
Network Cables and Media: Physical cables and
transmission media, such as twisted-pair cables, fiber-
optic cables, and wireless radio waves, enable the
transmission of data between devices.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
…Network Topology: The arrangement of devices
and their interconnections in a network is known as
the network topology. Common topologies include
bus, star, ring, and mesh.
Network Services: Networking provides a range of
services, such as file sharing, printing, email, web
browsing, and video conferencing, to enable users to
access resources and communicate effectively.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Networking Protocols:
TCP/IP: The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) is the foundation of the internet and
most modern networks. It ensures reliable data
delivery and enables communication between
devices.
Ethernet: Ethernet is the most widely used LAN
technology, allowing devices to connect and
communicate within a local network.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Networking Security:
Network Security: Network security focuses on
protecting a network and its data from unauthorized
access, data breaches, and malicious attacks.
Firewalls: Firewalls are security devices that monitor
and control incoming and outgoing network traffic,
helping to block unauthorized access and potential
threats.
Encryption: Encryption is the process of encoding
data to make it unreadable to unauthorized users. It is
used to secure data during transmission and storage.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Networking Security:
Network Security: Network security focuses on
protecting a network and its data from unauthorized
access, data breaches, and malicious attacks.
Firewalls: Firewalls are security devices that monitor
and control incoming and outgoing network traffic,
helping to block unauthorized access and potential
threats.
Encryption: Encryption is the process of encoding
data to make it unreadable to unauthorized users. It is
used to secure data during transmission and storage.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Networking Trends:
Cloud Computing: Cloud computing allows users to
access and store data and applications over the
internet, offering scalability and cost-effective
solutions.
Internet of Things (IoT): IoT refers to the
interconnection of everyday devices and objects to
the internet, enabling data exchange and
automation.
 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING
Networking forms the backbone of modern
communication and information exchange.
It enables seamless connectivity between devices,
empowers businesses and individuals with instant
access to resources and information, and continues
to evolve to meet the growing demands of our
digitally connected world.
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Router: A router is a key networking device that
connects multiple networks together, such as a local
area network (LAN) and the internet. It directs data
packets between networks based on IP addresses
and makes intelligent decisions about the best path
for data to travel.
NETWORKING DEVICES
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Switch: A network switch is used to connect devices
within a local network, such as computers, printers,
and servers.
It operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI
model and forwards data packets between devices
based on their Media Access Control (MAC)
addresses.
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Switch
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Hub: A hub is a simple device used to connect
multiple network devices, but unlike switches, it
operates at the physical layer (Layer 1) and does not
have the intelligence to direct traffic. When data is
received on one port, it is broadcast to all other
connected ports, leading to unnecessary traffic and
collisions.
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Hub
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Network Bridge: A network bridge is used to connect
two or more network segments or LANs together,
allowing data to pass between them transparently. It
operates at the data link layer (Layer 2).
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Network Bridge
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Modem: A modem (modulator-demodulator)
converts digital data from a computer or network into
analog signals for transmission over analog
communication lines, such as telephone lines. It also
converts incoming analog signals back into digital
data for the receiving device.
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Modem
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Firewall: A firewall is a network security device that
monitors and controls incoming and outgoing
network traffic based on a set of predefined security
rules. It helps protect the network from unauthorized
access and potential threats.
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Firewall
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Network Interface Card (NIC): A network interface
card, also known as a network adapter, is a
hardware component that allows a device, such as a
computer or server, to connect to a network.
It provides the physical interface for the device to
send and receive data over the network.
 NETWORKING DEVICES
NIC
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Repeater: A repeater is used to regenerate and boost
weak network signals to extend the range of a
network. It operates at the physical layer and can be
used to extend the coverage of wired and wireless
networks.
 NETWORKING DEVICES
Repeater