3 types of skeletons

• ENDOSKELETON: is an internal
(inside) skeleton that occurs on the
inside of the body-consisting of
Support bone and cartilage.
• EXSOSKELETON: is an external
systems (outside) skeleton that occurs on the
outside of the animals-body.
• HYDROSTATIC SKELETON: consists of
a fluid–filled cavity surrounded by
muscles.
 Difference between
vertebrate and
invertebrate
animals
Vertebrate: vertebral column, internal skeleton
(bone and cartilage).
• Ex. Mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles
Invertebrate: no vertebral column, no internal
skeleton.
• Ex. Jellyfish, flatworms, arthropods
AMPHIBIANS?
Hydrostatic skeleton
Advantages of a hydrostatic
skeleton:
• Allow animals to be flexible.
• Does not need a specialized
support system.
 The fascinating animals that functions like
living balloons filled with water.

Disadvantages
of a hydrostatic
skeleton

• Can‘t move fast.

• Restricted to aquatic/moist environment.
• Limits the size of the animal (land).
• Provides limited protection.
 Exoskeleton

• External
• Invertebrate animals
• Chitin
 Advantages of an exoskeleton
• Supports and protects
from injury.
• Attach to muscles – quick
movement.
• Protected from
desiccation (drying out).
 Disadvantages of an exoskeleton
• Limit the size of the animal.
• Limits growth – chitin cannot
expand or stretch – animals
shed the old skin
• No gasses can penetrate –
special pores for gaseous
exchange
 ENDOSKELET
• Endo – Inside
• Bone and cartilage
• Vertebrate
 Advantages of
an endoskeleton
• Bones grow bigger with the
organism growth.
• Protects important organs.
• Gives shape to the body.
• Muscles can attach to the bones
= movement.
• Joints allows mobility.
 • Vulnerable to desiccation,
Disadvantages of heat and cold.
an endoskeleton Limited disadvantages
 Class test
Suprise! Total: 7 Points
Choose between the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G
A: Balloon D: Animal jaw
B: Scorpion G: Snail shell
C: Tapeworm F: Animal vertebrae
E: Animal rib

1. Letter/s representing a hydrostatic skeleton?

2. Letter/s representing an endoskeleton?
3. Letter/s representing an exoskeleton?

Total: 7
Choose between the letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G
A: Balloon D: Animal jaw
B: Scorpion G: Snail shell
C: Tapeworm F: Animal vertebrae
E: Animal rib

ANSWERS:
1. A, C
2. D, E, F
3. B, G
Total: 7
Homework
Activity 2 (1 – 3.2)
Page 115
Functions of the skeleton
• Gives shape and strength to the
body
• Protects organs
• Stores minerals - Ca + P
• Responsible for blood cell
formation
• Responsible for hearing – the ear
• Blood cell formation
 Human 206 BONES
Skeleton

Axial Appendicular
Skeleton Skeleton

1. Skull Pectoral Pelvic

girdle girdle
2. Spine (vertebral
column)
Upper limbs Lower limbs
3. Rib cage +
breastbone (collarbone (pelvis with
with legs)
shoulders
and arms)
Maxilla
Mandible
HUMAN SKELETON TEST
Give the correct terms for
each number.
1.

2.

5.

3.

4.
Total: 5
HUMAN SKELETON TEST
Give the correct terms for
each number.
1. Sternum/Breastbone

2. Ulna

5. Axial skeleton

3. Patella

4. Tarsals
Total: 5
 (You donʹt need to know the names of the
bones making up the cranium) – the 8 flat bones

Bones of the skull

• Consist out of 2 groups of bones: cranium
and facial bones
• Cranium: consist out of 8 flat bones
• Cranium: protects and encloses the brain
• Base of the skull: opening: FORAMEN
MAGNUM
• Articulates with the first cervical (neck)
vertebrae (atlas)
 Facial part of the skull

• 15 irregular
bones
• All this bones
3 molars are immovable
2 incisors
except lower
2 premolars jaw
• Teeth present
1 canine
DENTAL FORMULA

2.1.2.3
2.1.2.3
 Vertebral column
Arranged
Consist out
on top of 7 – cervical
of 33
each other vertebrae
vertebrae
– flexibility

12 –
5 – sacral 5 –lumbar
thoracic
vertebrae vertebrae
vertebrae

4 –coccyx
Structure of a vertebrae
Neural
spine
Neural
arch
Spinal
canal

Transverse
process

centrum
 Function of the
vertebral column
• Support the skull.
• Protect the spinal cord.
• Attachment for ribs, the
pectoral and pelvic gridle.
• Attachment for back muscles.
• S – shape curvature provides
flexibility and absorbs shock.
• 3 types of ribs:
• 7 pairs – true ribs
• 3 pairs- false ribs
• 2 pairs – floating ribs

• Function of rib cage:

• Protects the organs
• Plays a role in breathing

RIB CAGE
 Human 206 BONES
Skeleton

Axial Appendicular
Skeleton Skeleton

1. Skull Pectoral Pelvic

girdle girdle
2. Spine (vertebral
column)
Upper limbs Lower limbs
3. Rib cage +
breastbone (collarbone (pelvis with
with legs)
shoulders
and arms)
The appendicular skeleton is made up
of the:
1. The pectoral girdle and upper limbs.
2. The pelvic girdle and lower limbs.

The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs:

• The shoulder girdle is made up of 2 The Shoulder Girdle
shoulder blades and 2 collar bones.

The appendicular skeleton

Pectoral girdle and upper limbs
 The appendicular skeleton
• It has a shallow socket.
• This socket is called the glenoid
cavity.
• The humerus fits into the glenoid
cavity.
• The rod-like collar bone is attached
to scapula on 1 end and to the
sternum on the other end.
• The collar bone is also known as the
clavicle. The Pectoral Girdle
UPPER LIMBS
Six different kinds of bones:
• The upper limb is made up of the
humerus, ulna and radius, the
carpals, the metacarpals and the
phalanges.
• The humerus is attached to the
glenoid cavity.
• It forms a joint with the scapula
called the ball and socket joint.
Bones of the Upper limbs
Upper limbs - Forearm
• The forearm is made up of the
radius and ulna.
• The radius is in line with the
thumb.
• The upper end of the ulna fits
into the lower end of the
humerus.
• It forms a hinge joint. Bones of the forearm
Upper limbs - Hand
• The wrist is made up of 8
small bones called the
carpals.
• These bones glide over each
other to form a gliding joint.
• This leads to the bones of the
hand.
• These bones are called the
metacarpals.
Bones of the Wrist and Hand
The Upper Limbs - Hand
• There are 5 metacarpals.
• The metacarpals lead to the fingers.
• The bones of the fingers are called
the phalanges.
• There are 14 phalanges in total.
Three in each finger and two in
each thumb.
Bones of the Wrist and Hand
 The Pelvic Girdle

• The pelvic girdle is made up

of 2 hip bones.
• Each hip bone is 3 bones
joined together.
• These three bones are the
ilium, ischium and pubis.
• The bones are fused
together by sutures.
• Acetabulum (deep socket) Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
where the three bones are
fused – head of femur fits.
The appendicular skeleton

• The 2 hip bones are attached to

each other in the front.
• The pubis symphysis joins the 2
hip bones to each other in the
front.
• The hip bones are attached to
the vertebral column (SACRUM)
in the back.
Pelvic girdle-back view
The appendicular skeleton

• Each hip bone has a deep socket.

• This socket is called the acetabulum.
• The head of the femur fits into the socket.

The Lower Limb:

• Each lower limb is made up of the femur, tibia and
fibula, patella, tarsal, metatarsals and phalanges.
• Now lets look at these bones in a little more detail.
 The Lower Limbs
• The thigh bone is called the femur.
• The head of the femur fits into the
acetabulum of the hip bone.
• It forms a joint called the ball and
socket joint.

Bones of the lower limbs

Lower Limbs
• The lower limb is made up of the
tibia and fibula.
• The upper portion of the tibia
articulates with the lower portion of
the femur.
• This forms a joint called the hinge
joint at the knee.
• The knee cap is found in front of the
knee joint.
• The knee cap is also called the
patella.
Lower Limbs
• Seven small bones make up the
ankle.
• These bones are called the tarsals.
• The tarsals glide over each other to
form a gliding joint.
• The heel bone (calcaneum) is
formed by the largest tarsal.
Bones of the ankle
The appendicular skeleton
• The foot is made up of 5 bones.
• These bones are called the
metatarsals.
• The toes are made up of the
phalanges.
• There are 3 in each toe and 2 in the
big toe.
• = each foot is made up of 14
phalanges.
Bones of the Foot
Comparison of the pectoral and pelvic girdle
• The pectoral girdle has to be a flexible girdle to provide the full and
free movements required for the activities carried out by the hand.
• The pelvic girdle has to be a rigid girdle to be able to support the
weight of the entire body.

Now let’s look at what makes the girdles flexible and rigid and how
they are different from each other.
Comparison of the pectoral and pelvic girdle
Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle
The scapula are not joined to The hip bones are joined to
each other each other in front
The scapula is not attached The hip bones are attached
to the vertebral column to the vertebral column in
the back.
The glenoid cavity is shallow The acetabulum is deep.
These 3 factors make the These 3 factors make the
pectoral girdle flexible. pelvic girdle rigid.
 Functions of the skeleton
1. The skeleton together with the muscles allows for movement.
2. The skeleton protects the internal organs.
3. The skeleton provides support to many organs of the body. For
example the muscles are attached to the skeleton.
4. The bones of the skeleton store many minerals ex. calcium. If these
minerals are not provided by the diet then they are drawn from the
bones for the functioning of the body.
5. There are 3 small bones in each ear that plays a role in hearing.
 Terminology
• Tarsals: the 8 bones of the ankle
• Metatarsals: the 5 bones of the foot
• Carpels: the 8 bones of the wrist
• Metacarpels: the 5 bones of the hand
• Phalanges: 14 bones of the fingers and toes
• Femur: this is the thigh bone
• Acetabulum: the deep socket found in the hip bone
• Scapula: the triangular shaped shoulder blade
• Glenoid cavity: the shallow socket found on the scapula
• Pubis symphysis: joins the 2 hip bones to each other in the front.
 Terminology
• Ilum, ischium and pubis: these 3 bones join together to
form the hip.
• Sternum: another name for the breastbone.
• Floating ribs: these are false ribs that are not attached to
the sternum
• Vertebrae: small bones of the vertebral column
• Foramen magnum: large opening at the bottom of the skull
through which the spinal cord enters and leaves.
• Axial skeleton: this is the main axis of the skeleton