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    Farming System in India and Its Types

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    SHALINI A S
    Indian agriculture is the backbone of the economy, providing livelihoods to over half the population. There are various farming systems in India due to its diverse climatic conditions and soil types, including subsistence farming, intensive/extensive farming, commercial farming, plantation farming, and mixed farming. The main types are subsistence farming characterized by small landholdings and tools, intensive commercial farming using high inputs, and extensive farming on large fields. Indian agriculture faces challenges of stagnating production, high costs, climate change impacts, and water scarcity. The government implements initiatives to support farmers and boost productivity.

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    Farming System in India and Its Types

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    SHALINI A S
    36 views6 pages
    Indian agriculture is the backbone of the economy, providing livelihoods to over half the population. There are various farming systems in India due to its diverse climatic conditions and soil types, including subsistence farming, intensive/extensive farming, commercial farming, plantation farming, and mixed farming. The main types are subsistence farming characterized by small landholdings and tools, intensive commercial farming using high inputs, and extensive farming on large fields. Indian agriculture faces challenges of stagnating production, high costs, climate change impacts, and water scarcity. The government implements initiatives to support farmers and boost productivity.

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    FARMING SYSTEM IN INDIA AND ITS TYPES

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    Indian agriculture is the backbone of the economy, providing livelihoods to over half the population. There are various farming systems in India due to its diverse climatic conditions and soil types, including subsistence farming, intensive/extensive farming, commercial farming, plantation farming, and mixed farming. The main types are subsistence farming characterized by small landholdings and tools, intensive commercial farming using high inputs, and extensive farming on large fields. Indian agriculture faces challenges of stagnating production, high costs, climate change impacts, and water scarcity. The government implements initiatives to support farmers and boost productivity.

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    36 views6 pages

    Farming System in India and Its Types

    Uploaded by

    SHALINI A S
    Indian agriculture is the backbone of the economy, providing livelihoods to over half the population. There are various farming systems in India due to its diverse climatic conditions and soil types, including subsistence farming, intensive/extensive farming, commercial farming, plantation farming, and mixed farming. The main types are subsistence farming characterized by small landholdings and tools, intensive commercial farming using high inputs, and extensive farming on large fields. Indian agriculture faces challenges of stagnating production, high costs, climate change impacts, and water scarcity. The government implements initiatives to support farmers and boost productivity.

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    FARMING SYSTEM IN INDIA AND ITS TYPES

    SOMP
    UPSC MAINS
    FARMING SYSTEM IN INDIA
    AND ITS TYPES

    NOTES 2023

    Follow US ->>> https://t.me/SOMPGUIDANCE Contact number – 8837755342 Page 1


    FARMING SYSTEM IN INDIA AND ITS TYPES

    FARMING SYSTEM IN INDIA AND ITS


    TYPES

    Introduction
     Indian agriculture is the backbone of the country's economy, providing livelihood to
    about 58% of the population. The vast Indo-Gangetic plain, known for its immense
    fertility, contributes significantly to agricultural productivity. India's diverse climatic
    conditions and soil types further enhance its agricultural potential.

    Farming System in India


     Small Landholdings and Primitive Tools: Majority of Indian farmers practice
    subsistence farming with small and fragmented landholdings. Cultivation techniques
    often rely on primitive tools and family labor.
     Diverse Climatic Conditions and Crops: India's varied climatic regions allow for the
    cultivation of both tropical and temperate crops. The country boasts a wide variety
    of crops, making it unique on the global stage.
     Monsoon Dependency and Irrigation Challenges: India's agriculture heavily relies on
    monsoon rains, with only about one-third of cropped areas being irrigated. Lack of
    proper irrigation infrastructure poses challenges during dry spells.
     Mechanization and Green Revolution: While there have been significant
    advancements, complete mechanization is yet to be achieved. The Green Revolution
    transformed Indian agriculture with the adoption of HYV seeds, fertilizers, and
    pesticides.

    Types of Farming in India


     Subsistence Farming: Characterized by small landholdings, primitive tools, and
    simple cultivation techniques. Examples: Shifting agriculture in thickly forested
    regions, nomadic herding in arid regions, and intensive subsistence agriculture for
    multiple crops.
     Intensive and Extensive Farming: Intensive farming involves higher inputs of manual
    labour, fertilizer, and manure for high productivity. Extensive farming utilizes large
    fields and machinery for cultivation.
     Commercial Farming: Farmers grow crops primarily for sale in the market, using
    modern inputs like HYV seeds and chemical fertilizers. Examples: Commercial crops
    like cotton, jute, sugarcane, groundnut, etc.

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    FARMING SYSTEM IN INDIA AND ITS TYPES

     Plantation Farming: Focuses on growing a single cash crop for sale in national and
    international markets. Examples: Tea, coffee, rubber, banana, and spices.
     Mixed Farming: Involves both crop cultivation and animal rearing simultaneously,
    offering economic advantages. Farmers can benefit from various income streams.
     Terrace Farming: Popular in rice-growing countries like Vietnam, the Philippines, and
    Indonesia. Steps or terraces are built on slopes of hills to prevent soil erosion and
    retain nutrients.
     Shifting Agriculture - Sustainable Farming: Practiced in thickly forested regions,
    shifting agriculture allows land to regenerate by moving cultivation sites. Promotes
    pest control and maintains soil fertility through rotation.

    Indian Agriculture: Important Facts


     In FY20, total food grain production reached 296.65 million tonnes, contributing to
    food security.
     About 70% of India's population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture,
    despite urbanization and industrialization.
     Mechanization is still not fully achieved, hindering agricultural efficiency.
     Only about one-third of the total cropped area is irrigated, making agriculture
    heavily dependent on monsoons.
     India has diverse crops due to varying climates, making it unique among countries.

    India's import and export of agriculture:


     Top agricultural exports: Basmati rice, non-basmati rice, fresh vegetables, buffalo
    meat, and fresh fruits.
     Top agricultural imports: Pulses, wheat, other fresh fruits, alcoholic beverages, and
    other cereals.
     India is a net agricultural exporter: In 2023 India is a net agricultural exporter, with
    exports of agricultural products worth $53.15 billion. In 2021, India exported
    agricultural products worth $45.4 billion and imported agricultural products worth
    $33.6 billion, resulting in a trade surplus of $11.8 billion.
     Vegetable oils are the top agricultural import: India imported vegetable oils worth
    $1.2 trillion in the financial year 2022.
     India is the world's largest producer of pulses: However, India is also the world's
    largest importer of pulses, due to rising demand and stagnant production.
     The Indian government is taking steps to reduce agricultural imports: The Indian
    government has imposed import duties on pulses and other agricultural products,
    and is also working to increase domestic production.

    Special Crops Unique to India


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    FARMING SYSTEM IN INDIA AND ITS TYPES

     Basmati Rice: Famous for its long grain, aroma, and flavor, Basmati rice is
    predominantly grown in India and Pakistan. High demand in the international market
    makes it a significant export commodity.
     Saffron: Grown mainly in Jammu and Kashmir, saffron is one of the costliest spices in
    the world. The unique climate and soil conditions in the region contribute to its
    exceptional quality.
     Alphonso Mango: Known as the "King of Mangoes," Alphonso mangoes are
    renowned for their sweetness and flavor. Grown primarily in the Konkan region of
    Maharashtra.
     Assam Tea: Assam produces robust and flavorful black tea, known for its strong and
    malty taste. The state's climate and soil are ideal for tea cultivation.

    Significance of Indian Agriculture


     Employment Generation: Agriculture provides livelihood to about 58% of India's
    population, directly or indirectly. It remains a significant source of employment in
    rural areas.
     Food Security: Indian agriculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security for the
    growing population. The production of staple food crops like rice and wheat remains
    a priority.
     Contribution to GDP: Despite the diversification of the economy, agriculture
    continues to contribute significantly to India's GDP. It remains an essential sector for
    economic growth and development.
     Foreign Exchange Earnings: Agricultural exports, such as rice, spices, tea, and cotton,
    contribute to foreign exchange earnings. They play a vital role in balancing trade
    deficits.

    Challenges for Indian Agriculture


     Stagnation in Crop Production: Production of major staple food crops like rice and
    wheat has stagnated, posing food security concerns. It creates a gap between
    demand and production.
     High Input Costs and Indebtedness: Farmers face rising input costs, including
    fertilizers, seeds, and labor, impacting their profitability. Indebtedness and lack of
    access to credit lead to farmer distress.
     Climate Change Vulnerability: Climate change poses threats of extreme weather
    events, affecting crop yields and productivity. Adaptation and resilience measures
    are essential to mitigate its impact.
     Water Scarcity and Groundwater Depletion: Lack of proper irrigation facilities and
    groundwater over-extraction affect water availability for agriculture. Sustainable
    water management practices are crucial for long-term viability.

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    FARMING SYSTEM IN INDIA AND ITS TYPES

    Government Initiatives for Farming


     Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Provides direct income support
    to small and marginal farmers. Aims to ensure a stable income for farmers and
    improve their standard of living.
     Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Facilitates access to credit for agricultural purposes. Enables
    farmers to meet their short-term credit requirements.
     Soil Health Card Scheme: Assesses soil fertility and recommends appropriate
    measures to improve soil health. Helps in optimizing fertilizer use and increasing
    crop productivity.
     Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY): Promotes agricultural growth and
    development through various projects and initiatives. Aims to boost rural incomes
    and enhance agricultural productivity.

    Conclusion
     Indian agriculture's significance lies in its contribution to employment, food security,
    GDP, and foreign exchange earnings. However, the sector faces challenges like
    stagnant crop production, high input costs, climate change vulnerability, and water
    scarcity. Government initiatives aim to support farmers, improve productivity, and
    ensure sustainable growth.

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    FARMING SYSTEM IN INDIA AND ITS TYPES

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