Further Integrals

Integration by Parts

I. Definitions and Basics

One reason for transforming a given integral into another is to make its evaluation easier. In

chapter 4, we have discussed the substitution method which is based on the “Chain Rule”:

𝑑
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

→ ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) + 𝐶

Thus, if we have an integral of the form 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , we can use the substitution

𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) → 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 → The given integral transforms into: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 .

We now introduce another important technique known as “Integration by parts” which is based

on the product formula for differentiation. Integration by parts will enable us to evaluate

integrals of the form

∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , ∫ 𝑥 5 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

and many more integrals which cannot be evaluated by the method of substitution discussed
previously.

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Further Integrals

Now, let us derive the “Integration by parts formula”:

If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are two differentiable functions of 𝑥 , then the product rule for differentiation tells
us:
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢 𝑣 ) = 𝑢 +𝑣 (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now, integrate both sides of equation (1) with respect to 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
→ ∫ (𝑢 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

→ 𝑢 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

→ ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

To apply the integration by parts formula to a given integral, we must first factor its integrand
into two “parts”, 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑣 , the latter including the differential 𝑑𝑥. We try to choose the parts
in accordance with two principles:

(A) The antiderivative 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 is easy to find

An effective strategy is to choose for 𝑑𝑣 the most complicated factor that can be readily be
integrated. Then differentiate the other parts, 𝑢 , to find 𝑑𝑢.

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Further Integrals

Coffee or Tea?!

When doing integration by parts, we want to try first to differentiate Logs, Inverse trig functions,
Powers, Trig functions and Exponentials. This can be remembered as LIPTE which is close to
“Lipton” (the tea).

For Coffee lovers like me ;) , there is an equivalent one: Logs,Inverse trig functions, Algebraic
functions, Trig functions and Exponentials. This can be remembered as LIATE which is close to
“latte” (the coffee).

Whether you prefer to remember it as a “coffee latte” or a “Lipton tea” is up to you.

Just integrate what you can integrate and differentiate the rest.

We begin with one example in which we have little flexibility in choosing the parts 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑣.

Example 1: Find ∫ sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Further Integrals

Example 2 : Find ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 3: Find ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Further Integrals

Example 4: Find ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 5: Find ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Further Integrals

Example 6 : Find ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Tabular integration by parts: (Tic-Tac-Toe)

Note that the integrand in example 5 is of the form 𝑝(𝑥) ∙ 𝑞(𝑥), where 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and

𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 Is a function that can be repeatedly integrated.

For integrands of this form, repeated integration by parts can be done by a procedure known as
“tabular integration by parts”. This method is so powerful and it has been called “Tic-Tac-Toe”
in the movie Stand and deliver. Let’s call it Tic-Tac-Toe therefore!

It depends on the fact that repeated differentiation of a polynomial eventually results in 0.

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Further Integrals

Example7: Find ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
2𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 ⊕
2 𝑒 −𝑥 ⊖
0 −𝑒 −𝑥 ⊕

→ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

Which Agrees with our result in Example 5 !

Now try the following!

Example8: Find ∫ 𝑥 4 sin(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑥 4 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =

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Further Integrals

Another type of repeated integration by parts is shown in the following example

Example9: Find ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Further Integrals

Integration by parts: (Definite Integrals)

𝑏 𝑏

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = u v b

a
− ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑎

Or

𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = [𝑢 𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 ]𝑏𝑎

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Example10: Find ∫0 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Further Integrals

Finding Reduction Formula: (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒏 𝒙) , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓 ≥ 𝟑

∫ sec 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =

So, a Reduction formula is:

1 𝑛−2
∫ sec 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑛−2 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

Recall this formula which you might need as well (Try to prove it!)

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶

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Further Integrals

Example11: Using the above reduction formula, find ∫ sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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