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Week 13 (Part 2) - Generalized Power Formula

This document discusses integration by substitution. It introduces the generalized power formula for substitution and shows examples of evaluating integrals using this method. Some key steps are to let u = g(x) and du = g'(x) dx, which allows transforming integrals of the form ∫f(g(x))g'(x) dx into the simpler form ∫f(u) du. Examples demonstrate using substitution to evaluate integrals of polynomials, rational functions, and other expressions. Exercises at the end provide additional practice with substitution problems.

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19 views

Week 13 (Part 2) - Generalized Power Formula

This document discusses integration by substitution. It introduces the generalized power formula for substitution and shows examples of evaluating integrals using this method. Some key steps are to let u = g(x) and du = g'(x) dx, which allows transforming integrals of the form ∫f(g(x))g'(x) dx into the simpler form ∫f(u) du. Examples demonstrate using substitution to evaluate integrals of polynomials, rational functions, and other expressions. Exercises at the end provide additional practice with substitution problems.

Uploaded by

qweqwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 12

GENERALIZED POWER FORMULA


(Integration by Simple Substitution)

Differential and Integral Calculus


OBJECTIVE:
• apply the generalized power formula in evaluating
indefinite integral

Differential and Integral Calculus


INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
A technique called substitution, that can often be
used to transform complicated integration
problems into simpler ones.
The method of substitution can be motivated by
examining the chain rule from the viewpoint of
antidifferentiation. For this purpose, suppose that F
is an antiderivative of f and that g is a differentiable
function. The chain rule implies that the derivative
of F(g(x)) can be expressed as
d
F ( g ( x)) = F ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x) which we can write in
dx
integral form as F ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx = F ( g ( x)) + C
Differential and Integral Calculus
Or since F is an antiderivative of f,
 f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx = F ( g ( x)) + C (1)

For our purposes it will be useful to let u=g(x) and to


du
write dx
= g ' ( x) in the differential form du = g ' ( x)dx.

Thus,  f (u )du = F (u ) + C . (2)

Differential and Integral Calculus


The process of evaluating an integral of the form (1)
by converting it into the form (2) with the
substitution u = g ( x) and du = g ' ( x)dx is called
the method of u-substitution.

The generalized power formula therefore is:

 f (u ) d  f (u ) =  f (u ) n +1

 + C; n  −1
n

n +1

Differential and Integral Calculus


EXAMPLES:
1. න(2𝑥 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Then:
𝑑𝑢 1
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5 න(2𝑥 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑢3 · = න 𝑢3 · 𝑑𝑢
2 2

1 3
1 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 න 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = · +𝐶
2 2 4

𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
2
But 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5
1 3 1
‫׬‬ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 8 𝑢4 + 𝐶
2
Answer:
1
න(2𝑥 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 5)4 +𝐶
8
Differential and Integral Calculus
2. න 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2
2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥

So that

න 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2
2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢

2 2
𝑢3
න 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
3

Answer:

2 2
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3
න 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
3
Differential and Integral Calculus
3. න 2𝑥 2𝑥 2 − 1 3
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 − 1

𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
4𝑥
So that

𝑑𝑢
න 2𝑥 2𝑥 2 − 1 3
𝑑𝑥 = න 2𝑥 𝑢3 ∙
4𝑥

1
න 2𝑥 2𝑥 2 − 1 3
𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
2

2 3
1 𝑢4 𝑢4
න 2𝑥 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∙ +𝐶 = +𝐶
2 4 8

Answer:
2 3
2𝑥 2 − 1 4
න 2𝑥 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
8
Differential and Integral Calculus
MORE EXAMPLES:
1. Evaluate  (x )
50
2
+1  2 xdx

dx
 1 
5
2. Evaluate  x − 8
3 
dx
3. Evaluate  1 + 3x 2

 x − 1dx
2
x
4. Evaluate
3xdx
5. Evaluate  4x 2 + 5

 1
5/2
 z 2 − 1
6. Evaluate   z + z  
 z2 dz

 
Differential and Integral Calculus
EXERCISE:
Evaluate the integrals using appropriate substitution.

 − 9
1. ( 4 x 3) dx
x2 +1
2.  t 7t 2
+ 12 dt 6.  dx
x + 3x
3

6
3.  t +1
(1 − 2 x ) dx
3
7.  dt
t
x3
4.  dx
(5 x + 2)  (a + bx)
3 n
8. dx
x
5.  dx
4 − 5x 2
Differential and Integral Calculus

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