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Physical Science Week 11-12-1

The document summarizes key concepts about chemical reactions including: 1) Factors that affect reaction rates such as temperature, concentration, and surface area. Increasing these factors increases the frequency and success of molecular collisions, speeding up reactions. 2) The concept of a limiting reagent, which is the reactant that is completely used up by the chemical reaction. The amount of product formed depends on the amount of the limiting reagent. 3) Methods for determining the limiting reagent by comparing mole ratios in the balanced chemical equation or calculating potential product yields from each reactant. 4) Calculating theoretical and percent yields to assess the efficiency of chemical reactions. Theoretical yield is based on the

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Drasszen Sombilon
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59 views4 pages

Physical Science Week 11-12-1

The document summarizes key concepts about chemical reactions including: 1) Factors that affect reaction rates such as temperature, concentration, and surface area. Increasing these factors increases the frequency and success of molecular collisions, speeding up reactions. 2) The concept of a limiting reagent, which is the reactant that is completely used up by the chemical reaction. The amount of product formed depends on the amount of the limiting reagent. 3) Methods for determining the limiting reagent by comparing mole ratios in the balanced chemical equation or calculating potential product yields from each reactant. 4) Calculating theoretical and percent yields to assess the efficiency of chemical reactions. Theoretical yield is based on the

Uploaded by

Drasszen Sombilon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHRISTIAN SAMARITAN HEALTH SERVICES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOL, INC.

✓ Zone 7, Matandang Sora St., Poblacion, Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental

Name: Date: Score:

Subject: Physical Sciences


Topic: How chemical changes take place
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of the following aspects of chemical changes: a) how fast a
reaction takes place ; b) how much reactants are needed and how much products are formed in a reaction and how much energy
is involved in a reaction.
Performance Standards: The learners shall make either a poster, a flyer ,or a brochure on a product (such as fuels, household,
or personal care products) indicating its uses, properties, mode of action, and precautions.
Learning Competency: The learners calculate the amount of substances used or produced in a chemical reaction; calculate
percent yield of a reaction; determine the limiting reactant in a reaction and calculate the amount of the product formed.
References: Activity No. 11-12
DISCUSSIONS:
The collision theory explains why reactions occur between atoms, ions, and molecules.
In order for a reaction to be effective, particles must collide with enough energy, and have the correct
orientation.
With an increase in temperature, there is an increase in energy that can be converted into activation
energy in a collision, and that will increase the reaction rate. A decrease in temperature would have the opposite
effect.
With an increase in temperature, there is an increase in the number of collisions.
Increasing the concentration of a reactant increases the frequency of collisions between reactants and will,
therefore, increase the reaction rate.
Increasing the surface area of a reactant (by breaking a solid reactant into smaller particles) increases the
number of particles available for collision and will increase the number of collisions between reactants per unit
time.
Key Points
The limiting reagent is the reactant that is used up completely. This stops the reaction and no further products
are made.
Given the balanced chemical equation that describes the reaction, there are several ways to identify the limiting
reagent.
One way to determine the limiting reagent is to compare the mole ratios of the amounts of reactants used. This
method is most useful when there are only two reactants.
The limiting reagent can also be derived by comparing the amount of products that can be formed from each
reactant.
Key Terms
limiting reagent: The reactant in a chemical reaction that is consumed first; prevents any further reaction from
occurring.
In a chemical reaction, the limiting reagent, or limiting reactant, is the substance that has been completely
consumed when the chemical reaction is complete. The amount of product produced by the reaction is limited by
this reactant because the reaction cannot proceed further without it; often, other reagents are present in excess
of the quantities required to to react with the limiting reagent. From stoichiometry, the exact amount of reactant
needed to react with another element can be calculated. However, if the reagents are not mixed or present in
these correct stoichiometric proportions, the limiting reagent will be entirely consumed and the reaction will not go
to stoichiometric completion.

Physical Science/week 11&12/1


Determining the Limiting Reagent

One way to determine the limiting reagent is to compare the mole ratio of the amount of reactants used.
This method is most useful when there are only two reactants. One reactant (A) is chosen, and the balanced
chemical equation is used to determine the amount of the other reactant (B) necessary to react with A. If the
amount of B actually present exceeds the amount required, then B is in excess, and A is the limiting reagent. If the
amount of B present is less than is required, then B is the limiting reagent.

To begin, the chemical equation must first be balanced. The law of conservation states that the quantity of
each element does not change over the course of a chemical reaction. Therefore, the chemical equation is balanced
when the amount of each element is the same on both the left and right sides of the equation. Next, convert all
given information (typically masses) into moles, and compare the mole ratios of the given information to those in
the chemical equation.

For example: What would be the limiting reagent if 75 grams of C2H3Br3 reacted with 50.0 grams of O2 in
the following reaction:

Another method of determining the limiting reagent involves the comparison of product amounts that
can be formed from each reactant. This method can be extended to any number of reactants more easily
than the previous method. Again, begin by balancing the chemical equation and by converting all the given
information into moles. Then use stoichiometry to calculate the mass of the product that could be produced
for each individual reactant. The reactant that produces the least amount of product is the limiting reagent.

For example: What would be the limiting reagent if 80.0 grams of Na2O2 reacted with 30.0 grams
of H2O in the reaction?

Physical Science/week 11&12/2


Calculating Theoretical and Percent Yield
The percent yield of a reaction measures the reaction’s efficiency. It is the ratio between the actual yield
and the theoretical yield.

Key Points
The theoretical yield for a reaction is calculated based on the limiting reagent. This allows researchers to
determine how much product can actually be formed based on the reagents present at the beginning of the
reaction.
The actual yield will never be 100 percent due to limitations.
Percent yield = actual yield
theoretical yield × 100

Percent yield measures how efficient the reaction is under certain conditions.
Key Terms
actual yield: The amount of product actually obtained in a chemical reaction.
percent yield: Refers to the efficiency of a chemical reaction; defined as the actual yield x 100
theoretical yield
theoretical yield: The amount of product that could possibly be produced in a given reaction, calculated
according to the starting amount of the limiting reagent.

For example, consider the preparation of nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2), starting with 15.6g of benzene (C6H6) in
excess of nitric acid (HNO3):

In theory, therefore, if all C6H6 were converted to product and isolated, 24.6 grams of product would be
obtained (100 percent yield). If 18.0 grams were actually produced, the percent yield could be calculated:

Physical Science/week 11&12/3


Name: ___________________________ Section: _____________ Date: __________ Score: _______

NOTE: Pls. submit this portion ONLY.

Activity:
Solving Problems:
1.Glucose, C6H12O6, reacts with oxygen to give CO2 and H2O. What mass of oxygen (in grams) is required for
complete reaction of 25.0 g of glucose? What mass of CO2 and water (in grams) are formed?
Equation : , C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O note: balance first the equation

2. Zinc reacts with aqueousHydrochloric AcidtoproduceHydrogengas andZinc Chloride. Identify the limiting
reactant for each of the following situations: a) 12 atoms of Zinc and 8molecules of HCl.
b)3 mol of Zn and 4 mol of HCl
c) 40g of Zn and 56g of HCl.

3. In an experiment, 80gof Zn are allowed to react with 105g of HF as shown in the following balanced
chemical reaction:
Zn + 2HF ________ ZnF2 + H2

a. Which reactant is the limiting reagent?


b. How many grams of ZnF2 are formed?
c. How much of the excess reactant remains after the reaction?

Physical Science/week 11&12/4

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