COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE

SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY

TEL. NO. 7421570

MODULES FOR
ONLINE LEARNING MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
(A.Y 2023-2024)

Subject:
MATH 1 – Mathematics in the
Modern World

Noted by: Approved by:

Engr. Jay A. Dadea, MIT Ramon Severo. Ll. Moraleda. LLB

School Dean Administrator

Course Description: This course aims to discuss the nature of mathematics leading to
appreciation of its practical, intellectual, social, and aesthetic dimensions. It includes the study
of the nature of mathematics and how the perception of this leads to different tools for

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 1 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

understanding and dealing with various aspects of present day living such as managing personal
finances, making social choices, appreciating geometric designs, understanding codes used in
data transmissions and security, and dividing limited resources fairly.

Objectives: Demonstrate knowledge and skills in mathematics to analyze personal and social
problems through the use of mathematical tools and to explain and present solutions effectively
in written or oral form

Week #: 1

NATURE OF MATHEMATICS

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the session, the students are expected to:

1. Identify the patterns and numbers in nature and the world
2. Solve for the missing term in a given Fibonacci sequence
Pre-test

1. Give examples of patterns you see in the surroundings.

Discussion:

What is Mathematics?

 It is a study of numbers and arithmetic operations

 It is a tool or a collection of skills that help us answer question of “how many” or “how
much”
 It is a science of logical reasoning drawing conclusions from assumed premises or
strategic reasoning
 MATHEMATICS IS UNIVERSAL

What is Patterns?

Patterns are regular, repeated or recurring forms of designs.

Example 1:

fig 1

figure 2

figure 3

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 2 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

Example #2

Example 3:
1x1=1
11x11=121
111x111=12321
1,111x1,111=1234321
11,111x11,111=123454321
111,111x111,111=12345654321

SYMMETRY
Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting part
are mirror images of each other

The figure above is symmetric about the axis indicated by the dotted line. Note that the left and
right portions are exactly the same. This type of symmetry known as the line or bilateral
symmetry is evident in most animals including humans.

Examples:

Leonardo da vinci’s Vitruvian

man showing the proportions and
symmetry of the human body

There are other types of symmetry depending on the number of sides or faces that are
symmetrical . take a look at these images.

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 3 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

Gumamela flower with five-fold This starfish has a five-fold symmetry

symmetry

Fibonacci Sequence

Definition:
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers called terms that may have repeated values. the
arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule.
Activity: Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next three terms.
a. 16, 32, 64, 128
b. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8

The sequence above in item b is a special sequence called the Fibonacci sequence. Fibonacci
sequence is an integer in the infinite sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13… of which the first two terms
are 1 and 1 and each succeeding terms is the sum of two immediately preceding.
Leonardo of Pisa-Fibonacci
 Fibonacci-nickname of Leonardo
 Fibonacci is the greatest European mathematician of the middle ages
 Born in 1170 and died in 1240
 He introduced the Arabic number system in Europe

Examples:
n n
( 1+ √ 5 ) −(1−√ 5)
1. Find 15 term of Fibonacci sequence given the formula F n=
th
where n is
2
n
√5
the missing term.
Solution:
15 15
( 1+ √5 ) −(1− √ 5)
F 15=
215 √ 5

F 15=610

2. Given that F34=5,702, 887 and F35=9,227,465, find F33.

Solution:

F33+F34=F35

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 4 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

F33+5,702,887=9,227,465

F33=9,227,465-5,702,887

F33=3,524,578

Quiz:

A. Give the next figure of the following pattern.

1.

2.

B. Solve the following:

1. Find the 25th, 30th, and 43rd term of the Fibonacci sequence.
2. Given that F19=4181 and F20=6765, find F18 and F20.

Week # 2
THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
Learning Outcomes :
 Classify the characteristics of mathematical language.
 Define sets and relations.
 Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.

DISCUSSION

Language

 Is a systematic way of communication with other people use of sounds or convention

symbols.

Importance of language

1. Language was invented to communicate ideas to others.

2. The language of mathematics was designed :
 Numbers
 Sets
 Functions
 Perform Operatios

Symbols commonly used in mathematics

1. The ten digits 0, 1, 2 ……9

2. Operations + , - , x , ÷
3. Sets : ∪, ∩
4. Variables: a, b, c, x, and y
5. Special symbols: =, <, >, ≤ , ≥, π
6. Logic symbols; ,, → , ↔, v
7. Set Notations: N, W, Z, R, Q, C

Some important set of natural numbers:

 N= { 1, 2 ,3 ,… } the set of natural numbers

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 5 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

 W ={ 0.1.2 .3 , … } the set of whole numbers

 Z={ …−3 ,−2 ,−1,0,1,2,3 , … } the set of integers
 0=the set of irrational numbers
,
 Q =the set of irrational numbers
 R=the set of real numbers
 C=the set of cpmplex numbers

The Grammar of Mathematics

 The mathematical notation used for formulas has its own grammar, not dependent on a
specific natural language, but shared internationally by mathematicians regardless of their
mother tongues.

Characteristics of mathematics Language

 Precise
 Concise
 Powerful

Difficulties

 The word “is” could mean equality, inequality, o member in a set

 Different in use of a number (cardinal, ordinal, nominal, ratio)
 Mathematical objects may be represented in many ways such as sets and functions.
 The words “and” and “or” mean differently in mathematics from its English use.

Describe the error in each of the following:

1. 5 is natural number. No error because 5 is a natural number.

2. Given function x +15, find the value of f(4). Using functional notation we can write
f(x)=y, x+15 is an expression. It should be y=x+15
3. x >2∨x <1 is equivalent to 2< x <1. There is no error in the statement.

Translate each sentence using mathematical symbol

 0 is an integer. 0=Z
 X is an multiple of 5. X={5,10,15, …)
 X is an odd number. X={1,3,5, …)
 The value of x range from -2 to 5. −2 ≤ x ≤5

Comprehending a message is better understood once a person understand how things are said
and may know why it is said. The use of language in mathematics is far from ordinary speech. It
can be learned but needs a lot of efforts like learning a new dialect or language. The following
are the characteristics of the language of mathematics: precise, concise, and powerful.

EXPRESSIONS VERSUS SENTENCES

You learned in your English subject that expressions do not state a complete though, but
sentences do. Mathematical sentences state a complete thought. On the other hand, mathematical
expressions do not. You cannot test if it is true or false.

Mathematical Expression Mathematical Sentence

26.14 -11 + 7 = 4

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 6 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

5+2 1 – 4 = -3

x + √2 1·x=x

Conventions in the Mathematical Language

The common symbol used for multiplication is ˟ but it can be mistakenly taken as the
variable x. there are instances when the centered dot (·) is a shorthand to be used for
multiplication especially when variables are involved. If there will be no confusion, the symbol
may be dropped.

8 · y = 8y

a · b · c = abc

t · s · 9 = 9st

It is conventional to write the number first before the letters. If in case the letters are more
than one, you have to arrange the letters alphabetically.

Sets are usually represented by uppercase letters like S. the symbols R and N represent
the set of real numbers and the set of natural numbers, respectively. A lowercase letter near the
end of the alphabetical like x, y or z represents an element of the set of real numbers. A
lowercase letter near the middle of the alphabet particularly from i to n may represent an element
of the set of integers.

Binary Operations

A unary operation is for single number and assigns another number to it. Addition (+),
subtraction (-), multiplication (˟), and division (÷) are examples of binary operations the word
“binary” means composition of two pieces. A binary operation refers to joining two values to
create a new one.

Study the following properties of addition and multiplication as binary operations, on the
set of real numbers.

I. Closure Property
Addition: the sum of two any real numbers is also a real number.
Example: 12 + 34 = 46
Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is also a real number.
Example: 7 ˟ 120 = 140
II. Commutative Property
Addition: For any two real numbers x and y, x + y = y + x
Example: 1.5 + 7.8 = 7.8 + 1.5
9.3 = 9.3
Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is also a real number.
Example: 8 ˟ 5 = 5 ˟8
40 = 40
Applying the commutative property of addition, we may write the equivalent
expression of 8m + 7n as 8m + 7n = 7n + 8m.
III. Associative Property
Addition: For any two real numbers x, y and z, x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z.
Example: 3 + (10 + 9) = (3 + 10) + 9
3 + 19 = 13 + 9
22 = 22

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 7 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

Multiplication: For any two real numbers x, y and z, x · (y · z) = (x · y) · z.

Example: 3 · (9 · 6) = (3 · 9) · 6
3 · (54) = (27) · 6
162 = 162

Using the associative property of multiplication, we may write the equivalent

expression of (42c3) · (16a2b5) as (42c3) · (16a2b5) = (16a2b5) ·42c3).

IV. Identity Property

Addition: For any real number x, x + 0 = x. the number “0” is called the additive
identity.

Example: 78 + 0 = 78

Multiplication: For any real number x, x · 1 = x. The number “1” is called the
multiplicative identity.

Example: 98 · 1 = 98

Using the identity property, we may write an equivalent expression of a

mathematical expression by substituting an expression that is equal to the additive
identity or multiplicative identity. Study the examples below.

3c 7
Example 1. Write an equivalent expression of by multiplying instead of 1.
5 7

3c 3c
= ·1
5 5

3c 7
= ·
5 7

21 c
=
35
21 c 3c
Therefore, and are equivalent expressions.
35 5

Example 2. Write an equivalent expression of 9j2 – 5 by adding (2m – 2m) instead of 0.

9j2 – 5 = 9j2 – 5 + 0

= 9j2 – 5 + (2m – 2m)

= 9j2 + 2m – 5 – 2m

Therefore, 9j2 – 5 and 9j2 + 2m – 5 – 2m are equivalent expressions.

V. Distributive Property of Multiplication Over Addition

For any two real numbers x, y and z, x(y + z) = xy + xz.

Activity 1:

Using the distributive property, write the equivalent expressions of the following:

1. a(-x + y – z) =______________________________
2. -5(7l + 8m + 9n) =______________________________

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 8 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

3. m(v1 - v1) =______________________________

VI. Inverse of Binary Operations

Addition: For any real number x, x + (-x) = 0.
Example: 100 + (-100) = 0
1
Multiplication: For any real number x, x · = .
x
1
Example: 98 · =1
98

Quiz:

I. Classify each given equation as a mathematical expression(E) or a mathematical

sentence (S).
1. a+9 ____________________________________________________
2. b+0=b ____________________________________________________
t
3. ____________________________________________________
100
4. 3.1416 ____________________________________________________
5. X + y = y + x ____________________________________________________

II. State the property that justifies each of the following statements:
2 5 5 2
1. + = +
3 8 8 3
9 9
2. 1 × =
35 35
3. ( ) ( )( )
4 3 2
∙ + = ∙ + ∙
5 4 3
4 3
5 4
4 2
5 3
3 1 1
( )( )
4. + + = + +
5 2 4
3 1 1
5 2 4
1 5 4
5. + =
2 6 3

Week # 3:
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the session, the student is expected to:

1. Define simple statement and compound statement.
2. Write compound statements using connectives.
3. Write the negation of a quantified statement.

ELEMENTARY LOGIC: CONNECTIVES, VARIABLES, QUANTIFIERS, AND

NEGATIONS

Discussion:

Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to discriminate correct from
incorrect reasoning. As tertiary students, you must know how to reason out logically and test the
validity of an argument about any matter. You will learn about connectives, quantifier,
negations, and variables which are essentials to modern logic and its symbolic language. There
us a separate chapter for other topic under Logic.

Connectives

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 9 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

A declarative sentence is a sentence whose main verb is indicative. A statement is a

declarative sentence that is either true or false but cannot be both. A statement can be simple or
compound. Below are examples of simple and compound statements.

Simple Statement Compound Statement

The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt.
The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt.
Apo, and the second highest mountain is Mt.
Apo.
Pulag
We will go to Camiguin island or we will go to
Cebu is the oldest City in the Philippines.
Mactan island.

To create a compound statement, connectives like and, or, if … then, and if and only if
are used. The symbols p, q, r and s represent simple statements. Below are the symbols used for
connectives.

Connective Symbols Type of Statement

And ^ Conjunction
Or ˅ Disjunction
If … then  Conditional
If and only if Biconditional

The first example of compound statement which is “ the highest mountan in the
Philippines is Mt. Apo and the second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag” may be written using the
following symbols.

Statement Symbol
The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo p
The second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag q
The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo and the
p^q
second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag

Write the second example of compound statement which is “We will go to Camiguin Island or
we will go to Mactan Island.” Using symbols

Statement Symbol

Quantifiers and Negations

All freshmen students are graduates of the K-12 curriculum” is a quantified statement
which is a statement containing quantifiers. The words like “all”, there “exists” and none are
examples of quantifiers. Existential quantifiers like “there exists” and “at least one” are used to
emphasize the existence of something. Words like “none” and “no” deny the existence of
something and words like “all” and “every” stress out that every element satisfies a condition.
These words are called universal quantifiers
Every variable in a mathematical statement has a corresponding quantifier. The
quantifiers are “for all” and “there exists” The phrases like “for all x in R” or “for every x in R”
is written as ∀ x ∈ R in symbols. The phrases like “for some x in R” or “there exist an x in R
such that” is written as ∃ x ∈ R

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 10 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

The negation of the statement “all freshmen students are graduates of the K-12
curriculum” is “Some freshmen students are not graduates of the K-12 curriculum”

Quantified Statement Negation

No Y are Z Some Y are Z
Some Y are Z No Y are Z
No Y are not Z All Y are Z
All Y are Z Some Y are not Z

Quiz: Write 5 examples of simple statements and 5 examples of compound statements about the
Philippines

Simple Statement Compound Statement

Week # 4
Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the session, the student is expected to:

1. Recognize the different types and classification of data
2. Classify and characterized data
3. Maintain utmost perseverance in classifying and organizing data.

CLASSIFICATION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA

Discussion :

Introduction
There are many classifications of data. Different kinds of data are collected analyzed and
interpreted. Being able to differentiate them is the first thing that must be considered when
organizing data.

Analysis (Communication)
 Two types of Data
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
 Qualitative Data- deals with the categories or attributes.
Examples:
 Eye color
 Ethnicity
 Brand of clothes
 Quantitative data – are numerical data.
Quantitative data maybe discrete data or continuous data.
o Discrete data - obtained through counting.
o Continuous data – obtained by measuring
 Classification of data includes levels of measurement of data
o Nominal Level of Measurement – classifies qualitative data into two or more
categories. It is the lowest level of measurement. Example the books in the library
and the courses in college.

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 11 of 12
 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
SIKATUNA ST., OLD ALBAY, LEGAZPI CITY
TEL. NO. 7421570

o Ordinal level of measurement – ranks qualitative data. Winners in a science quiz

bee and levels of anxiety are examples of ordinal data.
o Interval level of measurement – involves quantitative data that are ranked and
makes sense of differences. An example is the Celsius temperature.
o Ratio level of measurement – does not only include those characteristics of
interval level of measurement but also starts at the 0 value, it is the highest level
of measurement. Examples are weight, the time it takes to do a math project and
the number of absences of students in a class.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

 A measure f central tendency is a single value that describes the center of a

distribution
 The most common measures of central tendency are mean, median, and mode.
 The mean is defined to be the sum of all values in a set of data divided by the
total number of observations
 The median is the middle value when data is in ascending or descending order. If
there is an even number of observations, get the mean of the two middlemost
values.
 The mode is the most frequent value in a set of data.

Consider the values 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 22,12,13. The mean is calculated as follows.

13+16+18+21+21+24 +22+12+ 13
mean = =17.375
8

To calculate the median, the data is to be arranged from the highest to lowest to
obtain the middle value the arrangement of the data will be 12,13, 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, 24.
Since there are 8 values the average of 16 and 18 is obtained. Therefore the median is 17.
The data has one mode, 13 since it appears twice in the data set, more times than the rest of
the values.

Quiz.

1. Solve for mean, median and mode.

The grade of 10 students in mathematics are as follows:
86, 78,90,87,85,81,86,85,88,86
2. The height of Susan, Ada, and Rhea were 155cm, 158cm, and 161cm
respectively. What is the height of Trisha if the mean of all 4 girls is 158cm?

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology/Information System & Computer Science Department

Page 12 of 12