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Adams Complexnumbers

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Adams Complexnumbers

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at APPENDIX | Complex Numbers GG Old Macdonald nad a farm, Minus E-squared O 33 rs Many ofthe problemstowhich mathematics sapped imolve the solution of eqeatons ‘Over the centuries the number system bad to be expanded many times t provide solutions for more and more kinds of equations. The natural mmbers R=0.234..) ace imadequate forthe soations of equations ofthe form xtnem —(mneny Zexo and negative numbers can be added ta create the integers Bal. O DBD in which tht equation hs the solution x = — n even ifm Angi v3 +1 Ang(=1 = 20 = Saf or + ten712) Remark it: = x + yi and Retz) = > 0, then Arg(z) = tan 'Iy/x). Many computer spreadsheets and mathematical sofware packages implementa two-variable cian function denoted atin2¢x, 9) which gives the polar anglof Cx) inthe terval (ox eh This, Acg(x $34) = atanx, 9) Given the modulus r = Jw_and any value of the argument @ = ang (w) of complex. number w = a + bi, we havea = r cos und b = rsin8, so w can be expressed in ecms of iis modulus and argumeat as w= rcost +ir sind. ‘The expression on the right side is called the polar representation of: ‘The conjugateor complex conjugate of acomplex number tw = a4 bi issnother complex number, denoted 1, given by W=0-bi EXAMPLE 2 eel” Observe hat Re (a) = Re(w) Im (D) = mw) DI = hol ee Inan Argand diagram the point isthe reflection of the point w inthe real axis, (See Figure 14) [Note that w is real (Im (w) (Re (iw) = 0) if and only iF Complex Arithmetic Like real numbers. complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. ‘Two complex numbers are added or subtracted as though they are two-dimensional \estors witose components ate their ceal and imaginary pans, ag (uw 0) ifand only it w. (Here, w= uw. Also, w is pure imaginary bi ifw =a+6i) APPENDICT Couples Numbers ALS ‘The sum and difference of complex numbers 4 bi and 2 = 4 yi, where a, 6x, and y are real nonibers, then In an Argan diagram the points w +z atd w —z are the points whose position vectors sxe, respectively, the sum and difference of the position vectors of the points 2 and 5, (See Figure 15.) In particular, the complex number a + b¢ is the sum of the eal numer a = a + OF and the pare imaginary number bi = 0-4 bi Complex addition oheys the same rules as teal addition: if 1, way and wy ore three complex numbers the following are easly verified wy wr = we tw Adkition is commutative (io) Hap wey = wy + (we 4 ey) Addition is associative roy a] © wil + fel the triangle inequality Figure 8 Complex numbecs we adel ani subitacted vectosaly. Observe the Nore that funy — wal is the distance between the two points w; and win the complex Paallelograms plane. Thus, the triangle inequality says that in the triangle with vertices wi, =w2 and 0, the lenge of one side is less than the sum of the axher wo, It is also easily verified thatthe conjugate of a sum (or difference) is the sum (or cifference) of the conjugates: wtiew+e Si, then 2490 and < EXAMPLE 3 NY 244) +G—S 6-28 2=4p += (Hi = =24 8 wee tb) 842-2 HSAs ——eSesssssSsSsSssssSsSsSsssssMse?. Multiplication of the complex numbers w = a+ bi and < =x + yi is cartied out by formally meliplying the binomial expressions snc replacing 7? by 1 (eB + yf) = ax + avi t bei + byl = (ax — by) + (ay + xii ‘The product of complex numbers Im =a 4 bisnd 2 = 5 4 yi, where a, 6, and » ate ceal numbers, then wz = (ax ~ by) + fay + bx)i EXAMPLE €) 2430-2) = 2-44 WG = 8-1 (b) 16-49 = +51 (0) (a+ bia — Bi = abi + abi ~ 0 aa reer: A ets... Part (c) of the example above shows that the square of the modulus of a complex ‘number isthe product ofthat member with its complex conjugate i ait AG APFENDI'T Comples Nurbers Complex multiplication shares many properties with real maltiplication, In particular, ifm), te2, and ws are complex numbers, then yma = was ‘Maltplication is commutative. (wiwa)uy = wi (wns) Multiplication is associative, wj(we + us) =wiws + yyy Multiplication distributes over addition Te conjugate of product isthe product of the conjugues: ‘To sec this, lel w =a + bi and xt yi. Then tw tboF (ax ~ by) ~ fay + bx = ba ~ y= WE, It is pasticulsely easy to determine the product of complex numbers expressed in polar form. I! 40088 +ésind) and sicosd + ising), where Jl. 6 = are Ge, [cland @ = arg (z}, then wz = rslcon8 +isind){coxd + ising) r{(e0s0 cas — sind sing) + isin 8 cos + cos sind) rs{cast# + 6)-+ isin +01). (See Figure 1.6.) Since arguments are only determined up to integer multiples of 2, we have proved that ‘The moduluy and argument of a product wile) and arg (us) = arg (w) + ate (2) “The second of hese equations says that the set arg (uz) consists ofall numbers 4.4. ‘whore # belongs to the set arg (w) and g to the set ary (2). Figue 46 The argument ofa proeict is the sum ofthe arguments ofthe Factors More generally if 1, w ..., wi are complex numbers, chen [pening == Wy] = [amma = al arg (vi) + arg (ug) +++ arg tw, arg (wis + wy gue L ‘Molipiction by ‘correspond fo ctuntrclockwise rotation by 9" THEOREM APPENDIX Complex ube AT Moltptication of « complex number by é has a particularly simple geometsic ier: pretation in an Argand diagram, Since lil = (and arg (?) = 2/2, eltiplication of w = a + BF by i leaves the modulus of w unchanged but increases its argument by 2/2. (See Figure 17.) Thus, multiplication by i rotates the position vector of w counterclockwise by 90" about the origin, Let ¢ = 0086+ isiné. Then |z| = | and are(z) = @. Since the modulus of a product is the product of the moduli of dhe Factors and the argumeat of a preduct Js the sum of the arguments of the factors, we have il" = 1 and arg 2") 8, This, 21 = cosmid + isin 8. sand we have proved de Moivre’ Theorem, de Molvre's Theorem (c0s9 + isin)" = cost +i sinnd. ne Remark Much of che study of complex-valued functions of a complex variable is beyond the scope of this book. However, in Apaendis LL we will inteoduce a complex version of the exponential function having the following property: i'z =<-4iy (where {and y are real), then et = Fel = oF (cosy Hisiny) “Thus the modulus of e* is €®€ and Im (zp isa value of arg (*). In this conte Moivre’s Theorem jast says fete, EXAMPLE ERPS (1-407 inthe forma + bi V7, and Solution Since (1+ is%| = 11+ 48 = (V2 arg ((l +f) Sa arg (+8) = 2, we have eatoas (49° = AN3 (cor iain) <9 de Moivre’s Theorem can be used to generate trigonometric idemites for multiples of ‘an angie, For example, form = 2 we have 1087 9 — sin? # + 2 eos sind, 0828 +i sin 20 ‘Thus, cos 24 = cos" @ — sin? 6, and sin 26 = 2sind eor6. ‘The reciprocal of the nonzero complex number w = a + bi can be calewated bby multiplying the numerator and denominator of the reciprocal expression by the conjugate of 1 a-bi ani an @rbhey ER Since fb] = lula arg (ao) = — arg (w). we have arg (wy AB APPENDIKT Cones Numbers “The quotient 2/w of two complex numbers = + bf is the prosuce of and 1/1, s0 at yband w= £87 _ (et yia—biy set yb+ tga) wwe aoe aa We have ‘The modulus and argument of a quotient lal Fy set ate (3) = a) ~ argc “The set arg (:/1) consists of all numbers @ — 6 where 9 belongs tothe set arg (2) ane po the set arg (w). EXAMPLE 6 Simpiry @2*™ ana go) — Tent Solution fy 2S 243M _S-3HOH IWS | I, ti” nary eH ata w — il-ivd Y34i V3 1, iW) HL TNE Teivoa iW PS ETS Atratvey, since [1+ iV3] = 2 and ag + iv 1 nom ‘quotient in (b) has modulos 5 and agument 5 — T Roots of Complex Numbers If. is @ positive real number, there are two distinct real numbers whose square is a. ‘These are usually deooted VE (the positive square root ofa) and < Vi tthe negative square mot of a} Every nonzeto complex murier = = x + yi (where <7 ++ 9? > @) also has two square roots: if my 3s a caraplex munber such that w} = 2, then a> = —ws also satisies Again, we would like to single out one of these roots and call it iz], $0 thatr > 0, Let = Arg(z). Thus = <8 =m. Since uy Lar 5 r(cose +isind), the complen number 6 6 w= Vr (cos isin’ ( 2* 2) clearly satisfies w? = 2, We call this w the principal square roet of z and denote it ‘The two solutions ofthe equation 2? = z are, thas, w = Zand w = — JF. Observe that the real part of «/@ is always non-negative, since cos(@/2) = 0 for

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