ELECTRONIC SYSTEM

EXNO: 8

Visualization of Engine Sensor Signals and fault Diagnosis using OBD Kit

AIM :

TO Visualization of Engine Sensor Signals and fault Diagnosis using OBD Kit

APPARATUS REQUIR ED :

1. Bread board, Logic gates ICs

2. Amplifier
3. IC timer 15
4. Data logger
5. 8085 trainer kit
6. ADC interface board
7. DAC interface board
8. Sensors like RTD, Load cell, LVDT
9. Actuators like stepper motor.

PROCEDURE:

What Is OBD-II And How Does It Work?

What is OBD?

OBD stands for "onboard diagnostics." The check engine light is the signaling device for your
vehicle's OBD system. The Environmental Protection Agency requires vehicles to have onboard
diagnostic systems to warn drivers about problems that affect their emissions. The system also records
other information that can make it easier for you or a mechanic to find and fix problems with your car.

Does My Car Have OBD-I or OBD-II?

The type of OBD system in your car depends on the year it was manufactured.

OBD-I

The first onboard diagnostic systems were proprietary to different carmakers. In 1991,
California required new cars to have some sort of OBD system. Different manufacturers used
different systems. These are usually referred to as OBD-I systems today.

OBD-II

In 1996, the US government made a standardized system mandatory for new cars. This
system is OBD-II. After 1996, all vehicles sold in the US use the same system, with the same
connector, with the same diagnostic codes, to be read with the same tool. That makes diagnosing car
problems easier across the board. We'll walk you through how the OBD-II system works, and how
you can read the codes it uses.
How the OBD-II System Works

There are many sensors throughout your car: oxygen sensors, engine knock sensors, manifold
pressure sensors and more. Each one of these sensors sends a signal to your car's computer, the
Engine Control Unit (ECU). The ECU uses that information to adjust different elements of your
engine operation, the fuel injection or the spark timing for example.

If the information that the ECU gets from one of its sensors is too far out of whack, it saves a
code called a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC). It also sends a signal to you as a check engine light. If
the light comes on and stays on, then you have a minor problem. You can still drive the car until you
get it looked at. If the light blinks on and off, your problem is urgent and might damage the engine.
Engine knocking is an example of a problem that might give you this signal. If your check engine
light is blinking you should avoid driving your car as much as you can, and avoid driving aggressively
until you fix the problem.

How to Make the Diagnosis

You can find what code or codes your ECU has saved by using a diagnostic scan tool,
sometimes just called a scan tool, code reader, OBD scanner, or scanner. The scanner connects to a
port usually found underneath your dashboard on the driver side. These ports are standardized so any
OBD-II scanner should be able to read codes from any OBD-II car. The scanner can then check for
saved DTC and show you the codes on the scanner's screen. Most scanners can also perform other
functions, like checking the measurements taken by your various sensors in real time. If you work on
cars frequently, a scanner can be an invaluable tool.

Once you have the code, how do you figure out what the problem is? Some scan tools will
give you the code along with a short description. Most of the codes do follow a system, though, that
can be interpreted with a little bit of know-how.

The code is made up of a letter followed by four digits. Each one of these parts carries a
specific meaning. The letter tells you what overall section of the car the code is coming from. P stands
for the powertrain, the engine and transmission. B stands for the body. C stands for the chassis,
including the brakes and suspension. U codes are for problems with the computer itself.

The first digit tells you whether the code is general or manufacturer specific. Most of the
codes are universal and apply across manufacturers. These codes are standardized by the Society of
automotive engineers. Manufacturers might add their own codes for their particular systems.
Standardized codes have a 0 or 3 as their first digit, while manufacturer specific codes have a 1 or 2.
The second digit further specifies which particular sub-system is affected.

The breakdown of the second digit varies from one system to another. This chart brakes down
all the subsystems by the first three characters
P01 Fuel and Air Metering
P02 Injector Circuit
P03 Ignition System
P04 Auxillary Emissions Control
P05 Vehicle Speed Control and Idle Control
P06 Computer Output Circuits
P07 Transmission
P08 Transmission
B00 Body, including airbags and seatbelts
C00 ABS
C01 Brake Hydraulics
C02 Wheel Speed Sensors and Traction Control
C03 4WD
C04 Steering
C05 Steering
C06 Suspension and Leveling
C07 Tire Pressure
C08 Suspension and Leveling
U00 Communication Bus
U01 Lost Communication With Sensor
U02 Lost Communication With Sensor
U03 Software Incompatibility
U04 Invalid Data Received

The final two digits signify the specific problem. You can then check this code against
information from the SAE to determine where your problem lies.

Manufacturer specific codes might not follow these rules, past the letter and the first digit. If
you get a manufacturer specific code you will have to consult a service manual or some other
manufacturer-specific resource to determine the cause of your problem.

Hopefully, with this information, the next time that pesky check engine light comes on, you'll
be able to figure out what it is trying to tell you.

PROCEDURE
How to Use an OBD2 Scanner (Step-By-Step Guide + 3 FAQs)

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An OBD2 scanner can help you or your mechanic understand if your car’s in good shape.

An OBD2 scanner is a diagnostic tool that connects to your car via the Diagnostic Link Connector.

This is done through a wired connection, Bluetooth, or WiFi, allowing you to scan every diagnostic

trouble code generated by your car’s computer.

But the question is, how to use OBD2 scanner?

In this article, we’ll show you step-by-step how to use an OBD2 scanner. We’ll also answer some

related FAQs to give you a better understanding of this tool.

 How to Use an OBD2 Scanner? (Step-By-Step)

Using an OBD2 car diagnostic scanner is simple and straightforward.

Here’s a simple step-by-step guide:

 Step 1: Locate The Diagnostic Link Connector

 Step 2: Connect Your OBD2 Code Reader Or Scanner To The DLC

 Step 3: Enter The Information Requested On The Scanner Screen

 Step 4: Access The Scanner Menu For OBD Codes

 Step 5: Identify And Understand the OBD Codes

 Step 6: Move On To Trouble Code Diagnosis

 Step 7: Reset The Check Engine Light

Step 1: Locate the Diagnostic Link Connector

 If your car was manufactured after 1996, it features a Diagnostic Link Connector (DLC) or
OBD2 port.
 This is a 16-pin connector located on the left side of the driver’s dashboard underneath the
steering column, usually covered with a door or flap.
 In case you can’t find the OBD2 port, you can always check your owner’s manual.

Step 2: Connect Your OBD2 Code Reader or Scanner to the DLC

 After locating the DLC, make sure your car is turned off.
 Plug the end of the OBD2 scan tool into the Diagnostic Link Connector with an OBD2
connector cable. If you own a Bluetooth OBD2 scanner, directly insert the scanner into the
OBD II port.
 Next, check the scanner instructions on whether you should keep the car in ON or idle
mode after connecting to the DLC. This step is important because following the wrong
method can damage the scan tool app.
 Following the correct instruction allows your scanner to communicate with the car’s
computer. Confirm the connection to your OBD2 system by checking for a message on your
OBD II scanner.

Step 3: Enter the Information Requested On the Scanner Screen

 Your car has a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN). Depending on your scanner, you’ll
have to enter the VIN before it can generate any OBD2 code.
 The code scanner may also request other details like your engine and model type.
 Where can you find the VIN?
 If the scanner requests it, you can find the VIN on a sticker normally in the lower corner of
the windshield on the driver’s side. Other places include under the hood next to the latch and
at the front end of the vehicle frame.

Step 4: Access the Scanner Menu for OBD Codes

 Now go to the code scanner menu screen, where you can pick between the different car
systems.
 Select a system so the scanner can show every active and pending code.
 What’s the difference?
An active code triggers the check engine light, while a pending code indicates the failure of
an emission control system.
 Remember, a reoccurring pending code can become an active code if the same issue keeps
popping up.
 Note: The car code reader or scanner display varies depending on your scanner type. Some
will reveal only a problematic diagnostic trouble code, while others let you choose which
OBD2 code you want to see.

Step 5: Identify and Understand the OBD Codes

 With the OBD codes displayed, it’s time for you to interpret them.
 Every trouble code begins with a letter followed by a set of four digits.
The letter in the diagnostic trouble code can be:
 P (Powertrain): Indicates issues with the engine, transmission, ignition, emissions, and
fuel system
 B (Body): Indicate issues with airbags, power steering, and seatbelts
 C (Chassis): Implies issues with axles, brake fluid, and anti-lock braking system
 U (Undefined): Highlights issues that don’t fall under the P, B, and C categories
 Now let’s understand what the set of numbers imply in a fault code:
 The first number after the letter will tell you if the diagnostic trouble code is generic (0)
or manufacturer-specific (1)
 The second digit refers to a specific vehicle part
 The last two digits tell you the exact problem
  Note down the OBD codes displayed by the scanner and turn off your car. Then carefully
unplug the OBD II scan tool.
 If your scanner supports it, you can also transfer the OBD codes to your laptop via a USB
cable or Bluetooth.
 And if you can’t seem to read live data from your OBD scanner, contact your mechanic
for help.

Step 6: Move On To Trouble Code Diagnosis

 The OBD scanner or code reader tells you what’s wrong with your car, but it can’t tell you
how to fix the problem.
 So figure out if the error code implies a minor issue or not.
 And then, you can decide between a DIY approach or professional help. However, it’s best to
take your vehicle to a certified mechanic’s shop to avoid expensive mistakes.

Step 7: Reset the Check Engine Light

 Once your car’s issues are fixed, the check engine light should turn off after driving it for a
little bit. But you can always use your OBD II scan tool to erase a code immediately.
 How?
Go to the main menu of your OBD2 reader and find the check engine light option. Then press
the reset button.
 Give it a few seconds or minutes, and the engine light should turn off.
 Note: You can use the scan tool to erase an error code and stop the check engine light from
lighting up temporarily if the issue isn’t fixed. However, the check engine light will
illuminate again since the problem still exists.
 Now that you know how to use an OBD 2 scanner, let’s answer some FAQs.
 3 FAQs On How To Use OBD2 Scanner

VIVA VOICE
Here are some common OBD II scanner related questions and their answers.
1. What’s The Difference Between An OBD1 And OBD2 Scanner?

OBD2 device or scan tool is a more advanced piece of technology when compared to the OBD1
scanner.
The main differences include:

 An OBD1 scanner needs a cable to connect, while an OBD2 device can be connected via
Bluetooth or WiFi.

 An OBD2 scan tool supports cars built in 1996 and after, whereas an OBD1 scan tool is
compatible with cars only made in and before 1995. That’s why an OBD 2 scanner is more
standardized than an OBD1 scanner.

2. What Are The Different OBD II Scanner Types?

There are multiple OBD2 diagnostic code reader types available. However, they’re mainly
categorized into two kinds:

1. Code Reader

An OBD2 code reader is affordable and readily available. It lets you read every fault code and clear
them.

However, the OBD2 code reader isn’t the most advanced diagnostic tool, so it can’t fully support
manufacturer-specific OBD codes.
2. Scan Tool

A scan tool is an advanced car diagnostic tool that’s usually more expensive than a code reader. It also
has a lot more features than a diagnostic code reader. For example, a scan tool provides access to
recorded data that you can playback live.

It even reads the vehicle manufacturer and enhanced diagnostics codes, unlike a code reader. Some
car scanner tools may even have diagnostic equipment like multimeters or scopes.

3. What Things Should You Consider While Buying An OBD2 Scanner?

When buying a car diagnostic tool like an OBD2 scanner, here’s what you need to consider:

 Look for an OBD II scanner with the latest technology for compatibility with your future
vehicles. Moreover, an advanced OBD2 code reader or scanner tool will efficiently detect and
describe your car issues.

 Look for an OBD 2 scanner that’s user friendly. A friendly and intuitive user interface will
help you navigate and read the OBD codes easily.

 If you’re looking for a handheld scanner, ensure the size is easy for you to hold.

RESULT:
 EX NO: 9

Interfacing of ADC for a sensor and Interfacing of DAC for an actuator

Interfacing an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for a sensor and a Digital-to-Analog Converter
(DAC) for an actuator involves connecting these devices to a microcontroller or other digital control
system to convert analog signals to digital and vice versa. Below are the general steps for each:

Interfacing a DAC for an Actuator:

Materials Needed:

 Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino)

 DAC (e.g., MCP4922, DAC8552)

 Actuator (e.g., motor, heater)

 Power supply (if needed)

Steps:

1. Select the DAC:

 Choose a DAC that matches your project's requirements, including the number of
channels, resolution, and voltage range.

2. Connect the DAC to the Microcontroller:

 Connect the DAC to the microcontroller using SPI, I2C, or other communication
protocols supported by the DAC model.

 Supply power (VDD and GND) to the DAC as needed.

3. Connect the Actuator to the DAC:

 Connect the DAC's analog output to the input of the actuator. Ensure that you provide
the correct voltage and current levels required by the actuator.

4. Write Code:

 Write code on the microcontroller to communicate with the DAC and send digital
values that represent the desired analog output voltage.

 Refer to the DAC's datasheet and library documentation for configuration and data
transmission.

5. Send Control Signals:

 Continuously update the DAC with digital values corresponding to the desired
actuator control signals.

 For example, if you're controlling a motor, you may send different voltage levels to
control its speed and direction.

6. Monitor and Adjust:

 Monitor the actuator's behavior and adjust the digital values sent to the DAC as
needed to achieve the desired actuator response.

7. Safety Precautions:

 Ensure that you take safety precautions when working with actuators, especially if
they involve moving parts or high voltages.
Circuit Diagram:
DC motors are used in many applications like process control and automation in an industry,
robotics, consumer electronics, office automation equipment like printers and scanners etc. One can
consider the use of a DC motor wherever there is need to control the motion of an object. Speed
control of the motor is important in the applications involving them. For example, in an audio system,
the DC motor that drives the cassette should always run at a fixed speed. Like wise, there are
applications where the speed of the DC motor has to change according to some defined conditions.
The DC motor used in this interface module is a 12V, 4W motor that can be seen in many electronic
equipments. The circuit to control the speed of the motor follows a general concept and can be applied
to DC motors of higher capacity also.

The pulse width modulation technique is used to vary the speed of the DC motor. The
frequency of the pulses is 120Hz. Keeping the frequency constant, the width of the pulses is used to
change the speed. When the pulse width is minimum, the speed is minimum and when the width is
maximum, the speed is maximum (2400rpm). The ramp and pedestal technique is used to change the
pulse width and thereby the speed.

Program:

#include <REG51xD2.H>

sbit inr= P3^2; //speed increment switch sbit dcr= P3^3; //speed decrement switch

main()

unsigned char i=0x80;

P0 = 0x7f; /*Run the motor at half speed.*/ while (1)

if (!inr)

if(!dcr)

} P0=i;
}

while (!inr); if(i>10)

i=i-10; //increase the DC motor speed

while(!dcr); if(i<0xf0)

i=i+10; //decrease the DC motor speed

RESULT:
 EX NO 10
Study of Virtual Instrumentation and Communication Protocols
(CAN, LIN, MOST etc.)
AIM :

TO Study of Virtual Instrumentation and Communication Protocols (CAN, LIN, MOST etc.)

APPARATUS REQUIR ED :

1. Bread board, Logic gates ICs

2. Amplifier
3. IC timer 15
4. Data logger
5. 8085 trainer kit
6. ADC interface board
7. DAC interface board
8. Sensors like RTD, Load cell, LVDT
9. Actuators like stepper motor.
Virtual Instrument
A virtual instrument is composed of the following blocks:
o Sensor Module,
o Sensor Interface,
o Medical Information Systems Interface,
o Processing Module,
o Database Interface, and
o User Interface.
Figure 1 shows the general architecture of a virtual instrument.

Figure 1: Architecture of a virtual instrument.

 The sensor module detects physical signal and transforms it into electrical form, conditions the signal,
and transforms it into a digital form for further manipulation. Through a sensor interface, the sensor
module communicates with a computer. Once the data are in a digital form on a computer, they can be
processed, mixed, compared, and otherwise manipulated, or stored in a database. Then, the data may
be displayed, or converted back to analog form for further process control. Biomedical virtual
instruments are often integrated with some other medical information systems such as hospital
information systems. In this way the configuration settings and the data measured may be stored and
associated with patient records.

 LIN (Local Interconnect Network) a cheap serial communication interface based on a master
slave architecture that reaches speed up to 20 kbps. Intended to assure connectivity between
various peripheral sensors and actuators for doors, windows, etc.,

 CAN (Controller Area Network) a two wire broadcast bus that has a fault tolerant low speed
version which operates at 125kbps and a high speed version that operates at up to 1Mbps.
CAN-FD (CAN with Flexible Data-Rate) was designed as replacement for CAN and allows a
bandwidth of 2.5 Mbps.

 MOST are used in media-related applications and control in automotive. For example: In
multimedia, telematics, etc.

RESULT:
 Augmented topic
SAFETY

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN CAR

AIM :

TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN CAR

APPARATUS REQUIR ED :

1. Bread board, Logic gates ICs

2. Amplifier
3. IC timer 15
4. Data logger
5. 8085 trainer kit
6. ADC interface board
7. DAC interface board
8. Sensors like RTD, Load cell, LVDT
9. Actuators like stepper motor.

It’s no great revelation that cars have come a long way since the early days of steam
propulsion. And while we still haven’t quite met the predictions of 80s sci-fi automotive
transportation, we’re certainly on our way.

It is now nearly 350 years since Belgian mathematician and astronomer Ferdinand Verbiest
showcased the first automobile to the world. In that time, cars have become safer, easier to
control, and more comfortable for drivers.

Embedded systems have played their part in this evolution of the automobile.

Embedded software supports most car features using Electronic Control Units (ECUs). A
high-end vehicle may have over 100 ECUs communicating using 3000-5000 signals. Those
ECUs use various microcontrollers, microprocessors, and Field Programmable Gate Array
(FPGA) support.
It’s safe to say that embedded systems play an integral role in the safety and comfort we
enjoy while driving modern cars. But what exactly are they? This article explores the central
embedded systems used in cars today.

1. Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)

ABS prevents wheels from locking up during the braking process. This is particularly useful
on slippery surfaces. The primary components of the ABS include:

 Electronic Control Unit: ECU uses data from sensors to figure out whether to pump
the brakes.
 Hydraulic Control Unit: The hydraulic control unit holds pumps filled with
hydraulic fluid. The pumps apply pressure to the brake drums when there is a need to
do so.
 Valves: Brakes positioned in the brake line regulate pressure, allowing or blocking the
pressure applied on the brakes.
 Wheel sensor unit: These sensors check how fast the car wheels are running.

Sensors are attached to wheels to detect locking or when the wheel stops moving and begins
to skid off the ground.

First, the working stages of ABS involve the driver pushing the brake pedal. Wheel sensors
then detect skidding or locking, and subsequently, the ABS pumps the brakes.

ABS provides traction control by rhythmically restoring grip to wheels that slip off the
ground by applying the brake.

(ABS is a precursor to today’s drive-by-wire systems, and you’ll find more on those further
down.)

2. Electronic Stability Control (ESC)

The ESC system increases the car’s stability on the road. It works with the Anti-Lock
Braking System (ABS) to avoid understeer or oversteer situations that might cause skidding.

Understeer is when the vehicle loses front-wheel traction and wants to push forward nose-
first. Oversteer is when the rear wheels lose traction, and the back begins to slide.

This system is beneficial when the driver somehow loses control of the steering wheel. It
automatically applies brakes to have the car move in the intended direction. Braking is
applied to the different wheels. The system works with the ABS by enabling the ESC to slow
down the wheels.

Sensors used in this system include:

 Steering wheel angle sensor

 Wheel speed sensors
 Lateral sensor
 A yaw rate sensor
3. Adaptive Cruise Control System

The Adaptive Cruise Control System controls the car’s speed by adjusting the throttle
position. It uses sensors to tell the speed and throttle position.

This system helps the driver to drive safely on the road in traffic. For example, it allows the
driver to cruise at a given speed when the road is clear (cruise control). Adaptive means the
car monitors the speed of the vehicle in front and adapts the set speed to track a vehicle in
front.

4. Drive-by-Wire

Drive-by-wire technology replaces or augments traditional mechanical control systems that

use hydraulics or cables with electronic control systems. These systems use sensors and
actuators to control elements of vehicle operation. They can also enable non-traditional
human-machine interfaces such as controls like joysticks or paddles. Drive-by-Wire covers
three central systems:

 Steer-by-wire: no physical connection between a steering wheel and tyres.

 Electronic throttle control: no physical connection between accelerator pedal and
throttle.
 Brake-by-wire: in an actual electromechanical version of this, there is no hydraulic
part, but instead, sensors determine how much force is used.

Steer-by-wire and brake-by-wire are not as widely used (yet), but electronic throttle control
has been present in vehicles for some time. A low-level of electronic throttle control has been
used for decades in cars that have computerised fuel controls.

Currently, Tesla is one of the few car brands on the road that have extensively used all types
of drive-by-wire systems.

5. Airbag Control Unit

The airbag control unit protects the front passengers from head collisions in the case of an
accident.

Depending on the severity of an accident, the system triggers the right restraint systems.
Crash sensors send information to the micro-controllers to release the airbags. These sensors
detect speed and rotational speed.

The airbag control unit stores crash data that explains the events leading up to the occurrence
of the accident.

The collected data is beneficial during investigations of the causes of an accident. For
example, information collected can include the speed at which the car was moving.

6. Telematics System

Telematics brings several features to a vehicle. First, it controls wireless tracking and contact
to and from the car.

Telematics allows cars to communicate with other devices via an internet connection.
Vehicles with embedded telematics systems send the vehicle’s data to the producer for
regulation.
Recorded information includes the car’s location, tyre pressure, fuel tank level, and engine oil
life. This all guides the producer in making servicing instructions.

7. Rain-Sensing System

The rain-sensing system uses infrared light as the primary signal to trigger the wipers.

An optical sensor is placed on the front windshield glass to emit infrared light. Depending on
the amount of reflected light, the optical sensor decides the speed of the windshield wipers.

8. Automotive Night Vision System

This system creates enhanced night vision for the driver to provide better visibility at night.

The light generated goes beyond the reach of the headlights. The system detects pedestrians
or obstacles near the road and highlights any hazards that may be hazardous.

Night Vision Devices (NVD) like infrared cameras and Radar devices support Night Vision
Systems. These devices work in image enhancement, thermal imaging, and active lighting
modes. These systems fall either in the Active or Passive categories.

Dynamic systems use infrared light sources to light a long distance ahead of the car
headlamps. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars and Toyota are some brands that have installed these
systems in their vehicles.

The passive systems run differently. They use cameras to capture thermal radiation emitted
by surrounding objects. Some car brands using passive night vision systems include Cadillac,
BMW, and Audi.

9. Climate Control System

Cars need to be prepared for all types of weather. Maintaining a comfortable cabin
environment is essential for the driver and the passengers.

The climate control system embedded in a car regulates the vehicle’s internal temperature.
Maintaining a proper climate in the car does factor into automotive safety.

10. Blind-Spot Monitoring System

The blind-spot monitoring system helps increase safety by alerting the driver. Often vehicles
will be out of the driver’s field of vision in the side-view mirrors.

This system uses radar sensors found inside the left and right sides of the rear bumpers. It
uses cameras in the side-view mirrors to find vehicles in their view.

Blind spots are more likely to be an issue when a driver tries to change lanes or park.
The Future of embedded systems in cars

Embedded systems are not simply used in high-end vehicles to power luxury accessories.
(Although they do that too!)

They are crucial to the performance and safety of all modern cars. And they will continue to
play a vital role in the evolution of automobiles as electric, and hydrogen vehicles become
commonplace and research into self-driving vehicles expands.

RESULT: