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Lecture 1

1) A microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and control circuitry on a single chip. 2) A microprocessor-based system includes a microprocessor, memory, input/output (I/O) devices, and a system bus to connect them. The address bus, data bus, and control bus are parts of the system bus. 3) Microprocessors are classified based on factors like data bus width, intended applications, and architecture. Examples include general purpose microprocessors and special purpose microcontrollers.

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16 views

Lecture 1

1) A microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and control circuitry on a single chip. 2) A microprocessor-based system includes a microprocessor, memory, input/output (I/O) devices, and a system bus to connect them. The address bus, data bus, and control bus are parts of the system bus. 3) Microprocessors are classified based on factors like data bus width, intended applications, and architecture. Examples include general purpose microprocessors and special purpose microcontrollers.

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Introduction to Microprocessor

Books
• Microprocessor Architecture, Programming,
and Applications with 8085 by Ramesh
Gaonkar, 6ed.
• Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals by
KM Bhurchandi and AK Ray
• Microprocessor and Interfacing by DV Hall,
TMH,2ed.
Introduction
• Microcomputer:
– A microcomputer is a computer that uses a
microprocessor as its CPU. The system formed by
interfacing the microprocessor with memory and
I/O devices to execute required program
– The Microprocessor is the brain of the
microcomputer
• Block diagram of microcomputer
Introduction
• Microprocessor:
– A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable,
clock driven, register and ALU based electronic device.
– The key element of all computers, providing the
mathematical and decision making ability.
– It reads binary instructions from a storage device,
called memory. Accepts binary data as input, process
them as per instruction and provides result as output.
• Organization of a microprocessor based
system:

Address
ALU Register
bus
Section
Data bus

Control and timing


section Control
bus
Microprocessor-based system
• Bus: A bus is a group of wires/lines that carry
similar information.
• System Bus: The system bus is a group of
wires/lines used for communication between
the microprocessor and peripherals.
• Memory Word: The number of bits that can
be stored in a register or memory element is
called a memory word.
• Address Bus:
– It carries the address, which is a unique binary
pattern used to identify a memory location or an
I/O port.
– For example, an eight bit address bus has eight
lines and thus it can address 256 different
locations (00H – FFH).
• Data Bus:
– The data bus is used to transfer data between
memory and processor or between I/O device and
processor.
• Control Bus:
– The control bus carry control signals
– Consists of signals for
• selection of memory or I/O device from the given address
• direction of data transfer
• synchronization of data transfer in case of slow devices.
• Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)
– It performs mathematical calculations (subtract,
multiply, divide, etc), comparisons (is greater than, is
smaller than, etc.) and logical operations (NOT, OR,
AND, etc)
• Register set
– Store intermediate and final results from their
calculations in ALU.
– Registers are normally measured by the number of
bits they can hold, for example, an 8-bit register or a
32-bit register
Characteristics of a Microprocessor
• Three basic characteristics differentiate
microprocessors:
– Instruction set: The set of instructions that the
microprocessor can execute.
– Bandwidth: The number of bits processed in a single
instruction.
– Clock speed: Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock
speed determines how many instructions per second
the processor can execute.
Classification of Microprocessors
• Based on their specification, application and
architecture microprocessors are classified.
• Based on size of data bus:
– 4-bit/8bit/16bit/32bit microprocessor
• Based on application:
– General-purpose microprocessor
• 8085 to Intel Pentium
– Special-purpose processors
• designed to handle special functions required for an application
– Microcontroller
• microprocessor with built-in memory and ports and can be
programmed for any generic control application. Example, 8051
Microcontroller
• Integrated electronic computing device that
includes three major components on a single
chip
– Microprocessor (MPU)
– Memory
– I/O (Input/Output) ports
-Also called as a single chip microcomputer
Block diagram of Microcontroller
Microprocessor Vs. Microcontroller
Store-program concept
• Programs or instructions are sequentially stored
in the memory locations that are to be executed.
• To do any task using a microprocessor, it is to be
programmed by the user.
• The programmer must have idea about its
internal resources, features and supported
instructions.
History of microprocessor
• Intel's 4004 is considered the first
microprocesor
• The 4004 was later followed in 1972 by the
8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor
• Then is the 8080 microprocessor evolved in
1974. This microprocessor was used on the
world's firs personal computer, named Altair
• Then comes 8085 that is the 8 bit
microprocessor

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