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Charpter 3

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60 views82 pages

Charpter 3

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myios
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3.1 First Derivative Test I We are going to study the trend of a function - where the function increases (graph rises) or decreases (graph falls) over an interval. ray=0 We observe that at x = @, b, and c, the tangents to the graph are horizontal. So, f'(a) = F'(b) = F'(c) = 0. 11K) = not defined 146) not defined (9) = net dofned We observe that at So, F'(e) = F'(h) = F') Atx= d, g, and k, the tangents to the graph are vertical. So, f'(e), f°(h), and f'(j) are not defined. Definition: A critical number of a function fis a number cin the domain of f such that f’(c) = 0 or f'(c) is not defined. ¢, h, and , the tangents to the graph are horizontal. Next we observe that the function is increasing from x =a to x = b and decreasing from x = b to x= c. We say fis monotonic on (a, b). Definition: A function fis increasing on an interval | if x3) < AX) for x: < xein | ltis called decreasing if (x:) > x.) for x; O for all x in (a, b), then Fis increasing on [a, b}. (b) IF f(x) < 0 for all x in (a, b), then fis decreasing on (a, b]. na-0 NA ee roms Po A fo F(a) not defined A : I VY 0) = pot denned 1"(d) not defined F(q) = not defined The First Derivative Test for Local Extrema (Maximum or Minimum) Let c be a critical number of fin the domain (a, b). If fis a continuous function on (a, b) and differentiable on (a, b), except possibly at c, itself. (a) IF F changes from positive to negative atc, then fhas a local maximum at c. (b) If F changes from negative to positive at ¢, then fhas a local minimum at c. (c) If f' does not change signs from both sides of c, then fdoes not have a local maximum nor minimum at c. How to find the local extrema and determine where the function is monotonic? 1'(k)= not defined 16) notdefined a) Find f ‘(x) b) Set f (x) = 0 or not defined to find the critical numbers c) Set up the sign graph of f' d) Conclude Find the intervals where fis increasing or decreasing; find the local maximum and minimum values of f; and sketch the graph. Ex 1. f(x) = 4x° 4+3x* —18x +10. We will find f (x). P(x) = 12x? + 6x —18 F(x)=0 6(2x? +x—3)-0 (2x +3)(x—1)=0 3 Six=1 2 x The critical numbers are —3/2 and 1. Next we need to set up the sign graph of f(x). #1) = 4(4)" +3(1 -18(1) +10 =-1 Therefore, the local maximum is at (3/2, 64) and local minimum is at (1, —1). ‘The function is increasing on (~°, ~3/2) U (1, ») and decreasing on (-3/2, 1) Ex 2. (0) = 3x* —10x? — 6x" +30x—20 We will find f (x). F'C0) = 12x89 —30x? —12x 430 f(x) = 6x"(2x —5)-6(2x -5) = 0 6(x? -1(2x-5)=0 (x4 1)(x—1)(2x-5)=0 S xeAts The critical numbers are—1, 1, and 5/2. Next we need to set up the sign graph of f(x) wy [~ fet aE gy uincocnaie 5h $= HON =36 HAN 3(-4' -10(-4)? 6-1)" + 30(-1) 20-43 #1) =3(1)* -10(1)" —6(4)° + 30(1)-20--3 5)_f5Y aol) -0(5¥ vao(5 #()-2(G) (5) -2(5) +20(3)-20--21 282s Therefore, the local maximum is at (1, -3) and local minimum is at (1, -43) and (6/2, -21.5625). The function is increasing on (—1, 1) U (5/2, ) and decreasing on (-®,-1) U (1, 5/2). Ex 3. f(x) = x""(x —B) We will find f (x). £00) = 1? ( 8) + !9(1) a1? (x-B 43x) 3 4 sie 4(x-2) 1 2ax—ay— gr ae F(x) =0 4(x=2)_5 f(x) = not defined Yx? =0 x=0 The critical numbers are 0 and 2. Next we need to set up the sign graph of f(x). VY — bern ttt Se oO 2 (0)-(0)"" (0-8)-0 1(2)=(2)" (2-8) =-6(2"") = -7.6 ‘Therefore, the local minimum is at (2, ~7.6). The function is increasing on (2, ©) and decreasing on (-», 2). {EXE):Show coordinates = aE =e Y=+7,660526200 Ex 4. fy= SOS We will find f '(x). (2x ~3)(x—1)— 108 -3x+6) oF _ xt 513x230 6 1 (oF _ P= 2x-3 _(x-3)(x+1) et Fog= roo (= 3)041) oF ~§ (1-8Nx +1) 0-9 423,41 f'(x) = not defined (x17 =05 x=1 The critical numbers are ~1, 3 and 1. Next we need to set up the sign graph of f(x). fiaiee =not defined Has (9% -3(-1)46 _ 10 _ ry =r a _ BF =38)+6 6 _ f(9)= ee nd Therefore, the local maximum is at (1, -§) and the local minimum is at (3, 3). The function is increasing on (—», —1) U (3, °) and decreasing on (-1, 1) U(1, 3), i) 5 8 Gime oe 8 Graph Fune :¥= ow om vee yog (2-3) (+1) noe 4284804 max 310 (DETTE HRT SOE B_{ExE|show coordinates (B_leve):show coordinates 3.1 First Derivative Test II The First Derivative Test for Local Extrema (Maximum or Minimum) Let c be a critical number of f in the domain (a, b). If f is a continuous function on (a, b) and differentiable on (a, b), except possibly at c, itself. (a) If changes from positive to negative at ¢, then fhas a local maximum at c. (b) If’ changes from negative to positive at o, then fhas a local minimum at c. (c) If f’ does not change signs from both sides of c, then f does not have a local maximum nor minimum at c. How to find the local extrema and determine where the function is monotonic? a) Find f (x) b) Set f(x) = 0 or not defined to find the critical numbers c) Set up the sign graph of f* d) Conclude ra@-0 NZ F(a) not defined A I \ F(a) not defined )- A AG ag Find the intervals where fis increasing or decreasing; find the local maximum and minimum values of f; and sketch the graph. Ex 1. F(x) = x2(7 2x)? We will find f "x). 1900) = 2x(7 — 2x)? + QT BO-2) = 2x(7 —2x)(7—2x — 2x) = 2x(7—2x)(7—4x) rog=0 2x(7-2x)(7-4x)=0 x= 0)x=35x=1.75 The critical numbers are 0, 1.75, and 3.5. Next we need to set up the sign graph of f(x). Vv nN Vv Tel" % wv #(0)=0°(7-0) =0 #(3.5) =(3.5)'(7-2:3.5) -0 #(4.75)= (1.75) (7-24.75) = 37.5 Therefore, the local maximum is at (1.75, 37.5) and local minimum is at (0, 0) and (3.5, 0). The function is increasing on (0, 1.75) U (3.5, ») and decreasing on (-, 0) U (1.75, 3.5). Bree: a. Freetrge View Window Xmin E max, 36 Seale:l ast: 0. 02380952 e ymin :2i0 max 35 176 y=97. 518628 Ex 2. F(x) = x?°(4x—15) We will find f (x). FQ) =F x" (x15) 4 294) = 2.0 (4x18 +6x) 10(2x -3) ape tes 3 r(x)=0 40(2x-3)_ 3a 2x-3=0=>x=15 1'(x)= not defined Ux =0=>x=0 The critical numbers ere 0 and 1.5, Next we need to set up the sign graph of f(x). 18 1(0) = (0)""(0-15)=0 £(1.5)=(1.5)"" (6-15) = -9(1.5%°) = 11.8 Therefore, the local maximum is at (0, 0) and the local minimum is at (1.5, -11.8). The function is increasing on (~», 0) U (1.5, ©) and decreasing on (0, 1.5). Fie Fe WINDOW FeRACaP vA SV 1BX* (2/3) 48-1 Beil 5) N21 0¢2K-39-¢3? WORD > HLS vera. 7594 Ex 3. f(x) = x(7 — xP* We wil find f(x). F(x) =(7— x) + Zor x) aap) byewytintyrins =5f S(T — x)— 2x] 4 oo 75—x) a5 0 xt (xj 0 15~x) ya S-x=O= 4-5 not defined =x? The critical numbers are 5 and 7 Next we need to set up the sign graph of f(x). a a ™ . 7 1(5) = 5(7 5)" = 5(2)" = 6.6 (7)=7(7-7)" =0 Therefore, the local maximum is at (5, 6.6) and the local minimum is at (7, 0). The function is increasing on (—, 5) U (7, ») and decreasing on (5, 7). A gg rt Yigx(7-x) 3 —_— Ts 2x) —; Beauei2 7 z (9 ot!*:5, 03703708 max 12 mc [eeey:stow coordinates Ex4, F(x) =(sin x +1(cosx—1), [2.7] We will find f "). 100 = cos x(cos x 1) + (sin x-4-)(-siNx) = cos? x—cos x =sin? x —sinx = (Cos x+ sin x)(cos x — sin x)— (cos x + sin x) = (cos x+ sin x)(cos x— sin x—1) rx)=0 cosx +sinx =O sinx =~cosx xeist, -25x=0-2 ce | re The critical numbers are x = oe 3:0: and ae Next we need to set up the sign graph of f(x). (ats) 1(0) = (sin0+1)(cos0—1) =0 2) o)-) 292 - Therefore, the local maximum is at (-$) and (0,0) and the local minimum is at (-4-008) and (&. -29) *) The function is increasing on (= and decreasing on ( 004-0, 0657008570 Ex 5. f(x) = (ee 2hxc2y We will find f (x). [Ue 22)? + 20 + 2x2) x —3) — (4+ 2) = 2 (x37 22-4 2 44x —8) (2642902 - (x-3F _ (X= 2)[(3x +2)(x=3)—(x? -4)) «-3F _ (6-201? -7x-6 — x? 4] - (x37 rog= _ (x =2(2x?-7x-2) (x3) CP4HICES3 974 3..765964437 74665) 274 2655644371 F'(x) = not defined x-3=0>5%=3 The critical numbers are —0.3, 2, 3.8, and 3. Next we need to set up the sign graph of f'(x). in ee * ? Se (-3+ 2-38-27 1-3) =12 2-8-2) — not defined _(2+2\2-27 a) = 2422 = 13.8) 9.8+2K8.8-27' .235 = 0.920.827 (03 03-3 Aon PACES Ze =: Sr resseaasz| (OT S2228 aco, gains 33 (Fins-29%71 Ioan 5 "Ane—29 27] cAine—3: 3. 47616984] 2726168841 Therefore, the local maximum is at (2, 0) and the local minimum is at (-0.3, -2.7) and (3.8, 23.8). The function is increasing on (-0.3, 2) U (3.8, ~) and decreasing ‘on (-,-0.3) U (2, 3) U (3, 3.8). 8 View Window xmin iS. max, 38 seale:t dot °:0,03439159 ymin :-i0 max 340 Ex6. f(x)= sin? x +c0s8x, [22,27] We will find f (x). 100) = 28in xcos x — sin x = sin x(2c08 x —1) F()=0 sinx =0= x=-x, 0, « 1 Sx a x Se cosx => x as 1 (-2) = sin® (1) +¢08(-#) ‘(sh £(0)=sin*(0)+cos(0)=1 }ro00{£) 1.25 (¥)- ont (%)vono( 8) 1.25 Therefore, the local maximum is (3 425)(-3, 4.25) (3.1 28), ano( 24 2s) 3 3 and the local minimum is at (-, -1), (0, 1), and (, -1). The function is increasing on Se PE) if pee x 52.) and decreasing on (-2n-85)u(-«-Z)u(oz)u(n22) 3 Cate he) Srerwiaor max oe7197651 b=1.26 3.1 First Derivative Test Ill Now we shall study the relationship of the local maximum and minimum of the function fand the zeros of f'. Consider y = f(x) = x?— 2x -3. F(X) = x? -ax-3 Fro) -3 -8.0000 -2 -6.0000 -1 -4,0000 1.00000 2 2.0000 3 4.0000 Given the graphs of each function and its derivative, discuss how the zeros of f‘ are related to the local extrema of f. Identify f and f’. fis decreasing whore f' < 0 to Lge Ex2. I fisincreasing where f' > 0 fis decreasing where {<0 Ex 3, f' is not defined at the point where f has a vertical tangent line Ex 4, 0, ie. fhas a local max or local min i wee a fis not defined at the point where f +t has a vertical line Given the sign graph of f, find fhe local extrema of f and the interval(s) where the function is increasing or decreasing. Sketch the graph of f. Ex6. r The function has the local maximum at x = -3 and local minimum at x = 4. Itis increasing on (—=, ~3) U (4, ~») and decreasing on (~3, 4) Ex 6. f° 4 2 5 The function has the local maximum at x = 2 and local minimum at x = 4 and x = 5. itis increasing on (4, 2) U (5, ) and decreasing on (—, ~4) U (2, 5). Ex 7. £(0)=0 4 4m 0 The function has a local maximum at x = —4 and local minimum at x = —4/7. It is increasing on (—, 4) U (4/7, ») and decreasing on (4, -4/7). The function has a local maximum at x = —4 and local minimum at x = —4/7. It is increasing on (~~, 4) U (-4/7, @) and decreasing on (~4, -4/7). 3.2. Mean Value Theorem II Mean Value Theorem ‘Suppose y = (x) is a continuous function on [a, b] and is differentiable on (@, b). There is al least one point at x = cin (a, b) for which re) f=) Ex 1. Iffisa continuous and differentiable function with (1) = 5 and (3) = 1, what can you say about f' on [-1, 3]? 1(3)-(1) _ 1-5 3s) ~ There is at least one point at x = ¢ in (-1, 3) for which F'(c)= —1. Ex 2. If fis a continuous and differentiable function with f(-3) = f(2) = 0, what can you say about f* on [-3, 2]? 1(2)-f-3)_ 0-0 2-(-3) 5 to) DAO) 29 There is at least one point at x = ¢ in (-3, 2) for which f"(c)= 0. Or, there is at least one point at x = c in (-3, 2) for which the tangent to the graph is horizontal For each function, find the value(s) of c that satisfy the equation in the Mean Value Theorem. Ex 3. f(x) = x" —3x* 44, [-1, 5] (1-3-1) +4 =0 ° 15) = 5° -3[5¥ +4 = 54 (x)= 3x? -6x 9 7 #(5)-f(-") re ABTD 3c - 6 3c?-6c-9-0 3c? -2¢-3) = H(0+1)(¢-3)=0 =>c=-lor3 f'(-1) = 3(-1P - 6(-1) =9 1'B)= 43¥ -6(3)=9 £ Sera Graph Fune yy hg Y2B9 (+1) ct run position G_Select run position AG Ex 4. f(x)= x-sinx, [o. 5] (0) =0-sind=0 = (SJvoote)-2 Select run position =0.9800de2954 ¥=0.1005112025 Determine if each given function satisfies the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem on the given interval. Ifit does, find the value(s) of c. a4 Ex5. foe} aaz **? 4 x=2 First we need o check if fis continuous at x = 2. f(2)=4 — pn Kt DB) _ = yt = wy O° IEREY = etx + 2)= 4 = 12) So. fis continuous at x = 2 and fis a continuous function on (—», ©). 1 x42 #'(x)= (%) {o x=2 So, fis not differentiable at x = 2. Therefore, the function does not satisfy the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem. 2x7 -6x -4 2133} 39] The maximum value of fis 133 and the minimum value of fis 3.04. [eXE]:Show coordinates Tox a + Ex 2. f(x) = 2x —12Vx on [1, 10] Wipe e 2Vx-6 No) =2- phe =e "(x)= Bes 2vx-6=0,vK =3=> x=9 f'(x)= notdefined > Jx =0 x =0 not in {1, 10] x =9 isa critical number in[1, 10] £(9) = 2(9)-12V9 = 18-36-18 #(1)=2(1)-12V1=2-12=~10 F (10) =2(10)-12y10 = 20-1210 = -17.9 The absolute maximum value is —10 and the minimum value is —18. Fold Flee Frew, LANL 25H) Ex 3. #(x)— /3x+2cos x on [o Oo) F(x) = V3 -2sinx = v3 -2sinx sinx x= isa critical number in [oz| 741528 (5) 3(2(8)- £(0) = ¥3(0)+2cos0 =2 (@-G)= 6) 227 Pree 2013799564 Pre r2n69sn46 The absolute maximum value is 2.8 and the minimum value is 2. @_[ExE]:show coordinates IEXE]:Show coordinates @ (=1.087107851 913799968 Ex 4. (x)= /7+6x—x* on [-17] ie S228 Sox 27+ 6x—x' 46—(x-3F 3-x F(x) =0= ” Vi6-(-3F 3-x=05x=3 bx fhe F'(x)= not defined => /16—(x—3)? = GO -( A-0 x 3=44x=7orx=1 x= 3,-1,7 are critical numbers in [-1, 7] F(3) = /7+6(3)-@) =4 FP 4 =SB= F(-1)= (7 +6(-1)- (17 =0 Vieé-! #2 1()= Tsar) <0 Sts 2 The absolute maximum value is 4 and the minimum value is 0. lExa:thon coordinates Roa | } m3 i Ex5. (x)= *=1 _ on [0,6] 2x+6 HP 42x46 ~(x—1)(2x +2) (x? 42x48)" 2 F(x) = x? 42x +6—2x? (x? 42x46) ai —2x-8 _ (x= 4x +2) (42x46) (x? 2x46) (x=4)(x+2) F(x) =0=- “) (x2 +2x+6) (x-4)(x4+2)=0> x=4 orx=-2 x= 4is a critical number in [0, 6] 4-1 3 'O- By aay6 - a o-1 f(0) =————_ 1 0.167 () oe 6 5 #(6) = eee" yy 0.098 The absolute maximum value is 0.1 and the minimum value is —1/6, EXE|:show coordinates IEXE]:Show coordinates — TIRE) ea | vero. tesese8007 x= (is a critical number in the domain F(0) =4tano-4(0)=0 Cam ey -4[-2)--4+ 2 =-0.86 (2) - Atan(=)-4(=) =4-1 20.86 4 4 4 The absolute maximum value is 4 — 1 and the minimum value is 1-4. @_IEXEI:show coordinates Yiedean ()-ae IEXE]:Show coordinates Tedtan Gaz iF Ex7. f(x) = x°?(2x—7), [0,4] F(x) = Stax —7)+ x?(2) 1 vara oy ey = Bx M0x—35 44x] =F x°7[2x-5] Fix)=0 = Zx°?[2x-5] x =Oorx= & x= and x = 5/2 are critical numbers in [0, 4] F(0) =0°[2(0)—7] =0 f (5/2) =2.557[2(2.5) 7] ~ 19.76 f(4) = 4°"[2(4)-7] =32 The absolute maximum value is 32 and the minimum value is —19.76. 3.3 Extreme Values of Functions Ill For each function fwith the given domain, find its maximum value and minimum value. Bx. 10x) =24=3, |-44] 2(x+1)~(2x-3)(1) _ 2 2-Ax4+3___ 6 Gay eye (x41 1'(x)= not defined => x41=0=>x=-1 -1 is not in [-1/2, 4] 1 (3) 1(4)= 2(4)- cs £., & The asa maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is —8. F(x)= anes BABEL Shem eorsinatee @._{etE:thow eordineee 4 f a ao xa! va 8 Plotd Plotz_ PIt3: WICaH- 39 CHeLY canada) WH EC2K—3 ov CK4+1 ved F(x) = 4(27 +4x +5) (x) =-2(x? 4x45)” ? (2x44) f(x)=0=>x+2=0=x=-2 F'(x)= not defined = x?+4x+5=0 x? 44x4441=(x4+2P +140 x =~2is a critical number in £2, 1] sa # ms cos Ve-2P 40-2) +5 The absolute maximum value is 3 and the minimum value is approximately 0.3. _IexE|:show coordinates STEEL Ex 3. F(x) = x29(x 10), [4,8] £(x) = x° —10x?” 13 _ 20 49 yes 20 4 5x4) sxe -5 (x4) = F(X)= aux F(x) =O=>x=4 f'(x)= not defined => x=0 X= 0 and 4 are critical numbers in [-1, 8] F(0) =(0)"*(0-10)-@>) F(4)=(4)"9(4—10) =-6916 =129/2 = 51) F(A) =(1°(4-10) = 18 =—-11 £(8)=(8)""(8 10) =-29/64 =-8 The absolute maximum value is 0 and the minimum value is approximately —15.1. a a Graph Fune Lethon corinne aa Ex4, f(x)=2secx—tanx, [04] f(x) = 2sec x tan x~ sec’ x 2sinx 1 _ 2sinx-1 x Gos*x cos? x 1"(x)=0=> 2sinx -1=0 sinx=4->x=% 2 6 1'(x)= not defined => cosx =0 x - not in (0, #/3) x= Wis a critical number in [0, 1/3] 1(0)=2see(0)-tan(0)=2-0=2 1(£)-2s0c( £}-tan(£)=2(2)- V3 =4-V3023 3. The absolute maximum value is approximately 2.3 and the minimum value is 1.7. IEXEEshow coordinates _{exei:shom coordinates Graph fine tvs —— RCo Gites 2 Y1lBsoe uy tan (20.6295887766 Y=1.732060808 Ex S. f(x) =14+|9—x?], [-2,4] (+2, 3] Ax) = 1+ 9-22 = 10-2 (3, 4]: Ax) =1-(9-x2) =-8 +2 io. [eem: S2's0e<6i re-{? B x=0 F'(x) = not defined = x =3 x=0 and x =3 are critical numbers in [-2, 4] F(0)=4+|9-0? 10 f(-2)=+]9-46 F(4)=1+19-16|-8 f(3)=1+/9-9|=1 The absolute maximum value is 10 and the minimum value is 1. B_IExE):shom coordinates 20 4 ye10 3.4 Concavity and Second Derivative Test | We shall study the concavity of a continuous function F. shape 2 ° up 4 a5 Ld ° eet eb © Since fchanges from negative to zero to positive values, f" is increasing on (a, c). Thevefore(f" > B)We say the function fis concave upward. The point where there is a change of concavity is called the point of inflection. So, x= cand c= e are points of inflactir How to find the point(s) of inflection and determine the concavity of the function f? a) Find f*. b) Solve for x where f*(x) = 0 or F*(x) is not defined c) Determine the sign graph of f°. d) Conclude. The Second Derivative Test for Local Extreme Lot c be the critical number such that f'(c) =0 and f is continuous on (a, b) containing c. (a) If F(e) > 0, then Fhas a local minimum at c. (b) IFF"(@) < 0, then Fhas a local maximum at c. (a) IFF“(e) = 0, then the test fails. For each function, find (a) the local extrema; (b) the interval(s) where the function is monotonic, (c) the interval(s) where fis concave upward or downward and (d) the point(s) of inflection. Graph the function. Ext. f(x) = x4 +4x3—16x +20 P F j Cp Rage F(X) = 4° + 12x? — 16 = a(x? + 3x? — 4) 1 + ¢ AUX OE 4.4K 44) = A(x — 104 29° fo * de Critical numbers are 1 and -2. The sign graph of f' is: oN / dre 2 1 £1) = (A)! + 4(1 -16(1) + 20 =9 (a) The local minimum is at (1, 9). (b) The function is increasing on (1, ») and decreasing on (—», 1). "(x)= 4x8 412? 16 F(x) = 12x? 4 24x = 12x(x 42) F"(x)=0 => x=0 orx=-2 The sign graph ais, 4 ee A ae 0 (c) The function is concave upward on (—~, ~2) U (0, ©) and concave downward on (~2, 0). (d) (2) = (-2y' + 4(-2)° -16(-2) + 20 = 36 10)~ (0)* + 4(0) - 16(0) 1 20 ~ 20 The points of inflections are (~2, 36) and (0, 20). Ex 2. f(x) = x?°(x—10) F(x) = 2x (x 10) + x2 at yay — x-4) = 3X (2x-20+3x) Bux Critical numbers are 4 and 0. The sign graph of f' is: 0 #(0)=(0)"(0-10)=0 #(4) = (4)°"9(4—10) = 1292 » -15.1 (a) The local maximum is at (0, 0) and local minimum is at (4, 15.1). (b) The function is increasing on (—~, 0) U (4, =) and decreasing on (0, 4). (x)= Se(x-4) ign Bi fH; iGt 1 yi PO) = 20x oy 5 sane RN 10 tm Bx 48x) = F(x 42) The sign graph of f* is: y f 2 0 (c) The function is concave upward on (-2, ) and concave downward on U (~~, -2). (a) F(-2) = (-2)"(-2-10)= 1284 = 19.05 ‘The point of inflection is (-2, -19.05). 2 Ex3. f(x)= 2 x46 F(x)= = 20 +12x- 2x8 + 18x _ 30K (x? 46) “(2 46) Critical number is x = 0. The sign graph of f' is: 0 0-9 (0)=s HB (0) 0°+6 (a) The local minimum is at (0, -1.5). (b) The function is increasing on (0, =) and decreasing on (—, 0). Fx) 80(x? + 6)? — 60x(x? + 6)(2x) (? +6)" _ 30x? +180-120x? _180-90x? _ 90(2— x”) = (+6 OF 16 (x? +6) F™x)=O-> x=4V2 e144 The sign graph of f*is: om 4 —- +e see Bw OB (c) The function is concave upward on (—1.4, 1.4)and concave downward on (-*, 1.4) U (1.4, ©) V2) -9 (d) F422 (siz =8 aye 8 The points of inflections are (1.4, -0.875). M(x) = mo 0.875 a ral Graph Func ot Y15: Sa @_{exe}:Show coordinates [exe]:Show coordinates -O)s8) pv mi (21.414919662 W=-0.875 I =-1,414213802 W=-0. Ex 4, f(x)=4x—tanx, [0,27] f'(x)=4-sec? x (9) =0 = secx=12= cosx=4 3 =) 8 tan 2 = Se Bx 10.1 ) = 182 -tan( 42) = 8 - 3 = 15.0 Sx) 207 Sx) _ 207 1(52)-3 tan( 52 )- = 3s 22.7 (a) The local minimum is at (21/3, 10.1) and (511/3, 22.7). The local maximum is at (11/3, 2.5) and (41/3, 15.0). (b) The function is increasing on (0, 11/3) U (21/3, 41v/3) U (51/3, 271) and decreasing on (11/3, 27/3) U (41/3, 5171/3). F'(x)=4—sec? x f"(x)=~2sec x sec xtanx =~2sec? xtan x F"x)=0=> x =0,z, and 2x a 3r f"(x)=not defined => x= The sign graph of fis: 0 = x 3a Qn 2 (c) The function is concave upward on (1/2, 1) U (311/2, 27) and concave downward ‘on (0, 1/2) U (1, 31/2). (d) 1()=20-tan{Z)- not defined 1(x)=42—-tan(r)=42 1{%)=60-tan( 2) - not defined The point of inflection is (rr, 417). [EXE):Show coordinates cc | Eat oh rai stat tot tobaet {@_IEXE]:Show coordinates a =16.02511001 ) 6.296007765 foe 67400: 3.4 Concavity and Second Derivative Test Il How to find the point(s) of inflection and determine the concavity of the function f? a) Find f*. b) Solve for x where f*(x) = 0 or f"(x) is not defined ¢) Determine the sign graph of f*. 4) Conclude. The Second Derivative Test for Local Extreme Let c be the critical number such that /'(c) =0 and fis continuous on (a, b) containing c. (@) If F*(c) > ©, then fhas a local minimum at c. (b) IF F*(c) < 0, then fhas a local maximum at c. (a) IF F*(c) = 0, then the test fails. For each function, find (a) the local extreme; (b) the interval(s) where fis concave upward or downward and the point(s) of inflection. Ex 1. f(x) = x° - 6x? +26 P°(x) = 3x? 12x = 3x(x—4) f'(x)=0=> x=0,x=4 Critical numbers are 0 and 4. The sign graph of f" is: ine TN dec ne 0 4 (0)' — 6(07 +26 = 26 1(4)=(4¥ -6(4) +26=-6 (a) The local maximum at (0, 26) and local minimum at (4, -6). (b) f(x) = 3x? -12x f"(x) = 6x-12 =6(x—2) fx) =0= x=2 The sign graph of f* is: : £(2) = (2) ~6(2)? +26 =10 The function is concave downward on (—», 2) and concave upward on (2, »). The point of inflection is (2, 10). dinates plage @_{exe]:show coordinates ees https://Avww.desmos.com/calculator Ex 2. f(x)— x(5— 2x)? F'(x) = (62x)? + x(2)(5 —2x)(-2) =(5—2x)(5—2x—4x) =(5—2x)(5—6x) F(x) =0=> x=5/20r5/6 Critical numbers are 5/2 and 5/6. The sign graph of f° is: ime A Ae A ine (eA (eas (a) The local maximum at (5/6, 9.3) and local minimum at (5/2, 0) (b) f(x) = (5 -2x\(5 - 6x) £"(x) =-2(5 ~ 6x) + (5 -2x)(-6) =10+12x -30 +12x =24x-40 £"(x)=0 => x =40/24=5/3 The sign graph of f* is: oy =o 5I3 The function is concave downward on (~~, 5/3) and concave upward on (5/3, ©). #(5/3)=(5/3)(5-10/3) =4.6 The point of inflection is (6/3, 4.6). IEXE|:Show coordinates + t fee ee tN Eecensdhce weeateneent™ i sa st a i 62002003 an Ex 3, =4x- f(x) =4x tanx( 2 ) F(x) = 4—sec? x F(x) =0= secx = 42 x xstt 3 Critical numbers are + > The sign graph of f* is: (5) tan(£) * V3 25 (a) The local maximum at ($2 s) and local minimum at (b) f(x) =4—sec? x F"(x) =—2sec xsec xtan x = -2sec? xtanx F"(x)=0=>x=0 The sign graph of fis: +++ 0 The function is concave upward on (-pi/2, 0) and concave downward on (0, pil2). £(0) = 4(0)—tan(0) = 0 The point of inflection is (0, 0). {B_texersshow cocrdinetes Ex4. f(x) = xv4— x? F(x) = (4x? 2 + «Bye -x) (2x 2 2 wylfegt Ee AE Vax? Va? f(x) =0 => 4-2x7 =0 x=4V2 f'(x)= not defined = 4~x?=0 x=42 Critical numbers are #2 and../2 . The sign graph of fis: 2 2 F (42) = 12/4 —(42)" <0 #(V2)--2 2j4-(~2) =~y2(V2)--2 1(2)=s2/4-(v2) = B(v2)=2 (a) The local maximum at(-V/2,-2)and local minimum at(/2,2) ~4x(4— x?) + x(4—2x?) a _2x°-12x _ 2x(x°-6) (ey (ary? 1") = 0 => x = 0,6 x=42 1"(x)= not defined => 4—x? =0 w= 42 The sign graph of f* is: ‘The function is concave downward on (0, 2) and concave upward on (~2, 0). £(0)=0V4—07 =0 The point of inflection is (0, 0). x shon coerdinatan iil ects Rather eng" ——$§ rs AO et, 414219096 LEIEI:Stow coordinates xe +x-2 -3 We need to do the long division to find the slant asymptote at 4 +2 3 12 14 10 Ex 5. f(x) = fixy= rae te x-3 F(x) =1-10(x -3)? 10 _ (x-3)'~10 (x-3P (x37 f') = 0>(x-3F -10=0 x-3=4V10 x=3+ 10 ~-0.2 or 6.2 f'(x)= not defined > (x -3)’ =0 x=3 Chtical numbers are -0.2, 6.2, and 3. The sign graph of fis: neq, feysne 02 3 62 ~0.2)' +(-0.2)-2 #(-0.2) = Ae etahe 2 (6. p)= (6:2) +(62)-2 45 325 62-3 (a) The local maximum at (-0.2, 0.675) and local minimum at (6.2, 13.325). = 0.675 (b) F(x) =1-10(x-3)? eee) "(x)= 20(x —3) war f"(x)=not defined => x=3 The sign graph of f* is: The function is concave downward on (~», 3) and concave upward on (3. »). Since x = 3 is the vertical asymptote, there is no point of inflection. B_IexEI:show coordinates VisGertx-2)6—% | | sae iaaetaal einai 3.5 Curve Sketching I Graph each function. Be sure to find the local extrema and point(s) of inflection. Ext. (x)= x4 -8x? +20 y-intercept: (0) = 0* —8(0)' +20 = 20 Let us consider f '(x). F(x) = 4x8 — 24x? = 4x?(x 6) 1'(x) = 0 => 4x*(x—6)=0 Critical numbers are x = 0 and x = 6. ae Ate, SMe, 6 (6) = 6* —8(6)’ +20 = -412 The local minimum is (6, -412). The function is increasing on (6, ~) and is decreasing on (=, 6) Next let us consider f “(x). 1°(X) = 12x? — 48x = 12x(x— 4) f"(x) = 0 => 12x(x—4)=0 Critical numbers are: x = 0, x Y, £(4) = 44 — 8(4)' +20 = -236 The points of inflection are (0, 20) and (4, -236). The function is concave upward on (-, 0) U (4, )and concave downward on (0, 4). Let us graph the function. Putting things together: y ty 4h 2 ue oe awe Ex2. f(xy= tees x y-interoept 2 (0) = F+30)+4 = not defined So, x = 0 is the vertical asymptote. f(y EEE oat x x y =x + 3is the slantoblique asymptote. Let us consider f (x). X2-A _(x—2)(e +2) x xe F(x) = O=>(x—2)(x+2)=0 f"(x9) = not defined —> x? =0 => x =0 4 FQ)=1-33= Critical numbers are x = 0, x = 2 and x Ser 2) CBP +824 (2) _ 2F +32)+ (2)= (2) The local minimum is at (2, 7) and local maximum is at (-2, -1). The function is increasing on (-=, -2) U (2, »)and is decreasing on (-2, 0)U(0, 2). Nextlet us consider f *(x). 1x) = not defined => x? =O => x=0 Critical number is x = 0. Since there is a vertical asymptote at x = 0, there is no point of inflection at x= 0. The function is concave upward on (0, «) and concave downward on (=, 0). Let us graph the function. Putting things togethet; 2xe:cho cosedinaton fetaectonas Ex 3. (x)= Boe aye y-intercept 5.7 ee oe FO) =F (ay? = $= y-intercept is (0, 5.7) x-intercepts: Ly S02 ay Nx) = 0 F(x —4)” xintercepts are (£2, 0) Let us consider f (x). roo AB ~4y""@x) f'(x)=0=>x=0 1'(x) = not defined => x = 42 Critical numbers are x = 0 and x = £2. The local minimum is (22, 0) and the local maximum is (0, 5.7). The function is increasing on (-2, 0) U (2, )and is decreasing on (—~, -2) U (0, 2). Next let us consider f(x). d= Ge ae 3x? —4)” —2x| ae) ae _ 08 =4)"[ 302 —4)-2x (x? -4F* f"(x)=0 => x = 4V12 ~ 43.5 £"(x) = not defined => x = +2 Critical numbers are x = +2 and x = 43.5 #(+12) = 2] (vay = ay" = 3)" =9 eyry The points of inflections are (#3.5, 9). The function is concave upward on (-», 3.5) U (3.5, ©)and concave downward on (-3.5, 3.5). Let us graph the function. Puttigg things together: 7 Ex 4. F(x) = x¥9(x? —14) y-intercept: £(0) = 0"°(0? —14) =0 y-intercept is (0, 0) x-intercepts: (x) =O => x(x? —14) <0 => x =0,4V14 x-intercepts are (0,0),(+V/14,0) Let us consider f(x). F(x) = x!9(x? = 14) = x79 — 44x res z i? My ifs 7 5-218 (y2 _ Ue -2) = (x -2)= aie 1'(x) =O => x =4V2 041.4 f'(x) = not defined => x =0 Critical numbers are x = 0,-1.4, and 1.4 Ne oe ) 4 14 (V2) =(-v2)" [2 -14| =12(V2)" #135 1(v2)=(v2)" (2 -14]= 12(V2)" = 13.5 The local maximum is (1.4, 13.6) and the local minimum is (1.4, -13.5). The function is increasing on (—»,—1.4) U (1.4, ©) and is decreasing on (~1.4, 0) U (0, 1.4) Next let us consider f(x). z x 2 213 Sx PO)= ry yo, 8 = 28 98 41) BO "(x)= ee defined => x =0 Critical number is x = 0 ¥ i ++ 0 The point of inflection is (0, 0). The function is concave upward on (0, )and concave downward on (—, 0). Let us graph the function Putting things together: Ploti Plot Plots isn rca geimenstes? 42-1 sLuined3e [v= -13.45954 3.5 Curve Sketching II Graph each function, Be sure to find the local extrema and point(s) of inflection. fl ~sin2x, |-2,5 Ext. f(x)=x sinax, [-2.4 y-intercept (0) = 0— sin 2(0)= 0 y-interceptis (0, 0) Let us consider f(x). "(x)= 1-2 cos 2x 1'(x)=0 9 1-2cos 2x=0 “H7E-SiNCae BD 3424266282! pre6-sint Zane) =. 3424266282 The local minimum is (11/6, -0.34) and the local maximum is (11/6, 0.34) The function is increasing on (—11/2, 1/6) U (11/6, 1/2)and is decreasing on (-1/6, 1/6). Next let us consider f*(x). F(x 1%(x) = 4sin 2x 1°(x) =0 > 4sin 2x =0 > x=0 2 cos 2x Critical number is x = 0 Agee a gee O The point of inflection is (0, 0). The function is concave upward on (0, 11/2) and concave downward on (11/2, 0). Let us graph the function Putting things together: -3 a 4 > inesseasomre h=-yesees

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