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Ch01 Lecture03

This document introduces unit vectors and how to use them to represent and manipulate vectors. It defines unit vectors, describes how to write vectors in terms of components and unit vectors, and explains how to add and multiply vectors using unit vectors. It also provides examples of using unit vectors.

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علي عبدالله
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21 views26 pages

Ch01 Lecture03

This document introduces unit vectors and how to use them to represent and manipulate vectors. It defines unit vectors, describes how to write vectors in terms of components and unit vectors, and explains how to add and multiply vectors using unit vectors. It also provides examples of using unit vectors.

Uploaded by

علي عبدالله
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Units, Physical
Quantities, and Vectors
Lecture 3 Sec. 1.9 & 1.10
PowerPoint® Lectures for
General Physics I and Engineering I
– Physics Department, UAEU

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Goals for Lecture 3
• Introduce the unit vectors.
• Describe vectors using unit vectors.
• Comprehend the addition of vectors using the unit vectors.
• Recognize the two ways of multiplying vectors.

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


1.9 Unit Vectors

• Definition: A unit vector has a magnitude of 1


with no units.
• The unit vectors are:
• 𝒊 points in the +x-direction, iˆ

• 𝒋 points in the +y-direction,

• 𝒌 points in the +z-direction.

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Describing a vector by using unit vectors
• The component vectors of 𝐴
are: 
Ax  Ax iˆ

Ay  Ay ˆj

• The vector 𝐴 can be expressed in terms of its


components as

A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  AZ kˆ

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Adding vectors:
Using unit vectors, the vector sum 𝑅 of two
vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵can be expressed as:

A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ


B  Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ


R  ( Ax  Bx )iˆ  ( Ay  B y ) ˆj  ( Az  Bz )kˆ
 Rx iˆ  R y ˆj  Rz kˆ

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Examples 1.9
Given the two displacements

D  (6.00iˆ  3.00 ˆj  1.00kˆ)m and

E  (4.00iˆ  5.00 ˆj  8.00kˆ)m

Find the magnitude of the displacement 2𝐷 − 𝐸

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


1.10 Products of Vectors
Two different kinds of vector products:
1- Scalar product: gives a scalar quantity
𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

Also called the dot product

2- Vector product: gives another vector


𝐴×𝐵 =𝐶

Also called the cross product


Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.
The Scalar Product

𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐵. 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.
The Scalar Product

The scalar product is positive

The scalar product is negative

The scalar product is zero

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Scalar Product in Terms of Components

iˆ.iˆ  ˆj. ˆj  kˆ.kˆ  1


iˆ. ˆj  iˆ.kˆ  ˆj.kˆ  0
 
A.B  ( Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ).( Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ)

 
A.B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Example 1.10
Find the scalar product 𝐴. 𝐵 of the two vectors in the Figure. The
magnitudes of the vectors are A = 4.00 and B = 5.00.

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Example 1.11
Find the angle between the vectors

A  2.00iˆ  3.00 ˆj  1.00kˆ and

B  4.00iˆ  2.00 ˆj  1.00kˆ

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


The Vector Product
The magnitude of the vector
product of two vectors

 
A  B  AB sin 

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Finding the Direction of a Vector Product

   
A  B  B  A

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


The Cross Product of Unit Vectors

𝑖×𝑖=𝑗×𝑗 =𝑘×𝑘 =0

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


The Cross Product of Two Vectors
 
A  B  ( Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ)  ( Bx iˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ)
Expand the expression
 
A  B  ( Ay Bz  Az B y )iˆ  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz ) ˆj  ( Ax B y  Ay Bx )kˆ
 
A  B  C x iˆ  C y ˆj  C z kˆ
The components of the vector 𝐶 are:
C x  ( Ay Bz  Az B y ), C y  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz ), C z  ( Ax B y  Ay Bx )

iˆ ˆj kˆ
The vector product can be also  
expressed in determinant form A  B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.
Example 1.12
Vector 𝐴 has magnitude 6 units and is in the direction of the +x-axis
Vector 𝐵 has magnitude 4 units and lies in the xy-plane, making an angle
of 30° with the +x-axis. Find the vector Product 𝐶 = 𝐴 × 𝐵

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Test your understanding

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.


Q1

The angle  is measured


counterclockwise from the
positive x-axis as shown.
For which of these vectors
is  greatest?

A. 24 iˆ +18 ĵ
B. 24 iˆ 18 ĵ
C. 18iˆ + 24 ĵ
D. 18iˆ  24 ĵ

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Q2
Consider the vectors
shown.
What is the dot product
C • D?

A. (120 m2 ) cos 78.0°


B. (120 m2 ) sin 78.0°
C. (120 m2 ) cos 62.0°
D. (120 m2 ) sin 62.0°
E. none of these

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Q3
Consider the vectors
shown.
What is the cross product
A C ?

A. (96.0 m2 ) sin 25.0°k̂


B. (96.0 m2 ) cos 25.0° k̂
C. –(96.0 m2 ) sin 25.0° k̂
D. –(96.0 m2 ) cos 25.0° k̂
E. none of these

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Q4
Consider the two vectors
A = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj
B = 8iˆ + 6 ˆj
What is the dot product A  B ?
A. zero
B. 14
C. 48
D. 50
E. none of these

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Q5
Consider the two vectors
A = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj
B = 8iˆ + 6 ˆj
What is the cross product A  B ?
A. 6 k̂
B. 6 k̂
C. 50 k̂
D. 50k̂
E. none of these

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Q6
Consider the two vectors

A = 3iˆ – 4 ˆj
B = 6kˆ
What is the dot product A  B ?
A. zero
B. –6
C. +6
D. 42
E. –42

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Q7
Consider the two vectors

A = 3iˆ – 4 ˆj
B = 6kˆ
What is the cross product A  B ?
A. zero
B. 24 iˆ +18 ĵ
C. 24 iˆ 18 ĵ
ˆ
D. 18i + 24 ĵ
E. 18iˆ  24 ĵ

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Summary
By the end of this lecture students learn:
• The definition of the unit vectors.
• How to represent vectors in terms of unit vectors and
components.
• The addition/subtraction of vectors using the unit vectors.
• The scalar and cross product operations.

Customized by: Physics Department, UAEU, 2014.

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