SCHOOL: SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

COURSE: BSc ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

UNIT NAME: ANALOG ELECTRONICS II

UNIT CODE: EEE 3209

EXPERIMENT TITLE: CLASS B AMPLIFIERS

EXPERIMENT DATE: 15/03/2023

SUBMISSION DATE: 6/04/2023

Group member Registration number

Abstract

A three-phase motor load test is an essential test performed on electrical equipment, such as motors, to
determine their maximum load capacity and overall performance. The test involves connecting the
motor to a load bank, which is gradually increased in steps to simulate the actual load on the
equipment. During the test, several parameters are measured, including voltage, current, power factor,
temperature, and noise level, to evaluate the equipment's performance. The results of the three-phase
motor load test help to ensure that the equipment is operating efficiently without any issues and can
handle the rated load capacity
Introduction

A three-phase load test is a critical test used to evaluate the performance and efficiency of electrical
systems that use a three-phase power supply. This test is performed on various electrical devices,
including generators, transformers, motors, and other similar equipment. The three-phase load test is
conducted to measure the maximum load capacity of the equipment, ensure the proper functioning of
the equipment, and check for any potential faults or errors that may occur during operation.

Purpose of Three-Phase Load Test:

The primary purpose of a three-phase load test is to determine the maximum load capacity of the
equipment under test. This test helps to ensure that the equipment is capable of handling the rated load
and is operating efficiently without any issues. The test also helps to identify any weaknesses or faults
that may cause damage to the equipment or affect its performance. The three-phase load test is an
essential step in the commissioning process of electrical equipment, as it ensures that the equipment is
functioning correctly before it is put into operation.

Aims and objectives

Perform load test on 3-phase induction motor

 Compute Torque, Output power, input power, Efficiency, input power factor and Slip for every load
setting and to determine how speed, efficiency, power factor, stator current torque, and slip of an
induction motor vary with load.

 Plot performance curves

(i)Efficiency Vs Output power

(ii) Torque Vs Output power
(iii) Line current Vs Output power
(iv) Power factor Vs Output power
(v) Slip Vs Output power
(vi) Torque Vs Speed

THEORY

The three-phase induction motor carries a three-phase winding on its stator. The rotor is either a wound
type or consists of copper bars short-circuited at each end, in which case it is known as squirrel-cage
rotor. The three-phase current drawn by the stator from a three-phase supply produces a magnetic field
rotating at synchronous speed in the air-gap. The magnetic field cuts the rotor conductors inducing
electromotive forces which circulate currents in them. According to Lenz's Law, the EMFs must oppose
the cause which produces them; this implies that the rotor must rotate in the direction of the magnetic
field set up by the stator. If the rotor could attain synchronous speed, there would be no induced EMF in
it. But on account of losses, the speed is always less than the synchronous speed.

In this experiment the induction motor drives a DC generator. The field of the DC generator is excited
separately. Loading the generator by means of a resistor load rack in turn loads the motor. When the
motor drives a load, it has to exert more torque. Since torque is proportional to the product of flux and
current, with increasing load the relative speed (slip) between the rotor and the rotating magnetic field
must also increase.

The three-phase induction motor behaves as a transformer whose secondary winding can rotate. The
basic difference is that the load is mechanical. Besides, the reluctance to the magnetic field is greater on
account of the presence of the air-gap across which the stator power is transferred to the rotor. The no-
load current of the motor is sometimes as high as 30 % to 40 % of the full-load value. The performance
of an induction motor may be determined indirectly by loading a DC generator coupled to its shaft as is
done in this experiment.

Relevant Equations

1. No-load data:
Ia0  = Line current in amps
(5.1)

Vt  = Terminal voltage in volts.

(5.2)

P0  = Input power (sum of both wattmeter readings).

(5.3)

N0  = Motor speed in rpm.

(5.4)

2. Load test data:

Ia  = Line current in amps. (5.5)

Vt  = Terminal voltage in volts. (5.6)
P = Input power (sum of both wattmeter readings). (5.7)
N = Motor speed in rpm. (5.8)

3. Other data:
Ra  = Measured stator per phase resistance
(5.9)

4. Core losses (including friction and windage loss) given by

(5.10)

5. The mechanical power output is

 (5.11)
Where

(5.12)

(5.13)

Ns  = 120 f /p  synchronous speed

(5.14)

f = frequency = (60 Hz)

(5.15)

p = Number of poles = 4
(5.16)

6. Since one horsepower equals 746 watts, we use the conversion

(5.17)
Pm  (HP) = Pm(watts) / 746

7. Torque is

(5.18)

8. Power factor at any load is calculated using

(5.19)

9. Efficiency is given by
SLIP : The speed of rotor, Nr droops slightly as the load on the motor is increased. The synchronous
speed, Ns of the rotating magnetic field is calculated, based on the number of poles, P and the supply
frequency, f i.e.

Synchronous speed, Ns = 120f r.p.m

Then, slip, S = Ns - Nr x 100/NS Percent

Normally, the range of slip at full load is from 2 to 5 percent.

2 TORQUE : Mechanical loading is the most common type of method employed in laboratories, A brake
drum is coupled to the shaft of the motor and the load is applied by tightening the belt, provided on the
brake drum. The net force exerted at the brake drum in kg is obtained from the readings S1 and S2 of
the spring balances i.e.

Output = Torque x Speed

Thus as the speed of motor does not vary appreciably with load torque will increase with increasing
load. Net force exerted, W = (S1 – S2) kg Then, load torque, T = W x d/2 kg – m = W x d/2 x 9.8 Nw– m
where, d – effective diameter of the brake drum in meters.

OUTPUT POWER,

P0 : The output power in watts developed by the motor is given by, Output power, P0 = 2 )(
NT/(60)watts where, N is the speed of the motor in r. p. m.

INPUT POWER : Input power is measured by the two wattmeters, properly connected in the circuit i.e.
Input power = (W1 + W2) watts Where, W1 and W2 are the readings of the two wattmeters.

POWER FACTOR : Power factor of induction motor on NO-LOAD is very low because of the high value of
magnetising current. With the increase in load the power factor increases because the power
component of the current is increased. Low power factor operation is one of the disadvantages of
induction motor. An induction motor draws heavy amount of magnetising current due to presence of air
gap between the stator and rotor. Thus to reduce the magnetising current in induction motor the air-
gap is kept as small is possible. Input power factor can also be calculated from the readings of two
wattmeters for balanced load. If p is the power factor angle, then

Tan p = √3 (W1 – W2 )/(W1 + W2 )

knowing the power factor angle, p, from the above, power factor, cos p can be calculated. It may be
noted clearly at this stage, that the power factor of the induction motor is very low at no load, hardly 0.1
to 0.25 lagging. As such, one of the wattmeter will record a negative reading, till the power factor is less
than 0.5, which may be measured by revering the connection of either the current coil or pressure coil
of this wattmeter.
EFFICIENCY : Percentage efficiency of the motor,

n = Output power x 100

Input power Full load efficiency of 3 phase induction motor lies in the range of 72 % (for small motors) to
82 % (for very large motors).

SPEED : When the induction motor is on NO-LOAD speed is slightly below the synchronous speed. The
current due to induced emf in the rotor winding is responsible for production of torque required at NO-
LOAD. As the load is increased the rotor speed is slightly reduced. The emf induced in the rotor causes
the current increased to produce higher torque, untill the torque developed is equal to torque required
by load on motor.

(5.20)

Apparatus and procedure

1.  Two digital watt meters

2.  Tachometer
3.  AC and DC ammeters and voltmeters
4.  Variable resistive load
5.  Three-Phase fixed and Variable ac source

Procedure

1. Using an ohmmeter, we measured the value of stator per phase resistance Ra of induction
motor(IM) =13.5

2. We connected the circuit as shown in the figure with the motor connected in a wye connection
 3. With no load connected to the resistor load rack, we ran the motor at the rated voltage. We
recorded the terminal AC voltage (no-load voltage) VO, the stator current, the speed, the readings
from both watt meters.

4.We connected the resistor loading rack at the generator armature terminals. With each load value,
we recorded the readings in the load test

5. We then reduced the load on the motor and finally unloaded it completely

6. We finally Switched-off the supply.

DATA ANALYSIS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1.Torque and slip vary linearly with the power output

2.Power factor and efficiency increase exponentially with increase in power output

SOURCES OF ERRORS.

1.Measurement errors: Errors can occur while taking measurements of voltage, current, speed, and
power using digital meters, tachometer, and watt meters. These errors can occur due to improper
calibration of the instruments or the inability to read the measurement accurately.

2.Electrical noise: Electrical noise can cause interference in the circuit and introduce errors in the
readings of the meters.

3.Load variation: The load resistance values can change due to factors such as temperature, aging, or
wear and tear, leading to variations in the load test results.
4.Mechanical friction: Mechanical friction can cause variations in the output power of the motor, leading
to errors in the calculation of efficiency and power factor.

5.Power factor correction: The power factor correction capacitors may not be properly adjusted or may
not be suitable for the load, leading to errors in the power factor calculation.

6.Slip measurement errors: The slip measurement can be affected by variations in the stator frequency,
which can cause errors in the slip calculation.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1.Calibration of instruments: It is important to calibrate all the instruments before using them in the
experiment to ensure that they are accurate and precise. This can be done by comparing the readings of
the instruments with a standard instrument or a known value.

2.Control of environmental factors: Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and vibrations
can affect the accuracy of the experiment. It is recommended to conduct the experiment in a controlled
environment where these factors are minimized.

3.Proper connection of the circuit: The circuit should be properly connected as shown in the diagram to
ensure accurate measurements. Any loose connections should be tightened to avoid any interruptions
during the experiment.

4.Avoidance of human error: The experiment should be conducted by trained and experienced
personnel to minimize human errors. All the steps should be followed correctly to ensure that the
experiment is conducted accurately.

5.Multiple readings: Taking multiple readings for each load setting can help to reduce errors and
improve the accuracy of the experiment. This can help to identify any outliers or inconsistencies in the
data.

REFERENCES

1.Lab manual

2. (PDF) Three-phase Induction Motor Tests - ResearchGate